WO2022029544A1 - 二次電池、車両および二次電池の作製方法 - Google Patents
二次電池、車両および二次電池の作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022029544A1 WO2022029544A1 PCT/IB2021/056700 IB2021056700W WO2022029544A1 WO 2022029544 A1 WO2022029544 A1 WO 2022029544A1 IB 2021056700 W IB2021056700 W IB 2021056700W WO 2022029544 A1 WO2022029544 A1 WO 2022029544A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0416—Methods of deposition of the material involving impregnation with a solution, dispersion, paste or dry powder
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery, a vehicle equipped with the secondary battery, a method for manufacturing the secondary battery, and the like.
- secondary batteries can be increased in capacity and reduced in size, research and development are being actively carried out.
- those whose carrier ions are lithium ions are called lithium ion secondary batteries. It is indispensable to improve the performance of the positive electrode active material in order to improve the energy density per weight and volume of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium cobalt oxide is known as a material used for a positive electrode active material. Research and development are being conducted to add elements other than the main component to lithium cobalt oxide with the aim of improving the performance of secondary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a positive electrode active material in which magnesium and fluorine are added as elements other than the main component to lithium cobalt oxide, and a method for producing the same.
- Patent Document 2 Improvements in the positive electrode active material have been studied in order to improve the cycle characteristics and increase the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery (for example, Patent Document 2 and Non-Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is evaluated using the XRD pattern.
- Patent Document 1 describes that the positive electrode active material charged at 4.7 V or higher could not obtain the desired crystal structure from the XRD pattern, and the upper limit of the charge voltage in the cycle test is 4.6 V.
- Patent Document 1 it is an object of the present invention to provide a positive electrode active material capable of withstanding a high charging voltage, or a secondary battery having the positive electrode active material. Further, one of the problems of the present invention is to provide a vehicle equipped with a secondary battery.
- One aspect of the present invention comprises a positive electrode, the positive electrode having lithium cobalt oxide, the lithium cobalt oxide having at least one or more convex portions selected from Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce and Sm. It is a secondary battery that has.
- One aspect of the present invention comprises a positive electrode, the positive electrode having lithium cobalt oxide, the lithium cobalt oxide having at least one or more convex portions selected from Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce and Sm.
- the convex portion is a secondary battery having Mg further.
- One aspect of the present invention comprises a positive electrode, the positive electrode having lithium cobalt oxide, the lithium cobalt oxide having at least one or more convex portions selected from Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce and Sm.
- the convex portion is a secondary battery having Mg and F further.
- One aspect of the present invention comprises a positive electrode, the positive electrode having lithium cobalt oxide, the lithium cobalt oxide having at least one or more convex portions selected from Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce and Sm.
- the convex portion is a secondary battery having Mg, F and Ni.
- One aspect of the present invention comprises a positive electrode, the positive electrode having lithium cobalt oxide, the lithium cobalt oxide having at least one or more convex portions selected from Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce and Sm.
- the convex portion is a secondary battery having Mg and F, and Al at the internal boundary between the convex portion and lithium cobalt oxide.
- one or more selected from Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce and Sm are unevenly distributed in the convex portion.
- One aspect of the present invention is a step of mixing lithium cobaltate with a metal alkoxide having one or more selected from Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce and Sm to prepare a mixed solution, and a mixed solution. It is a method for producing a secondary battery having a step of producing a mixture by stirring and a heating step of heating the mixture.
- One aspect of the present invention is a step of mixing lithium cobaltate and a magnesium source to prepare a first mixture, a first heating step of heating the first mixture, and a heated first step.
- One aspect of the present invention is a step of mixing lithium cobaltate, a magnesium source, and a fluorine source to prepare a first mixture, a first heating step of heating the first mixture, and heating.
- the second heating step is performed in a shorter time than the first heating step.
- the second heating step is performed at a lower temperature than the first heating step.
- a positive electrode active material having a high energy density per weight and volume or a secondary battery having the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are views showing a cross section of a positive electrode active material.
- 2A and 2B are views showing a cross section of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an XRD pattern calculated from the crystal structure.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material of the comparative example.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an XRD pattern calculated from the crystal structure.
- 7A to 7C are views showing a cross section of a positive electrode.
- 8A and 8B are views showing the appearance of a laminated secondary battery.
- 9A to 9C are views showing a manufacturing process of a laminated type secondary battery.
- 10A and 10B are views showing a process of manufacturing a positive electrode.
- 11A and 11B are views showing the appearance and cross section of a coin-shaped secondary battery.
- 12A to 12D are views showing the appearance, cross section, etc. of the secondary battery.
- 13A to 13C are views showing the appearance, cross section, etc. of the secondary battery.
- 14A to 14C are views showing the appearance, cross section, etc. of the secondary battery.
- 15A to 15C are views showing the appearance of the secondary battery, the system, and the like.
- 16A to 16D are views showing a vehicle or the like equipped with a secondary battery.
- 17A and 17B are views showing a house and the like equipped with a secondary battery.
- 18A to 18D are diagrams showing electronic devices and the like equipped with a secondary battery.
- 19A and 19B are SEM images of sample 1.
- 20A and 20B are SEM images of sample 2.
- 21A and 21B are SEM images of sample 3.
- 22A and 22B1 to 22B6 are the EDX plane analysis results of the sample 3.
- FIG. 23 is the result of EDX ray analysis of sample 3.
- 24A to 24C are the EDX point analysis results of the sample 3.
- 25A and 25B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having Samples 1 to 3.
- 26A and 26B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having Samples 1 to 3.
- 27A and 27B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having Samples 1 to 3.
- 28A and 28B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having Samples 1 to 3.
- 29A and 29B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having samples 4a to 4c.
- 30A and 30B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having samples 4a to 4c.
- 31A and 31B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having samples 4a to 4c.
- 32A and 32B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell having samples 4a to 4c.
- 33A and 33B are SEM images of sample 5.
- 34A and 34B are SEM images of sample 6.
- 35A, 35B1, 35B2, 35B3, 35B4 are SEM images of sample 5.
- 36A, 36B1, 36B2, 36B3 are SEM images of sample 6.
- 37A and 37B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell with sample 5 and sample 6.
- 38A and 38B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of a half cell with sample 5 and sample 6.
- 39A and 39B are the EDX plane analysis results of sample 5.
- 40A and 40B
- FIG. 1A shows the positive electrode active material 100.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is sometimes called a positive electrode active material particle because of its shape, but it has various shapes other than the particle shape.
- the positive electrode active material 100 may be a primary particle having a plurality of crystallites or a secondary particle formed by aggregating the primary particles.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has the first particles 101, and the particle size of the first particles 101 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size of the particles can be measured by, for example, laser diffraction type particle size distribution measurement, and can be expressed as D50.
- D50 is the particle size, that is, the median diameter when the integrated amount occupies 50% in the integrated particle amount curve of the particle size distribution measurement result.
- the measurement of the particle size of the particles is not limited to the laser diffraction type particle size distribution measurement.
- the cross-sectional diameter of the particle cross section may be measured by analysis such as SEM (scanning electron microscope) or TEM (transmission electron microscope).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the particle size of the first particle 101 may be a measurement of the cross-sectional diameter, and may be a median diameter (D50).
- the particle size may be considered assuming that the first particle 101 is a secondary particle.
- a secondary particle is a particle in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated and isolated from other secondary particles. That is, the secondary particles are aggregates, and the original particles of the aggregates are called primary particles.
- FIG. 1A exemplifies a positive electrode active material 100 having a convex portion on the surface. Since the convex portion can be said to be a particle fixed or adhered to the surface of the first particle 101, it may be referred to as a second particle.
- the fixed state means that the convex portion does not fall off from the surface of the first particle 101 even if ultrasonic waves are dispersed.
- the number, shape and size of the convex portions vary, and FIG. 1A shows the convex portions 102, the convex portions 103 and the convex portions 104.
- the convex portion is a region where the added element is unevenly distributed.
- Uneven distribution means that the concentration of a certain element is higher in another region than in one region. That is, the uneven distribution of the added element indicates that the added element is non-uniformly present or unevenly present, and may indicate that the concentration in the other region is higher than the concentration in one region. .. Uneven distribution may be described as segregation or precipitation. As a result of the precipitation of the element, a convex portion having the element may be formed on the surface of the first particle 101, and in this case, the element may be unevenly distributed on the convex portion.
- the convex portion 102 to the convex portion 104 is located on the surface of the first particle 101, and may be observed as a semicircle like the convex portion 104 in one cross section of the first particle 101.
- the length of the base of the convex portion is 20 nm or more and 1 ⁇ m or less
- the height of the convex portion is 10 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the STEM image is an image obtained by a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM: Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope), and the image can be obtained by detecting electrons transmitted through an observation sample.
- FIG. 1B is a positive electrode active material 100 showing a grain boundary 105 located between crystallites.
- the grain boundary 105 is often not linear because it is formed along with the crystal growth of the crystallites, but it may be linear.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is a secondary particle, the grain boundary 105 may be considered as an interface between the primary particles.
- the interface between the primary particles is often not straight, but it may be straight.
- FIG. 2A corresponds to one cross section of FIG. 1A. From FIG. 2A, the surface layer portion 106 of the positive electrode active material 100 can be confirmed. The surface layer portion 106 is located near the surface of the positive electrode active material 100. The surface layer portion 106 is a region existing in one cross section from the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 toward the inside within 50 nm, more preferably within 35 nm, further preferably within 20 nm, and most preferably within 10 nm.
- FIG. 2B corresponds to one cross section of FIG. 1B. From FIG. 2B, the surface layer portion 106 of the positive electrode active material 100 having the grain boundaries 105 can be confirmed. Other configurations are the same as in FIG. 2A.
- the grain boundaries 105 and / or the surface layer portion 106 are regions where additive elements are unevenly distributed.
- Uneven distribution means that the concentration of a certain element is higher in another region than in one region. That is, the uneven distribution of the added element indicates that the added element is non-uniformly present or unevenly present, and may indicate that the concentration in the other region is higher than the concentration in one region. .. Uneven distribution may be described as segregation or precipitation.
- the positive electrode active material 100 a material capable of inserting and removing carrier ions can be mainly used.
- a lithium ion a lithium ion, an alkali metal (for example, sodium or potassium, etc.), an alkaline earth metal (for example, calcium, strontium, barium, berylium, or magnesium, etc.) can be used.
- Materials capable of inserting and removing lithium ions include an olivine-type crystal structure, a layered rock salt-type crystal structure, and a lithium composite oxide having a spinel-type crystal structure.
- Mn When referred to as LiCoO 2 , LCO or lithium cobalt oxide, Mn is substantially free.
- the term “substantially free of Mn” means that the weight of manganese is 600 ppm or less, preferably 100 ppm or less when lithium cobalt oxide is analyzed using, for example, glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS).
- GD-MS glow discharge mass spectrometry
- a lithium composite oxide having a layered rock salt type crystal structure may have a plurality of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Co.
- Those having Ni, Mn and Co are NiComn-based (NCM, nickel-cobalt-manganese) represented by LiNi x Coy Mn z O 2 (x> 0, y > 0, 0.8 ⁇ x + y + z ⁇ 1.2). Also called lithium acid).
- NCM nickel-cobalt-manganese
- LiNi x Coy Mn z O 2 x> 0, y > 0, 0.8 ⁇ x + y + z ⁇ 1.2
- lithium acid lithium acid
- x, y and z 8: 1: 1 and their vicinity.
- x, y and z 6: 2: 2 and their vicinity.
- x, y and z 1: 4: 1 and its vicinity.
- a lithium composite oxide having a spinel-type crystal structure includes lithium manganese spinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ) and the like.
- Lithium composite oxides contain at least one or more elements selected from nickel, chromium, aluminum, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, zirconium, indium, gallium, copper, titanium, niobium, silicon, fluorine and phosphorus, etc. May be.
- the element is preferably an element other than the positive electrode active material (main component), and is referred to as an additive element (additive element X).
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is a lithium composite oxide having an additive element (additive element Y) different from the above-mentioned additive element X.
- the additive element Y may be a Group 4 element or a Group 5 element and may have Hf, V, Nb, or Hf and Zr. Further, the additive element Y is a lanthanoid element and may have Ce or Sm.
- the additive element X and the additive element Y are present in a concentration lower than that of the above-mentioned positive electrode active material (main component). Therefore, these are sometimes called impurity elements.
- the additive elements are unevenly distributed near the surface of the positive electrode active material, not inside.
- the vicinity of the surface includes a convex portion formed on the surface of the lithium composite oxide and a surface layer portion of the lithium composite oxide.
- uneven distribution means that the concentration of one element is higher in the other region than in one region. That is, the uneven distribution of the added element indicates that the added element is non-uniformly present or unevenly present, and may indicate that the concentration in the other region is higher than the concentration in one region. .. Uneven distribution may be described as segregation or precipitation. As a result of element precipitation, a convex portion having an additive element may be formed on the surface of the first particle 101, and in this case, the additive element may be unevenly distributed on the convex portion.
- the Nb concentration in the positive electrode active material obtained from the EDX analysis is preferably 1.0 atomic% (hereinafter referred to as at%) or more and 6.0 at% or less, preferably 1.5 at% or more and 4.7 at% or less.
- the Ce concentration on the surface of the positive electrode active material obtained from the EDX analysis is preferably the lower limit of detection or more and 4.0 at% or less, preferably the lower limit of detection or more and 3.3 at% or less.
- the Sm concentration in the vicinity of the surface of the positive electrode active material obtained from the EDX analysis is preferably 36.0 at% or less, preferably the lower limit of detection or more, and 35.1 at% or less, preferably the lower limit of detection or more.
- additive elements do not contribute to capacity as positive electrode active materials. It is considered preferable that such additive elements are unevenly distributed near the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- the additive element is present in a high concentration near the surface of the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material is not easily deteriorated even at a high charging voltage. If the added element is unevenly distributed in the vicinity of the surface which is easily affected by structural changes due to the insertion and desorption of carrier ions, it is preferable that the positive electrode active material is not easily deteriorated.
- the additive element is present at a higher concentration in the convex portion 102 to the convex portion 104 than inside. That is, the lithium composite oxide shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B has a convex portion on the surface, and the convex portion has an additive element (Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr) on the positive electrode active material or the convex portion. It is a positive electrode active material having an additive element (Ce or Sm).
- the region where the added element (Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr) is unevenly distributed, or the region where the added element (Ce or Sm) is unevenly distributed may be a convex portion. Since such a lithium composite oxide is unlikely to deteriorate even at a high charging voltage, the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- FIG. 1B there is a grain boundary 105, and an additive element (Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr) or an additive element (Ce or Sm) may be unevenly distributed at the grain boundary 105.
- a region where the added element (Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr) is unevenly distributed, or a region where the added element (Ce or Sm) is unevenly distributed may be used as a grain boundary. Since such a lithium composite oxide is unlikely to deteriorate even at a high charging voltage, the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- the positive electrode active material when a convex portion is formed on the positive electrode active material, it is considered that cobalt and the like eluted in the electrolytic solution are reduced.
- the contact area with the electrolytic solution is reduced, the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is suppressed and the reduction of the positive electrode active material is also reduced. As a result, it becomes a positive electrode active material that does not easily deteriorate even with a high charging voltage, and the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased. Therefore, it is preferable that the positive electrode active material has a plurality of convex portions.
- the lithium composite oxide shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B is a positive electrode active material having an additive element (Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr) or an additive element (Ce or Sm) in the surface layer portion 106. It is considered that such a lithium composite oxide is unlikely to deteriorate even at a high charging voltage, and the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- the grain boundary 105 may have an additive element (Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr) or an additive element (Ce or Sm).
- Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr an additive element
- Ce or Sm an additive element
- a region where the added element (Hf, V, Nb or Hf and Zr) is unevenly distributed, or a region where the added element (Ce or Sm) is unevenly distributed may be used as a grain boundary. It is considered that such a lithium composite oxide is unlikely to deteriorate even at a high charging voltage, and the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- At least one or a plurality of Mg and F may be present in the convex portion 102 to the convex portion 104 and / or the surface layer portion 106.
- Mg and F it becomes a positive electrode active material that is hard to deteriorate even at a high charging voltage, and the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- At least one or a plurality of Ni and Al may be present in the convex portion 102 to the convex portion 104 and / or the surface layer portion 106 as the additive element X.
- Ni and Al With any one or more of Ni and Al, it becomes a positive electrode active material that is hard to deteriorate even at a high charging voltage, and the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- At least Zr may be present as the additive element X in the convex portion 102 to the convex portion 104 and / or the surface layer portion 106.
