WO2022040799A1

WO2022040799A1 - Antimicrobial composition

Info

Publication number: WO2022040799A1
Application number: PCT/CA2021/051182
Authority: WO
Inventors: Walid HUSSEIN SOUFI ADELHAMID
Original assignee: Gp Tech Inovasyon Teknoloji Ve Arastirma A.S; Gl Chemtec Vision Inc.
Priority date: 2020-08-27
Filing date: 2021-08-25
Publication date: 2022-03-03

Abstract

Relates to an antimicrobial composition, methods of making and uses thereof. The antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, and at least one antimicrobial agent. Some examples of the polymers may include thermoset resins, a thermoplastic resins, acrylics, polyurethanes, silicones, acrylates, solution polymers and/or latex polymers. Some examples of the functional filler may include silicates, barium sulfates, nepheline syenite, feldspar, zinc oxides and/or sulfides. Some examples of the antimicrobial agents may include antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, and/or anti-fungal agents.

Description

ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITION

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an antimicrobial composition, methods of making the same, and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND

Antimicrobial compositions are in high demand due to the increase in the spread of infections. A high level of cleanliness in various environments has led to the continued rapid growth of such compositions, especially in the current climate of COVID-19. Articles and surfaces within hygiene-critical environments such as hospitals, schools, care homes and food production facilities are known to harbour pathogenic bacteria and other microbes for extended periods of time. Many bacteria and viruses are known to survive on surfaces for up to 24 hours. This, combined with increased antibiotic resistance and reports that cleaning agents are having a reduced effect on microbial colonisation, is why effective antimicrobial compositions such as coatings that can be applied to common contact surfaces within these environments can reduce the risk of cross-contamination and complimenting existing hygiene protocols.

There is a continuing need, therefore, for new antimicrobial compositions that are capable of inhibiting the growth of microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, on walls and other surfaces.

The background herein is included solely to explain the context of the disclosure. This is not to be taken as an admission that any of the material referred to was published, known, or part of the common general knowledge as of the priority date.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an aspect, there is provided an antimicrobial composition comprising at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, and at least one antimicrobial agent.

With respect to aspects of the antimicrobial composition disclosed herein, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent comprises an antibacterial agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-fungal agent, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent comprises a borate source. In another aspect, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent further comprises an alkali metal azide. In another aspect, wherein the borate source comprises a transition metal borate. In another aspect, wherein the transition metal borate comprises a zinc borate, a copper borate, a silver borate, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent is present in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 50 weight percent, from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 2 to about 50 weight percent, from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, from about 10 to about 50 weight percent, from about 15 to about 50 weight percent, from about 20 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.2 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.2 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent, from about 10 to about 30 weight percent, from about 15 to about 30 weight percent, from about 17 to about 30 weight percent, or from about 20 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In another aspect, wherein the at least one functional filler and the at least one antimicrobial agent have a synergy such that antimicrobial effectiveness is increased in comparison to the at least one antimicrobial agent without the at least one functional filler. In another aspect, wherein when the antimicrobial composition is applied to a substrate, the at least one functional filler increases the hydrophilicity of the substrate, increasing the antimicrobial effectiveness of the composition in comparison to an antimicrobial composition without the at least one functional filler. In another aspect, wherein the at least one functional filler is selected from alkali metal silicates (e.g. sodium silicates or potassium silicates), alkaline earth metal silicates (e.g. magnesium silicates), silicates, alkali metal polyphosphates (e.g. sodium polyphosphate), silica, calcium carbonate, talc, clay (e.g. metakaolin), aluminum silicates, calcium metasilicates, aluminum potassium silicates, magnesium silicates, barium sulfates, nepheline syenite, feldspar, zinc oxides or sulfides, and a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the at least one functional filler is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 95 weight percent, from about 10 to about 95 weight percent, from about 20 to about 95 weight percent, from about 25 to about 95 weight percent, from about 30 to about 95 weight percent, from about 35 to about 95 weight percent, from about 40 to about 95 weight percent, from about 45 to about 95 weight percent, from about 50 to about 95 weight percent, from about 55 to about 95 weight percent, from about 60 to about 95 weight percent, from about 65 to about 95 weight percent, from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, from about 75 to about 95 weight percent, from about 80 to about 95 weight percent, from about 85 to about 95 weight percent, from about 90 to about 95 weight percent, from about 1 to about 90 weight percent, from about 10 to about 90 weight percent, from about 20 to about 90 weight percent, from about 25 to about 90 weight percent, from about 30 to about 90 weight percent, from about 35 to about 90 weight percent, from about 40 to about 90 weight percent, from about 45 to about 90 weight percent, from about 50 to about 90 weight percent, from about 55 to about 90 weight percent, from about 60 to about 90 weight percent, from about 65 to about 90 weight percent, from about 70 to about 90 weight percent, from about 75 to about 90 weight percent, from about 80 to about 90 weight percent, from about 85 to about 90 weight percent, from about 1 to about 85 weight percent, from about 10 to about 85 weight percent, from about 20 to about 85 weight percent, from about 25 to about 85 weight percent, from about 30 to about 85 weight percent, from about 35 to about 85 weight percent, from about 40 to about 85 weight percent, from about 45 to about 85 weight percent, from about 50 to about 85 weight percent, from about 55 to about 85 weight percent, from about 60 to about 85 weight percent, from about 65 to about 85 weight percent, from about 70 to about 85 weight percent, from about 75 to about 85 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, or from about 40 to about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In another aspect, wherein the at least one functional filler comprises at least one alkali metal silicate. In another aspect, wherein the at least one functional filler comprises a sodium silicate, wherein the sodium silicate is ISfeO XSiCh and x is from about 2 to about 16, about 2 to about 15, about 2 to about 14, about 2 to about 13, about 2 to about 12, about 2 to about 11 , about 2 to about 10, about 2 to about 9, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 7, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 4, about 3 to about 4, or about 3.5 to about 4. In another aspect, wherein the at least one functional filler destroys a cell when the cell wall is attacked by the at least one antimicrobial agent. In another aspect, wherein the at least one functional filler also functions as an antimicrobial agent. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer is dispersible in a carrier vehicle. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer comprises a thermoset resin, a thermoplastic resin, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer is selected from acrylics, polyurethanes, silicones, acrylates, solution polymers, and a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer is a latex polymer selected from acrylic polymers, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene latex, styrene acrylic resin, other styrene polymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, epoxy resins, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer comprises styrene acrylic resin and styrene butadiene latex. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 60 weight percent, from about 5 to about 60 weight percent, from about 10 to about 60 weight percent, from about 15 to about 60 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 25 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent, from about 35 to about 60 weight percent, from about 40 to about 60 weight percent, from about 45 to about 60 weight percent, from about 50 to about 60 weight percent, from about 55 to about 60 weight percent, from about 2 to about 55 weight percent, from about 5 to about 55 weight percent, from about 10 to about 55 weight percent, 15 to about 55 weight percent, from about 20 to about 55 weight percent, from about 25 to about 55 weight percent, from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, from about 35 to about 55 weight percent, from about 40 to about 55 weight percent, from about 45 to about 55 weight percent, or from about 50 to about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In another aspect, wherein the at least one polymer is resistant to a pH greater than about 11. In another aspect, further comprising at least one alkalinizing agent. In another aspect, wherein the at least one alkalinizing agent comprises an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, an ammonium salt, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the ammonium salt is selected from ammonium hydroxide, ammonium acetate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the at least one alkalinizing agent is present in an amount to obtain a pH of the antimicrobial composition from about 8 to about 13, from about 9 to about 13, from about 10 to about 13, from about 11 to about 13, from about 8 to about 12, from about 8 to about 11 , from about 9 to about 12, from about 9 to about 11 , from about 10 to about 12, from about 10 to about 11 , or about 10. In another aspect, further comprising at least one alkali metal azide (e.g. sodium azide). In another aspect, wherein the composition is an emulsion. In another aspect, wherein the composition is a homogeneous emulsion. In another aspect, further comprising at least one carrier vehicle. In another aspect, wherein the at least one carrier vehicle comprises an aqueous carrier vehicle. In another aspect, wherein the at least one carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil, such as silicone oil. In another aspect, wherein the oil increases adhesion of the composition to a substrate. In another aspect, wherein the at least one carrier vehicle disperses and solubilizes, partially solubilizes, or dissolves the components of the antimicrobial composition. In another aspect, wherein the at least one carrier vehicle is present in an amount sufficient to make the composition a spreadable fluid. In another aspect, wherein the composition has a consistency which is flowable for application to a substrate, and the composition dries over a reasonable period of time, such as from about 6 to about 24 hours. In another aspect, further comprising at least one fluoride ion source, such as alkali metal fluorosilicate. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a coating. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a paint. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a film. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a sanitizer or has the effect of a sanitizer.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a substrate comprising the antimicrobial composition disclosed herein.

With respect to aspects of the substrate disclosed herein, wherein an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided on the substrate to reduce, prevent, or eliminate bacteria, virus, fungus, or a combination thereof associated with the substrate. In another aspect, wherein the substrate is selected from wood (e.g. hospital furniture), metal (e.g. steel), glass, ceramics, fiberglass, composite materials, cardboard, corrugated board, paper, textiles, non-woven/woven materials (e.g. medical masks, medical clothing, gloves, etc.), plastic, foam, tape or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the substrate is porous and/or non-porous. In another aspect, wherein the substrate is a mask In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition is applied onto the substrate by spraying (e.g. air spraying, airless spraying, electrostatic spraying, rotary atomizing, and the like), coating (e.g. brush coating, powder coating, roll coating, dip coating, flow coating, curtain coating, electrocoating, and the like), soaking or a combination thereof.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method for treating a substrate to reduce, prevent, or eliminate bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof, the method comprising treating the substrate with the antimicrobial composition disclosed herein.

With respect to aspects of the method disclosed herein, wherein the treating comprises providing an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition on the substrate. In another aspect, wherein the substrate is selected from wood (e.g. hospital furniture), metal (e.g. steel), glass, ceramics, fiberglass, composite materials, cardboard, corrugated board, paper, textiles, non-woven/woven materials (e.g. medical masks, medical clothing, gloves, etc.), plastic, foam, tape or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the substrate is a mask. In another aspect, wherein the substrate is porous and/or non-porous. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition is applied onto the substrate by spraying (e.g. air spraying, airless spraying, electrostatic spraying, rotary atomizing, and the like), coating (e.g. brush coating, powder coating, roll coating, dip coating, flow coating, curtain coating, electrocoating, and the like), soaking or a combination thereof. In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of making the antimicrobial composition disclosed herein, the method comprising combining the components of the composition, individually or in combinations, sequentially or simultaneously, or combinations thereof.

With respect to aspects of the method disclosed herein, wherein the combining is performed by any means suitable for introducing two or more components together, such as mixing, blending, stirring, and the like, and a combination thereof.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a use of an effective amount of the antimicrobial composition disclosed herein to reduce, prevent, or eliminate bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof.

With respect to aspects of the substrate, the method or the use disclosed herein, wherein the bacteria is selected from gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the bacteria is selected from E. coll, E. faecalis, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, M. pneumoniae, M. jeprae, M. tuberculosis, and M. ulcerans, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the virus is selected from HIV, hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, influenza, SARS coronavirus, H1 N1 , HSV (Herpes simplex virus), RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus), or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the fungus is selected from yeast (e.g. Candida albicans), mold, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial effective amount is of from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1500 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1000 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 500 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 400 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 300 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 200 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 2 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, or about 50 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition kills the bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof in about 1 second to about 5 minutes, about 1 second to about 4 minutes, about 1 second to about 3 minutes, about 1 second to about 2 minutes, about 1 second to about 1 minutes, about 10 seconds to about 1 minute, about 10 seconds to about 50 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 40 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 30 seconds, or about 10 seconds to about 20 seconds. In another aspect, wherein the antimicrobial composition is capable of reducing, preventing, or eliminating bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof associated with the substrate for a period of time from about 1 day to about 6 years, about 1 day to about 5 years, about 1 day to about 4 years, about 1 day to about 3 years, about 1 day to about 2 years, about 1 day to about 1 year, about 1 month to about 6 years, about 2 months to about 6 years, about 3 months to about 6 years, about 4 months to about 6 years, about 5 months to about 6 years, about 6 months to about 6 years, about 9 months to about 6 years, about 1 year to about 6 years, about 1.5 years to about 6 years, about 2 years to about 6 years, about 3 years to about 6 years, about 4 years to about 6 years, or about 5 years to about 6 years.

The novel features will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon examination of the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples presented, while indicating certain aspects of the present disclosure, are provided for illustration purposes only because various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the detailed description and claims that follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be further understood from the following description with reference to the Figures, in which:

Figure 1A: graph showing an example of antiviral effects for T-1006 HSV-1- VERO.

Figure 1B: graph showing an example of antiviral effects for T-1006 RSV-HEP-2. Figure 1C: graph showing an example of antiviral effects for S- 1006 HSV-1-

VERO.

Figure 2: photographs showing an example of an antimicrobial test using zone of inhibition method for sample T-1006 (Example 10).

Figure 3A: photographs showing an example of Bacterial Filtration efficiency test (BFE) with respect to the masks of Example 45.

Figure 3B: photographs showing an antimicrobial efficiency test with respect to the masks of Example 45.

Figure 4: photograph showing a plate that is coated and dried according to the methods of the present disclosure.

Figure 5: photograph of a sponge used for abrading the plate of Figure 4.

Figure 6: photographs showing the plates after all stages of the EPA testing method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

Unless otherwise explained, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those disclosed herein can be used in the practice for testing of the present invention, the typical materials and methods are disclosed herein. The following terminology can be used.

When introducing elements disclosed herein, the articles “a”, “an”, “the”, and “said” are intended to mean that there may be one or more of the elements.

In addition, all ranges given herein include the end of the ranges and also any intermediate range points, whether explicitly stated or not. Thus, as used herein, phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y. As used herein, phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y.” As used herein, phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.”