- Zr it becomes a positive electrode active material that is hard to deteriorate even with a high charging voltage, and the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- one or more selected from Mg, F, Al, and Ni may be present in the convex portion 102 to the convex portion 104 and / or the surface layer portion 106. With one or more selected from Mg, F, Al and Ni, it becomes a positive electrode active material that is hard to deteriorate even at a high charging voltage, and the charging voltage of the secondary battery can be increased.
- ⁇ Crystal structure> The crystal structure of the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 to 6.
- lithium cobalt oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 5 shows lithium cobalt oxide (hereinafter referred to as conventional lithium cobalt oxide) to which Mg is not added. It is known that the crystal structure of conventional lithium cobalt oxide changes depending on the charging depth, that is, the occupancy of lithium in lithium cobalt oxide. The occupancy of lithium in lithium cobalt oxide can be indicated by the value of x in Li x CoO 2 .
- the CoO 2 layer is a structure in which an octahedral structure in which oxygen is coordinated to cobalt is continuous with a plane in a shared ridge state.
- the conventional lithium cobalt oxide has a crystal structure of the space group P-3m1, and one CoO 2 layer is present in the unit cell. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an O1 type crystal structure or a trigonal O1 type crystal structure.
- the conventional lithium cobalt oxide has a crystal structure of the space group R-3m.
- the H1-3 type crystal structure has the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell as Co (0, 0, 0.42150 ⁇ 0.00016), O1 (0, 0, 0.267671 ⁇ 0.00045), It can be expressed as O2 (0, 0, 0.11535 ⁇ 0.00045).
- O1 and O2 are oxygen atoms, respectively.
- the H1-3 type crystal structure is represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and two oxygens.
- the O3'type crystal structure of one aspect of the present invention which will be described later, is represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and one oxygen. This is because the symmetry between cobalt and oxygen differs between the O3'type crystal structure and the H1-3 type structure, and the O3'type crystal structure has an O3 structure compared to the H1-3 type structure. Indicates that the change from is small.
- the CoO2 layer is largely deviated from R-3m (O3), and these two crystal structures are CoO. It can be seen that the gap between the two layers is large. Such dynamic structural changes can adversely affect the stability of the crystal structure.
- the difference in volume is also large.
- the difference in volume between the H1-3 type crystal structure and the discharged state O3 type crystal structure is 3.0% or more.
- the collapse of the crystal structure causes deterioration of the cycle characteristics.
- the collapse of the crystal structure reduces the number of sites where lithium can exist stably, and makes it difficult to insert and remove lithium.
- the additive element is, for example, Mg. It is considered that the added Mg is replaced with lithium site, but Mg is omitted in FIG.
- R-3m O3
- a crystal having a structure different from that of the H1-3 type crystal structure can be obtained.
- This structure belongs to the space group R-3m, and ions such as cobalt occupy the oxygen 6 coordination position.
- the symmetry of the CoO2 layer of this structure is the same as that of the O3 type. Therefore, this structure is referred to as an O3'type crystal structure in the present specification and the like.
- lithium is present at all lithium sites with a probability of 1/5 in consideration of the x value of Li x CoO 2 (this is referred to as Li occupancy rate of 20%). show.
- the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this, and lithium may be unevenly present in some lithium sites.
- lithium may be present in some of the aligned lithium sites.
- the distribution of lithium can be analyzed, for example, by neutron diffraction.
- the deviation between the two layers can be reduced.
- the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention has a region capable of forming an O3'type crystal structure. .. Further, even when the charging voltage is lower, for example, 4.5V or more and less than 4.6V with respect to the potential of the lithium metal, the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention can have an O3'type crystal structure. There is.
- the space group of the crystal structure is identified by XRD, electron diffraction, neutron diffraction and the like. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, belonging to a certain space group or being a certain space group can be paraphrased as being identified by a certain space group.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are within the range of Co (0,0,0.5), O (0,0,x), 0.20 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25. Can be indicated by.
- Such a positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention can realize excellent cycle characteristics. Further, the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention can have a stable crystal structure. Therefore, the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention may not easily cause a short circuit. In such a case, safety is further improved, which is preferable.
- the XRD pattern of the O3'type crystal structure is based on the O3'type crystal structure shown in FIG. 3, and TOPAS ver. 3 (Crystal structure analysis software manufactured by Bruker) was used for fitting, and an XRD pattern was created in the same manner as the others.
- the positive electrode active materials 100 according to one aspect of the present invention do not have to have an O3'type crystal structure when x of Li x CoO 2 is 0.2 or less.
- the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention may contain another crystal structure or may be partially amorphous.
- the O3'type crystal structure is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, and further preferably 66% or more.
- the O3'type crystal structure is 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, still more preferably 66% or more, a positive electrode active material having sufficiently excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the O3'type crystal structure may be present on the surface layer portion or the convex portion of the positive electrode active material.
- the O3'type crystal structure is preferably 35% or more, more preferably 40% or more, and 43% or more. Is even more preferable.
- each diffraction peak after charging is sharp, that is, the half width is narrow.
- the full width at half maximum depends on the diffraction peaks generated from the same crystal phase, the XRD measurement conditions and / or the value of 2 ⁇ .
- the half width is preferably 0.2 ° or less, more preferably 0.15 ° or less, and 0.12 ° or less. Is even more preferable. It should be noted that not all diffraction peaks do not necessarily satisfy this requirement. If some diffraction peaks meet this requirement, it can be said that the crystallinity of the crystal phase is high. Therefore, it sufficiently contributes to the stabilization of the crystal structure after charging.
- Such a positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention can realize excellent cycle characteristics. Further, the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention can have a stable crystal structure in a state where x of Li x CoO 2 is 0.2 or less. Therefore, in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention, it may be difficult for a short circuit to occur when x of Li x CoO 2 is maintained in a state of 0.2 or less. In such a case, safety is further improved, which is preferable.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 7A shows an example of a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode 503.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer 571 on the positive electrode current collector 550.
- the positive electrode active material layer 571 contains a positive electrode active material 561, a positive electrode active material 562, a binder (binding agent) 555, a conductive auxiliary agent 555, and an electrolyte 556. It is assumed that the positive electrode active material 561 has a larger particle size than the positive electrode active material 562. Further, as one or two selected from the positive electrode active material 561 and the positive electrode active material 562, those described in the first embodiment can be used. In FIG. 7A, the positive electrode active material 561 shows the convex portion described in the first embodiment.
- the conductive auxiliary agent 553 is a particulate conductive auxiliary agent.
- the region not filled with the positive electrode active material 561, the positive electrode active material 562, the conductive auxiliary agent 553, or the like is hollow, and there is a portion impregnated with the electrolyte 556. There is a gap in the positive electrode active material 561 and the like so that the electrolyte 556 can easily permeate, and this becomes a void.
- the positive electrode active material 561 is shown in the form of particles, and a shape having a convex portion on the surface is also shown, but the shape is not limited to the shape of particles.
- the cross-sectional shape of the positive electrode active material 561 may be an ellipse, a rectangle, a trapezoid, a cone, a quadrangle with rounded corners, or an asymmetric shape.
- the positive electrode active material, which was in the form of particles, may be deformed into the shape shown in FIG. 7B by pressing in the process of producing the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode 503 shown in FIG. 7B has at least two conductive auxiliaries.
- the conductive auxiliary agent 554 has at least a different shape from the conductive auxiliary agent 555, and the conductive auxiliary agent 554 is a sheet-shaped conductive auxiliary agent.
- the sheet-shaped conductive auxiliary agent may be shown linearly in one cross section, but has a shape having a three-dimensional spread. When a sheet-shaped conductive auxiliary agent is used, the dispersibility of the particulate conductive auxiliary agent can be enhanced.
- the region not filled with the positive electrode active material 561, the positive electrode active material 562, the conductive auxiliary agent 555, the conductive auxiliary agent 554, etc. is hollow, and there is a portion impregnated with the electrolyte 556. There is a gap in the positive electrode active material 561 and the like so that the electrolyte 556 can easily permeate, and this becomes a void.
- the description of the binder 555 is omitted, and an example of a positive electrode in which the conductive auxiliary agent 558 is used instead of the conductive auxiliary agent 554 of FIG. 7B is shown.
- the conductive auxiliary agent 558 is at least different in shape from the conductive auxiliary agent 555 and the conductive auxiliary agent 554, and the conductive auxiliary agent 558 is a fibrous conductive auxiliary agent. When a fibrous conductive aid is used, the dispersibility of the particulate conductive auxiliary can be enhanced.
- the region not filled with the positive electrode active material 561, the positive electrode active material 562, the conductive auxiliary agent 553, and the conductive auxiliary agent 558 is a cavity, and there is a portion impregnated with the electrolyte 556.
- the positive electrode active material 561 and the like may change in volume due to charging and discharging, but an electrolyte 556 having fluorine such as a fluorinated carbonic acid ester is arranged between a plurality of positive electrode active materials 561. Even if the volume changes during charging and discharging, it is slippery and suppresses cracks, which has the effect of improving cycle characteristics. It is important that an organic compound having fluorine is present between the plurality of active substances constituting the positive electrode.
- FIGS. 7A to 7C Specific materials and the like used in FIGS. 7A to 7C are exemplified.
- the positive electrode active material layer 571 has a positive electrode active material 561 or a positive electrode active material 562, and is filled with at least the positive electrode active material 561.
- the filling density of the positive electrode active material 561 should be high. Therefore, the positive electrode active material 562 having a different particle size may be added. Different particle sizes mean different median diameters (D50).
- the positive electrode active material 562 has a smaller particle size than the positive electrode active material 561, which means that the median diameter (D50) is smaller.
- the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material 562 is preferably 1/6 to 1/10 of the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material 561. Mixing the positive electrode active materials having different particle sizes leads to improving the packing density of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer 571.
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- the gap of the positive electrode active material at the time of filling can be reduced. Therefore, the packing density can be increased without having the positive electrode active material 562.
- the manufacturing process can be reduced and the cost can be further reduced.
- the positive electrode active material 562 may also have a convex portion.
- the additive element is present in the vicinity of the surface. That is, in the positive electrode active material 561 and / or the positive electrode active material 562, the concentration of the additive element near the surface is preferably higher than the concentration of the additive element inside. Since the additive elements are unevenly distributed on the surface, the composition is not present or is small in the bulk of the positive electrode active material 561 and / or the positive electrode active material 562. Even if the additive element does not contribute to the capacity value, if it is not present in the bulk or has a small amount, it is considered that the capacity value of the positive electrode active material 561 and / or the positive electrode active material 562 does not decrease. Further, in order to prevent structural deterioration, at least the additive element needs to be near the surface, and the positive electrode active material is not easily deteriorated even at a high charging voltage.
- the binder 555 is provided to prevent the positive electrode active material 561 or the like or the conductive auxiliary agent 553 or the like from peeling off from the positive electrode current collector 550. Further, the binder 555 plays a role of binding the positive electrode active material 561 and the like and the conductive auxiliary agent 553 and the like. Therefore, the binder 555 is located so as to be in contact with the positive electrode current collector 550, located between the positive electrode active material 561 and the like and the conductive auxiliary agent 553 and the like, and is located so as to be entangled with the conductive auxiliary agent 553 and the like. be.
- the binder 555 has a resin which is a polymer material. If a large amount of binder is contained, the ratio of the positive electrode active material 561 or the like in the positive electrode active material layer 571 may decrease. If the ratio of the positive electrode active material 561 or the like decreases, the discharge capacity of the secondary battery becomes small, so the mixing amount of the binder 555 is minimized. Since the positive electrode active material 561 or the like of the present invention has a convex portion on the surface, it is easy to bind to the binder 555, and the mixing amount of the binder 555 can be reduced.
- the above-mentioned conductive auxiliary agent 555 can be replaced with the conductive auxiliary agent 554 and the conductive auxiliary agent 558 depending on the configuration of the positive electrode 503. Further, the positive electrode active material 561 described above can be replaced with the positive electrode active material 562 by the configuration of the positive electrode 503.
- the conductive auxiliary agent 553, the conductive auxiliary agent 554, and the conductive auxiliary agent 558 are made of a material having a lower resistance than the positive electrode active material 561 and the like. Since the positive electrode active material 561 is a composite oxide, the resistance may be high. Then, it becomes difficult to collect the current from the positive electrode active material 561 or the like to the positive electrode current collector 550. Therefore, the conductive auxiliary agent 553, the conductive auxiliary agent 554, and the conductive auxiliary agent 558 are a current path between the positive electrode active material 561 and the like and the positive electrode current collector 550, a current path between a plurality of positive electrode active materials 561 and the like, and a plurality of positive electrode activities.
- the conductive auxiliary agent 555, the conductive auxiliary agent 554, and the conductive auxiliary agent 558 may be located in contact with the positive electrode current collector 550, or may be located in a gap between the positive electrode active material 561 and the like.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is also called a conductive imparting agent or a conductive material because of its role, and a carbon material or a metal material is used.
- a carbon material used for the conductive auxiliary agent 553 there is carbon black (furness black, acetylene black, graphite, etc.).
- the carbon black has a particle size smaller than that of the positive electrode active material 561, and since the positive electrode active material 561 of the present invention has a convex portion on the surface, the carbon black is likely to be located in the vicinity of the convex portion.
- Multilayer graphene is a sheet-like carbon material used in the conductive auxiliary agent 554.
- fibrous carbon materials used in the conductive auxiliary agent 558 there are carbon nanotubes (CNT) and VGCF (registered trademark).
- the particulate conductive auxiliary agent 553 can enter the gaps between a plurality of positive electrode active materials and easily aggregate. Therefore, the particulate conductive auxiliary agent 553 can assist the conductive path between the positive electrode active materials arranged nearby (between adjacent positive electrode active materials).
- the sheet-shaped conductive auxiliary agent 554 or the fibrous conductive auxiliary agent 558 has a bent region, but has a shape having a longer side than the positive electrode active material 561. Therefore, the sheet-shaped conductive auxiliary agent 554 or the fibrous conductive auxiliary agent 558 can assist the conductive path between the positive electrode active materials arranged apart from each other in addition to the adjacent positive electrode active materials.
- the conductive auxiliary agent may be a mixture of particulate and sheet-like conductive auxiliary agents such as the conductive auxiliary agent 555 and the conductive auxiliary agent 554. Further, the conductive auxiliary agent may be a mixture of particulate and fibrous ones such as the conductive auxiliary agent 555 and the conductive auxiliary agent 558. Further, as the conductive auxiliary agent, a sheet-like or fibrous material such as the conductive auxiliary agent 554 and the conductive auxiliary agent 558 may be mixed.
- the weight of carbon black in the slurry is 1.5 times or more and 20 times or less, preferably 2 times or more that of graphene.
- the weight should be 9.5 times or less.
- the mixing ratio of graphene and carbon black is within the above range, the dispersion stability of carbon black is excellent at the time of slurry preparation, and carbon black does not aggregate and is easily dispersed.
- the electrode density can be increased as compared with the case where only carbon black is used as the conductive auxiliary agent. By increasing the electrode density, the capacity per volume can be increased. Specifically, the density of the positive electrode active material layer obtained by dividing the weight of the positive electrode active material layer (positive electrode, conductive auxiliary agent, and binder) by the volume, excluding the current collector, is higher than 3.5 g / cm3. can do.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is the positive electrode active material 561 and the mixing ratio of graphene and carbon black is within the above range, the capacity of the secondary battery becomes higher.
- Mixing graphene and carbon black as a conductive auxiliary agent and having a convex portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material are preferable because a synergistic effect can be expected.
- the positive electrode having the mixing ratio of graphene and carbon black in the above range is faster charged. Can be accommodated. Further, when the positive electrode active material of the present invention is used in the secondary battery, the capacity can be increased. The fact that the secondary battery supports quick charging can be expected to have a synergistic effect in the vehicle.
- the secondary battery mounted on the vehicle is, for example, a laminated type secondary battery.
- a laminated type secondary battery In order to increase the capacity, the number of laminated secondary batteries is increased, so-called assembled battery structure is used to extend the mileage of the vehicle. Then, the weight of the vehicle increases due to the laminated battery, and the energy required to move the vehicle increases. If a high-density secondary battery can be used as in the present invention, it is not necessary to increase the number of laminated secondary batteries, so that the total weight of the vehicle is hardly changed and the mileage can be extended. Will be.
- the secondary battery mounted on the vehicle has a high capacity, a high electric power for charging is required, and the charging can be completed in a short time. Further, when the capacity of the secondary battery mounted on the vehicle becomes high, rapid charging becomes possible in so-called regenerative charging, in which power is temporarily generated when the vehicle is braked to charge the amount, which is preferable.
- one aspect of the present invention is also effective in a portable information terminal. This is because, according to one aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery can be miniaturized and the capacity can be increased. Further, according to one aspect of the present invention, the mobile information terminal can be quickly charged.
- the electrolyte 556 may be liquid, solid, or semi-solid.
- a liquid electrolyte is sometimes called an electrolytic solution.
- An ionic liquid may be used as the electrolytic solution in addition to the organic solvent. Since the ionic liquid exhibits flame retardancy, the safety of the secondary battery can be enhanced.
- the electrolyte 556 is filled in the positive electrode active material layer 571, and in the case of the electrolytic solution, it exists so as to soak into the gaps of the positive electrode active material 561. It can be noted that the positive electrode active material 561 is impregnated with the electrolytic solution. Further, if there is no gap between the positive electrode active material 561, it may be difficult for the electrolyte 556 to permeate.
- the positive electrode active material 561 may change in volume due to charging and discharging of the secondary battery, but it is preferable that the positive electrode active material 561 has fluorine such as a fluorinated carbonate ester as the electrolyte 556 in the gaps. Even if the volume changes during charging and discharging, the positive electrode active materials 561 may become slippery.
- a crack may occur in the positive electrode active material 561 due to a volume change during charging and discharging, but if the electrolyte 556 has fluorine such as a fluorinated carbonic acid ester, the generation of the crack may be suppressed. When the generation of cracks is suppressed, the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery are improved.
- the electrolyte 556 having a wide operating temperature range, it is possible to provide a secondary battery that can be used at a temperature lower than room temperature and higher than room temperature.
- the positive electrode current collector 550 As the positive electrode current collector 550, a metal foil having aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode 503 is completed by applying a slurry containing the positive electrode active material layer 571 on the metal foil and drying it.
- a carbon material may be coated on the metal foil.
- a structure coated with a carbon material may be referred to as a carbon coat structure.
- the slurry coated on the positive electrode current collector 550 contains at least the positive electrode active material 561, the binder 555, and the solvent, and is preferably further mixed with the conductive auxiliary agent 553 and the like.
- the slurry may be called an electrode slurry or an active material slurry, may be called a positive electrode slurry when forming a positive electrode active material layer, and may be called a negative electrode slurry when forming a negative electrode active material layer. There is also.
- a secondary battery can be manufactured by using the positive electrode of any one of FIGS. 7A to 7C.
- the separator is placed on the positive electrode and placed in a container (exterior body, metal can, etc.) containing the laminated body in which the negative electrode is placed on the separator, and the container is filled with the electrolyte.
- FIG. 8 describes a laminated secondary battery.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B An example of an external view of the laminated secondary battery 500 is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
- the laminated secondary battery 500 has a positive electrode 503, a negative electrode 506, a separator 507, an exterior body 509, a positive electrode lead electrode 510, and a negative electrode lead electrode 511.
- FIG. 8A is an example in which the positive electrode lead electrode 510 and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 are arranged on the same side of the exterior body 509.
- FIG. 8B is an example in which the positive electrode lead electrode 510 and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 are arranged on opposite sides of the exterior body 509.
- the region where each lead electrode is arranged is also referred to as a tab region.
- the area and shape of the tab area is not limited to those shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
- the negative electrode 506 has a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector. Further, the negative electrode active material layer may have a conductive auxiliary agent and a binder.
- the negative electrode active material for example, an alloy-based material, a carbon-based material, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode active material used in the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention preferably has fluorine as a halogen. Fluorine has a high electronegativity, and the negative electrode active material having fluorine on the surface layer portion may have an effect of facilitating the desorption of the solvated solvent on the surface of the negative electrode active material.
- an element capable of performing a charge / discharge reaction by an alloying / dealloying reaction of carrier ions with lithium can be used.
- a material containing at least one of silicon, tin, gallium, aluminum, germanium, lead, antimony, bismuth, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium and the like can be used.
- Such elements have a larger capacity than carbon, and silicon in particular has a high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh / g. Therefore, it is preferable to use silicon as the negative electrode active material. Further, a compound having these elements may be used.
- SiO silicon monoxide, sometimes expressed as SiO X , x is preferably 0.2 or more and 1.5 or less
- an element capable of performing a charge / discharge reaction by an alloying / dealloying reaction with lithium, a compound having the element, and the like may be referred to as an alloy-based material.
- Silicon nanoparticles can be used as the negative electrode active material having silicon.
- the median diameter (D50) of the silicon nanoparticles is 5 nm or more and less than 1 ⁇ m, preferably 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less, and more preferably 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less.
- the silicon nanoparticles may have crystallinity. Further, the silicon nanoparticles may have a crystalline region and an amorphous region.
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- the negative electrode active material having silicon it may be in the form of having one or more silicon crystal grains in the particles of silicon monoxide. Silicon monoxide may be amorphous. The silicon monoxide particles may be carbon coated. These particles can be mixed with graphite to obtain a negative electrode active material.
- the carbon-based material graphite, easily graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon black and the like may be used. It is preferable to include fluorine in these carbon-based materials.
- the carbon-based material impregnated with fluorine can also be called a particulate or fibrous fluorinated carbon material.
- the concentration of fluorine is preferably 1 at% or more with respect to the total concentration of fluorine, oxygen, lithium and carbon.
- the volume of the negative electrode active material may change during charging and discharging, but by arranging an organic compound having fluorine such as fluorinated carbonic acid ester between the negative electrode active materials, the volume of the negative electrode active material changes during charging and discharging. It is slippery and suppresses cracks, which has the effect of improving cycle characteristics. It is important that an organic compound having fluorine is present between the plurality of negative electrode active materials.
- Examples of graphite include artificial graphite and natural graphite.
- Examples of the artificial graphite include mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), coke-based artificial graphite, pitch-based artificial graphite and the like.
- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads
- the artificial graphite spheroidal graphite having a spherical shape can be used.
- MCMB may have a spherical shape, which is preferable.
- MCMB is relatively easy to reduce its surface area and may be preferable.
- Examples of natural graphite include scaly graphite and spheroidized natural graphite.
- Graphite exhibits a potential as low as lithium metal when lithium ions are inserted into graphite (during the formation of a lithium-graphite intercalation compound) (0.05V or more and 0.3V or less vs. Li / Li + ). As a result, the lithium ion secondary battery can exhibit a high operating voltage. Further, graphite is preferable because it has advantages such as relatively high capacity per unit volume, relatively small volume expansion, low cost, and high safety as compared with lithium metal.
- titanium dioxide TIM 2
- lithium titanium oxide Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- lithium-graphite interlayer compound Li x C 6
- niobium pentoxide Nb 2 O 5
- Oxides such as tungsten (WO 2 ) and molybdenum oxide (MoO 2 ) can be used.
- Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N 3 shows a large charge / discharge capacity (900 mAh / g, 1890 mAh / cm 3 ) and is preferable.
- lithium ions are contained in the negative electrode active material, so that it can be combined with materials such as V 2 O 5 and Cr 3 O 8 which do not contain lithium ions as the positive electrode active material, which is preferable. .. Even when a material containing lithium ions is used as the positive electrode active material, a double nitride of lithium and a transition metal can be used as the negative electrode active material by desorbing the lithium ions contained in the positive electrode active material in advance.
- a material that causes a conversion reaction can also be used as a negative electrode active material.
- a transition metal oxide that does not form an alloy with lithium such as cobalt oxide (CoO), nickel oxide (NiO), and iron oxide (FeO)
- the conversion reaction further includes oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, Cu 2 O, RuO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , sulfides such as CoS 0.89 , NiS, and CuS, Zn 3 N 2 , and Cu 3 N. , Ge 3 N 4 and the like, sulphides such as NiP 2 , FeP 2 , CoP 3 and the like, and fluorides such as FeF 3 , BiF 3 and the like.
- the conductive auxiliary agent contained in the negative electrode 506 is preferably modified with fluorine.
- a material obtained by modifying the conductive auxiliary agent described above with fluorine can be used as the conductive agent.
- Fluorine modification to the conductive auxiliary agent can be performed, for example, by treatment with a gas having fluorine or heat treatment, plasma treatment in a gas atmosphere having fluorine, or the like.
- a gas having fluorine for example, a fluorine gas, a lower fluorine hydrocarbon gas such as methane fluoride (CF 4 ), or the like can be used.
- the fluorine modification to the conductive auxiliary agent for example, it may be immersed in a solution having fluorine, boron tetrafluoroacid, phosphoric acid hexafluoro and the like, a solution containing a fluorine-containing ether compound, or the like.
- the conductive characteristics may be stabilized and high output characteristics may be realized.
- the same material as the positive electrode current collector can be used for the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector preferably uses a material that does not alloy with carrier ions such as lithium.
- a separator 507 is arranged between the positive electrode 503 and the negative electrode 506.
- the separator 507 includes, for example, fibers having cellulose such as paper, non-woven fabrics, glass fibers, ceramics, or synthetic fibers using nylon (polyamide), vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol-based fiber), polyester, acrylic, polyolefin, and polyurethane. It is possible to use the one formed by the above. It is preferable that the separator is processed into a bag shape and arranged so as to wrap either the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the separator 507 may have a multi-layer structure.
- an organic material film such as polypropylene or polyethylene can be coated with a ceramic material, a fluorine material, a polyamide material, or a mixture thereof.
- the ceramic material for example, aluminum oxide particles, silicon oxide particles and the like can be used.
- the fluorine-based material for example, PVDF, polytetrafluoroethylene and the like can be used.
- the polyamide-based material for example, nylon, aramid (meth-based aramid, para-based aramid) and the like can be used.
- the oxidation resistance is improved by coating with a ceramic material, deterioration of the separator during high voltage charging / discharging can be suppressed, and the reliability of the secondary battery can be improved. Further, when a fluorine-based material is coated, the separator and the electrode are easily brought into close contact with each other, and the output characteristics can be improved. Coating a polyamide-based material, particularly aramid, improves heat resistance and thus can improve the safety of the secondary battery.
- a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid may be coated on both sides of a polypropylene film.
- the surface of the polypropylene film in contact with the positive electrode may be coated with a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid, and the surface in contact with the negative electrode may be coated with a fluorine-based material.
- the safety of the secondary battery can be maintained even if the thickness of the entire separator is thin, so that the capacity per volume of the secondary battery can be increased.
- the electrolyte can be selected from the same electrolytes as those described with reference to FIGS. 7A to 7C.
- a positive electrode 503 and a negative electrode 506 are prepared.
- the positive electrode 503 has a tab 501 and a positive electrode active material layer 502.
- the negative electrode 506 has a tab 504 and a negative electrode active material layer 505.
- the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 are laminated in this order.
- 9B shows the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 laminated.
- the separator 507 is larger than the negative electrode 506 and the positive electrode 503 and has a long side. This is to prevent a short circuit between the positive electrode 503 and the negative electrode 506.
- FIG. 9B shows an example in which 5 sets of negative electrodes and 4 sets of positive electrodes are used. It can also be called a laminate consisting of a negative electrode, a separator, and a positive electrode.
- the tab regions of the positive electrode 503 are bonded to each other, and the positive electrode lead electrode 510 is bonded to the tab region of the positive electrode on the outermost surface. For joining, for example, ultrasonic welding may be used.
- the tab regions of the negative electrode 506 are bonded to each other, and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 is bonded to the tab region of the negative electrode on the outermost surface.
- a laminated body of the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 is arranged on the exterior body 509.
- the exterior body 509 is bent at the portion shown by the broken line. After that, the outer peripheral portion of the exterior body 509 is joined. For example, thermocompression bonding may be used for joining. At this time, a region (hereinafter referred to as an introduction port) that is not joined to a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 is provided so that the electrolyte can be put in later.
- an introduction port a region (hereinafter referred to as an introduction port) that is not joined to a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 is provided so that the electrolyte can be put in later.
- the exterior body 509 it is preferable to use a film having excellent water permeability barrier property and gas barrier property.
- the exterior body 509 has a laminated structure, and one of the intermediate layers thereof is a metal foil (for example, an aluminum foil), so that high water permeability barrier property and gas barrier property can be realized.
- the electrolyte (not shown) is introduced into the inside of the exterior body 509 from the introduction port provided in the exterior body 509.
- the electrolyte is preferably introduced under a reduced pressure atmosphere or an inert atmosphere.
- the inlet is joined. In this way, the laminated secondary battery 500 can be manufactured.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of the present invention for the positive electrode 503, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery having a high capacity, a high charge / discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- a lithium composite oxide (LiMO 2 ) having a transition metal M is prepared (step S15). Then, at least two or more additive elements are added to LiMO 2 , and the step of adding the elements is also performed at least twice.
- the additive element (X) is added to LiMO 2 (step S21), and the additive element (Y) is further added to LiMO 2 (step S51).
- the additive element (Y) a Group 4 element, a Group 5 element, or a lanthanoid element is used.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is obtained as shown in FIG. 10A (step S66).
- a step of preparing a material source (sometimes referred to as a starting material, a precursor, or a precursor), a step of mixing each material, a step of obtaining a mixture, a heating step, and a classification. Have one or more steps selected from the steps to be performed. The process will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 10B.
- Step S11> At least a lithium source (Li source) and a transition metal source (M source) are prepared.
- the lithium source (Li source) and the transition metal source (M source) are the main components of the positive electrode active material, and the Li source and the M source are also referred to as starting materials, precursors or precursors.
- transition metal it is preferable to use a metal capable of forming a layered rock salt type composite oxide belonging to the space group R-3m together with lithium.
- a composite oxide having lithium may be referred to as a lithium composite oxide.
- the transition metal can have one or more selected from manganese, cobalt, nickel and the like. Further, aluminum or the like may be added to the starting material.
- Li source in step S11 one or more selected from lithium carbonate, lithium fluoride and the like can be used.
- one or more selected from the oxide of the transition metal, the hydroxide of the transition metal, and the like can be used.
- a cobalt source one or more selected from cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide and the like can be used.
- manganese source one or more selected from manganese oxide, manganese hydroxide and the like can be used.
- nickel source one or more selected from nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide and the like can be used.
- the aluminum source may be one or more selected from aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum-containing alkoxide and the like.
- Step S12 of FIG. 10B includes a step of mixing the above Li source, M source, and the like. Mixing can be done using one or more selected from dry and wet. Depending on the mixing conditions, the mixture may be ground.
- a solvent is prepared.
- alcohols such as acetone, ethanol and isopropanol
- ethers such as diethyl ether, dioxane, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and the like
- Dehydration and super-dehydration can be used as the solvent, and for example, dehydrated acetone or super-dehydrated acetone can be used.
- dehydrated acetone refers to acetone having a water content of 50 ppm or less, preferably 20 ppm or less. Further, those having a water content of 10 ppm or less are called super-dehydrated acetone.
- the solvent it is more preferable to use an aprotic solvent that does not easily react with the lithium compound as a mixture. In the wet mixing step, the mixture is often pulverized.
- a ball mill, a bead mill, or the like can be used as a tool for mixing.
- a ball mill it is preferable to use zirconia balls.
- the rotation speed of step S12 is preferably 300 rpm or more and 500 rpm or less.
- this step may only be mixed, it is preferable to pulverize the starting material or the like using the above tools or the like in order to make the obtained mixture finer.
- the mixture obtained in step S12 preferably has a median diameter (D50) of 0.1 ⁇ m or more, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, and further 1 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferable that they are aligned with.
- D50 median diameter
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- Step S14 of FIG. 10B has a step of heating the mixture (sometimes referred to as a mixed material) obtained in step S12.
- This step may be referred to as the first heating with an ordinal number in order to distinguish it from the subsequent heating step.
- this process may be referred to as firing.
- the first heating can be performed by using a continuous method or a batch method.
- the first heating atmosphere may be an atmosphere with little water such as dry air (for example, a dew point of ⁇ 50 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 100 ° C. or lower).
- dry air for example, a dew point of ⁇ 50 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 100 ° C. or lower.
- the flow rate of dry oxygen or the like is preferably 5 L / min or more and 35 L / min or less.
- the temperature range of the first heating is preferably 800 ° C. or higher and lower than 1100 ° C., more preferably 900 ° C. or higher and lower than 1100 ° C., and further preferably 950 ° C. or higher and lower than 1100 ° C.
- the temperature of the first heating is preferably 900 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 950 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the first heating time is preferably 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less, and preferably 2 hours or more and 20 hours or less.
- the temperature rise rate can be 150 ° C./h or more and 250 ° C./h or less.
- the temperature lowering either forced cooling or natural cooling may be used, as long as the temperature of the mixture can be cooled to room temperature (for example, 25 ° C.).