In understanding the scope of the present application, the term "comprising" and its derivatives, as used herein, are intended to be open ended terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps, but do not exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and/or steps. The foregoing also applies to words having similar meanings such as the terms, "including", "having" and their derivatives. It will be understood that any embodiments described as “comprising” certain components may also “consist of’ or “consist essentially of,” wherein “consisting of’ has a closed-ended or restrictive meaning and “consisting essentially of’ means including the components specified but excluding other components except for materials present as impurities, unavoidable materials present as a result of processes used to provide the components, and components added for a purpose other than achieving the technical effects disclosed herein. For example, a composition defined using the phrase “consisting essentially of’ encompasses any known pharmaceutically acceptable additive, excipient, diluent, carrier, and the like. Typically, a composition consisting essentially of a set of components will comprise less than 5% by weight, typically less than 3% by weight, more typically less than 1% by weight of non-specified components.

It will be understood that any component defined herein as being included may be explicitly excluded from the claimed invention by way of proviso or negative limitation, such as any specific compounds or method steps, whether implicitly or explicitly defined herein.

Finally, terms of degree such as "substantially", "about" and "approximately" as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.

The abbreviation, “e.g.” is derived from the Latin exempli gratia, and is used herein to indicate a non-limiting example. Thus, the abbreviation “e.g.” is synonymous with the term “for example.”

The word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context indicates otherwise. The word “and/or” is intended to include both or either.

The phrase “at least one of’ is understood to be one or more. The phrase “at least one of... and...” is understood to mean at least one of the elements listed or a combination thereof, if not explicitly listed. For example, “at least one of A, B, and C” is understood to mean A alone or B alone or C alone or a combination of A and B or a combination of A and C or a combination of B and C or a combination of A, B, and C.

The term “antimicrobial” as used herein generally refers to a substance capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microbes, prevents the development of microbes, and/or inhibits the pathogenic action of microbes such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria.

The term “antibacterial” as used herein generally refers to a substance capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, prevents the development of bacteria, and/or inhibits the pathogenic action of bacteria. Examples of bacteria include E. coll, E. faecalis, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, M. pneumoniae, M. jeprae, M. tuberculosis, and M. ulcerans, etc.

The term “antiviral” as used herein generally refers to a substance capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of a virus, prevents the development of a virus, and/or inhibits the pathogenic action of a virus. Examples of viruses include HIV, hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, influenza, SARS coronavirus, H1 N1 , HSV (Herpes simplex virus), RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus), etc.

The term “antifungal” as used herein generally refers to a substance capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of a fungus, prevents the development of a fungus, and/or inhibits the pathogenic action of a fungus. Examples of fungi include yeast (e.g. Candida albicans), mold, etc.

The term “antimicrobial effective amount" as used herein means the amount of antimicrobial ingredient, that as a whole, provides an antimicrobial (including, for example, biocide, mildewcide, antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal) activity that reduces, prevents, or eliminates one or more species of microbes, such that an acceptable level of the microbe results.

The term "inhibition of microbial growth" as used herein refers to the ability of the antimicrobial composition or ingredient to kill, or irrevocably damage the target microorganism. The terms coat as used herein may be variously characterized as a coating, layer, film, paint, or the like. The antimicrobial composition disclosed herein may be in the form of a coat. For example, the coat may comprise the antimicrobial composition described herein that is reasonably fluid and provides a thin and adherent coating when applied to a substrate. The coat may comprise a combination of resin, pigment, and a suitable liquid vehicle. The term “coat” may encompass paints, lacquers, varnishes, base coats, clear coats, primers and the like. The coat can be applied to a surface either presently exhibiting microbial growth (i.e., treating a contaminated surface) or a surface at risk of sustaining or supporting such growth (i.e., prevention of contamination).

The term "derivative" as used herein generally refers to a molecule that has been modified and/or changed in any way relative to a reference molecule or starting molecule.

The present disclosure relates to antimicrobial compositions, methods of making the antimicrobial compositions, and the various uses thereof, including, for example, as an antimicrobial coat.

In an embodiment, an antimicrobial composition is provided, which can be an antimicrobial coating. In another embodiment, a method is provided for preparing the antimicrobial composition, for example, an antimicrobial coating. The embodiments are described in greater detail below.

A) Antimicrobial Compositions

In an embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, and at least one antimicrobial agent. Examples of the polymer, functional filler and antimicrobial agent, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii) and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, at least one antimicrobial agent, and at least one alkalinizing agent. Examples of the polymer, functional filler, antimicrobial agent, and alkalinizing agent, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and vi), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, at least one antimicrobial agent, and at least one alkali metal azide. Examples of the polymer, functional filler, antimicrobial agent, and alkali metal azide, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, and at least one borate source. Examples of the polymer, functional filler and borate source, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii) and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, at least one borate source, and at least one alkalinizing agent. Examples of the polymer, functional filler, borate source, and alkalinizing agent, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and vi), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, at least one borate source, and at least one alkali metal azide. Examples of the polymer, functional filler, borate source, and alkali metal azide, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one alkali metal silicate, and at least one borate source. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate and borate source, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii) and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

The alkali metal silicate in the polymer matrix can improve the strength, abrasionresistance and the aging-resistance of the polymer materials. The alkali metal silicate with the borate source can have a synergy such that the antimicrobial effectiveness is increased in comparison to the borate source on its own. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that when the antimicrobial composition is applied to a surface, the alkali metal silicate increases the hydrophilicity of the surface, which subsequently, increases the antimicrobial effectiveness of the composition. In high moisture environments, embodiments of the antimicrobial composition having the alkali metal silicate have been shown to have increased antimicrobial effectiveness in comparison to compositions without the alkali metal silicate.

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, and at least one alkalinizing agent. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate, borate source, and alkalinizing agent, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and vi), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, and at least one alkali metal azide. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate, borate source, and alkali metal azide, and amounts, are described below under i), 11), m), and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin, at least one alkali metal silicate, and at least one borate source. Examples of the styrene acrylic resin, alkali metal silicate and borate source, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii) and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, and at least one alkalinizing agent. Examples of the styrene acrylic resin, alkali metal silicate, borate source, and alkalinizing agent, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and vi), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, and at least one alkali metal azide. Examples of the styrene acrylic resin, alkali metal silicate, borate source, and alkali metal azide, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin and styrene butadiene latex, at least one alkali metal silicate, and at least one borate source. Examples of the styrene acrylic resin, alkali metal silicate and borate source, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii) and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin and styrene butadiene latex, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, and at least one alkalinizing agent. Examples of the styrene acrylic resin, alkali metal silicate, borate source, and alkalinizing agent, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv) and vi), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin and styrene butadiene latex, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, and at least one alkali metal azide. Examples of the styrene acrylic resin, alkali metal silicate, borate source, and alkali metal azide, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), and iv), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In other embodiments, the antimicrobial compositions described above may optionally have at least one of a fluoride ion source. Examples of the fluoride ion source, and amounts, are described below under v, in any combination under the various embodiments of the components.

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, and at least one fluoride ion source. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate, borate source, and fluoride ion source, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and v), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, at least one fluoride ion source, and at least one alkali metal polyphosphate. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate, borate source, fluoride ion source, and alkali metal polyphosphate, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and v), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one polymer, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, at least one alkali metal fluorosilicate, and at least one alkali metal polyphosphate. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate, borate source, alkali metal fluorosilicate, and alkali metal polyphosphate,, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and v), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin and styrene butadiene latex, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, at least one alkali metal fluorosilicate, and at least one alkali metal polyphosphate. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate, borate source, alkali metal fluorosilicate, and alkali metal polyphosphate, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), and v), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In a certain embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin and styrene butadiene latex, at least one alkali metal silicate, at least one borate source, at least one alkali metal fluorosilicate, at least one alkali metal polyphosphate, and at least one alkalinizing agent. Examples of the polymer, alkali metal silicate, borate source, alkali metal fluorosilicate, alkali metal polyphosphate, and alkalinizing agent, and amounts, are described below under i), ii), iii), iv), v) and vi), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one carrier vehicle. Examples of the carrier vehicle, and amounts, are described below under vii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components. In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle is an aqueous carrier. In another embodiment, the carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil (e.g. silicone oil).

In additional embodiments of the compositions disclosed herein, the antimicrobial composition optionally comprises one or more of an additional component. Examples of the additional components, and amounts, are described below under viii), in any combination under the various embodiments of the components.

Embodiments of Components of the Antimicrobial Composition i) Polymers

Suitable polymers may be a resin, such as a thermoset, a thermoplastic, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the polymer is a film-forming polymer and any suitable firm-forming polymer can be used. The film-forming polymer may be a single film-forming polymer, or a combination of similar and/or different film-forming polymers. The polymer may be natural or synthetic; reactive or nonreactive; crosslinked or uncrosslinked; organic or inorganic; linear, branched, resinous, polymeric, oligomeric, or a combination thereof; hydrophilic or hydrophobic; lipophilic or lipophobic; charged or uncharged; polar or nonpolar; and combinations thereof. Polymers that are dispersible in a carrier vehicle are typically used. Polymers may be selected from acrylics, polyurethanes, silicones, acrylates, solution polymers, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may be a polyurethane dispersion, a silicone emulsion, a styrene acrylate dispersion, a urethane-acrylic hybrid dispersion, an aliphatic polyurethane dispersion, an acrylic dispersion, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the polymer is a natural latex and/or a synthetic latex. Such synthetic latexes include, for example, acrylic polymers, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene latex, styrene acrylic resin, other styrene polymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, epoxy resins, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer is a combination of a natural latex and one or more synthetic latex compositions. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition includes more than one polymer. In other embodiments, the polymer is a water-dispersible polymer and may form more than one phase with a carrier vehicle, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, the polymer can form a plurality of liquid or solid droplets in the antimicrobial composition, which may be dispersed in the carrier vehicle. In some such embodiments, the liquid or solid droplets are dispersed in the carrier vehicle in a manner so as to form an emulsion. For example, the polymer may exist as a discontinuous phase, with the carrier vehicle existing as a continuous phase. In some instances, however, the antimicrobial composition may tend to phase-separate into distinct layers. Such phase-separated (or partially phase-separated) compositions are encompassed within the scope of the disclosed antimicrobial compositions. In some embodiments, a small amount of the polymer may be dissolved in or by the carrier vehicle, although, in most embodiments, a predominant amount (e.g. at least about 80, about 90, about 95, about 97, or about 99, weight percent based on the total weight of the polymer), of the polymer is not dissolved in or by an aqueous carrier vehicle.

Any suitable amount of the polymer can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The amount can vary depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the desired rheology of the antimicrobial composition, the desired end use of the antimicrobial composition, the properties of the polymer, the identity of other components (e.g. the carrier vehicle) in the antimicrobial composition, end uses of the antimicrobial composition formed therefrom, and the like. The amount of polymer employed in the antimicrobial composition may be from about 1 to about 60 weight percent, from about 5 to about 60 weight percent, from about 10 to about 60 weight percent, from about 15 to about 60 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 25 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent, from about 35 to about 60 weight percent, from about 40 to about 60 weight percent, from about 45 to about 60 weight percent, from about 50 to about 60 weight percent, from about 55 to about 60 weight percent, from about 2 to about 55 weight percent, from about 5 to about 55 weight percent, from about 10 to about 55 weight percent, 15 to about 55 weight percent, from about 20 to about 55 weight percent, from about 25 to about 55 weight percent, from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, from about 35 to about 55 weight percent, from about 40 to about 55 weight percent, from about 45 to about 55 weight percent, or from about 50 to about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In other embodiments, the amount of polymer employed in the antimicrobial composition without a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 25 to about 60 weight percent, from about 1 to about 60 weight percent, from about 35 to about 60 weight percent, from about 40 to about 60 weight percent, from about 45 to about 60 weight percent, from about 50 to about 60 weight percent, from about 55 to about 60 weight percent, from about 1 to about 20 weight percent, from about 3 to about 20 weight percent, from about 10 to about 20 weight percent, from about 15 to about 20 weight percent, from about 1 to about 10 weight percent, or from about 3 to about 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the amount of polymer employed in the antimicrobial composition with a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 9 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 8 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 7 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent, from about 1 to about 10 weight percent, from about 5 to about 10 weight percent, or from about 6 to about 9 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

More than one polymer may be used. Any suitable ratio of polymers can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The ratio of two different polymers employed in the antimicrobial composition is typically from about 2:1 to about 1 :2 weight percent, from about 2:1 to about 1 :1.5 weight percent, or from about 2:1 to about 1 :1.2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polymers in the antimicrobial composition.

In particular embodiments, the styrene acrylic resin is:

and that is resistance to alkaline pH greater than about 11 . The polymer, such as the resin, can slow the diffusion of a functional filler (e.g. sodium silicate). This can help to increase the life time of the composition. ii) Functional Fillers

In some embodiments the antimicrobial composition comprises functional fillers which are non-aqueous soluble solids. The functional fillers may be, for example, reinforcing fillers and/or extending fillers. Such functional fillers may include solids which provide additional functional characteristics to the antimicrobial composition, for example, intumescent ingredients, such as ammonium polyphosphates, melamines, pentaerythritol and similar compounds. Examples of suitable functional fillers may include alkali metal silicates (e.g. sodium silicates or potassium silicates), alkaline earth metal silicates (e.g. magnesium silicates), silicates, alkali metal polyphosphates (e.g. sodium polyphosphate), silica, calcium carbonate, talc, clay (e.g. metakaolin), aluminum silicates, calcium metasilicates, aluminum potassium silicates, magnesium silicates, barium sulfates, nepheline syenite, feldspar, zinc oxides or sulfides, or others known to those skilled in the art, and combinations thereof.