- step S42 the process can proceed to step S42 even if the temperature is higher than room temperature in step S14. That is, cooling to room temperature is not essential in step S14.
- a lid may be placed on the container containing the mixture of step S12.
- the reaction atmosphere can be controlled by arranging a lid on the container. Further, a lid may be placed on the container while controlling the reaction atmosphere of the heat treatment furnace.
- Methods for controlling the reaction atmosphere of the heat treatment furnace include a purge in which the gas in the reaction atmosphere does not flow in and out of the heat treatment furnace, and a flow in which the gas in the reaction atmosphere flows in and out from the heat treatment furnace.
- the heat treatment furnace includes a muffle furnace and the like.
- Step S15 of FIG. 10A has a step of recovering the material obtained by the first heating to obtain a lithium composite oxide (LiMO 2 ) having a transition metal M.
- LiMO 2 can be prepared.
- the median diameter (D50) of LiMO 2 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- step S15 LiMO 2 synthesized in advance may be used as step S15.
- steps S11 to S14 can be omitted.
- lithium cobalt oxide manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. can be used.
- Step S21 includes a step of preparing an elemental source (X source) added to the lithium composite oxide (LiMO 2 ).
- Additive elements X include nickel, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, fluorine, aluminum, manganese, titanium, zirconium, yttrium, vanadium, iron, chromium, niobium, lantern, hafnium, zinc, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, and arsenic. One or more selected from them can be used.
- a fluorine source and a magnesium source will be used as the X source.
- a lithium source may be prepared at the same time as the X source.
- the added element X may be added in two or more portions.
- the additive element X1, the additive element X2, etc. may be distinguished by an ordinal number, and the starting materials thereof may be distinguished by the same ordinal number as the X1 source, the X2 source, etc. ..
- the fluorine source may be a chlorine source or the like, and a fluorine source and a halogen source containing a chlorine source may be used.
- a lithium source may be prepared. Fluorine sources, magnesium sources, etc. are starting materials.
- fluorine source examples include lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), titanium fluoride (TiF 4 ), cobalt fluoride (CoF 2 , CoF 3 ), and fluorine.
- the fluorine source is not limited to solids, for example, fluorine (F 2 ), carbon fluoride, sulfur fluoride, oxygen fluoride (OF 2 , O 2 F 2 , O 3 F 2 , O 4 F 2 , O 2 F). Etc. may be used to mix the mixture in the atmosphere in the heating step described later. Further, a plurality of fluorine sources may be mixed and used. Among them, lithium fluoride is preferable because it has a relatively low melting point of 848 ° C. and is easily melted in the heating step described later. Those having Li as a fluorine source can also be called a Li source.
- chlorine source for example, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride or the like can be used.
- magnesium source for example, magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and the like can be used.
- lithium fluoride for example, lithium fluoride or lithium carbonate can be used. That is, lithium fluoride can be used both as a lithium source and as a fluorine source. Magnesium fluoride can be used both as a fluorine source and as a magnesium source.
- lithium fluoride LiF is prepared as a fluorine source and magnesium fluoride MgF 2 is prepared as a fluorine source and a magnesium source.
- the effect of lowering the melting point of the mixture of the fluorine source and magnesium is the highest.
- the amount of lithium fluoride increases, there is a concern that the amount of lithium becomes excessive and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- the term "neighborhood" means a value larger than 0.9 times and smaller than 1.1 times the value.
- lithium cobalt oxide When LiMO 2 is lithium cobalt oxide, magnesium is more likely to be replaced by lithium sites than by cobalt sites, considering the ionic radius. In addition, lithium cobalt oxide and magnesium oxide are more stable when they are separated than when they are solid-dissolved, and they do not actively dissolve in solid solution. However, by appropriately heating in step S44 or the like, magnesium oxide can be dissolved in the surface layer portion, the convex portion, or the defective portion such as the grain boundary, crack or void of lithium cobalt oxide. When lithium cobalt oxide is depleted by charging and discharging, the interlayer distance between the CoO 2 layers may be shortened or the CoO 2 layer may be displaced, but when magnesium is replaced with lithium sites, even if lithium is depleted.
- the interlayer distance between the two CoO layers can be maintained, and changes in the crystal structure can be suppressed. Since the collapse of the crystal structure starts from the surface layer portion, the convex portion, or the defect portion such as the grain boundary, the crack or the void of lithium cobalt oxide, magnesium may be unevenly distributed on the surface layer portion or the convex portion. Such lithium cobalt oxide becomes a positive electrode active material whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging at a high voltage.
- fluorine can function as a flux agent that melts magnesium. It is also possible that fluorine replaces the oxygen position of lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, fluorine may be present in the entire lithium cobalt oxide. With such fluorine, the Li release energy of lithium cobalt oxide becomes low, and Li insertion / removal becomes smooth. It can also be expected to be HF resistant.
- Step S22 of FIG. 10B has a step of mixing the starting materials. Mixing can be done with one or more selected from dry and wet. Depending on the mixing conditions, the mixture may be ground.
- step S22 a wet type that can be mixed with a strong force is preferable.
- the mixture is often pulverized.
- a solvent is prepared.
- the solvent the solvent shown in step S12 can be used.
- the mixing tool one or more selected from a ball mill, a bead mill and the like can be used.
- a ball mill it is preferable to use zirconia balls as a crushing tool, for example.
- the rotation speed of step S22 is preferably 300 rpm or more and 500 rpm or less.
- the starting material may be pulverized using the above-mentioned tools or the like in order to make the obtained mixture finer.
- the mixture may be sieved.
- the mixture preferably has a median diameter (D50) of 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- Step S23 of FIG. 10B has a step of recovering the mixed materials as described above to obtain the mixture 902.
- the mixture 902 preferably has the median diameter (D50) described above.
- the mixture 902 having such a median diameter tends to be uniformly adhered to the surface of LiMO 2 when mixed with LiMO 2 in step S15.
- the mixture 902 is easily distributed on the surface layer portion of LiMO 2 after heating in step S44 or the like.
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- Step S42 of FIG. 10B includes a step of mixing LiMO 2 of step S15 and the mixture 902. Mixing can be done with one or more selected from dry and wet.
- the dry type is more suitable than the wet type because it is less likely to destroy the particles.
- a solvent is prepared.
- the solvent the solvent shown in step S12 can be used.
- this step it may be only mixed, but it may be pulverized by using a ball mill, a bead mill or the like in order to make the mixture finer.
- a ball mill it is preferable to use, for example, zirconia balls.
- the starting material may be pulverized using the above tools or the like.
- the mixture may be sieved.
- the mixture preferably has a median diameter (D50) of 10 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- the mixing conditions in step S42 are preferably milder than those in one or more selected from steps S12 and S22 so as not to destroy the particles of LiMO 2 .
- a mild condition can be obtained by setting a condition in which the number of revolutions is low or the time is short.
- the rotation speed of step S42 is preferably 100 rpm or more and 300 rpm or less.
- step S42 aluminum and / or nickel may be further mixed.
- Aluminum sources and nickel sources may be referred to as X2 sources.
- the lithium composite oxide is lithium cobalt oxide.
- Al which is an X2 source, is trivalent and has a strong binding force with oxygen, suppresses oxygen desorption, and it is difficult for lithium around Al to move during charging and discharging. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the change in the crystal structure when Al enters the cobalt site.
- the periphery of Al functions like a pillar, and changes in the crystal structure can be suppressed. It is possible to obtain a positive electrode active material whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging at a high voltage.
- the lithium composite oxide is lithium cobalt oxide.
- the X2 source Ni can be replaced with both cobalt sites and lithium sites.
- the redox potential becomes low, which leads to an increase in capacity.
- changes in the crystal structure can be suppressed because the deviation of the lattice constant becomes small. It is possible to obtain a positive electrode active material whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging at a high voltage.
- Al and Ni are preferably present on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material. More preferably, Ni is present at a position similar to Mg, and Al is preferably present inside Mg. In view of the preferred positions of Al and Ni, it is preferable to add at least Al in a step different from that of Mg.
- Ni source one or more selected from nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, alkoxide of nickel and the like can be used.
- Al source one or more selected from aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, alkoxide of aluminum and the like can be used.
- Step S43 of FIG. 10A has a step of recovering the material mixed above to obtain a mixture 903.
- step S11 the Mg source, the F source and the like can be added to the Li source and the M source to obtain the mixture 903. Further, the Mg source and the F source may be added to LiMO 2 in step S14 to mix in step S42 without going through the mixing in step S22 or the like. In these cases, some steps can be omitted, which is simple and highly productive.
- lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine have been added in advance may be used as the mixture 903. If lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine are added is used, the steps up to step S42 can be omitted, which is more convenient.
- a magnesium source and a fluorine source may be further added to lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine have been added in advance in accordance with step S21 or the like to obtain a mixture 903.
- Step S44 of FIG. 10A has a step of heating the mixture 903 obtained in step S43.
- This step may be referred to as a second heating with an ordinal number to distinguish it from the first heating.
- this process may be referred to as annealing.
- the second heating is performed by using a continuous method, a batch method, or the like.
- a crucible can be used, but it is preferable to use a flat container (also simply referred to as a container) called a pod or setter, which has a larger volume than the crucible in consideration of mass synthesis. When it is synthesized in a large amount, it is preferable because the conditions such as the additive element for the mixture 903 can be easily changed.
- the container may be made of one or more raw materials selected from alumina, mullite, magnesia and zirconia.
- the atmosphere of the second heating is preferably an atmosphere having oxygen, or so-called dry air. Dry air is the remaining gas obtained by removing water vapor from the air. Specifically, dry air refers to compressed air with a dew point lower than -10 ° C. That is, the atmosphere of the second heating is preferably an oxygen-containing atmosphere with less water (for example, a dew point of ⁇ 50 ° C. or lower, more preferably a dew point of ⁇ 80 ° C. or lower).
- the second heating is more preferably a heating having an effect of suppressing sticking so that the particles of the mixture 903 do not stick to each other.
- Examples of the heating having the effect of suppressing sticking include heating while stirring the mixture 903, heating while vibrating the container containing the mixture 903, and the like.
- the temperature range of the second heating needs to be equal to or higher than the temperature at which the reaction between LiMO 2 and the mixture 902 proceeds.
- the temperature at which the reaction proceeds may be any temperature at which mutual diffusion of the elements of LiMO 2 and the mixture 902 occurs. Therefore, the temperature of the second heating may be, for example, 500 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower.
- the lower limit of the temperature of the second heating is preferably a temperature at which at least a part of the mixture 903 is melted or higher so that the reaction can proceed more easily. Therefore, the temperature of the second heating is preferably equal to or higher than the co-melting point of the additive elements of the mixture 902.
- the co-melting point of LiF and MgF 2 is around 742 ° C, so that the second heating temperature is preferably 742 ° C or higher.
- the lower limit of the temperature of the second heating is more preferably 830 ° C. or higher.
- the heating temperature the easier the reaction will proceed, so the heating time will be shorter. It is preferable that the heating time is short because the productivity is high.
- the upper limit of the temperature of the second heating needs to be equal to or lower than the decomposition temperature of LiMO 2 (1130 ° C. in the case of LiCoO 2 ). Further, at a temperature near the decomposition temperature, there is a concern about decomposition of LiMO 2 , although the amount is small. Therefore, the upper limit of the temperature of the second heating is preferably 1130 ° C. or lower, more preferably 1000 ° C. or lower, further preferably 950 ° C. or lower, still more preferably 900 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature of the second heating is preferably a temperature that does not destroy LiMO 2 in step S14, and the temperature of the second heating is lower than the temperature of the first heating.
- the temperature range of the second heating is preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower, more preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower, further preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower. ..
- 742 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower are preferable, 742 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower are more preferable, 742 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower are further preferable, and 742 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower are further preferable.
- 830 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower are preferable, 830 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower are more preferable, 830 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower are further preferable, and 830 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower are further preferable.
- LiF which is a fluorine source
- the temperature of the second heating can be lowered to below the decomposition temperature of LiMO 2 , for example, 742 ° C or higher and 950 ° C or lower, and one or more additive elements selected from magnesium, fluorine, etc. are distributed near the surface. It is possible to produce a positive electrode active material having good characteristics.
- the second heating is preferably performed at an appropriate time.
- the appropriate second heating time varies depending on conditions such as the temperature of the second heating, the size and composition of the particles of LiMO 2 in step S14. Smaller particles may be more preferred at lower temperatures or shorter times than larger ones.
- the temperature of the second heating is preferably, for example, 600 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower.
- the second heating time is, for example, preferably 3 hours or more, more preferably 10 hours or more, still more preferably 60 hours or more.
- the temperature of the second heating is preferably 600 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower, for example.
- the second heating time is, for example, preferably 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less, and more preferably about 2 hours.
- the particle size obtained by measuring the cross-sectional diameter may be used.
- the temperature lowering time after the second heating is preferably, for example, 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less.
- heating by a rotary kiln can be used as the second heating.
- the rotary kiln can be heated with stirring in either the continuous type or the batch type, and is preferable as the heating having an effect of suppressing sticking.
- the continuous type has good productivity and is preferable.
- the batch type is preferable because the atmosphere can be easily controlled.
- the second heating may be heated by a roller herring kiln.
- the roller kiln preferably vibrates the container containing the mixture 903 or the like during heating. Roller kiln is a continuous type, so productivity is good and preferable.
- the additive element X may be unevenly distributed on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material. That is, the additive element X can be located on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material.
- the additive element X may be unevenly distributed on the convex portion of the positive electrode active material. That is, the additive element X can be located on the convex portion of the positive electrode active material.
- aluminum may be unevenly distributed at the boundary between the convex portion and the surface layer portion.
- fluorine may be present in the entire positive electrode active material without being unevenly distributed.
- Step S51 of FIG. 10B has a step of preparing an additive element source (Y source).
- the Y source is one or more selected from Group 4 or Group 5 elements, particularly Hf, V and Nb.
- the additive element may be one or more selected from lanthanoid elements, particularly Ce and Sm. Zr may be added at the same time as one or more selected from Hf, V and Nb.
- the X source may be added in step S51.
- metal alkoxide is used as the Y source.
- a metal alkoxide having Hf, V, Nb, Ce, or Sm is prepared.
- a metal alkoxide having Zr is also prepared.
- an X source that can be prepared as a metal alkoxide. Starting materials such as aluminum and / or nickel can be prepared with metal alkoxides.
- Step S52 of FIG. 10B has a mixing step of dissolving the metal alkoxide in alcohol, and in step S53, a mixed liquid 904 is obtained.
- the required amount of metal alkoxide varies depending on the particle size of the mixture 903.
- the particle size of lithium cobalt oxide (D50) is about 20 ⁇ m
- the cobalt possessed by lithium cobalt oxide It is preferable that the number of atoms is 1, and the concentration of Ce contained in triisopropoxycerium (III) is 0.001 times or more and 0.02 times or less.
- Step S62 of FIG. 10B has a mixing step of stirring the mixture of the mixture 904 and the particles of the second heated mixture 903 in an atmosphere containing water vapor.
- the second heating can also serve as the third heating shown in the next step S63.
- Stirring can be done, for example, with a magnetic stirrer.
- the stirring time may be a time sufficient for the water in the atmosphere and the metal alkoxide to cause a hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction, for example, 4 hours, 25 ° C., and a humidity of 90% RH (Relative Humidity). Can be done below.
- stirring may be performed in an atmosphere where humidity control and temperature control are not performed, for example, in an air atmosphere in a fume hood. In such a case, it is preferable to lengthen the stirring time, for example, 12 hours or more at room temperature.
- the sol-gel reaction can proceed gently. Further, by reacting the metal alkoxide with water at room temperature, the sol-gel reaction can proceed more gently than in the case of heating at a temperature exceeding the boiling point of the alcohol of the solvent, for example.
- reaction time may be controlled by gradually adding water diluted with alcohol, reducing the amount of alcohol, adding a stabilizer, or the like.
- the obtained coating film is not always uniform and may be scattered.
- Step S63 of FIG. 10B has a step of obtaining the mixture 905.
- the precipitate is collected from the mixed solution that has been processed in step S62.
- As a recovery method filtration, centrifugation, evaporation to dryness, or the like can be applied.
- the precipitate can be washed with the same alcohol as the solvent in which the metal alkoxide is dissolved.
- the evaporative dry solid it is not necessary to separate the solvent and the precipitate in this step, and for example, the precipitate may be recovered in the drying step.
- the recovered residue can be dried to give the mixture 905.
- the drying step can be, for example, vacuum or ventilation drying at 80 ° C. for 1 hour or more and 4 hours or less.
- a coating film having the additive element Y may be formed on the mixture 903 by a sputtering method or a vapor deposition method.
- Step S64 of FIG. 10B has a step of heating the resulting mixture.
- Step S63 is the next heating after step S44, and is referred to as a third heating with an ordinal number.
- the third heating the conditions described in the first heating or the second heating can be used.
- the third heating is performed in a shorter time than the second heating. Further, it is preferable that the third heating is performed at a lower temperature than the second heating.
- the additive element X may be unevenly distributed on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material. That is, the additive element X can be located on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material.
- the additive element X may be unevenly distributed on the convex portion of the positive electrode active material. That is, the additive element X can be located on the convex portion of the positive electrode active material.
- aluminum may be unevenly distributed at the boundary between the convex portion and the surface layer portion.
- fluorine may be present in the entire positive electrode active material without being unevenly distributed.
- the additive element Y may be unevenly distributed on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material. That is, the additive element Y can be located on the surface layer of the positive electrode active material.
- the additive element Y may be unevenly distributed in the convex portion of the positive electrode active material. That is, the additive element Y can be located on the convex portion of the positive electrode active material.
- Step S66 of FIG. 10B has a step of collecting particles. In addition, it is preferable to sift the particles. In this way, the positive electrode active material 100 according to one aspect of the present invention can be produced.
- the above-mentioned heating has been described as the first heating to the third heating, but the number of times may be N (N> 3). It is advisable to change the conditions (temperature or time) for each heating. Further, the process including heating and cooling may be repeated M (M> 2) times with one or two or more selected from the first heating to the third heating. The steps including heating and cooling may include a step of recovering the mixture.
- the contained elements such as the transition metal M and / or the additive element are unevenly distributed in the convex portion and / or the surface layer portion.
- the transition metal M and / or the additive element and the like have a concentration gradient.
- the transition metal M and / or the additive element has a concentration gradient at the boundary between the convex portion and / or the surface layer portion and the inside.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention may have an O3'type crystal structure, and the crystal structure does not easily collapse even if charging and discharging are repeated at a high voltage.
- the O3'type crystal structure is formed, for example, in lithium cobalt oxide by the presence of magnesium between two CoO layers, that is, at the lithium site. The presence of magnesium between the two CoO layers tends to result in a stable crystal structure.
- an Mg source or the like is prepared as step S21 instead of step S11, a mixture 902 is formed in step S23, mixed with LiMO 2 in step S14, and heated in step S44 or step S64. It is good to do.
- step S44 and / or step S64 are too high, there is an increased possibility that cationic mixing will occur and magnesium will enter the cobalt site. Magnesium present in cobalt sites does not have the effect of maintaining the crystal structure when charging and discharging are repeated at high voltage. Further, if the temperature of the heat treatment is too high, there is a concern that cobalt will be reduced to divalent, and that lithium will evaporate or sublimate. Therefore, at least the second heating in step S44 and the third heating in step S64 are subject to the above-mentioned conditions.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 11A is an external view of a coin-type (single-layer flat type) secondary battery
- FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view thereof.
- a positive electrode can 301 that also serves as a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode can 302 that also serves as a negative electrode terminal are insulated and sealed with a gasket 303 that is made of polypropylene or the like.
- the positive electrode 304 is formed by a positive electrode current collector 305 and a positive electrode active material layer 306 provided in contact with the positive electrode current collector 305.
- the negative electrode 307 is formed by a negative electrode current collector 308 and a negative electrode active material layer 309 provided so as to be in contact with the negative electrode current collector 308.
- the active material layer may be formed on only one side of the current collector.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 metals such as nickel, aluminum, and titanium having corrosion resistance to electrolytes, alloys thereof, or alloys of these with other metals (for example, stainless steel) can be used. .. Further, in order to prevent corrosion due to the electrolyte, it is preferable to coat the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 with nickel, aluminum or the like.
- the positive electrode can 301 is electrically connected to the positive electrode 304
- the negative electrode can 302 is electrically connected to the negative electrode 307.
- the negative electrode 307, the positive electrode 304, and the separator 310 are immersed in an electrolyte, and as shown in FIG. 11B, the positive electrode 304, the separator 310, the negative electrode 307, and the negative electrode can 302 are laminated in this order with the positive electrode can 301 facing down, and the positive electrode can 301 is laminated. And the negative electrode can 302 are crimped via the gasket 303 to manufacture a coin-shaped secondary battery 300.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention As the positive electrode 304, it is possible to obtain a coin-type secondary battery 300 having a high capacity, a high charge / discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics. can. It is also possible to eliminate the need for the separator 310 in the coin-type secondary battery.
- the cylindrical secondary battery 616 has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on the upper surface and a battery can (exterior can) 602 on the side surface and the bottom surface.
- the battery can (exterior can) 602 is made of a metal material and has excellent water permeability barrier property and gas barrier property.
- the positive electrode cap 601 and the battery can (exterior can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- the cylindrical secondary battery shown in FIG. 12B has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on the upper surface and a battery can (exterior can) 602 on the side surface and the bottom surface.
- the positive electrode cap 601 and the battery can (exterior can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610.
- a battery element in which a band-shaped positive electrode 604 and a negative electrode 606 are wound with a separator 605 sandwiched between them is provided inside the hollow cylindrical battery can 602.
- the battery element is wound around the center pin.
- One end of the battery can 602 is closed and the other end is open.
- a metal such as nickel, aluminum, or titanium having corrosion resistance to an electrolyte, an alloy thereof, or an alloy of these and another metal (for example, stainless steel or the like) can be used. Further, in order to prevent corrosion due to the electrolyte, it is preferable to coat the battery can 602 with nickel, aluminum or the like.
- the battery element in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator are wound is sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 608 and insulating plates 609 facing each other. Further, an electrolyte (not shown) is injected into the inside of the battery can 602 provided with the battery element.
- the electrolyte the same electrolyte as that of the coin-type secondary battery can be used.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode used in the cylindrical storage battery are wound, it is preferable to form active substances on both sides of the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention By using the positive electrode active material of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a cylindrical secondary battery 616 having a high capacity, a high charge / discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics.
- a positive electrode terminal (positive electrode current collecting lead) 603 is connected to the positive electrode 604, and a negative electrode terminal (negative electrode current collecting lead) 607 is connected to the negative electrode 606.
- a metal material such as aluminum can be used for both the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607.
- the positive electrode terminal 603 is resistance welded to the safety valve mechanism 613, and the negative electrode terminal 607 is resistance welded to the bottom of the battery can 602.
- the safety valve mechanism 613 is electrically connected to the positive electrode cap 601 via a PTC element (Positive Temperature Coefficient) 611. The safety valve mechanism 613 disconnects the electrical connection between the positive electrode cap 601 and the positive electrode 604 when the increase in the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
- the PTC element 611 is a heat-sensitive resistance element whose resistance increases when the temperature rises, and the amount of current is limited by the increase in resistance to prevent abnormal heat generation.
- Barium titanate (BaTIO 3 ) -based semiconductor ceramics or the like can be used as the PTC element.
- FIG. 12C shows an example of the power storage system 615.
- the power storage system 615 has a plurality of secondary batteries 616.
- the positive electrode of each secondary battery is in contact with the conductor 624 separated by the insulator 625 and is electrically connected.
- the conductor 624 is electrically connected to the control circuit 620 via the wiring 623.
- the negative electrode of each secondary battery is electrically connected to the control circuit 620 via the wiring 626.
- As the control circuit 620 a charge / discharge control circuit for charging / discharging and a protection circuit for preventing overcharging or overdischarging can be applied.
- FIG. 12D shows an example of the power storage system 615.
- the power storage system 615 has a plurality of secondary batteries 616, and the plurality of secondary batteries 616 are sandwiched between the conductive plate 628 and the conductive plate 614.
- the plurality of secondary batteries 616 are electrically connected to the conductive plate 628 and the conductive plate 614 by wiring 627.
- the plurality of secondary batteries 616 may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in parallel and then further connected in series.
- a plurality of secondary batteries 616 may be connected in parallel and then further connected in series.
- a temperature control device may be provided between the plurality of secondary batteries 616.
- the secondary battery 616 When the secondary battery 616 is overheated, it can be cooled by the temperature control device, and when the secondary battery 616 is too cold, it can be heated by the temperature control device. Therefore, the performance of the power storage system 615 is less likely to be affected by the outside air temperature.
- the power storage system 615 is electrically connected to the control circuit 620 via the wiring 621 and the wiring 622.
- the wiring 621 is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the plurality of secondary batteries 616 via the conductive plate 628
- the wiring 622 is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the plurality of secondary batteries 616 via the conductive plate 614.
- the secondary battery 913 shown in FIG. 13A has a winding body 950 having a terminal 951 and a terminal 952 inside the housing 930.
- the winding body 950 is immersed in the electrolyte inside the housing 930.
- the terminal 952 is in contact with the housing 930, and the terminal 951 is not in contact with the housing 930 by using an insulating material or the like.
- the housing 930 is shown separately in FIG. 13A for convenience, in reality, the winding body 950 is covered with the housing 930, and the terminals 951 and 952 extend outside the housing 930. It exists.
- a metal material for example, aluminum or the like
- a resin material can be used as the housing 930.
- the housing 930 shown in FIG. 13A may be formed of a plurality of materials.
- the housing 930a and the housing 930b are bonded to each other, and the winding body 950 is provided in the region surrounded by the housing 930a and the housing 930b.
- an insulating material such as an organic resin can be used.
- a material such as an organic resin on the surface on which the antenna is formed it is possible to suppress the shielding of the electric field by the secondary battery 913. If the electric field shielding by the housing 930a is small, an antenna may be provided inside the housing 930a.
- a metal material can be used as the housing 930b.
- the wound body 950 has a negative electrode 931, a positive electrode 932, and a separator 933.
- the wound body 950 is a wound body in which the negative electrode 931 and the positive electrode 932 are overlapped and laminated with the separator 933 interposed therebetween, and the laminated sheet is wound.
- a plurality of layers of the negative electrode 931, the positive electrode 932, and the separator 933 may be further laminated.
- the secondary battery 913 having the winding body 950a as shown in FIG. 14 may be used.
- the winding body 950a shown in FIG. 14A has a negative electrode 931, a positive electrode 932, and a separator 933.
- the negative electrode 931 has a negative electrode active material layer 931a.
- the positive electrode 932 has a positive electrode active material layer 932a.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention for the positive electrode 932, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery 913 having a high capacity, a high charge / discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the separator 933 has a wider width than the negative electrode active material layer 931a and the positive electrode active material layer 932a, and is wound so as to overlap the negative electrode active material layer 931a and the positive electrode active material layer 932a. Further, it is preferable that the width of the negative electrode active material layer 931a is wider than that of the positive electrode active material layer 932a from the viewpoint of safety. Further, the wound body 950a having such a shape is preferable because of its good safety and productivity.
- the negative electrode 931 is electrically connected to the terminal 951.
- the terminal 951 is electrically connected to the terminal 911a.
- the positive electrode 932 is electrically connected to the terminal 952.
- the terminal 952 is electrically connected to the terminal 911b.
- the winding body 950a and the electrolyte are covered with the housing 930 to form the secondary battery 913.
- the housing 930 is provided with a safety valve, an overcurrent protection element, or the like.
- the safety valve is a valve that opens when the inside of the housing 930 reaches a predetermined pressure in order to prevent the battery from exploding.
- the secondary battery 913 may have a plurality of winding bodies 950a. By using a plurality of winding bodies 950a, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery 913 having a larger charge / discharge capacity.
- Other elements of the secondary battery 913 shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B can take into account the description of the secondary battery 913 shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C.
- FIG. 15 shows an example of application to an electric vehicle (EV).
- EV electric vehicle
- the electric vehicle is equipped with a first battery 1301a and 1301b as a main drive secondary battery and a second battery 1311 that supplies electric power to the inverter 1312 that starts the motor 1304.
- the second battery 1311 is also called a cranking battery (also called a starter battery).
- the second battery 1311 only needs to have a high output, and a large capacity is not required so much, and the capacity of the second battery 1311 is smaller than that of the first batteries 1301a and 1301b.
- the internal structure of the first battery 1301a may be a wound type or a laminated type.
- first batteries 1301a and 1301b are connected in parallel, but three or more batteries may be connected in parallel. Further, if the first battery 1301a can store sufficient electric power, the first battery 1301b may not be present.
- the plurality of secondary batteries may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in parallel and then further connected in series. Multiple secondary batteries are also called assembled batteries.
- a service plug or a circuit breaker capable of cutting off a high voltage without using a tool is provided, and the first battery 1301a has. It will be provided.
- the electric power of the first batteries 1301a and 1301b is mainly used to rotate the motor 1304, but 42V in-vehicle parts (electric power steering 1307, heater 1308, defogger 1309, etc.) via the DCDC circuit 1306. Power to. Even if the rear wheel has a rear motor 1317, the first battery 1301a is used to rotate the rear motor 1317.
- the second battery 1311 supplies electric power to 14V in-vehicle components (audio 1313, power window 1314, lamps 1315, etc.) via the DCDC circuit 1310.
- first battery 1301a will be described with reference to FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 15A shows an example in which nine square secondary batteries 1300 are used as one battery pack 1415. Further, nine square secondary batteries 1300 are connected in series, one electrode is fixed by a fixing portion 1413 made of an insulator, and the other electrode is fixed by a fixing portion 1414 made of an insulator. In the present embodiment, an example of fixing with the fixing portions 1413 and 1414 is shown, but the square secondary battery 1300 may be stored in the battery storage box (also referred to as a housing). Since it is assumed that the vehicle is vibrated or shaken from the outside (road surface or the like), it is preferable to fix a plurality of secondary batteries with fixing portions 1413, 1414, a battery accommodating box, or the like. Further, one of the electrodes is electrically connected to the control circuit unit 1320 by the wiring 1421. The other electrode is electrically connected to the control circuit unit 1320 by wiring 1422.
- control circuit unit 1320 may use a memory circuit including a transistor using an oxide semiconductor.
- a charge control circuit or a battery control system having a memory circuit including a transistor using an oxide semiconductor may be referred to as a BTOS (Battery operating system or Battery oxide semiconductor).
- the control circuit unit 1320 detects the terminal voltage of the secondary battery and manages the charge / discharge state of the secondary battery. For example, both the output transistor of the charging circuit and the cutoff switch can be turned off at almost the same time to prevent overcharging.
- FIG. 15B An example of the block diagram of the battery pack 1415 shown in FIG. 15A is shown in FIG. 15B.
- the control circuit unit 1320 includes at least a switch unit 1324 including a switch for preventing overcharging and a switch for preventing overdischarging, a control circuit 1322 for controlling the switch unit 1324, and a voltage measuring unit for the first battery 1301a.
- the upper limit voltage and the lower limit voltage of the secondary battery to be used are set, and the upper limit of the current from the outside and the upper limit of the output current to the outside are limited.
- the range of the lower limit voltage or more and the upper limit voltage or less of the secondary battery is within the voltage range recommended for use, and if it is out of the range, the switch unit 1324 operates and functions as a protection circuit.
- control circuit unit 1320 can also be called a protection circuit because it controls the switch unit 1324 to prevent over-discharge and / or over-charge. For example, when the control circuit 1322 detects a voltage that is likely to cause overcharging, the switch of the switch unit 1324 is turned off to cut off the current. Further, a PTC element may be provided in the charge / discharge path to provide a function of cutting off the current in response to an increase in temperature. Further, the control circuit unit 1320 has an external terminal 1325 (+ IN) and an external terminal 1326 ( ⁇ IN).
- the switch unit 1324 can be configured by combining an n-channel type transistor and a p-channel type transistor.
- the switch unit 1324 is not limited to a switch having a Si transistor using single crystal silicon, and is not limited to, for example, Ge (germanium), SiGe (silicon germanium), GaAs (gallium arsenide), GaAlAs (gallium aluminum arsenide), and InP (phosphide).
- the switch unit 1324 may be formed by a power transistor having indium phosphide, SiC (silicon carbide), ZnSe (zinc selenium), GaN (gallium nitride), GaOx (gallium oxide; x is a real number larger than 0) and the like.
- the storage element using the OS transistor can be freely arranged by stacking it on a circuit using a Si transistor or the like, integration can be easily performed.
- the OS transistor can be manufactured by using the same manufacturing apparatus as the Si transistor, it can be manufactured at low cost. That is, it is also possible to stack the control circuit unit 1320 using the OS transistor on the switch unit 1324 and integrate them into one chip. Since the occupied volume of the control circuit unit 1320 can be reduced, the size can be reduced.