Any suitable amount of the functional filler(s) may be used. The functional filler may be included in amounts less than about 95 weight percent. For example, the amount may be from about 1 to about 95 weight percent, from about 10 to about 95 weight percent, from about 20 to about 95 weight percent, from about 25 to about 95 weight percent, from about 30 to about 95 weight percent, from about 35 to about 95 weight percent, from about 40 to about 95 weight percent, from about 45 to about 95 weight percent, from about 50 to about 95 weight percent, from about 55 to about 95 weight percent, from about 60 to about 95 weight percent, from about 65 to about 95 weight percent, from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, from about 75 to about 95 weight percent, from about 80 to about 95 weight percent, from about 85 to about 95 weight percent, from about 90 to about 95 weight percent, from about 1 to about 90 weight percent, from about 10 to about 90 weight percent, from about 20 to about 90 weight percent, from about 25 to about 90 weight percent, from about 30 to about 90 weight percent, from about 35 to about 90 weight percent, from about 40 to about 90 weight percent, from about 45 to about 90 weight percent, from about 50 to about 90 weight percent, from about 55 to about 90 weight percent, from about 60 to about 90 weight percent, from about 65 to about 90 weight percent, from about 70 to about 90 weight percent, from about 75 to about 90 weight percent, from about 80 to about 90 weight percent, from about 85 to about 90 weight percent, from about 1 to about 85 weight percent, from about 10 to about 85 weight percent, from about 20 to about 85 weight percent, from about 25 to about 85 weight percent, from about 30 to about 85 weight percent, from about 35 to about 85 weight percent, from about 40 to about 85 weight percent, from about 45 to about 85 weight percent, from about 50 to about 85 weight percent, from about 55 to about 85 weight percent, from about 60 to about 85 weight percent, from about 65 to about 85 weight percent, from about 70 to about 85 weight percent, from about 75 to about 85 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, or from about 40 to about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the amount of functional filler(s) employed in the antimicrobial composition without a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 20 to about 95 weight percent, from about 25 to about 95 weight percent, from about 30 to about 95 weight percent, from about 35 to about 95 weight percent, from about 40 to about 95 weight percent, from about 45 to about 95 weight percent, from about 50 to about 95 weight percent, from about 55 to about 95 weight percent, from about 60 to about 95 weight percent, from about 65 to about 95 weight percent, from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, from about 75 to about 95 weight percent, from about 80 to about 95 weight percent, from about 85 to about 95 weight percent, from about 90 to about 95 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 25 to about 90 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent, from about 35 to about 60 weight percent, or from about 40 to about 60 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the amount of polymer employed in the antimicrobial composition with a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 2 to about 55 weight percent, from about 2 to about 25 weight percent, from about 2 to about 20 weight percent, from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, from about 40 to about 55 weight percent, from about 2 to about 15 weight percent, from about 2 to about 12 weight percent, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In certain embodiments, the functional filler is an alkali metal silicate such as sodium silicates. In specific embodiments, sodium silicate is Na₂O XSiO₂, where x is from about 2 to about 16, about 2 to about 15, about 2 to about 14, about 2 to about 13, about 2 to about 12, about 2 to about 11 , about 2 to about 10, about 2 to about 9, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 7, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 4, about 3 to about 4, or about 3.5 to about 4. In embodiments, the presence of sodium silicate and other sodium salts help to destroy the cell when the cell wall is attacked by an antimicrobial agent, such as a borate source. In embodiments, the alkali metal silicates, in addition to its hydrophilic properties, it can also act as an antimicrobial agent.

With respect to alkali metal polyphosphates as functional fillers, these may be used to act as a base and/or an emulsifier. iii) Antimicrobial Agents

In embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises one or more antimicrobial agents.

Antimicrobial agents include, for example, borate source (e.g. any listed below under iv) such as zinc, copper, and/or silver borates), alkali metal azides (e.g. sodium azide), silver compounds (e.g., silver chloride, silver nitrate, silver oxide), silver ions, silver particles, iodine, povidone/iodine, chlorhexidine, 2-p-sulfanilyanilinoethanol, 4,4'- su Ifmyld lamhne, 4-sulfanilamidosahcyhc acid, acediasulfone, acetosulfone, amikacin, amoxicillin, amphotericin B, ampicillin, apalcillin, apicycline, apramycin, arbekacin, aspoxicillin, azidamfenicol, azithromycin, aztreonam, bacitracin, bambermycin(s), biapenem, brodimoprim, butirosin, capreomycin, carbenicillin, carbomycin, carumonam, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefatrizine, cefbuperazone, cefclidin, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefepime, cefetamet, cefixime, cefinenoxime, cefminox, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, ceforanide, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefprozil, cefroxadine, ceftazidime, cefteram, ceftibuten, ceftriaxone, cefuzonam, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cephalosporin C, cephradine, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clinafloxacin, clindamycin, clomocycline, colistin, cyclacillin, dapsone, demeclocycline, diathymosulfone, dibekacin, dihydrostreptomycin, dirithromycin, doxycycline, enoxacin, enviomycin, epicillin, erythromycin, flomoxef, fortimicin(s), gentamicin(s), glucosulfone solasulfone, gramicidin S, gramicidin(s), grepafloxacin, guamecycline, hetacillin, imipenem, isepamicin, josamycin, kanamycin(s), leucomycin(s), lincomycin, lomefloxacin, lucensomycin, lymecycline, meclocycline, meropenem, methacycline, micronomicin, midecamycin(s), minocycline, moxalactam, mupirocin, nadifloxacin, natamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, norfloxacin, oleandomycin, oxytetracycline, p-sulfanilylbenzylamine, panipenem, paromomycin, pazufloxacin, penicillin N, pipacycline, pipemidic acid, polymyxin, primycin, quinacillin, ribostamycin, rifamide, rifampin, rifamycin SV, rifapentine, rifaximin, ristocetin, ritipenem, rokitamycin, rolitetracycline, rosaramycin, roxithromycin, salazosulfadimidine, sancycline, sisomicin, sparfloxacin, spectinomycin, spiramycin, streptomycin, succisulfone, sulfachrysoidine, sulfaloxic acid, sulfamidochrysoidine, sulfanilic acid, sulfoxone, teicoplanin, temafloxacin, temocillin , tetracycline, tetroxoprim, thiamphenicol, thiazolsulfone, thiostrepton, ticarcillin, tigemonam, tobramycin, tosufloxacin, trimethoprim, trospectomycin, trovafloxacin, tuberactinomycin, vancomycin, azaserine, candicidin(s), chlorphenesin, dermostatin(s), filipin, fungichromin, mepartricin, nystatin, oligomycin(s), ciproflaxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin, rosoxacin, amifloxacin, fleroxacin, temafloaxcin, lomefloxacin, perimycin A or tubercidin, and the like.

Examples of some specific antivirals include afovirsen, alisporivir, angustific acid, angustifodilactone, alovudine, beclabuvir, 2,3-bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline, brincidofovir, dasabuvir, docosanol, fialuridine, ibacitabine, imiquimod, inosine, inosine pranobex, interferon, metisazone, miltefosine, neokadsuranin, neotripterifordin, ombitasvir, oragen, oseltamivir, pegylated interferon, podophyllotoxin, radalbuvir, semapimod, tecovirimat, telbivudine, theaflavin, tilorone, triptofordin C-2, and variecolol. Examples of some specific antibacterials include acetoxycycloheximide, aciduliprofundum, actaplanin, actinorhodin, alazopeptin, albomycin, allicin, allistatin, allyl isothiocyanate, ambazone, aminocoumarin, aminoglycosides, 4-aminosalicylic acid, ampicillin, ansamycin, anthramycin, antimycin A, aphidicolin, aplasmomycin, archaeocin, arenicin, arsphenamine, arylomycin A2, ascofuranone, aspergillic acid, avenanthramide, avibactam, azelaic acid, quaternary ammonium silane (QAS), silane quaternary ammonium chloride, bafilomycin, bambermycin, beauvericin, benzoyl peroxide, blasticidin S, bottromycin, brilacidin, caprazamycin, carbomycin, cathelicidin, cephalosporins, ceragenin, chartreusin, chromomycin A3, citromycin, clindamycin, clofazimine, clofoctol, clorobiocin, coprinol, coumermycin A1 , cyclic lipopeptides, cycloheximide, cycloserine, dalfopristin, dapsone, daptomycin, debromomarinone, 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17- demethoxygeldanamycin, echinomycin, endiandric acid C, enediyne, enviomycin, eravacycline, erythromycin, esperamicin, etamycin, ethambutol, ethionamide, (6S)-6- fluoroshikimic acid, fosfomycin, fosmidomycin, friulimicin, furazolidone, furonazide, fusidic acid, geldanamycin, gentamycin, gepotidacin, glycyciclines, glycyrrhizol, gramicidin S, guanacastepene A, hachimycin, halocyamine, hedamycin, helquinoline, herbimycin, hexamethylenetetramine, hitachimycin, hydramacin-1 , isoniazid, kanamycin, katanosin, kedarcidin, kendomycin, kettapeptin, kidamycin, lactivicin, lactocillin, landomycin, landomycinone, lasalocid, lenapenem, leptomycin, lincosamides, linopristin, lipiarmycins, macbecin, macrolides, macromomycin B, maduropeptin, mannopeptimycin glycopeptide, marinone, meclocycline, melafix, methylenomycin A, methylenomycin B, monensin, moromycin, mupirocin, mycosubtilin, myriocin, myxopyronin, naphthomycin A, narasin, neocarzinostatin, neopluramycin, neosalvarsan, neothramycin, netropsin, nifuroxazide, nifurquinazol, nigericin, nitrofural, nitrofurantoin, nocathiacin I, novobiocin, omadacycline, oxacephem, oxazolidinones, penicillins, peptaibol, phytoalexin, plantazolicin, platensimycin, plectasin, pluramycin A, polymixins, polyoxins, pristinamycin, pristinamycin IA, promin, prothionamide, pulvinone, puromycin, pyocyanase, pyocyanin, pyrenocine, questiomycin A, quinolones, quinupristin, ramoplanin, raphanin, resistome, reuterin, rifalazil, rifamycins, ristocetin, roseophilin, salinomycin, salinosporamide A, saptomycin, saquayamycin, seraticin, sideromycin, sodium sulfacetamide, solasulfone, solithromycin, sparassol, spectinomycin, staurosporine, streptazolin, streptogramin, streptogramin B, streptolydigin, streptonigrin, styelin A, sulfonamides, surfactin, surotomycin, tachyplesin, taksta, tanespimycin, telavancin, tetracyclines, thioacetazone, thiocarlide, thiolutin, thiostrepton, tobramycin, trichostatin A, triclosan, trimethoprim, trimethoprim, tunicamycin, tyrocidine, urauchimycin, validamycin, viridicatumtoxin B, vulgamycin, xanthomycin A, and xibornol. Examples of some specific antifungals include abafungm, acibenzolar, acibenzolar-S-methyl, acrisorcin, allicin, aminocandin, amorolfine, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, azoxystrobin, bacillomycin, bacillus pumilus, barium borate, benomyl, binapacryl, boric acid, bromine monochloride, bromochlorosalicylanilide, bupirimate, butenafine, candicidin, caprylic acid, captafol, captan, carbendazim, caspofungin, cerulenin, chloranil, chlormidazole, chlorophetanol, chlorothalonil, chloroxylenol, chromated copper arsenate, ciclopirox, cilofungin, cinnamaldehyde, clioquinol, copper(l) cyanide, copper(ll) arsenate, cruentaren, cycloheximide, davicil, dehydroacetic acid, dicarboximide fungicides, dichlofluanid, dimazole, diphenylamine, echinocandin, echinocandin B, epoxiconazole, ethonam, falcarindiol, falcarinol, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenarimol, fenpropimorph, fentin acetate, fenticlor, filipin, fluazinam, fluopicolide, flusilazole, fluxapyroxad, fuberidazole, griseofulvin, halicylindramide, haloprogin, hamycin, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one, 5- hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, iprodione, lime sulfur, mancozeb, maneb, melafix, metalaxyl, metam sodium, methylisothiazolone, methylparaben, micafungin, miltefosine, monosodium methyl arsenate, mycobacillin, myclobutanil, natamycin, beta-nitrostyrene, nystatin, paclobutrazol, papulacandin B, parietin, pecilocin, pencycuron, pentamidine, pentachloronitrobenzene, pentachlorophenol, perimycin, 2-phenylphenol, polyene antimycotic, propamocarb, propiconazole, pterulone, ptilomycalin A, pyrazophos, pyrimethanil, pyrrolnitrin, selenium disulfide, sparassol, strobilurin, sulbentine, tavaborole, tebuconazole, terbinafine, theonellamide F, thymol, tiabendazole, ticlatone, tolciclate, tolnaftate, triadimefon, triamiphos, tribromometacresol, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, tributyltin oxide, triclocarban, triclosan, tridemorph, trimetrexate, undecylenic acid, validamycin, venturicidin, vinclozolin, vinyldithiin, vusion, xanthene, zinc pyrithione, zineb and ziram.