- the first batteries 1301a and 1301b mainly supply electric power to a 42V system (high voltage system) in-vehicle device
- the second battery 1311 is a 14V system (low voltage system) in-vehicle device. Power to.
- the second battery 1311 is often adopted because a lead storage battery is advantageous in terms of cost.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is used for both the first battery 1301a and the second battery 1311.
- the second battery 1311 may use a lead storage battery, an all-solid-state battery or an electric double layer capacitor.
- the regenerative energy due to the rotation of the tire 1316 is sent to the motor 1304 via the gear 1305, and is charged from the motor controller 1303 and the battery controller 1302 to the second battery 1311 via the control circuit unit 1321.
- the first battery 1301a is charged from the battery controller 1302 via the control circuit unit 1320.
- the first battery 1301b is charged from the battery controller 1302 via the control circuit unit 1320. In order to efficiently charge the regenerative energy, it is desirable that the first batteries 1301a and 1301b can be quickly charged.
- the battery controller 1302 can set the charging voltage, charging current, and the like of the first batteries 1301a and 1301b.
- the battery controller 1302 can set charging conditions according to the charging characteristics of the secondary battery to be used and quickly charge the battery.
- the outlet of the charger or the connection cable of the charger is electrically connected to the battery controller 1302.
- the electric power supplied from the external charger charges the first batteries 1301a and 1301b via the battery controller 1302.
- a control circuit may be provided and the function of the battery controller 1302 may not be used, but the first batteries 1301a and 1301b are charged via the control circuit unit 1320 in order to prevent overcharging. Is preferable.
- the connection cable or the connection cable of the charger is provided with a control circuit.
- the control circuit unit 1320 may be referred to as an ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
- the ECU is connected to a CAN (Control Area Area Network) provided in the electric vehicle.
- CAN is one of the serial communication standards used as an in-vehicle LAN.
- the ECU also includes a microcomputer. Further, the ECU uses a CPU or FIGPU.
- a next-generation clean energy vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle (HV), an electric vehicle (EV), or a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV)
- HV hybrid vehicle
- EV electric vehicle
- PSV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- agricultural machinery motorized bicycles including electrically assisted bicycles, motorcycles, electric wheelchairs, electric carts, small or large vessels, submarines, fixed-wing aircraft, aircraft such as rotary-wing aircraft, rockets, artificial satellites, space explorers, etc.
- a secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention can also be mounted on a transport vehicle such as a star explorer or a spacecraft.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be a high-capacity secondary battery. Therefore, the secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention, is suitable for miniaturization and weight reduction, and can be suitably used for a transportation vehicle.
- the automobile 2001 shown in FIG. 16A is an electric vehicle that uses an electric motor as a power source for traveling. Alternatively, it is a hybrid vehicle in which an electric motor and an engine can be appropriately selected and used as a power source for traveling.
- the automobile 2001 shown in FIG. 16A has a battery pack 2200, and the battery pack has a secondary battery module to which a plurality of secondary batteries are connected. Further, it is preferable to have a charge control device that is electrically connected to the secondary battery module.
- the automobile 2001 can charge the secondary battery of the automobile 2001 by receiving electric power from an external charging facility by a plug-in method, a non-contact power feeding method, or the like.
- the charging method or the standard of the connector may be appropriately performed by a predetermined method such as CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or a combo.
- the charging facility may be a charging station provided in a commercial facility or a household power source.
- the plug-in technology can charge a secondary battery mounted on an automobile 2001 by supplying electric power from the outside. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power via a conversion device such as an ACDC converter.
- a power receiving device on the vehicle and supply electric power from a ground power transmission device in a non-contact manner to charge the vehicle.
- this non-contact power supply system by incorporating a power transmission device on the road or the outer wall, charging can be performed not only while the vehicle is stopped but also while the vehicle is running. Further, electric power may be transmitted and received between two vehicles by using this contactless power feeding method. Further, a solar cell may be provided on the exterior portion of the vehicle to charge the secondary battery when the vehicle is stopped or running. An electromagnetic induction method or a magnetic field resonance method can be used for such non-contact power supply.
- FIG. 16B shows a large transport vehicle 2002 having a motor controlled by electricity as an example of a transport vehicle.
- the secondary battery module of the transport vehicle 2002 has, for example, a secondary battery of 3.5 V or more and 4.7 V or less as a four-cell unit, and has a maximum voltage of 170 V in which 48 cells are connected in series. Since it has the same functions as in FIG. 16A except that the number of secondary batteries constituting the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2201 is different, the description thereof will be omitted.
- FIG. 16C shows, as an example, a large transport vehicle 2003 having a motor controlled by electricity.
- the secondary battery module of the transport vehicle 2003 has, for example, a maximum voltage of 600 V in which 100 or more secondary batteries of 3.5 V or more and 4.7 V or less are connected in series. Therefore, a secondary battery having a small variation in characteristics is required.
- a secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention as the positive electrode it is possible to manufacture a secondary battery having stable battery characteristics, and mass production is possible at low cost from the viewpoint of yield. Further, since it has the same functions as those in FIG. 16A except that the number of secondary batteries constituting the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2202 is different, the description thereof will be omitted.
- FIG. 16D shows, as an example, an aircraft 2004 with an engine that burns fuel. Since the aircraft 2004 shown in FIG. 16D has wheels for takeoff and landing, it can be said to be a part of a transport vehicle. It has a battery pack 2203 including a secondary battery module configured by connecting a plurality of secondary batteries and a charge control device.
- the secondary battery module of the aircraft 2004 has a maximum voltage of 32V in which eight 4V secondary batteries are connected in series, for example. Since it has the same functions as in FIG. 16A except that the number of secondary batteries constituting the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2203 is different, the description thereof will be omitted.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the house shown in FIG. 17A has a power storage device 2612 having a secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention, and a solar panel 2610.
- the power storage device 2612 is electrically connected to the solar panel 2610 via wiring 2611 and the like. Further, the power storage device 2612 and the ground-mounted charging device 2604 may be electrically connected.
- the electric power obtained by the solar panel 2610 can be charged to the power storage device 2612. Further, the electric power stored in the power storage device 2612 can be charged to the secondary battery of the vehicle 2603 via the charging device 2604.
- the power storage device 2612 is preferably installed in the underfloor space. By installing it in the underfloor space, the space above the floor can be effectively used. Alternatively, the power storage device 2612 may be installed on the floor.
- the electric power stored in the power storage device 2612 can also be supplied to other electronic devices in the house. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like, the electronic device can be used by using the power storage device 2612 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- FIG. 17B shows an example of a power storage device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- a power storage device 791 which is one aspect of the present invention, is installed in the underfloor space portion 796 of the building 799.
- a control device 790 is installed in the power storage device 791, and the control device 790 is connected to a distribution board 703, a power storage controller 705 (also referred to as a control device), a display 706, and a router 709 by wiring. It is electrically connected.
- Electric power is sent from the commercial power supply 701 to the distribution board 703 via the drop line mounting portion 710. Further, electric power is transmitted to the distribution board 703 from the power storage device 791 and the commercial power supply 701, and the distribution board 703 transfers the transmitted electric power to a general load via an outlet (not shown). It supplies 707 and the power storage system load 708.
- the general load 707 is, for example, an electric device such as a television or a personal computer
- the storage system load 708 is, for example, an electric device such as a microwave oven, a refrigerator, or an air conditioner.
- the power storage controller 705 includes a measurement unit 711, a prediction unit 712, and a planning unit 713.
- the measuring unit 711 has a function of measuring the amount of electric power consumed by the general load 707 and the power storage system load 708 during one day (for example, from 0:00 to 24:00). Further, the measuring unit 711 may have a function of measuring the electric power of the power storage device 791 and the electric power supplied from the commercial power source 701.
- the prediction unit 712 is based on the amount of electric power consumed by the general load 707 and the power storage system load 708 during the next day, and the demand consumed by the general load 707 and the power storage system load 708 during the next day. It has a function to predict the amount of electric power.
- the planning unit 713 has a function of making a charge / discharge plan of the power storage device 791 based on the power demand amount predicted by the prediction unit 712.
- the amount of electric power consumed by the general load 707 and the power storage system load 708 measured by the measuring unit 711 can be confirmed by the display 706. It can also be confirmed in an electric device such as a television or a personal computer via a router 709. Further, it can be confirmed by a portable electronic terminal such as a smartphone or a tablet via the router 709. Further, the amount of power demand for each time zone (or every hour) predicted by the prediction unit 712 can be confirmed by the display 706, the electric device, and the portable electronic terminal.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- Electronic devices that mount secondary batteries include, for example, television devices (also referred to as televisions or television receivers), monitors for computers, digital cameras, digital video cameras, digital photo frames, mobile phones (mobile phones, mobile phones, etc.).
- television devices also referred to as televisions or television receivers
- monitors for computers digital cameras, digital video cameras, digital photo frames, mobile phones (mobile phones, mobile phones, etc.).
- mobile phone device a portable game machine
- mobile information terminal a sound reproduction device
- a large game machine such as a pachinko machine
- Examples of mobile information terminals include notebook personal computers, tablet terminals, electronic book terminals, mobile phones and the like.
- FIG. 18A shows an example of a mobile phone.
- the mobile phone 2100 includes an operation button 2103, an external connection port 2104, a speaker 2105, a microphone 2106, and the like, in addition to the display unit 2102 incorporated in the housing 2101.
- the mobile phone 2100 has a secondary battery 2107.
- the secondary battery 2107 By providing the secondary battery 2107 using the positive electrode active material of the present invention as the positive electrode, it is possible to increase the capacity and realize a configuration capable of saving space due to the miniaturization of the housing.
- the mobile phone 2100 can execute various applications such as mobile phones, e-mails, text viewing and creation, music playback, Internet communication, and computer games.
- the operation button 2103 can have various functions such as power on / off operation, wireless communication on / off operation, execution / cancellation of manner mode, execution / cancellation of power saving mode, and the like. ..
- the function of the operation button 2103 can be freely set by the operating system incorporated in the mobile phone 2100.
- the mobile phone 2100 can execute short-range wireless communication with communication standards. For example, by communicating with a headset capable of wireless communication, it is possible to make a hands-free call.
- the mobile phone 2100 is provided with an external connection port 2104, and data can be directly exchanged with another information terminal via a connector. It can also be charged via the external connection port 2104. The charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without going through the external connection port 2104.
- the mobile phone 2100 preferably has a sensor.
- a human body sensor such as a fingerprint sensor, a pulse sensor, or a body temperature sensor, a touch sensor, a pressure sensor, an acceleration sensor, or the like is preferably mounted.
- FIG. 18B is an unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 with a plurality of rotors 2302.
- the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 is sometimes called a drone.
- the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 has a secondary battery 2301, a camera 2303, and an antenna (not shown), which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 can be remotely controlled via an antenna.
- the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention as the positive electrode has a high energy density and high safety, so that it can be used safely for a long period of time and is mounted on the unmanned aircraft 2300. Is suitable as.
- FIG. 18C shows an example of a robot.
- the robot 6400 shown in FIG. 18C includes a secondary battery 6409, an illuminance sensor 6401, a microphone 6402, an upper camera 6403, a speaker 6404, a display unit 6405, a lower camera 6406 and an obstacle sensor 6407, a moving mechanism 6408, an arithmetic unit, and the like.
- the microphone 6402 has a function of detecting a user's voice, environmental sound, and the like. Further, the speaker 6404 has a function of emitting sound. The robot 6400 can communicate with the user by using the microphone 6402 and the speaker 6404.
- the display unit 6405 has a function of displaying various information.
- the robot 6400 can display the information desired by the user on the display unit 6405.
- the display unit 6405 may be equipped with a touch panel. Further, the display unit 6405 may be a removable information terminal, and by installing it at a fixed position of the robot 6400, it is possible to charge and transfer data.
- the upper camera 6403 and the lower camera 6406 have a function of photographing the surroundings of the robot 6400. Further, the obstacle sensor 6407 can detect the presence / absence of an obstacle in the traveling direction when the robot 6400 moves forward by using the moving mechanism 6408. The robot 6400 can recognize the surrounding environment and move safely by using the upper camera 6403, the lower camera 6406 and the obstacle sensor 6407.
- the robot 6400 includes a secondary battery 6409, which is one aspect of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component in the internal region thereof.
- the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention as the positive electrode has a high energy density and high safety, so that it can be used safely for a long period of time, and the secondary battery 6409 mounted on the robot 6400 can be used safely. Is suitable as.
- FIG. 18D shows an example of a cleaning robot.
- the cleaning robot 6300 has a display unit 6302 arranged on the upper surface of the housing 6301, a plurality of cameras 6303 arranged on the side surface, a brush 6304, an operation button 6305, a secondary battery 6306, various sensors, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is provided with tires, suction ports, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is self-propelled, can detect dust 6310, and can suck dust from a suction port provided on the lower surface.
- the cleaning robot 6300 can analyze an image taken by the camera 6303 and determine the presence or absence of an obstacle such as a wall, furniture, or a step. Further, when an object that is likely to be entangled with the brush 6304 is detected by image analysis, the rotation of the brush 6304 can be stopped.
- the cleaning robot 6300 includes a secondary battery 6306, which is one aspect of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component in the internal region thereof.
- the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention as the positive electrode has a high energy density and high safety, so that it can be used safely for a long period of time and is mounted on the cleaning robot 6300. Suitable as 6306.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- a sample 1 to which an Hf source is added as a Y source which is an element source added to lithium cobalt oxide, a sample 2 to which a V source is added, a sample 3 to which an Nb source is added, and an Hf source and a Zr source are added.
- samples 4a to 4c having different addition amounts were prepared.
- each sample has an Mg source and an F source added as the X source 1 and a Ni source and an Al source as the X2 source.
- the sample conditions are shown in the table below.
- Example 1 The manufacturing process of sample 1 will be described with reference to the process flow of FIG. 10B.
- lithium cobalt oxide (trade name: Cellseed C-10N) manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. was used as the lithium composite oxide to obtain lithium cobalt oxide in step S15.
- Cellseed C-10N has a median diameter (D50) of 10 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, and in elemental analysis by GD-MS, magnesium concentration and fluorine concentration are 50 ppm wt or less, calcium concentration, aluminum concentration and silicon concentration are 100 ppm wt or less, and nickel.
- Lithium cobaltate having a concentration of 150 ppm wt or less, a sulfur concentration of 500 ppm wt or less, an arsenic concentration of 1100 ppm wt or less, and a concentration of other elements other than lithium, cobalt and oxygen of 150 ppm wt or less.
- lithium cobalt oxide particles (trade name: CellSeed C-5H) manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. can also be used.
- CellSeed C-5H has a median diameter (D50) of 5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, and lithium cobalt oxide has an elemental concentration other than lithium, cobalt and oxygen equal to or less than that of C-10N in elemental analysis by GD-MS. Is.
- step S21 of FIG. 10B was carried out.
- an X1 source was first prepared.
- MgF 2 was prepared as the Mg source and LiF was prepared as the F source as the X1 source. Then, it was weighed so that LiF was 0.33 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide and MgF 2 was 0.1 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- LiF and MgF 2 were mixed using a wet method according to the step of step S22 in FIG. 10B.
- Ultra-dehydrated acetone was used as a solvent, a ball mill was used, and the mixture was mixed at a rotation speed of 400 rpm for 12 hours. Under this condition, the mixture is ground at the same time as mixing. After mixing, the mixture was sieved with an opening of 300 ⁇ m to obtain a mixture 902 as step S23.
- Ni (OH) 2 is prepared as the Ni source
- Al (OH) 3 is prepared as the Al source
- Ni (OH) 2 and Al (OH) 3 are each 0.5 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- Ni (OH) 2 and Al (OH) 3 were each pulverized using a ball mill at a rotation speed of 400 rpm for 12 hours, and then sieved with an opening of 300 ⁇ m to obtain an X2 source.
- step S42 of FIG. 10B the above X1 source and X2 source were added to the lithium cobalt oxide of step S14 and mixed by a dry method, the rotation speed was 150 rpm, and the mixing time was 1 hour. In step S42, the rotation speed was slower than that of step S22, and the rotation time was shorter than that of step S22. Since the purpose of step S42 is to mix, a dry method was used unlike step S22. If step S42 is mixed under the same conditions as step S22, it is considered that lithium cobalt oxide is shattered and the cycle characteristics are deteriorated. Finally, the mixture was sieved with a mesh size of 300 ⁇ m to obtain a mixture 903.
- the mixture 903 was heated as step S44 in FIG. 10B.