Any suitable amount of the antimicrobial agent can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The amount of the antimicrobial agent employed in the antimicrobial composition may be from about 0.05 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 50 weight percent, from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 2 to about 50 weight percent, from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, from about 10 to about 50 weight percent, from about 15 to about 50 weight percent, from about 20 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.2 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.2 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent, from about 10 to about 30 weight percent, from about 15 to about 30 weight percent, from about 17 to about 30 weight percent, or from about 20 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the amount of antimicrobial agent employed in the antimicrobial composition without a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 1 to about 45 weight percent, from about 1 to about 40 weight percent, from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, from about 3 to about 45 weight percent, from about 5 to about 45 weight percent, from about 5 to about 40 weight percent, from about 5 to about 35 weight percent, from about 5 to about 30 weight percent, from about 5 to about 25 weight percent, from about 5 to about 20 weight percent, from about 20 to about 45 weight percent, from about 20 to about 30 weight percent, or from about 3 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the amount of antimicrobial agent employed in the antimicrobial composition with a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, from about 1 to about 25 weight percent, from about 1 to about 20 weight percent, from about 1 to about 10 weight percent, from about 2 to about 30 weight percent, from about 2 to about 25 weight percent, from about 2 to about 20 weight percent, from about 2 to about 15 weight percent, from about 5 to about 30 weight percent, from about 5 to about 25 weight percent, or from about 5 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. iv) Borate Source

In embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises a borate, a borate derivative, or combinations thereof. A borate is classified as boron-containing oxyanions, tetrahedral boron anions, and/or compounds containing borate anions. In simplest form, a borate contains the orthoborate ion BO₃ ^3-. Borate compounds may include, for example, borate salts, borate esters, and the like. Suitable compounds include, but are not limited to, borate ore, trimethyl borate, triisopropyl borate, triethyl borate, triphenyl borate, zinc borate (e.g. 2 ZnO3 B2O3 3.5 H2O), tributyl borate, triethanolamine borate, tris(trimethylsilyl) borate, tri-tert-butyl borate, lanthanum borate, phenylmercuric borate, trihexadecyl borate, yttrium borate, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate ethyl etherate, potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate, sodium tetra(p-tolyl) borate, sodium tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate dehydrate, tetradodecylammonium tetrakis (4- chlorophenyl)borate, hydrogen [4-di-tert-butylphosphmo-2,3,5,6- tetrafluorophenyl]hydrobis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(1 - imidazolyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(4- biphenylyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(2-thienyl)borate, lanthanum calcium borate, lithium bis(oxalate)borate, tris(2,2,2-triflourorethyl)borate, yttrium aluminum borate, bis(1 ,5- cyclooctadiene)rhodium(l) tetrakis[bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3,3- hexafluoro-2-methoxy-2-propyl)phenyl]borate trihydrate, potassium trifluoro[(pyrrolidin- 1 - yl)methyl]borate, sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, disodium tetraborate, 2- aminoethyldiphenyl borate, sodium tetraphenyl borate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis[oxalate(2-)0,0']borate, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, borax, calcium metaborate, potassium tetraphenylborate, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborate, potassium 2- naphthalenetrifluororborate, potassium allyltrifluoroborate, potassium 1-methyl-1 H- pyrazole-5-trifluoroborate, potassium quinoline-6-trifluoroborate, and the like. In another embodiment, the antimicrobial composition has at least one borate and/or borate derivative. In certain embodiments, the borate is a transition metal borate (or combinations thereof). In other embodiments, the borate is zinc borate, silver borate, copper borate or combinations thereof.

Any suitable amount of the borate source can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The amount of borate source employed in the antimicrobial composition may be from about 0.05 to about 30 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 30 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 30 weight percent, from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, from about 2 to about 30 weight percent, from about 5 to about 30 weight percent, from about 10 to about 30 weight percent, from about 15 to about 30 weight percent, from about 20 to about 30 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.2 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.2 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent, from about 10 to about 25 weight percent, from about 15 to about 25 weight percent, from about 17 to about 25 weight percent, or from about 20 to about 22 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. Similar percentage may be applied as listed above in m) with and without a carrier vehicle. v) Fluoride Ion Source

Some embodiments provide antimicrobial compositions wherein at least one of the one or more components is a fluoride ion source. Examples of fluoride ion source include stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, amine fluoride, ammonium fluoride, and a combination of two or more thereof. Such fluoride ions sources may positively affect the surface tension of the antimicrobial composition.

Any suitable amount of the fluoride ion source can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The amount of fluoride ion source employed in the antimicrobial composition may be from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent, from about 1 to about 5 weight percent, about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 4 weight percent, from about 1 to about 4 weight percent, about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent, from about 1 to about 3 weight percent, about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent, or from about 1 to about 2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. vi) Alkalinizing Agents

Suitable alkalinizing agents include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts. The alkali metal salts include sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, sodium aluminate, and other suitable alkali metal salts or mixtures thereof. Suitable alkaline earth metal salts include calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium silicate, magnesium aluminate, aluminum magnesium hydroxide or mixture thereof. Suitable ammonium salts include ammonium hydroxide, ammonium acetate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, ammonium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, and/or sodium carbonate may be used as alkalinizing agents to obtain a desired pH of the antimicrobial composition. For example, the pH may be from about 8 to about 13, from about 9 to about 13, from about 10 to about 13, from about 11 to about 13, from about 8 to about 12, from about 8 to about 11 , from about 9 to about 12, from about 9 to about 11 , from about 10 to about 12, from about 10 to about 11 , or about 10.

Any suitable amount of the alkalinizing agent can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The amount of alkalinizing agent employed in the antimicrobial composition may be from about 0 to about 45 weight percent, from about 1 to about 45 weight percent, from about 1 to about 40 weight percent, about 1 to about 30 weight percent, from about 1 to about 20 weight percent, from about 1 to about 15 weight percent, about 1 to about 10 weight percent, from about 1 to about 8 weight percent, or from about 2 to about 8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the amount of alkalinizing agent employed in the antimicrobial composition without a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 0 to about 45 weight percent, from about 1 to about 45 weight percent, from about 1 to about 40 weight percent, about 1 to about 30 weight percent, from about 1 to about 20 weight percent, from about 1 to about 15 weight percent, or from about 3 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the amount of alkalinizing agent employed in the antimicrobial composition with a carrier vehicle (e.g. see vii) below) may be from about 2 to about 20 weight percent, from about from about 2 to about 15 weight percent, from about 2 to about 10 weight percent, or from about 2 to about 8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

The alkalinizing agent may have a direct impact on the reactivities of the active ingredients. For example, the alkalinizing agent may ionize the alkali metal silicate to increase the effectiveness of the antimicrobial composition. vii) Carrier Vehicle

In embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises a carrier vehicle, which may be inorganic, organic (e.g. aqueous or non-aqueous). The choice of vehicle will depend upon the conditions that the antimicrobial composition may encounter. For example, if the composition will be exposed to outdoor conditions, or if the coating will be exposed to repeated washings, then an organic solvent, such as petroleum, or binder may be typically used. Binders which may be used in the composition may include urethane and synthetic binders, natural oil and casein binders, and acrylic and vinyl acetate binders. Some binders include cellulose derivatives selected from the group consisting of an alkyl derivative, a hydroxyl derivative, and a carboxyl derivative. Most preferred binders are ethylcellulose and hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose.

The carrier vehicle may be any suitable carrier such as organic, inorganic, or combinations thereof. The carrier vehicle disperses and may solubilize, partially solubilize, or dissolve the other components of the antimicrobial composition.

The amount of vehicle used to make the composition is dependent upon the method of application desired. The vehicle may be used in an amount sufficient to make the compositions a spreadable fluid. The antimicrobial composition may have a consistency which is flowable for application, and the formula may permit the antimicrobial composition to dry over a reasonable period of time, such as from about 6 to about 24 hours.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises an aqueous carrier vehicle. In embodiments, water is the predominant component of the aqueous carrier vehicle, although solvents that are miscible with water can be used as co-solvents and be mixed with the water in the aqueous carrier vehicle. Examples of suitable cosolvents include ethers, esters, alcohols, glycols, aromatics, and the like. More specific examples of co-solvents also include ethylene glycol or a derivative thereof, such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or ethylene glycol monohexyl ether; propylene glycol or a derivative thereof, such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, or propylene glycol monobutyl ether; oil (e.g. silicone oil), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the aqueous carrier vehicle consists essentially of or, alternatively consists of, water. In certain embodiments, the aqueous carrier vehicle comprises water in an amount of at least about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 95, about 97, about 98, or about 99 weight percent based on the total weight of the aqueous carrier vehicle. In certain embodiments the aqueous carrier may be referred to merely as water. The water may be from any source and may optionally be purified.

Alternatively, such co-solvents may be utilized, alone or together with other organic solvents, as the carrier vehicle of the composition, in which case the carrier vehicle is nonaqueous. However, the carrier vehicle is typically aqueous.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises an inorganic carrier vehicle, such as an inorganic oil (e.g. silicone oil). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises an organic carrier vehicle, such as an organic oil. With respect to oils, such as silicone oil, these may be included in the composition to increase adhesion of the antimicrobial composition to a surface.

The carrier vehicle can be present in the antimicrobial composition in any effective amount, e.g. for creating a solution or emulsion when mixed with the other components of the composition. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises the carrier vehicle in an amount of from about 30 to about 90 weight percent, from about 35 to about 90 weight percent, from about 40 to about 90 weight percent, from about 50 to about 90 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises the carrier vehicle in an amount of about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, or about 80 weight percent based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises a weight-to- weight ratio of the polymer to the carrier vehicle in a range of from about 1 :2 to about 10:1 , from about 1 : 1 to about 8: 1 , from about 2: 1 to about 6: 1 , or from about 3: 1 to about 5:1 . In embodiments where a co-solvent is present in the carrier vehicle, the foregoing ratios may also apply, i.e., this ratio is not exclusively relative to the main component of the carrier vehicle (e.g. water), but may be relative to the entire weight of the carrier vehicle and components therein. viii) Additional Components

In some embodiments the antimicrobial composition comprises additional components. Such additional components include, for example, colorants, elution additives, coalescing aids, surfactants, thickeners (e.g. xanthan gum), rheology modifiers, defoamers, compatibilizers, stabilizers (e.g. lauramine oxide), strengthening agent (e.g. colloidal silica) and the like.

In embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further comprises one or more colorants, such as pigments, dyes, and the like. Such colorants can be organic or inorganic, synthetic or natural. Non-limiting examples of suitable pigments include cadmium yellow, cadmium red, cadmium green, cadmium orange, carbon black (including vine black, lamp black), ivory black (bone char), chrome yellow, chrome green, cobalt violet, cobalt blue, cerulean blue, aureolin (cobalt yellow), Azurite, Han purple, Han blue, Egyptian blue, Malachite, Paris green, Phthalocyanine Blue BN, Phthalocyanine Green G, verdigris, viridian, sanguine, caput mortuum, oxide red, red ochre, Venetian red, Prussian blue, yellow ochre, raw sienna, burnt sienna, raw umber, burnt umber, Cremnitz white, Naples yellow, vermilion titanium yellow, titanium beige, titanium gel, titanium white (TiO2), titanium black, ultramarine, ultramarine green shade, zinc white, zinc ferrite, alizarin (synthesized or natural), alizarin crimson (synthesized or natural), gamboge, cochineal red, rose madder, indigo, Indian yellow, Tyrian purple, quinacridone, magenta, phthalo green, phthalo blue, pigment red 170, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition includes a colorant comprising titanium dioxide (TiO₂).

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further comprises a coalescing aid. Suitable coalescing aids include any compound that decreases the minimum film-formation temperature of the film-forming polymer, and/or increases the rate of solid film formation from the film-forming polymer when the carrier vehicle is removed. One example of suitable coalescing aids is the Eastman Optifilm™ coalescents available from Eastman Chemical Company. Other specific examples of suitable coalescing aids include the unsaturated ester coalescing aids described in U.S. patent application no. US2015/0240106, which is herein incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises a surfactant. The surfactant may be non-ionic or ionic, such as cationic, anionic, or zwitterionic. In some embodiments, the surfactant is a mixture of one or more types of surfactants, such as a mixture of one or more anionic surfactants and one or more nonionic surfactants. Specific examples of surfactants include alkoxylate, alcohol ethyoxylate, sulfosuccinate, sulfate, sulfonate, disulfonate, phosphate ester, phenolic, or ethylene oxide/propylene oxide surfactants, or combinations thereof. Any suitable amount of the surfactant can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The amount of the surfactant can vary depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the desired end use of the antimicrobial composition, the properties of the polymer, the identity of the component(s) of the surfactant, and the like. In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises the surfactant in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, about 0.2 to about 1 .5 weight percent, about 0.25 to about 1 weight percent, about 0.25 to about 0.75 weight percent, or about 0.25 to about 0.5 weight percent based on the weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, thickeners and/or rheology modifiers may also be added to the antimicrobial composition to achieve the desired viscosity and flow properties. In certain embodiments, thickeners such as cellulose derivatives including hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, may be used in the antimicrobial composition. Specific examples of some rheology modifiers include AQUAFLOW rheology modifiers from Ashland, Inc. In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial composition has a viscosity of from about 70 to about 130 KU, from about 75 to about 115 KU, from about 80 to about 120 KU, or from about 85 to about 115 KU. Any suitable amount of the thickeners and/or rheology modifiers can be used in the antimicrobial composition. The amount of the thickeners and/or rheology modifiers can vary depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the desired end use of the antimicrobial composition, the properties of the polymer, the identity of the component(s) of the thickeners and/or rheology modifiers, and the like. In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises the thickeners and/or rheology modifiers in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 3 weight percent, about 0.075 to about 2.5 weight percent, about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, about 0.25 to about 1 .5 weight percent, about 0.5 to about 1 .25 weight percent, about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent, or about 0.6 to about 1 weight percent based on the weight of the antimicrobial composition.

In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition includes a defoamer. The defoamer may be any suitable chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in the antimicrobial composition. Any suitable amount of the defoamer can be used in the antimicrobial composition. In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises the defoamer in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 1 weight percent, about 0.03 to about 0.9 weight percent, about 0.05 to about 0.75 weight percent, or about 0.06 to about 0.6 weight percent based on the weight of the antimicrobial composition.

B) Properties of the Antimicrobial Compositions

In embodiments, the antimicrobial compositions may have one or more of the following qualities: good application and appearance, good stability, and good durability. Good application and appearance refers to one or more of the following properties: flow and leveling and color uniformity. Good durability refers to one or more of the following properties: abrasive scrub resistance as measured by ASTM Test Method D 2486-74A (>400 scrubs), block resistance measured by ASTM-D 4946-89, (>6 after 1 day and 7 days), and adhesion measured by ASTM-D3359 Test Method A (greater than 3A). In some embodiments, coatings formed from the antimicrobial composition have a high resistance to microbial defacement when measured by ASTM Test Method D5590.

Other properties include for example, one or more of resistance to light and weathering, low saponifiability and good mechanical strength, high degree of resistance to hydrolysis, UV resistance, broad tensile/elongation balance, crosslinkable, good adhesion to common substrate, good wettability with pigment, good weatherability and flexibility, and good scrub resistance and adhesive force.

C) Effectiveness of the Antimicrobial Compositions

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition can be used to provide an antimicrobial (including, for example, biocide, mildewcide, antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal) activity that reduces, prevents, or eliminates one or more species of microbes, such that an acceptable level of the microbe results. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is an effective inhibitory concentration for a microbe.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for bacteria, for example, selected from gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, or combinations thereof. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for gram positive bacteria. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for gram negative bacteria. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for bacteria selected from the group: E. coll, E. faecalis, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, M. pneumoniae, M. jeprae, M. tuberculosis, and M. ulcerans, and combinations thereof.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for a virus. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for a virus selected from the group: HIV, hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, influenza, SARS coronavirus, H1 N1 , HSV (Herpes simplex virus), RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus), and combinations thereof.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for a fungus. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided for a fungus selected from the group: yeast (e.g. Candida albicans), mold, and combinations thereof.

Any suitable antimicrobial effective amounts of the antimicrobial composition may be used. In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial effective amounts of the antimicrobial composition is in an amount of from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1500 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1000 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 500 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 400 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 300 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 200 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 2 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, or about 50 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided on a substrate, for example, to reduce or inhibit bacterial infection associated with the substrate. The substrate can be, for example, wood, metal, glass, ceramics, fiberglass, composite materials, cardboard, corrugated board, paper, textiles, non-woven/woven materials, plastic, foam, tape or a combination thereof. The substrate may also be a medical device.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided effective to reduce or inhibit infection associated with the substrate for any suitable period of time. In certain embodiments, the period of time is from about 1 day to about 6 years, about 1 day to about 5 years, about 1 day to about 4 years, about 1 day to about 3 years, about 1 day to about 2 years, about 1 day to about 1 year, about 1 month to about 6 years, about 2 months to about 6 years, about 3 months to about 6 years, about 4 months to about 6 years, about 5 months to about 6 years, about 6 months to about 6 years, about 9 months to about 6 years, about 1 year to about 6 years, about 1 .5 years to about 6 years, about 2 years to about 6 years, about 3 years to about 6 years, about 4 years to about 6 years, or about 5 years to about 6 years. In additional embodiments, if the antimicrobial composition remains on a surface, the surface activity is good.

In embodiments, the microbe is killed in any suitable time of exposure. For example, the time may be from about 1 second to about 5 minutes of exposure, about 1 second to about 4 minutes, about 1 second to about 3 minutes, about 1 second to about 2 minutes, about 1 second to about 1 minutes, about 10 seconds to about 1 minute, about 10 seconds to about 50 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 40 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 30 seconds, or about 10 seconds to about 20 seconds. For example, when the microbe is exposed to a surface treated with the antimicrobial composition, the microbe may be killed in the indicated time.

D) Methods of Making the Antimicrobial Compositions and Uses Thereof

The method of preparing the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions comprises combining the aforementioned components individually or in combinations, sequentially or simultaneously, or combinations thereof. In additional embodiments, the step of combining may be performed by manual or automated processes, or combinations thereof. The step of combining may also be performed by any means suitable for introducing two or more components together, such as mixing, blending, stirring, and the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the step of combining is performed by mixing, such as batch mixing, continuous mixing, motionless mixing, diffusion mixing, laminar mixing, solid deagglomeration, and the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the step of combining is performed by blending, such as diffusion blending, convection blending, shear blending, single-phase blending, multi-phase blending. In specific embodiments, the step of combining is performed by at least one of mixing, blending, and stirring.

The step of combining may also be performed at any temperature. In specific embodiments, the step of combining is performed at ambient temperature. The term "ambient temperature" is the temperature and pressure of a location where the step of combining is performed. In other embodiments, the step of combining may be performed above or below ambient temperature, such as by incorporating heaters or coolers to warm or cool any component being combined in the step of combining. The step of combining may also be performed at any pressure. In certain embodiments, the step of combining is performed at ambient (i.e., atmospheric) pressure. In other embodiments, the step of combining is performed at elevated pressure, such as by pressurizing a location where the step of combining is performed. In specific embodiments, the step of combining is performed at ambient temperature and pressure.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, the antimicrobial composition may be used as a coating (e.g. paint). The coating may be applied in any suitable thickness. The thickness of this coating may depend on various factors including, for example, the concentration of the antimicrobial agent, the substrate, the type of coating application (e.g. spray coating), desired durability, and desired adhesiveness. In embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may be applied to a thickness of between about 2 to about 5 mm. In other embodiments, the thickness may be applied of from about 150 pm to about 200 pm.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, the antimicrobial composition may be applied to a thickness of from about 1 pm to about 200 pm, from about 10 pm to about 200 pm, from about 20 pm to about 200 pm, from about 30 pm to about 200 pm, from about 40 pm to about 200 pm, from about 50 pm to about 200 pm, from about 60 pm to about 200 pm, from about 70 pm to about 200 pm, from about 80 pm to about 200 pm, from about 90 pm to about 200 pm, from about 100 pm to about 200 pm, from about 110 pm to about 200 pm, from about 120 pm to about 200 pm, from about 130 pm to about 200 pm, from about 140 pm to about 200 pm, from about 150 pm to about 200 pm, from about 160 pm to about 200 pm, from about 170 pm to about 200 pm, from about 180 pm to about 200 pm, from about 190 pm to about 200 pm, from about 1 pm to about 100 pm, from about 10 pm to about 100 pm, from about 20 pm to about 100 pm, from about 30 pm to about 100 pm, from about 40 pm to about 100 pm, from about 50 pm to about 100 pm, from about 60 pm to about 100 pm, from about 70 pm to about 100 pm, from about 80 pm to about 100 pm, from about 90 pm to about 100 pm, from about 1 pm to about 50 pm, from about 10 pm to about 50 pm, from about 20 pm to about 50 pm, from about 30 pm to about 50 pm, from about 40 pm to about 50 pm, from about 1 pm to about 20 pm, from about 5 pm to about 20 pm, or from about 10 pm to about 20 pm.

In other embodiments, the compositions may be suitably diluted. In the examples section, the examples may be diluted about 10 times to 20 times with a suitable solvent such as water and/or alcohols

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, the antimicrobial composition may be used on any substrate (e.g. in articles, on surfaces, etc.) within hygiene-critical environments such as hospitals, schools, care homes and food production facilities that are known to harbour pathogenic bacteria and other microbes for extended periods of time. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, the antimicrobial composition can be applied on a substrate. The substrate can be, for example, wood (e.g. hospital furniture), metal (e.g. steel), glass, ceramics, fiberglass, composite materials, cardboard, corrugated board, paper, textiles, non-woven/woven materials (e.g. medical masks, medical clothing, gloves, etc.), plastic, foam, tape or a combination thereof. The substrate may also be a medical device. The substrates may be made from polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and/or polyester. The substrate may even be porous or non-porous. The substrate may be located in any kind of interior location, such as in a building including residences, hospitals, factories, hotels, sports stadiums, and the like. Other examples of suitable locations include vehicles such as cars, ambulances, buses, trains, airplanes, boats and ships, and the like. Examples of suitable surfaces for coating with the antimicrobial composition include ceilings, walls, floors, counters, fixtures, basins, pieces of furniture or machinery, and the like. Likewise, examples of suitable surfaces also include pipes, drains, storage tanks, and valves. In certain embodiments, the surface is a surface on a moveable object that can be transported to and/or from a location. The antimicrobial composition may also be prepared on a substrate already coated with materials such as paints, primers, and the like.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, the antimicrobial composition may be coated onto the substrate by any suitable technique for applying a composition to a surface, such as spraying, coating, and the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the step of applying the antimicrobial composition on the surface is performed by spraying, such as air spraying, airless spraying, electrostatic spraying, rotary atomizing, and the like. In some embodiments, the step of applying the antimicrobial composition on the surface is performed by coating such as brush coating, powder coating, roll coating, dip coating, flow coating, curtain coating, electrocoating, and the like. The antimicrobial composition, may be applied as a paste or foam, optionally by painting the antimicrobial compositions onto the substrate. In other embodiments, the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions are continuous coatings covering the entire substrate but also discontinuous local coatings or combinations of local coatings and continuous top coatings. In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions.

In examples, a mask and/or gloves (e.g. medical) can be soaked in the antimicrobial composition (e.g. solution) such that the composition may impregnate the fibers and/or pores of the mask and/or gloves. A mask and/or gloves (e.g. medical) may be coated with an antimicrobial composition (e.g. solution) by spraying the surface of the mask and/or gloves. In other examples, a non-woven material (e.g. mask or gloves) may be coated with an antimicrobial composition (e.g. solution) by spraying the surface of the non-woven material. Many types of masks/gloves may be used and can be made from, for example, polypropylene (PP), polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and/or polyester.

The step of forming the antimicrobial coating on the surface from the antimicrobial composition may be performed by any technique of forming a coating. Typically, the step of forming the antimicrobial coating on the surface from the antimicrobial composition is performed by removing the carrier vehicle from the antimicrobial composition on the surface. For example, in specific embodiments, the carrier vehicle may be removed from the antimicrobial paint composition by a process such as by drying, flashing, hardening, and the like, or combinations thereof. The step of forming the antimicrobial coating on the surface from the antimicrobial paint composition may be performed at any temperature. In certain embodiments, the step of forming is performed at ambient temperature. In other embodiments, the step of forming is performed at elevated temperature, i.e., a temperature greater than an ambient temperature of a location where the step of forming is performed.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, the antimicrobial composition may be a film.

In embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, a face mask comprises a multi-layer filter material. The antimicrobial composition is adhered to a textile material that forms the outer layers of the multi-layer filter material.

In other embodiments of the aforementioned antimicrobial compositions, the compositions may be understood to be a sanitizer or have the effect of a sanitizer. In examples, when the composition is applied to a surface, as for example a coating, the surface is sanitized such that additional cleaning of the surface may not be required.

A more complete understanding of the composition, methods and uses can be obtained by reference to the following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. Examples:

Compositions:

Example 1 :

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 5g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 2g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 2:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 2g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 2g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 3:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 9g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 4g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 4:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 7g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 2g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 5:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 3g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 2g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Uses: Examples 1-5 may be used for application to a surface (e.g. glass, wood, metals etc.) to produce a layer using, for example, a paint brush or spray technique, for antimicrobial protection.

Example 6:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 10g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 72g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 7:

About 9g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 19g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 19g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 47g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 6g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 8:

About 12g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 25g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 7g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 9:

About 12g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 31g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 30g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 15g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 9g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 10:

About 1g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 3g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 11 g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 82g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 11 :

About 3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 5g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 10g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 79g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 12:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 17g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 8g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 64g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 13:

About 1g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 4g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 11 g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 81 g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 14:

About 3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 7g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 10g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 77g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 15:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 23g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 8g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 59g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 2g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 16:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 11g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 81g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 17:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 3g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 79g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 18:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 5g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 77g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 19:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 7g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 20:

About 5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 9g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 12g of ammonium hydroxide was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 71g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 3g of zinc borate was added. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Uses: Examples 6-20 may be used for application to a surface (e.g. glass, wood, metals etc.) to produce a layer using, for example, a paint brush or spray technique, for antimicrobial protection. Example 21 :

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 23g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 39g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 22:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 21g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 40 g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 23:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 25g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 24.5g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 38g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 24:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 25g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 24.5g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 38g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 25:

About 33g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 53g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 13g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 450g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.07g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 26:

About 29g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 58g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 14g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 300g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 27:

About 33g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 53g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 13g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.07g of zinc borate was added to the emulsion. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 450g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 28:

About 12g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 13g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 37g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 25g of zinc borate was added. About 1 g of sodium azide and 12g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 29:

About 10g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 31g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 20g of zinc borate was added. About 9g of sodium azide was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 30:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 15g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 33g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 22g of zinc borate was added. About 9g of sodium azide and 16g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 31 :

About 10g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 35g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 20g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 20g of zinc borate was added. About 5g of sodium azide and 10g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 32:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 7g of sodium azide and 11g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 33:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 1 g of sodium azide and 1g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 34:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 2g of sodium azide and 2g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 35:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 3g of sodium azide and 3g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 36:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 2g of sodium azide and 1g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 37:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 3g of sodium azide and 1g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 38

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 3g of sodium azide and 2g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 39:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 1 g of sodium azide and 2g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 40:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 1 g of sodium azide and 3g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 41 :

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 2g of sodium azide and 3g silicone oil was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 42:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 1 g of sodium azide was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 43:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 2g of sodium azide was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 44:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 3g of sodium azide was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 45:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 5g of sodium azide was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 46:

About 11 g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 8g of sodium azide was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 47:

About 11g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 30g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added. About 10g of sodium azide was added and stirring was continued. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 50g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Uses: Examples 28-47 may be used for application to a surface (e.g. glass, wood, metals etc.) to produce a layer using, for example, a paint brush or spray technique, for antimicrobial protection.

Example 48:

About 100g of sodium silicate was added to about 200ml of water and stirred using an overhead stirrer. About 10g of styrene acrylic resin was then added and the mixture was stirred for about 10 minutes to form an emulsion. About 5g of styrene butadiene latex, about 5g of sodium polyphosphate and about 2g of sodium fluorosilicate were added to the emulsion and stirred for about 30 minutes. The pH of the resultant mixture was adjusted to about 10 using an ammonium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes. About 0.1g of zinc borate was added to the mixture and stirred for about 10 minutes.

Example 49:

About 100g of sodium silicate was added to about 200ml of water and stirred using an overhead stirrer. About 20g of styrene acrylic resin was then added and the mixture was stirred for about 10 minutes to form an emulsion. About 10g of styrene butadiene latex, about 5g of sodium polyphosphate and about 2g of sodium fluorosilicate were added to the emulsion and stirred for about 30 minutes. The pH of the resultant mixture was adjusted to about 10 using an ammonium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes. About 0.1g of zinc borate was added to the mixture and stirred for about 10 minutes.

Example 50:

About 100g of sodium silicate was added to about 200ml of water and stirred using an overhead stirrer. About 15g of styrene acrylic resin was then added and the mixture was stirred for about 10 minutes to form an emulsion. About 7g of styrene butadiene latex, about 5g of sodium polyphosphate and about 2g of sodium fluorosilicate were added to the emulsion and stirred for about 30 minutes. The pH of the resultant mixture was adjusted to about 10 using an ammonium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes. About 0.1g of zinc borate was added to the mixture and stirred for about 10 minutes.

Example 51 :

About 100g of sodium silicate was added to about 200ml of water and stirred using an overhead stirrer. About 2.5g of styrene acrylic resin was then added and the mixture was stirred for about 10 minutes to form an emulsion. About 3g of styrene butadiene latex, about 5g of sodium polyphosphate and about 2g of sodium fluorosilicate were added to the emulsion and stirred for about 30 minutes. The pH of the resultant mixture was adjusted to about 10 using an ammonium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes. About 0.1g of zinc borate was added to the mixture and stirred for about 10 minutes.