- Step S44 is the next heating after step S14, and may be referred to as a second heating with an ordinal number, but step S14 is omitted in sample 1.
- step S44 the mixture 903 is placed in a pod of an alumina raw material, covered with a lid, placed in a muffle furnace which is a heat treatment furnace, heated at 850 ° C. for 60 hours, and then sieved with an opening of 53 ⁇ m. rice field.
- the muffle furnace had an oxygen atmosphere, and oxygen was flowed into the muffle furnace at a flow rate of 10 L / min. Flowing oxygen is called oxygen flow.
- Hf source was prepared as the Y source in step S51 of FIG. 10B.
- Hafnium ethoxydo was prepared as an Hf source.
- Hafnium ethoxydo was weighed to be 0.25 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- 2-Propanol was also prepared as alcohol. Since there is only one Y source, steps S52 and S53 are omitted.
- the heated mixture 903 and the Y source were mixed to form a mixed solution, and the mixture was mixed at a rotation speed of 300 rpm and room temperature as step S62 in FIG. 10B.
- the bottle containing the mixture 904 was not covered. Sol-gel reactions such as hydrolysis are preferable in forming a coating film having Hf.
- step S63 of FIG. 10B the precipitate was collected after the treatment in step S62 to obtain a mixture 905. Then, heating was performed as step S64, and then the mixture was sieved with an opening of 53 ⁇ m. Step S64 is the next heating after step S44, and may be referred to as a third heating.
- the mixture 905 was placed in an alumina raw material pod, covered, placed in a muffle furnace, and heated at 850 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the muffle furnace had an oxygen atmosphere, and oxygen was flowed into the furnace at a flow rate of 10 L / min.
- the heating time in step S64 was shorter than the heating time in step S44. In order to prevent the Y source from diffusing into the positive electrode active material, the heating conditions in step S64 may be lower than that in step S44, or the heating time may be shorter.
- step S66 of FIG. 10B the positive electrode active material 100 was obtained.
- FIGS. 19A and 19B The SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 1 are shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B. Although the samples 1 were prepared under the same conditions, the appearance shapes of lithium cobalt oxide are different in FIGS. 19A and 19B. In common with FIGS. 19A and 19B, a convex portion can be confirmed on the surface of lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, it can be seen that the sample 1 is lithium cobalt oxide having a convex portion on the surface.
- FIGS. 19A and 19B a plurality of convex portions are confirmed.
- the plurality of convex portions can be confirmed as a first convex portion having at least the first size and a second convex portion smaller than the first size, and the second convex portion is confirmed more than the first convex portion. can. Further, as can be seen from FIGS. 19A and 19B, no crack was confirmed in Sample 1.
- the convex portion of sample 1 has at least Hf.
- Hf may be unevenly distributed in the convex portion due to the third heating in step S64.
- the element existing in the convex portion one or two or more selected from Mg, F, Ni, and Al can be considered in addition to Hf.
- Sample 1 may have magnesium in the lithium sites and may have an O3'type crystal structure during charging.
- Sample 2 prepared by using a V source as a Y source in addition to an Mg source, an F source, a Ni source, and an Al source as an element source to be added to lithium cobalt oxide will be described.
- Step S44 is a condition relating to the second heating, and in sample 2, the temperature was set to 900 ° C. for 20 hours. Further, in sample 2, Ni (OH) 2 was added as an X2 source after step S44. Further, in Sample 2, aluminum isopropoxide was prepared as an Al source and weighed so that the aluminum isopropoxide was 0.5 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. In Sample 2, triisopropoxyvanadium (V) oxide was prepared as the V source of step S51, and the triisopropoxyvanadium (V) oxide was weighed so as to be 0.25 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- step S64 were lower than the heating temperature in step S44 or the heating time was shortened in order to suppress the diffusion of the Y source into the positive electrode active material.
- step S66 of FIG. 10 the positive electrode active material 100 was obtained.
- FIGS. 20A and 20B The SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 2 are shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B. Although the samples 2 were prepared under the same conditions, the appearance shapes of lithium cobalt oxide are different in FIGS. 20A and 20B. Grain boundaries could be confirmed in FIGS. 20A and 20B. In common with FIGS. 20A and 20B, a convex portion can be confirmed on the surface of lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, it can be seen that the sample 2 is lithium cobalt oxide having a convex portion on the surface.
- FIGS. 20A and 20B a plurality of convex portions are confirmed.
- FIGS. 19A and 19B which are SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 1
- the number of convex portions was small in Sample 2.
- no crack was confirmed in the sample 2.
- the convex portion of sample 2 has at least V.
- V may be unevenly distributed in the convex portion due to the third heating in step S64.
- the element existing in the convex portion one or two or more selected from Mg, F, Ni, and Al can be considered in addition to V.
- Sample 2 may have magnesium in the lithium sites and may have an O3'type crystal structure during charging.
- Step S44 is a condition relating to the second heating, and is set at 850 ° C. for 60 hours.
- pentaisobutoxyniobium was prepared as the Nb source in step S51, and weighed so that the amount of pentaisobutoxyniobium was 0.25 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. Then, aluminum isopropoxide and pentaisobutoxyniobium were mixed according to step S52 to obtain a mixed solution 904 of step S53.
- step S64 were lower than the heating temperature in step S44 or the heating time was shortened in order to suppress the diffusion of the Y source into the positive electrode active material.
- step S66 of FIG. 10 the positive electrode active material 100 was obtained.
- FIGS. 21A and 21B The SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 3 are shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B. Although the samples 3 were prepared under the same conditions, the appearance shapes of lithium cobalt oxide are different in FIGS. 21A and 21B. Grain boundaries could be confirmed in FIG. 21A. In common with FIGS. 21A and 21B, a convex portion can be confirmed on the surface of lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, it can be seen that the sample 3 is lithium cobalt oxide having a convex portion on the surface.
- FIGS. 21A and 21B a plurality of convex portions are confirmed.
- FIGS. 19A and 19B which are SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 1
- the number of convex portions was small in Sample 3. Further, as can be seen from FIGS. 21A and 21B, no crack was confirmed in the sample 3.
- the convex portion of sample 3 has at least Nb.
- Nb may be unevenly distributed in the convex portion due to the third heating in step S64.
- the element existing in the convex portion one or two or more selected from Mg, F, Ni, and Al can be considered in addition to Nb.
- Sample 3 may have an O3'type crystal structure due to the presence of magnesium in the lithium sites.
- FIG. 22A shows a high-angle scattering annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) image for one cross section of sample 3.
- HAADF-STEM high-angle scattering annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope
- the convex portion 50 can be confirmed at the center of the image, and the convex portion 50 and the surface layer portion 51 can be separated based on the difference in contrast.
- a resin layer, a carbon coat layer, and a Pt layer are attached to the upper side of the convex portion 50 for observation.
- the convex portion 50 and the surface layer portion 51 are located near the surface of lithium cobalt oxide.
- the inside of the lithium cobalt oxide particle is the inside 52.
- the boundary between the inner portion 52 and the convex portion 50 is included in the surface layer portion 51. The presence or the like of the additive element can be examined by distinguishing the convex portion 50, the surface layer portion 51 and the internal 52.
- 22B1 to 22B6 show element mapping images using surface analysis of EDX of sample 3, respectively.
- the element mapping image is shown in black when it is below the lower limit of detection, and is displayed with higher brightness as the count increases.
- FIG. 22B1 is a cobalt mapping image
- FIG. 22B2 is a niobium mapping image
- FIG. 22B3 is an aluminum mapping image
- FIG. 22B4 is a nickel mapping image
- FIG. 22B5 is a fluorine mapping image
- FIG. 22B6 is a magnesium mapping image.
- niobium exists in the convex portion 50. Niobium could hardly be confirmed inside 52. That is, it can be seen that more niobium is present in the convex portion 50 than in the inner 52. This situation may be described as the niobium being unevenly distributed on the convex portion 50.
- fluorine is present in the entire positive electrode active material.
- the appearance of fluorine may be the same even if the additive element Y is other than Nb.
- magnesium is present in the convex portion 50. Magnesium could hardly be confirmed inside 52. That is, it can be seen that magnesium is distributed more in the convex portion 50 than in the inner 52. This situation may be described as magnesium being unevenly distributed in the convex portion 50. The appearance of magnesium may be similar even if the additive element Y is other than Nb.
- FIG. 23 shows the result of EDX ray analysis through the center line 55 of the convex portion of the sample 3. Similar to FIGS. 22A and 22B1 to 22B6, niobium, nickel, magnesium and the like are present in the convex portion, cobalt and the like are abundant inside, and fluorine and the like are present in the convex portion and the inside. You can see that it does. It can be seen that niobium is less than nickel and magnesium in the ridges. It can be seen that cobalt is also present in the convex parts.
- FIG. 24A shows the result of EDX point analysis of the convex portion and the like of the sample 3.
- the position of the point analysis target is surrounded and point 1 is attached.
- Point 1 is located at the lower end of the convex portion.
- FIG. 24B the position of the point analysis target is surrounded and the point 2 is attached.
- Point 2 is located at the center of the convex portion.
- FIG. 24C the position of the point analysis target is surrounded and the point 3 is attached.
- Point 3 is located inside.
- the results of EDX point analysis for points 1 to 3 are shown in the table below.
- the lower limit of detection is about 1 atomic%. In addition, some of the elements below the lower limit of detection are not shown, so the total does not meet 100%.
- niobium is more abundant in the convex portion than in the inside. This is a tendency similar to the result shown in FIG. 22B2. From FIGS. 24A, 24B and Table 2, it is considered that the concentration of niobium in the convex portion satisfies at least 1.5 at% or more and 4.7 at% or less. Further, from FIG. 24C and Table 2, it can be seen that the concentration of niobium inside is 0.6 at%, which is below the lower limit of detection and less than the convex portion.
- magnesium is more abundant in the convex portion than in the inside. This is a tendency similar to the result shown in FIG. 22B6. From FIGS. 24A, 24B and Table 2, it is considered that the concentration of magnesium in the convex portion satisfies at least 10.3 at% or more and 10.7 at% or less. Further, from FIG. 24C and Table 2, it can be seen that the concentration of magnesium inside is 0.2 at%, which is below the lower limit of detection and less than the convex portion.
- nickel is more abundant in the convex portion than in the inside. This is a tendency similar to the result shown in FIG. 22B4. From FIGS. 24A, 24B and Table 2, it is considered that the nickel concentration in the convex portion satisfies at least 4.1 at% or more and 5.7 at% or less. Further, from FIG. 24C and Table 2, it can be seen that the concentration of nickel inside is 0.3 at%, which is below the lower limit of detection and less than the convex portion.
- the concentration of aluminum was below the lower limit of detection.
- step S51 In the preparation step of the sample 4, a step different from the preparation step of the sample 3 is step S51.
- step S51 in sample 4, tetraisopropoxyzirconium and tetraisopropoxyhafnium were prepared, and samples 4a, 4b, and 4c having different concentrations of Zr and Hf with respect to lithium cobalt oxide were prepared.
- Aluminum isopropoxide, tetraisopropoxyzirconium and tetraisopropoxyhafnium were mixed according to step S52 to obtain a mixed solution 904 of step S53.
- tetraisopropoxyzirconium was 0.25 mol% and tetraisopropoxyhafnium was 0.25 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- tetraisopropoxyzirconium was 0.05 mol% and tetraisopropoxyhafnium was 0.05 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- tetraisopropoxyzirconium was 0.25 mol% and tetraisopropoxyhafnium was 0.05 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- step S66 of FIG. 10 the positive electrode active material 100 was obtained.
- Samples 4a-4c may have magnesium in the lithium sites and may have an O3'type crystal structure.
- Half-cell type coin cells were prepared using Samples 1 to 3 and Samples 4a to 4c, and a cycle test was carried out.
- Samples 1 to 3 and Samples 4a to 4c are prepared as the positive electrode active material
- acetylene black (AB) is prepared as the conductive auxiliary agent
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the positive electrode active material is prepared.
- AB: PVDF 95: 3: 2 (weight ratio) was mixed to prepare a slurry, and the slurry was applied to an aluminum current collector. NMP was used as the solvent for the slurry.
- the press was set to pressurize to 1467 kN / m after 210 kN / m.
- a positive electrode was obtained by the above steps.
- the amount of active material carried on the positive electrode was about 7 mg / cm 2 , and the electrode density was about 4 g / cm 3 .
- the positive electrode and the counter electrode lithium metal were assembled as a half cell, and the characteristics of each coin cell type battery (sometimes referred to as a test battery) were measured.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- As the electrolyte contained in the electrolytic solution 1 mol / L lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) was used.
- Polypropylene having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used as the separator of the test battery.
- the discharge rate is a relative ratio of the current at the time of discharge to the battery capacity, and is expressed in the unit C.
- the current corresponding to 1C is X (A).
- X (A) When discharged with a current of 2X (A), it is said to be discharged at 2C, and when discharged with a current of X / 5 (A), it is said to be discharged at 0.2C.
- the charging rate is also the same.
- When charged with a current of 2X (A) it is said to be charged with 2C, and when charged with a current of X / 5 (A), it is charged with 0.2C. It is said that.
- the battery voltage and the current flowing through the battery it is preferable to measure the battery voltage and the current flowing through the battery by the four-terminal method.
- charging electrons flow from the positive electrode terminal to the negative electrode terminal through the charge / discharge measuring device, so that the charging current flows from the negative electrode terminal to the positive electrode terminal through the charging / discharging measuring device.
- discharge electrons flow from the negative electrode terminal to the positive electrode terminal through the charge / discharge measuring device, so that the discharge current flows from the positive electrode terminal to the negative electrode terminal through the charge / discharge measuring device.
- the charge current and the discharge current are measured by a current meter included in the charge / discharge measuring device, and the integrated amount of the amount of electricity flowing in one cycle of charge and one cycle of discharge is the charge capacity and the discharge capacity, respectively.
- the integrated amount of electricity that flows in the first cycle of discharge can be called the discharge capacity of the first cycle
- the integrated amount of electricity that flows in the 50th cycle of discharge is the discharge of the 50th cycle. It can be called capacity.
- the battery characteristics obtained from the cycle test results may be referred to as cycle characteristics, and the cycle characteristics include discharge capacity, charge / discharge curve, discharge capacity retention rate, and the like.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 25A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6V.
- FIG. 25B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 25A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 25B shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times).
- FIGS. 25A and 25B the result of sample 1 is shown by a solid line, the result of sample 2 is shown by a broken line, and the result of sample 3 is shown by a dashed line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate is maintained at 80% or more and 95% or less for both Sample 1 and Sample 2 when measured at a temperature of 25 ° C.
- Sample 1 is more preferably maintained at 90% or more and 95% or less.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 26A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6 V and the temperature is 45 ° C, which is higher than 25 ° C.
- FIG. 26B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 26A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 26B shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times).
- FIGS. 26A and 26B the result of sample 1 is shown by a solid line, the result of sample 2 is shown by a broken line, and the result of sample 3 is shown by a dashed line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate is maintained at 40% or more and 60% or less for both sample 1 and sample 2.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- FIGS. 25A and 26A it can be seen that the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 45 ° C. for both Sample 1 and Sample 2 have a higher discharge capacity than the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 25 ° C.
- FIGS. 25B and 26B it can be seen that the discharge capacity retention rate measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. is higher than that measured at a temperature of 45 ° C.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 27A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6V.
- FIG. 27B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 27A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times).
- FIGS. 27A and 27B the result of sample 1 is shown by a solid line, the result of sample 2 is shown by a broken line, and the result of sample 3 is shown by a dashed line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate is maintained at 65% or more and 80% or less for both Sample 1 and Sample 2 when measured at a temperature of 25 ° C.
- Sample 1 is more preferably maintained at 70% or more and 85% or less.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 28A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6V.
- FIG. 28B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 28A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times) as in FIG. 28A.
- FIGS. 28A and 28B the result of sample 1 is shown by a solid line, the result of sample 2 is shown by a broken line, and the result of sample 3 is shown by a dashed line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate is maintained at 35% or more and 65% or less for both Sample 1 and Sample 2 when measured at a temperature of 45 ° C.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- FIGS. 27A and 28A it can be seen that the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 45 ° C. for both Sample 1 and Sample 2 have a higher discharge capacity than the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 25 ° C.
- FIGS. 27B and 28B it can be seen that the discharge capacity retention rate measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. is higher than that measured at a temperature of 45 ° C.
- FIGS. 29 to 32 The cycle characteristics of the samples 4a to 4c are shown in FIGS. 29 to 32.
- the result of the sample 4a is shown by a solid line
- the result of the sample 4b is shown by a broken line
- the result of the sample 4c is shown by a dashed line.