Uses: Examples 48-51 may be used for application to a surface (e.g. glass, wood, metals etc.) to produce a layer using, for example, a paint brush or spray technique, for antimicrobial protection. Example 52:

About 20g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 3g of ammonium hydroxide (10%) was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 60g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.3g of zinc borate was added.

Example 53:

About 20g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 30g of water and stirred for about 10 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 3g of ammonium hydroxide (10%) was added and stirring was continued. While the emulsion was stirred, about 49g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1g of zinc borate was added.

Uses: 40 ml solution of Example 45 was sprayed onto 100 medical polypropylene masks (about 10 x about 17 cm) to produce a coating on the masks. Similarly, Examples 7, 8, 15 and 46 were also sprayed onto masks to produce a coating. In other examples, Examples 45 and 46 were diluted 100X prior to use.

Example 54:

About 7g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water and about 15g of ammonium hydroxide , and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 63g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 55:

About 7g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water and about 15g of ammonium hydroxide, and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 63g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 56:

About 12g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 25g of water and about 26g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 37g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 2g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 57:

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.7g of water and about 2.9 g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 58:

About 9.8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 19.6g of water and about 3.9g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 66.7g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 59:

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.7g of water and about 2.9g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 60:

About 14.7g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 29.4g of water and about 5.9g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 50g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 61 :

About 22.1g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 44.1g of water and about 8.8g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 25g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion, After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 62:

About 19.6g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 39.2g of water and about 7.8g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 33.3g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 63:

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.7g of water and about 2.9 g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. The emulsion was then stirred at about 60°C for about 1 hour.

Example 64:

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.7g of water and about 2.9g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. The emulsion was then stirred at about 60°C for about 1 hour.

Example 65:

About 8.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.2g of water, about 2.4g ammonium hydroxide, and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 66:

About 8.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.2g of water, about 2.4g ammonium hydroxide, and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogeneous emulsion.

Example 67:

About 8.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.2g of water, about 2.4g ammonium hydroxide, and about 0.1g zinc borate and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 75g of sodium silicate was added and stirring was continued for about 15 minutes. In a different beaker about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 68:

About 8.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.2g of water, 2.4g ammonium hydroxide, and 0.1g zinc borate and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 75g of sodium silicate was added and stirring was continued for about 15 minutes. In a different beaker about 4.7g potassium silicate, about 0.5g NaOH and about 4.8g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 69:

About 8.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.2g of water, about 2.4g ammonium hydroxide, and about 0.1g zinc borate and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 75g of potassium silicate was added and stirring was continued for about 15 minutes. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 70:

About 8.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.2g of water, about 2.4g ammonium hydroxide, and about 0.1g zinc borate and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 75g of potassium silicate was added and stirring was continued for about 15 minutes. In a different beaker, about 4.7g potassium silicate, about 0.5g NaOH and about 4.8g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 71 :

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.7g of water, about 2.9g ammonium hydroxide, and about 0.5g zinc borate and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 75g of sodium silicate was added and stirring was continued for about 15 minutes. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 72:

About 8.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 9.4g of water, about 1.6g ammonium hydroxide, about 0.1g zinc borate, and about 1g silane quaternary ammonium chloride and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 75g of potassium silicate was added and stirring was continued for about 15 minutes. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.01g zinc phosphate and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 73:

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.7g of water and about 2.9g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 74:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 17g ammonium hydroxide and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 5g zinc borate solution was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 75:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 17g ammonium hydroxide, and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05 g NaOH, and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 3g zinc borate solution was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 76:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 2g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05 g NaOH, and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 3g zinc borate solution was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 77:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and about 23g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 39g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin and about 0.48g of zinc phosphate was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 78:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water and about 21g ammonium hydroxide and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 38g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin and about 0.48g zinc phosphate was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 79:

About 33g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 57g of water, about 10g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.5g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 300g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 3.76g potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.84g metakaolin and about 0.08g zinc phosphate were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. Example 80:

About 33g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 57g of water, about 10g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.5g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 300g of potassium silicate (2:1): sodium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 3.76g potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.84g metakaolin and about 0.08g zinc phosphate were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced.

Example 81 :

About 33g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 57g of water, about 10g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.5g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 300g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 3.76g potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.84g metakaolin, about 0.08g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced.

Example 82:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin, about 0.01g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced.

Example 83:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 0.94g potassium silicate, about 0.1g NaOH, about 0.96g metakaolin, about 0.02g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. Example 84:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 3.76g potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.84g metakaolin, about 0.08g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced.

Example 85:

Example 86:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 2g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin, about 0.01g zinc phosphate and about 1g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 87:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin, about 0.01g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 88:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin, about 0.01g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. The emulsion was added to 400g 1% N- halamine solution.

Example 89:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin, about 0.01g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. The emulsion was added to 400g 5% N- halamine solution.

Example 90:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 0.94g potassium silicate, about 0.1g NaOH, about 0.96g metakaolin, about 0.02g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. The emulsion was added to 400g 5% N- halamine solution. Example 91 :

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14g of water, about 2g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. In a different beaker, about 3.76g potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.84g metakaolin, about 0.08g zinc phosphate and about 2g N-halamine were mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, a second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. The emulsion was added to 400g 5% N- halamine solution.

Example 92:

About 29g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 58g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 14g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 93:

About 33g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 53g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 13g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 94:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 25g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 24.5g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 38g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of N-halamine was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 95:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water, and about 23g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 39g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of N-halamine was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 96:

About 12g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 25g of water, and about 26g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 37g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 2g of N-halamine was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 97:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water, and about 21g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 38g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1 g of zinc borate and about 2g N-halamine were added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 98:

About 13g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 26g of water, and about 21g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 38g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 1g of colloidal silica and about 2g N-halamine were added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 99:

About 29g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 58g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 14g of ammonium hydroxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 1 g of zinc borate was added to the emulsion. After about 1 minute of stirring, about 300g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. Example 100:

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin in about 14.7g ammonium hydroxide was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 0.4g of zinc borate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of sodium silicate was added and the emulsion was stirred for about 10 minutes. The emulsion was then stirred at about 60°C for about 1 hour.

Example 101 :

Example 102:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 11g of water, about 5g ammonium hydroxide and about 1g zinc borate and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 49g of potassium silicate, about 15g sodium hydroxide and about 2g triclosan was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 103:

About 7.2g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.1g of water, and about 4.3g ammonium hydroxide. About 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.9g zinc phosphate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 69g of potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH and about 3.9g water was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 104:

About 7.2g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.1g of water, and about 4.3g ammonium hydroxide. About 2.4 g metakaolin was added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 69g of potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH and about 3.9g water was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. Example 105:

About 7.2g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.4g of water and about 14.4g of NaOH. About 2.4g metakaolin was added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 69g of potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.9g water and about 1 ,7g triclosan was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 106:

About 7.2g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.1g of water and about 4.3g ammonium hydroxide. About 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.9g zinc phosphate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 69g of potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.9g water and about 1.7g triclosan was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. The emulsion was added to about 400g water.

Example 107:

About 7.2g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.1g of water and about 4.3g ammonium hydroxide. About 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.9g zinc phosphate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 69g of potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.9g water and about 1.7g triclosan was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. The emulsion was added to about 900g water.

Example 108:

About 8g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 11g of water, and about 5g ammonium hydroxide. About 2g metakaolin and about 1 g zinc borate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 68g of potassium silicate, about 5g sodium hydroxide and about 2g triclosan was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 109:

About 7.2g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.1g of water, and about 4.3g ammonium hydroxide. About 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.9g zinc borate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 69g of potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.9g water and about 1.7g triclosan was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 110:

Example 111 :

About 2.7g of the acrylic resin was mixed with about 79.7g of water, and about 1.3g styrene acrylic resin. While the emulsion was stirred, about 1.7g triclosan and about 1g zinc phosphate was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 112:

About 7.3g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.2g of water, about 4.4g ammonium hydroxide. About 2.4g metakaolin was added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 70g of potassium silicate, about 0.4g NaOH, about 3.9g water and about 1 ,7g triclosan was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 113:

About 7.5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.5g of water, about 4.5g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.9g lauramine oxide. About 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.9g zinc phosphate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 67.6g of potassium silicate, about 4.7g sodium hydroxide, and about 0.9g lauramine oxide was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 114:

About 7.5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.5g of water, about 4.5g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.9g Teqguard PC (Phenoxyethanol; Caprylyl Glycol). About 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.9g zinc phosphate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 67.6g of potassium silicate, about 4.7g sodium hydroxide, and about 0.9g Teqguard PC (Phenoxyethanol; Caprylyl Glycol) was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring.

Example 115:

About 7.5g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 10.5g of water, about 4.5g ammonium hydroxide and about 0.9g Teqguard PC (Phenoxyethanol; Caprylyl Glycol). About 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.9g zinc phosphate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 67.6g of potassium silicate, about 4.7g sodium hydroxide, and about 0.9g Teqguard PC (Phenoxyethanol; Caprylyl Glycol) was added to the emulsion after about 10 minutes of stirring. Then about 1.8g Teqguard PC (Phenoxyethanol; Caprylyl Glycol) was added.

Example 116:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 1g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 1g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 16g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minute of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 117:

About 15.5g of water was mixed with about 0.3g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 1g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.1g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.3g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 7.8g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 75g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 118:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 1g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer until produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 1g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 16g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate and about 100g of water were added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 119:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 1g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 1g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 16g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate and about 900g of water was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 120:

About 31 g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 121 :

About 31g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 900g of water was then added to the mixture.

Example 122:

About 31 g of the water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 4900g of water was then added to the mixture.

Example 123:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 900g of water and about 1 g titanium gel was then added to the mixture.

Example 124:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 1g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 1g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 16g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 6g ammonium hydroxide, about 0.3g zinc phosphate, and about 60g of water was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 125:

About 16.5g of the water was mixed with about 0.5g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 1g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.1g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer until produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.5g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 8g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 25g of potassium silicate and about 50g of water were added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 1.5g ammonium hydroxide, about 0.075g zinc phosphate, and about 100g of water was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 126:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 1g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 1g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 16g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 2.3g potassium silicate, about 0.2g NaOH, about 2.4g metakaolin and about 0.1g zinc phosphate was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 127:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin and about 0.01g zinc phosphate was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 128:

About 29.6g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2 g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15g of styrene acrylic resin was added and the mixture. About 2.6g of extra foam star was added. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.8g potassium silicate, about 0.085g NaOH, about 0.82g metakaolin and about 0.017g zinc phosphate was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 129:

About 15.5g of water was mixed with about 0.3g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 1g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.1g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.3g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 7.8g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 75g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH, about 0.48g metakaolin and about 0.01g zinc phosphate was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 130:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 900g of water was then added to the mixture. In a different beaker, about 2.35g potassium silicate, about 0.25g NaOH and about 2.40g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 131 :

About 31g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Example 132:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 900g of water was then added to the mixture.

Example 133:

About 31g of water was mixed with about 0.6g of Lopon 890 (dimethoxy siloxane), about 2g Silane quaternary ammonium chloride and about 0.2g xanthan gum and was stirred for about 30 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 0.6g of foam star was added to the emulsion. After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 15.7g of styrene acrylic resin was added to the mixture. After about 15 minutes of stirring, about 50g of potassium silicate was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. In a different beaker, about 0.47g potassium silicate, about 0.05g NaOH and about 0.48g metakaolin was mixed until a homogenous emulsion was produced. While the first emulsion was stirred, the second emulsion was added to the first emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. About 4750g of water was then added to the mixture. Example 134:

About 6g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 31g of water and stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 8g of zinc oxide was added to the emulsion and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 55g of potassium silicate was added to the emulsion. About 1g titanium gel was then added to the mixture.

Example 135:

About 7.4g of the styrene acrylic resin was mixed with about 14.7g of water, and about 2.9g ammonium hydroxide and was stirred for about 20 minutes using an overhead stirrer to produce a homogenous emulsion. While the emulsion was stirred, about 75g of sodium silicate was added to the emulsion, After about 10 minutes of stirring, about 0.5g of zinc borate and about 2.1g isocyanate were added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes to produce a homogenous emulsion.

Antiviral

Vero (ATCC® CCL-81 , African green monkey kidney epithelial cell) and HEp-2 (HEp-2 (ATCC® CCL-23, human epidermoid larynx carcinoma cell line) cells were used to determine antiviral effect of the samples on HSV-1 (Herpes simplex virus, doublestranded DNA virus) and RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus, nonsegmented negativestrand RNA virus), respectively.

Cytotoxicity tests were examined separately with the XTT-based cell proliferation kit in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (Biological Industries, Israel). The calculated cytotoxic effect percentages were plotted against the corresponding concentrations of the tested samples (Examples 6-19). The 50% Cytotoxic Concentration (CC₅o) values, defined as the concentration that reduces the Optical density of the cells treated with extracts as compared to the cell control samples, were determined by applying non-linear regression analysis with the help of GraphPad Prism Version 5.03 statistics program in the light of the data obtained. MNTC (maximum non-toxic concentration) of the extracts were determined by comparing with the ODs of the HK. These MNTCs were used to determine the antiviral activity of the extracts.

As shown in Figures 1A, 1 B and 1C, antiviral effects of S-1006 (Example 8) and T-1006 (Example 10) samples were determined as the initial MNTC values (MNTC_S-IOO6- VERO: 75 mg/mL (Figure 1C); M NTC_S-IOO6-HEP-2: 37.5 mg/mL; MNTC_TIOO6-VE O: 1.172 mg/mL (Figure 1A); MNTCTIOO6-HEP-2: 0.586 mg/mL (Figure 1 B)) determined against Vero and Hep-2 cells. 2-fold dilutions of these values were checked against HSV-1 and RSV suspension containing 100 times 50% tissue culture infective dose (DKID50) by adapting the MTT method to colorimetric XTT test for antivirus activities. Ribavirin (for HSV-1) and Asilovir (for RSV) used as positive control test.

Antimicrobial

Examples 6-19 were coated on glass slides with our material with 14 different additives. A modified disk/slide diffusion method was used to test antimicrobial efficiency.

The disk/slide diffusion test (disk/slide-diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test), is a test of the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria. Antibiotic disks/slides are used to test the extent of which bacteria are affected by certain antibiotics. In this test, disks/slides containing antibiotic efficient materials were placed on an agar plate where bacteria were placed, and the plate was left to incubate. If an antibiotic inhibited the bacteria from growing or killed the bacteria, there will be an area around the disks/slides where the bacteria did not grow enough to be visible, which is referred to as a zone of inhibition.

The size of this zone depends on many factors, one being how effective the antibiotic is at inhibiting the growth of the bacterium. Another factor that may influence the size of a zone is the diffusion of the antibiotic within the agar medium and the molecular configuration of the antibiotic. Once the zone diameter was measured, it was compared to a database of zone standards to determine if the bacterium being studied is susceptible, moderately susceptible or resistant to the selected antibiotic.

Table 1 below, shows the Samples 1-14 (Examples 6-19, respectively) and size of the zone with respect to the Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212.

Table 1:

All examples (6-19) showed an antimicrobial effect.

Twelve Samples (Examples 6-17) were mixed with microorganism cultures with different ratios and tested in McFarland standards settings. After about 24 h of treatment time, the sample was taken and transferred to a Nutrient agar medium and incubated at 24 h for each of the bacteria and about 48 h for the yeast. The test microorganisms were Escherichia coll (gram negative), Enterococcus faecalis (gram positive), Candida albicans (yeast). Negative and positive control tests were performed under the same conditions. Microbial growth was measured via enumeration of viable cells on agar plates, over a period of about 24 h for each bacteria and 48 h for the yeast, at the appropriate temperatures. Concentration of sample did lead to significant increase in antimicrobial activity. No bacterial/yeast growth was observed. All samples showed similar behavior with positive control tests that used the antibiotic disks/slides.

Example 136: Antimicrobial Masks

Bacterial Filtration efficiency test (BFE) was performed according to TS EN 14683 with modifications. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain was used with 1.7-2.7x10³ density in study. The masks were coated as in Example 52 and five (5) different concentrations (5x, 10x, 30x, 50x and 100x) of the antibacterial solution of Example 52 were coated onto the masks.

Before the bacteria filtration efficiency was measured, the test set-up and test material were sterilized under UV light. Test conditions were as follows: Temperature: 20-25 °C Humidity: 55 ± 5% Nebulizer particle size: MMD 3.7 pm Flow rate: 29.4 L I min Test time: 1 minute

In daily conditions and standard tests, the breath rate was determined as 28.3 L I min. In normal human respiratory function, there are inspiration periods lasting about 2 to about 3 seconds and then expiration periods lasting about 6 to about 8 seconds. A continuous unidirectional air flow of 29.4 L I min was used for this test.

BFE Test Results:

Sample Filtration ratio (%)

Control (without coating) 98

Coating #1 100

Coating #2 100

Coating #3 100

Coating #4 100

Coating #5 100

BFE Test Photos are shown in Figure 3A.

Antibacterial Efficiency Test on surface of masks

After filtration, small samples were taken from test materials (coated masks) and cultivated on agar and incubated to determine whether bacteria on surface of the mask are still alive or dead. The results were as follows:

Sample Microbial Growth

Control (without coating) intense bacterial growth

1 no bacterial growth

2 no bacterial growth

3 no bacterial growth

4 no bacterial growth

5 no bacterial growth

Antimicrobial Efficiency Test photographs are shown in Figure 3B.

Example 147. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Testing

Coating and drying of steel plates:

Samples were prepared as described in Examples 1-135 above. Plates were coated with the sample by spraying at 8 Bar, a spraying distance of about 40 to about 50 cm, and the spraying was done on 10 vertical and 10 horizontal axes for each carrier. The plates were allowed to dry, wherein drying time varied based on the thickness of the applied coat. When a thin layer of coat is applied, the plate surfaces dry overnight. In some examples, the plates were left to dry in an environment with high humidity such that the surface of the plate collected water droplets on its surface while the plate was drying. Collection of water droplets on plates dried in this manner means that the plate is completely dry and the abrasion process can then be started. Figure 4 shows an image of collected water droplets on a coated and dried surface of a plate.

EPA Test Method Application:

After the plates were completely dried, the EPA test was started. Physical abrasion was done with a dry sponge. An image of the sponge is shown in Figure 5. Chemical abrasion was done with Chemical A (about 2000 ± 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) solution prepared in sterile deionized water) and Chemical B (hydrogen peroxide solution (between about 3.0% and about 6.0%)). The plate was abraded 20 times with the soft side of sponge. This process was repeated as 4 sets. At these stages, about 20 ml of chemical A or B was impregnated on the sponges for each set. After the last set, the plates were washed with distilled water and left to dry. After drying, bacteria were plated on the plates and incubated for about 1 hour. Afterwards, the plates were shaken in about 20 ml Maximum Recovery Diluent (MRD) solution for about 10 minutes. About 20 ml of solution was filtered through about a 0.45p MCE (Mixed Cellulose Ester Membrane) filters. The filters were placed in the culture medium and incubated overnight. Images of the plates after all stages described above are shown in Figure 6.

EPA Microbial Test Results:

EPA Microbial Test Result Table:

• Control set 1 : Coated, unexposed and with bacteria.

• Control set 2: Uncoated, unexposed and with bacteria.

• Control set 3: Coated, unexposed and without bacteria. • Coated set 1 : Coated, exposed, chemical A with abrasion and with bacteria

• Coated set 2: Coated, exposed, chemical B with abrasion and with bacteria

• Coated set 3: Coated, exposed, dry abrasion and with bacteria.

EPA Microbial Test Calculation: Calculate the Colony Forming Units (CFU)Zcarrier using the following equation:

Y = CFU per filter,

C = volume filtered,

= total volume of neutralizer,

D = 10 ^k, k = dilution, n = number of dilutions, i = lower limit of summation (the fewest number of dilutions).

For S. aureus:

For E.Coh:

Patent applications, patents, and publications are cited herein to assist in understanding the embodiments described. All such references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material.

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed herein in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.

It will be understood that certain of the above-described structures, functions, and operations of the above-described embodiments are not necessary to practice the present invention and are included in the description simply for completeness of an exemplary embodiment or embodiments. In addition, it will be understood that specific structures, functions, and operations set forth in the above-described referenced patents and publications can be practiced in conjunction with the present invention, but they are not essential to its practice. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without actually departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

Claims We Claim:

1. An antimicrobial composition comprising at least one polymer, at least one functional filler, and at least one antimicrobial agent.

2. The antimicrobial composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent comprises an antibacterial agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-fungal agent, or a combination thereof.

3. The antimicrobial composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent comprises a borate source.

4. The antimicrobial composition of claim 3, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent further comprises an alkali metal azide.

5. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the borate source comprises a transition metal borate.

6. The antimicrobial composition of claim 5, wherein the transition metal borate comprises a zinc borate, a copper borate, a silver borate, or a combination thereof.

7. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent is present in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 50 weight percent, from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 2 to about 50 weight percent, from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, from about 10 to about 50 weight percent, from about 15 to about 50 weight percent, from about 20 to about 50 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.2 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.06 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.07 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.08 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.09 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.1 to about 1 weight

85 percent, from about 0.2 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.3 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.4 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent, from about 10 to about 30 weight percent, from about 15 to about 30 weight percent, from about 17 to about 30 weight percent, or from about 20 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

8. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the at least one functional filler and the at least one antimicrobial agent have a synergy such that antimicrobial effectiveness is increased in comparison to the at least one antimicrobial agent without the at least one functional filler.

9. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein when the antimicrobial composition is applied to a substrate, the at least one functional filler increases the hydrophilicity of the substrate, increasing the antimicrobial effectiveness of the composition in comparison to an antimicrobial composition without the at least one functional filler.

10. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the at least one functional filler is selected from alkali metal silicates (e.g. sodium silicates or potassium silicates), alkaline earth metal silicates (e.g. magnesium silicates), silicates, alkali metal polyphosphates (e.g. sodium polyphosphate), silica, calcium carbonate, talc, clay (e.g. metakaolin), aluminum silicates, calcium metasilicates, aluminum potassium silicates, magnesium silicates, barium sulfates, nepheline syenite, feldspar, zinc oxides or sulfides, and a combination thereof.

11. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the at least one functional filler is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 95 weight percent, from about 10 to about 95 weight percent, from about 20 to about 95 weight percent, from about 25 to about 95 weight percent, from about 30 to about 95 weight percent, from about 35 to about 95 weight percent, from about 40 to about 95 weight percent, from about 45 to about 95 weight percent, from about 50 to about 95 weight percent, from about 55 to about 95 weight percent, from about 60 to about 95 weight percent, from about 65 to about 95 weight percent, from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, from about 75 to about 95 weight percent, from about 80 to about 95 weight percent, from about 85 to about 95 weight percent, from about 90 to about 95 weight percent, from about 1 to about 90 weight percent, from about 10 to about 90 weight percent, from about 20 to about 90 weight percent, from about 25 to about 90 weight percent, from about 30

86 to about 90 weight percent, from about 35 to about 90 weight percent, from about 40 to about 90 weight percent, from about 45 to about 90 weight percent, from about 50 to about 90 weight percent, from about 55 to about 90 weight percent, from about 60 to about 90 weight percent, from about 65 to about 90 weight percent, from about 70 to about 90 weight percent, from about 75 to about 90 weight percent, from about 80 to about 90 weight percent, from about 85 to about 90 weight percent, from about 1 to about 85 weight percent, from about 10 to about 85 weight percent, from about 20 to about 85 weight percent, from about 25 to about 85 weight percent, from about 30 to about 85 weight percent, from about 35 to about 85 weight percent, from about 40 to about 85 weight percent, from about 45 to about 85 weight percent, from about 50 to about 85 weight percent, from about 55 to about 85 weight percent, from about 60 to about 85 weight percent, from about 65 to about 85 weight percent, from about 70 to about 85 weight percent, from about 75 to about 85 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, or from about 40 to about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

12. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 11 , wherein the at least one functional filler comprises at least one alkali metal silicate.

13. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the at least one functional filler comprises a sodium silicate, wherein the sodium silicate is Na₂O XSiO₂ and x is from about 2 to about 16, about 2 to about 15, about 2 to about 14, about 2 to about 13, about 2 to about 12, about 2 to about 11 , about 2 to about 10, about 2 to about 9, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 7, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 4, about 3 to about 4, or about 3.5 to about 4.

14. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the at least one functional filler destroys a cell when the cell wall is attacked by the at least one antimicrobial agent.

15. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the at least one functional filler also functions as an antimicrobial agent.

16. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one polymer is dispersible in a carrier vehicle.

87

17. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the at least one polymer comprises a thermoset resin, a thermoplastic resin, or a combination thereof.

18. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the at least one polymer is selected from acrylics, polyurethanes, silicones, acrylates, solution polymers, and a combination thereof.

19. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the at least one polymer is a latex polymer selected from acrylic polymers, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene latex, styrene acrylic resin, other styrene polymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, epoxy resins, or a combination thereof.

20. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the at least one polymer comprises at least one styrene acrylic resin.

21. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the at least one polymer comprises styrene acrylic resin and styrene butadiene latex.

22. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 21 , wherein the at least one polymer is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 60 weight percent, from about 5 to about 60 weight percent, from about 10 to about 60 weight percent, from about 15 to about 60 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 25 to about 60 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent, from about 35 to about 60 weight percent, from about 40 to about 60 weight percent, from about 45 to about 60 weight percent, from about 50 to about 60 weight percent, from about 55 to about 60 weight percent, from about 2 to about 55 weight percent, from about 5 to about 55 weight percent, from about 10 to about 55 weight percent, 15 to about 55 weight percent, from about 20 to about 55 weight percent, from about 25 to about 55 weight percent, from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, from about 35 to about 55 weight percent, from about 40 to about 55 weight percent, from about 45 to about 55 weight percent, or from about 50 to about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial composition.

23. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the at least one polymer is resistant to a pH greater than about 11.

88

24. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 23, further comprising at least one alkalinizing agent.

25. The antimicrobial composition of claim 24, wherein the at least one alkalinizing agent comprises an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, an ammonium salt, or a combination thereof.

26. The antimicrobial composition of claim 25, wherein the ammonium salt is selected from ammonium hydroxide, ammonium acetate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, or a combination thereof.

27. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the at least one alkalinizing agent is present in an amount to obtain a pH of the antimicrobial composition from about 8 to about 13, from about 9 to about 13, from about 10 to about 13, from about 11 to about 13, from about 8 to about 12, from about 8 to about 11, from about 9 to about 12, from about 9 to about 11, from about 10 to about 12, from about 10 to about 11 , or about 10.

28. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 27, further comprising at least one alkali metal azide (e.g. sodium azide).

29. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the composition is an emulsion.

30. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the composition is a homogeneous emulsion.

31. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 30, further comprising at least one carrier vehicle.

32. The antimicrobial composition of claim 31 , wherein the at least one carrier vehicle comprises an aqueous carrier vehicle.

33. The antimicrobial composition of claim 31 or 32, wherein the at least one carrier vehicle comprises water and an oil, such as silicone oil.

89

34. The antimicrobial composition of claim 33, wherein the oil increases adhesion of the composition to a substrate.

35. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the at least one carrier vehicle disperses and solubilizes, partially solubilizes, or dissolves the components of the antimicrobial composition.

36. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein the at least one carrier vehicle is present in an amount sufficient to make the composition a spreadable fluid.

37. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the composition has a consistency which is flowable for application to a substrate, and the composition dries over a reasonable period of time, such as from about 6 to about 24 hours.

38. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 37, further comprising at least one fluoride ion source, such as alkali metal fluorosilicate.

39. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a coating.

40. The antimicrobial composition of claim 39, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a paint.

41. The antimicrobial composition of claim 39 or 40, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a film.

42. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 41 , wherein the at least one antimicrobial agent is selected from a borate source, alkali metal azides, silver ions, silver particles, iodine, povidone/iodine, chlorhexidine, 2-p-sulfanilyanilinoethanol, 4,4'- sulfinyldianiline, 4-sulfanilamidosalicylic acid, acediasulfone, acetosulfone, amikacin, amoxicillin, amphotericin B, ampicillin, apalcillin, apicycline, apramycin, arbekacin, aspoxicillin, azidamfenicol, azithromycin, aztreonam, bacitracin, bambermycin(s), biapenem, brodimoprim, butirosin, capreomycin, carbenicillin, carbomycin, carumonam, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefatrizine, cefbuperazone, cefclidin, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefepime, cefetamet, cefixime, cefinenoxime, cefminox, cefodizime, cefonicid,

90 cefoperazone, ceforamde, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefprozil, cefroxadine, ceftazidime, cefteram, ceftibuten, ceftriaxone, cefuzonam, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cephalosporin C, cephradine, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clinafloxacin, clindamycin, clomocycline, colistin, cyclacillin, dapsone, demeclocycline, diathymosulfone, dibekacin, dihydrostreptomycin, dirithromycin, doxycycline, enoxacin, enviomycin, epicillin, erythromycin, flomoxef, fortimicin(s), gentamicin(s), glucosulfone solasulfone, gramicidin S, gramicidin(s), grepafloxacin, guamecycline, hetacillin, imipenem, isepamicin, josamycin, kanamycin(s), leucomycin(s), lincomycin, lomefloxacin, lucensomycin, lymecycline, meclocycline, meropenem, methacycline, micronomicin, midecamycin(s), minocycline, moxalactam, mupirocin, nadifloxacin, natamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, norfloxacin, oleandomycin, oxytetracycline, p-sulfanilylbenzylamine, panipenem, paromomycin, pazufloxacin, penicillin N, pipacycline, pipemidic acid, polymyxin, primycin, quinacillin, ribostamycin, rifamide, rifampin, rifamycin SV, rifapentine, rifaximin, ristocetin, ritipenem, rokitamycin, rolitetracycline, rosaramycin, roxithromycin, salazosulfadimidine, sancycline, sisomicin, sparfloxacin, spectinomycin, spiramycin, streptomycin, succisulfone, sulfachrysoidine, sulfaloxic acid, sulfamidochrysoidine, sulfanilic acid, sulfoxone, teicoplanin, temafloxacin, temocillin, tetracycline, tetroxoprim, thiamphenicol, thiazolsulfone, thiostrepton, ticarcillin, tigemonam, tobramycin, tosufloxacin, trimethoprim, trospectomycin, trovafloxacin, tuberactinomycin, vancomycin, azaserine, candicidin(s), chlorphenesin, dermostatin(s), filipin, fungichromin, mepartricin, nystatin, oligomycin(s), ciproflaxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin, rosoxacin, amifloxacin, fleroxacin, temafloaxcin, lomefloxacin, perimycin A or tubercidin, antivirals such as afovirsen, alisporivir, angustific acid, angustifodilactone, alovudine, beclabuvir, 2,3-bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline, brincidofovir, dasabuvir, docosanol, fialuridine, ibacitabine, imiquimod, inosine, inosine pranobex, interferon, metisazone, miltefosine, neokadsuranin, neotripterifordin, ombitasvir, oragen, oseltamivir, pegylated interferon, podophyllotoxin, radalbuvir, semapimod, tecovirimat, telbivudine, theaflavin, tilorone, triptofordin C-2, and variecolol, antibacterials such as acetoxycycloheximide, aciduliprofundum, actaplanin, actinorhodin, alazopeptin, albomycin, allicin, allistatin, allyl isothiocyanate, ambazone, aminocoumarin, aminoglycosides, 4-aminosalicylic acid, ampicillin, ansamycin, anthramycin, antimycin A, aphidicolin, aplasmomycin, archaeocin, arenicin, arsphenamine, arylomycin A2, ascofuranone, aspergillic acid, avenanthramide, avibactam, azelaic acid, quaternary ammonium silane (QAS), silane quaternary ammonium chloride, bafilomycin, bambermycin, beauvericin, benzoyl peroxide, blasticidin S, bottromycin, brilacidin, caprazamycin, carbomycin, cathelicidin, cephalosporins, ceragenin, chartreusin,

91 chromomycin A3, citromycin, clindamycin, clofazimine, clofoctol, clorobiocm, copnnol, coumermycin A1, cyclic lipopeptides, cycloheximide, cycloserine, dalfopristin, dapsone, daptomycin, debromomarinone, 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17- demethoxygeldanamycin, echinomycin, endiandric acid C, enediyne, enviomycin, eravacycline, erythromycin, esperamicin, etamycin, ethambutol, ethionamide, (6S)-6- fluoroshikimic acid, fosfomycin, fosmidomycin, friulimicin, furazolidone, furonazide, fusidic acid, geldanamycin, gentamycin, gepotidacin, glycyciclines, glycyrrhizol, gramicidin S, guanacastepene A, hachimycin, halocyamine, hedamycin, helquinoline, herbimycin, hexamethylenetetramine, hitachimycin, hydramacin-1 , isoniazid, kanamycin, katanosin, kedarcidin, kendomycin, kettapeptin, kidamycin, lactivicin, lactocillin, landomycin, landomycinone, lasalocid, lenapenem, leptomycin, lincosamides, linopristin, lipiarmycins, macbecin, macrolides, macromomycin B, maduropeptin, mannopeptimycin glycopeptide, marinone, meclocycline, melafix, methylenomycin A, methylenomycin B, monensin, moromycin, mupirocin, mycosubtilin, myriocin, myxopyronin, naphthomycin A, narasin, neocarzinostatin, neopluramycin, neosalvarsan, neothramycin, netropsin, nifuroxazide, nifurquinazol, nigericin, nitrofural, nitrofurantoin, nocathiacin I, novobiocin, omadacycline, oxacephem, oxazolidinones, penicillins, peptaibol, phytoalexin, plantazolicin, platensimycin, plectasin, pluramycin A, polymixins, polyoxins, pristinamycin, pristinamycin IA, promin, prothionamide, pulvinone, puromycin, pyocyanase, pyocyanin, pyrenocine, questiomycin A, quinolones, quinupristin, ramoplanin, raphanin, resistome, reuterin, rifalazil, rifamycins, ristocetin, roseophilin, salinomycin, salinosporamide A, saptomycin, saquayamycin, seraticin, sideromycin, sodium sulfacetamide, solasulfone, solithromycin, sparassol, spectinomycin, staurosporine, streptazolin, streptogramin, streptogramin B, streptolydigin, streptonigrin, styelin A, sulfonamides, surfactin, surotomycin, tachyplesin, taksta, tanespimycin, telavancin, tetracyclines, thioacetazone, thiocarlide, thiolutin, thiostrepton, tobramycin, trichostatin A, triclosan, trimethoprim, trimethoprim, tunicamycin, tyrocidine, urauchimycin, validamycin, viridicatumtoxin B, vulgamycin, xanthomycin A, xibornol, antifungals such as abafungin, acibenzolar, acibenzolar-S-methyl, acrisorcin, allicin, aminocandin, amorolfine, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, azoxystrobin, bacillomycin, bacillus pumilus, barium borate, benomyl, binapacryl, boric acid, bromine monochloride, bromochlorosalicylanilide, bupirimate, butenafine, candicidin, caprylic acid, captafol, captan, carbendazim, caspofungin, cerulenin, chloranil, chlormidazole, chlorophetanol, chlorothalonil, chloroxylenol, chromated copper arsenate, ciclopirox, cilofungin, cinnamaldehyde, clioquinol, copper(l) cyanide, copper(ll) arsenate, cruentaren, cycloheximide, davicil, dehydroacetic acid, dicarboximide fungicides, dichlofluanid, dimazole, diphenylamine, echinocandin, echinocandin B, epoxiconazole, ethonam, falcarindiol, falcarinol, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenarimol, fenpropimorph, fentin acetate,

92 fenticlor, fihpm, fluazmam, fluopicohde, flusilazole, fluxapyroxad, fubendazole, griseofulvin, halicylindramide, haloprogin, hamycin, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one, 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, iprodione, lime sulfur, mancozeb, maneb, melafix, metalaxyl, metam sodium, methylisothiazolone, methylparaben, micafungin, miltefosine, monosodium methyl arsenate, mycobacillin, myclobutanil, natamycin, beta-nitrostyrene, nystatin, paclobutrazol, papulacandin B, parietin, pecilocin, pencycuron, pentamidine, pentachloronitrobenzene, pentachlorophenol, perimycin, 2-phenylphenol, polyene antimycotic, propamocarb, propiconazole, pterulone, ptilomycalin A, pyrazophos, pyrimethanil, pyrrolnitrin, selenium disulfide, sparassol, strobilurin, sulbentine, tavaborole, tebuconazole, terbinafine, theonellamide F, thymol, tiabendazole, ticlatone, tolciclate, tolnaftate, triadimefon, triamiphos, tribromometacresol, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, tributyltin oxide, triclocarban, triclosan, tridemorph, trimetrexate, undecylenic acid, validamycin, venturicidin, vinclozolin, vinyldithiin, vusion, xanthene, zinc pyrithione, zineb, ziram, or a combination thereof.

43. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 42, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a sanitizer or has the effect of a sanitizer.

44. The antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein the antimicrobial composition further comprises an additive selected from colorants, elution additives, coalescing aids, surfactants, thickeners (e.g. xanthan gum), rheology modifiers, defoamers, compatibilizers, stabilizers (e.g. lauramine oxide), strengthening agent (e.g. colloidal silica) or a combination thereof.

45. A substrate comprising the antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 44.

46. The substrate of claim 45, wherein an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition is provided on the substrate to reduce, prevent, or eliminate bacteria, virus, fungus, or a combination thereof associated with the substrate.

47. The substrate of claim 45 or 46, wherein the substrate is selected from wood (e.g. hospital furniture), metal (e.g. steel), glass, ceramics, fiberglass, composite materials, cardboard, corrugated board, paper, textiles, non-woven/woven materials (e.g. medical masks, medical clothing, gloves, etc.), plastic, foam, tape or a combination thereof.

48. The substrate of claim 47, wherein the substrate is a mask.

49. The substrate of any one of claims 45 to 48, wherein the substrate is porous and/or non-porous.

50. The substrate of any one of claims 45 to 49, wherein the antimicrobial composition is applied onto the substrate by spraying (e.g. air spraying, airless spraying, electrostatic spraying, rotary atomizing, and the like), coating (e.g. brush coating, powder coating, roll coating, dip coating, flow coating, curtain coating, electrocoating, and the like), soaking or a combination thereof.

51. A method for treating a substrate to reduce, prevent, or eliminate bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof, the method comprising treating the substrate with the antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 44.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the treating comprises providing an antimicrobial effective amount of the antimicrobial composition on the substrate.

53. The method of claim 51 or 52, wherein the substrate is selected from wood (e.g. hospital furniture), metal (e.g. steel), glass, ceramics, fiberglass, composite materials, cardboard, corrugated board, paper, textiles, non-woven/woven materials (e.g. medical masks, medical clothing, gloves, etc.), plastic, foam, tape or a combination thereof.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the substrate is a mask.

55. The method of any one of claims 51 to 54, wherein the substrate is porous and/or non-porous.

56. The method of any one of claims 51 to 55, wherein the antimicrobial composition is applied onto the substrate by spraying (e.g. air spraying, airless spraying, electrostatic spraying, rotary atomizing, and the like), coating (e.g. brush coating, powder coating, roll coating, dip coating, flow coating, curtain coating, electrocoating, and the like), soaking or a combination thereof.

57. Use of an effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 44 to reduce, prevent, or eliminate bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof.

58. The substrate, the method or the use of any one of claims 45 to 57, wherein the bacteria is selected from gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, or a combination thereof.

59. The substrate, the method or the use of claim 58, wherein the bacteria is selected from E. coll, E. faecalis, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, M. pneumoniae, M. jeprae, M. tuberculosis, and M. ulcerans, or a combination thereof.

60. The substrate, the method or the use of any one of claims 45 to 59, wherein the virus is selected from HIV, hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, influenza, SARS coronavirus, H1 N1 , HSV (Herpes simplex virus), RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus), or a combination thereof.

61. The substrate, the method or the use of any one of claims 45 to 60, wherein the fungus is selected from yeast (e.g. Candida albicans), mold, or a combination thereof.

62. The substrate, the method or the use of any one of claims 45 to 61 , wherein the antimicrobial effective amount is of from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 2000 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1500 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1000 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 500 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 400 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 300 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 200 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 0.1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to about 2 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, or about 50 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml.

63. The substrate, the method or the use of any one of claims 45 to 62, wherein the antimicrobial composition kills the bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof in about 1 second to about 5 minutes, about 1 second to about 4 minutes, about 1 second to about 3 minutes, about 1 second to about 2 minutes, about 1 second to about 1 minutes, about 10 seconds to about 1 minute, about 10 seconds to about 50 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 40 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 30 seconds, or about 10 seconds to about 20 seconds.

64. The substrate, the method or the use of any one of claims 45 to 63, wherein the antimicrobial composition is capable of reducing, preventing, or eliminating bacteria, virus, fungus, or combination thereof associated with the substrate for a period of time from about 1 day to about 6 years, about 1 day to about 5 years, about 1 day to about 4 years, about 1 day to about 3 years, about 1 day to about 2 years, about 1 day to about 1

95 year, about 1 month to about 6 years, about 2 months to about 6 years, about 3 months to about 6 years, about 4 months to about 6 years, about 5 months to about 6 years, about 6 months to about 6 years, about 9 months to about 6 years, about 1 year to about 6 years, about 1.5 years to about 6 years, about 2 years to about 6 years, about 3 years to about 6 years, about 4 years to about 6 years, or about 5 years to about 6 years.

65. A method of making the antimicrobial composition of any one of claims 1 to 64, the method comprising combining the components of the composition, individually or in combinations, sequentially or simultaneously, or combinations thereof.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein the combining is performed by any means suitable for introducing two or more components together, such as mixing, blending, stirring, and the like, and a combination thereof.

96