- FIGS. 29 to 32 are the same as the conditions shown in FIGS. 25 to 28, respectively.
- 29A and 29B show the results when the test conditions are a temperature of 25 ° C. and a charging voltage of 4.65 V. From FIGS. 29A and 29B, it can be seen that the samples 4a to 4c to which Hf and Zr are added are positive electrode active materials having better cycle characteristics than the sample 1 to which only Hf is added. The characteristics of sample 4a were particularly favorable.
- FIGS. 30A and 30B show the results when the test conditions are a temperature of 45 ° C. and a charging voltage of 4.65V. From FIGS. 30A and 30B, it can be seen that the samples 4a to 4c to which Hf and Zr are added are positive electrode active materials having better cycle characteristics than the sample 1 to which only Hf is added. The characteristics of sample 4c were particularly favorable.
- FIGS. 31A and 31B show the results when the test conditions are a temperature of 25 ° C. and a charging voltage of 4.7 V. From FIGS. 31A and 31B, it can be seen that the samples 4a to 4c to which Hf and Zr are added are positive electrode active materials having better cycle characteristics than the sample 1 to which only Hf is added. The characteristics of sample 4a were particularly favorable.
- FIGS. 32A and 32B show the results when the test conditions are a temperature of 45 ° C. and a charging voltage of 4.7 V. From FIGS. 32A and 32B, it can be seen that the samples 4a to 4c to which Hf and Zr are added are positive electrode active materials having better cycle characteristics than the sample 1 to which only Hf is added. In particular, the characteristics of sample 4b and sample 4c were preferred.
- the cycle characteristics of a half cell having a charging voltage of 4.65V or 4.7V are shown.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention can have an upper limit of the charging voltage of 4.6V or more in the cycle test, and can provide a secondary battery having a high charging voltage.
- the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- the voltage is described in the case of counter electrode lithium. Even with the same positive electrode, the voltage changes depending on the material used for the negative electrode. For example, when the positive electrode of the present invention is used and graphite is used as the negative electrode, the charging voltage is about 0.1 V lower than the charging voltage when the counter electrode lithium is used.
- each sample 5 to which a Ce source was added as a Y source, which is an element source added to lithium cobalt oxide, and a sample 6 to which a Sm source was added were prepared. Further, each sample has an Mg source and an F source added as the X source 1 and a Ni source and an Al source as the X2 source.
- the sample conditions are shown in the table below.
- step S51 In the preparation step of the sample 5, a step different from the preparation step of the sample 4 is step S51.
- a Ce source was prepared as a Y source.
- Triisopropoxycerium (III) was prepared as a Ce source, and triisopropoxycerium (III) was weighed so as to be 0.25 mol% with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- 2-Propanol was prepared as alcohol.
- Aluminum isopropoxide and triisopropoxycerium (III) were mixed according to step S52 to obtain a mixed solution 904 of step S53.
- step S66 of FIG. 10 the positive electrode active material 100 was obtained.
- FIGS. 33A and 33B The SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 5 are shown in FIGS. 33A and 33B. Although the sample 5 was prepared under the same conditions, the appearance shapes of lithium cobalt oxide are different in FIGS. 33A and 33B. Further, the grain boundaries can be confirmed in FIG. 33B. In common with FIGS. 33A and 33B, a convex portion can be confirmed on the surface of lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, it can be seen that the sample 5 is lithium cobalt oxide having a convex portion on the surface.
- FIGS. 33A and 33B a plurality of convex portions are confirmed.
- a first convex portion having at least the first size and a second convex portion smaller than the first size can be confirmed, and the second convex portion has more than the first convex portion. You can check. Further, as can be seen from FIGS. 33A and 33B, no crack was confirmed in the sample 5.
- the convex portion of sample 5 has at least Ce. Ce may be unevenly distributed on the convex portion due to the third heating in step S64.
- the element existing in the convex portion one or two or more selected from Mg, F, Ni, and Al can be considered in addition to Ce.
- Sample 5 may have an O3'type crystal structure due to the presence of magnesium in the lithium sites.
- step S51 triisopropoxysamarium (III) was prepared for sample 6.
- lithium cobalt oxide was obtained as the positive electrode active material 100 as shown in step S66 of FIG.
- FIGS. 34A and 34B The SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 6 are shown in FIGS. 34A and 34B. Although the sample 6 was prepared under the same conditions, the appearance shapes of lithium cobalt oxide are different in FIGS. 34A and 34B. No grain boundaries could be confirmed in FIGS. 34A and 34B. In common with FIGS. 34A and 34B, a convex portion can be confirmed on the surface of lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, it can be seen that the sample 6 is lithium cobalt oxide having a convex portion on the surface.
- FIGS. 34A and 34B a plurality of convex portions are confirmed.
- FIGS. 33A and 33B which are SEM images of the positive electrode active material of Sample 5
- the number of convex portions was small and the size of the convex portions was large in Sample 6.
- a small convex portion (second convex portion of sample 5) such as sample 5 was not confirmed in sample 6.
- no crack was confirmed in the sample 6.
- the convex portion of the sample 6 has at least Sm.
- Sm may be unevenly distributed in the convex portion due to the third heating in step S64.
- the element existing in the convex portion one or two or more selected from Mg, F, Ni, and Al can be considered in addition to Sm.
- Sample 6 may have an O3'type crystal structure due to the presence of magnesium in the lithium sites.
- Sample 5 was analyzed by SEM-EDX.
- SEM-EDX a device in which the EDX unit EX-350X-MaX80 manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd. was installed in SEM and SU8030 manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Corporation was used.
- the acceleration voltage at the time of EDX measurement was 15 kV.
- FIG. 35A shows an SEM image of the sample 5 which is the target of EDX measurement.
- 35B1 to 35B4 show element mapping images using EDX plane analysis, respectively.
- the element mapping image is shown in black when it is below the lower limit of detection, and is displayed with higher brightness as the count increases.
- 35B1 is a cobalt mapping image
- FIG. 35B2 is a cerium mapping image
- FIG. 35B3 is an aluminum mapping image
- FIG. 35B4 is a magnesium mapping image.
- spectra 1 to 12 are attached to the positive electrode active material, which are measurement areas for EDX point analysis. From FIG. 35A, it can be confirmed that some of the measurement areas overlap with the convex portions.
- the EDX point analysis results for each point are shown in the table below.
- the lower limit of detection is about 1 atomic%. In addition, some of the elements below the lower limit of detection are not shown, so the total does not meet 100%.
- cerium is present at least on the surface. Cerium can be less than cobalt, aluminum, and magnesium. It is considered that the sample 5 is an active material in which cerium is present on the surface and the concentration of the cerium satisfies at least the detection lower limit or more and 3.3 at% or less from the EDX analysis. From FIGS. 35A to 35B2 and Table 4, the range of the cerium concentration on the surface of the convex portion can be obtained.
- the concentration of aluminum on the surface became the lower limit of detection.
- magnesium is present at least on the surface. It is considered that the sample 5 is an active material in which magnesium is present on the surface and the concentration of the magnesium satisfies at least the detection lower limit and 1.7 at% or less from the EDX analysis. From FIGS. 35A to 35B4 and Table 4, the range of magnesium concentration on the surface of the convex portion can be obtained.
- FIG. 36A shows an SEM image of sample 6 which is an object of EDX measurement.
- 36B1 to 36B3 show element mapping images using EDX plane analysis, respectively.
- the element mapping image is shown in black when it is below the lower limit of detection, and is displayed with higher brightness as the count increases.
- FIG. 36B1 is a cobalt mapping image
- FIG. 36B2 is a samarium mapping image
- FIG. 36B3 is an aluminum mapping image.
- samarium is less than cobalt.
- spectra 1 to 7 are attached to the positive electrode active material, and these indicate measurement regions for EDX point analysis. From FIG. 36A, it can be confirmed that some of the measurement areas overlap with the convex portions.
- the table below shows the concentrations of Sm and the like obtained from the EDX point analysis of each point. The lower limit of detection is about 1 atomic%. In addition, some of the elements below the lower limit of detection are not shown, so the total does not meet 100%.
- the samarium is present at least on the surface.
- Samarium may be less than cobalt and aluminum. It is considered that the concentration of samarium on the surface satisfies at least the lower limit of detection or more and 35.1 at% or less from Table 5.
- the concentration of aluminum on the surface was below the lower limit of detection.
- the concentration of magnesium on the surface was below the lower limit of detection.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 37A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6V.
- FIG. 37B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 37A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 37B shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times).
- FIGS. 37A and 37B the result of sample 5 is shown by a solid line, and the result of sample 6 is shown by a broken line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate was 80% or more and 95% or less for both Sample 5 and Sample 6.
- Sample 5 more preferably had a discharge capacity retention rate of 90% or more and 95% or less.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 38A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6 V and the temperature is 45 ° C, which is higher than 25 ° C.
- FIG. 38B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 38A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 38B shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times).
- FIGS. 38A and 38B the result of sample 5 is shown by a solid line, and the result of sample 6 is shown by a broken line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate was 60% or more and 80% or less for both Sample 5 and Sample 6.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- FIGS. 37A and 38A it can be seen that the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. for both Sample 5 and Sample 6 have a higher discharge capacity than the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 45 ° C.
- FIGS. 37B and 38B it can be seen that the discharge capacity retention rate measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. is higher than that measured at a temperature of 45 ° C.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 39A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6V.
- FIG. 39B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 39A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 39B shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times).
- FIGS. 39A and 39B the result of sample 5 is shown by a solid line, and the result of sample 6 is shown by a broken line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate was 75% or more and 90% or less for both Sample 5 and Sample 6.
- Sample 6 was more preferably 85% or more and 90% or less.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the charging was terminated when the current reached 0.05 C.
- the end of the discharge was when the voltage reached 2.5 V.
- a rest period was provided in the period from the end of charging to the start of discharging, and the period from the end of discharging to the period before starting charging. The rest period was 10 minutes.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) with respect to the number of cycles in this cycle test is shown.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 40A shows the discharge capacity (mAh / g), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times). Note that the charging voltage is higher than 4.6V.
- FIG. 40B shows the discharge capacity retention rate obtained from FIG. 40A with the maximum discharge capacity as 100%.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 40B shows the discharge capacity retention rate (%), and the horizontal axis shows the number of cycles (times).
- FIGS. 40A and 40B the result of sample 5 is shown by a solid line, and the result of sample 6 is shown by a broken line.
- the discharge capacity retention rate was 40% or more and 55% or less for both Sample 5 and Sample 6.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- FIGS. 39A and 40A it can be seen that the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. for both Sample 5 and Sample 6 have a higher discharge capacity than the cycle characteristics measured at a temperature of 45 ° C.
- FIGS. 39B and 40B it can be seen that the discharge capacity retention rate measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. is higher than that measured at a temperature of 45 ° C.
- the cycle characteristic using a half cell having a charging voltage of 4.65V or 4.7V was shown.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention can have an upper limit of the charging voltage of 4.6V or more in the cycle test, and can provide a secondary battery having a high charging voltage. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. Further, according to the present embodiment, it can be seen that the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- the voltage is described in the case of counter electrode lithium. Even with the same positive electrode, the voltage changes depending on the material used for the negative electrode. For example, when the positive electrode of the present invention is used and graphite is used as the negative electrode, the voltage is about 0.1 V lower than the voltage when the counter electrode lithium is used.
- 100 Positive electrode active material
- 101 First particle
- 102 Convex part
- 103 Convex part
- 104 Convex part
- 105 Grain boundary
- 106 Surface layer part
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Abstract
Description
図2Aおよび図2Bは正極活物質の断面を示す図である。
図3は正極活物質の結晶構造を説明する図である。
図4は結晶構造から計算されるXRDパターンを示す図である。
図5は比較例の正極活物質の結晶構造を説明する図である。
図6は結晶構造から計算されるXRDパターンを示す図である。
図7A乃至図7Cは正極の断面を示す図である。
図8Aおよび図8Bはラミネート型の二次電池の外観を示す図である。
図9A乃至図9Cはラミネート型の二次電池の作製工程を示す図である。
図10A、図10Bは正極の作製工程を示す図である。
図11Aおよび図11Bはコイン型の二次電池の外観および断面を示す図である。
図12A乃至図12Dは二次電池の外観および断面等を示す図である。
図13A乃至図13Cは二次電池の外観および断面等を示す図である。
図14A乃至図14Cは二次電池の外観および断面等を示す図である。
図15A乃至図15Cは二次電池の外観およびシステム等を示す図である。
図16A乃至図16Dは二次電池が搭載された車両等を示す図である。
図17Aおよび図17Bは二次電池を備えた家屋等を示す図である。
図18A乃至図18Dは二次電池が搭載された電子機器等を示す図である。
図19Aおよび図19Bはサンプル1のSEM像である。
図20Aおよび図20Bはサンプル2のSEM像である。
図21Aおよび図21Bはサンプル3のSEM像である。
図22Aおよび図22B1乃至図22B6はサンプル3のEDX面分析結果である。
図23はサンプル3のEDX線分析結果である。
図24A乃至図24Cはサンプル3のEDX点分析結果である。
図25Aおよび図25Bはサンプル1乃至サンプル3を有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図26Aおよび図26Bはサンプル1乃至サンプル3を有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図27Aおよび図27Bはサンプル1乃至サンプル3を有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図28Aおよび図28Bはサンプル1乃至サンプル3を有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図29Aおよび図29Bはサンプル4a乃至サンプル4cを有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図30Aおよび図30Bはサンプル4a乃至サンプル4cを有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図31Aおよび図31Bはサンプル4a乃至サンプル4cを有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図32Aおよび図32Bはサンプル4a乃至サンプル4cを有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図33Aおよび図33Bはサンプル5のSEM像である。
図34A、図34Bはサンプル6のSEM像である。
図35A、図35B1、図35B2、図35B3、図35B4はサンプル5のSEM像等である。
図36A、図36B1、図36B2、図36B3はサンプル6のSEM像等である。
図37A、図37Bはサンプル5およびサンプル6を有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図38A、図38Bはサンプル5およびサンプル6を有するハーフセルのサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図39Aおよび図39Bはサンプル5のEDX面分析結果である。
図40Aおよび図40Bはサンプル6のEDX面分析結果である。
本実施の形態では本発明の一態様の正極活物質について図1および図2を参照しながら説明する。
図3乃至図6を用いて、本発明の一態様の正極活物質の結晶構造について説明する。図3乃至図6では、正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウムを用いる。
最初に、Mgが添加されないコバルト酸リチウム(従来のコバルト酸リチウムと記す)について図5に示す。従来のコバルト酸リチウムは、充電深度、つまりコバルト酸リチウムにおけるリチウムの占有率によって結晶構造が変化することが知られている。コバルト酸リチウムにおけるリチウムの占有率はLixCoO2中のxの値で示すことができる。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100としてコバルト酸リチウムを用い、コバルト酸リチウムが添加元素を有する場合を説明する。図3にLixCoO2のx=1の場合と、LixCoO2のx=0.2程度の場合における、結晶構造を示す。また添加元素はたとえばMgがよい。添加されたMgはリチウムサイトに置換していると考えられるが、図3ではMgを省略する。
O3’型結晶構造と、H1−3型結晶構造のモデルから計算される、CuKα1線による理想的な粉末XRDパターンを図4および図6に示す。また比較のためLixCoO2のx=1のLiCoO2(O3)と、LixCoO2のx=0のCoO2(O1)の結晶構造から計算される理想的なXRDパターンも示す。なお、LiCoO2(O3)およびCoO2(O1)のパターンはICSD(Inorganic Crystal Structure Database)より入手した結晶構造情報からMaterials Studio(BIOVIA)のモジュールの一つである、Reflex Powder Diffractionを用いて作成した。2θの範囲は15°から75°とし、Step size=0.01、波長λ1=1.540562×10−10m、λ2は設定なし、Monochromatorはsingleとした。O3’型結晶構造のXRDパターンは、図3に示したO3’型結晶構造をもとに、TOPAS ver.3(Bruker社製結晶構造解析ソフトウェア)を用いてフィッティングし、他と同様にXRDパターンを作成した。
本実施の形態では正極について図7を参照しながら説明する。
図7Aは正極503の断面図の一例を示している。正極は、正極集電体550上に正極活物質層571を有する。正極活物質層571は正極活物質561、正極活物質562、バインダ(結着剤)555、導電助剤553、電解質556を含む。正極活物質561は正極活物質562より大きな粒径を有するものとする。また正極活物質561、および正極活物質562から選ばれた一または二は、上記実施の形態1で説明したものを用いることができる。図7Aにおいて、正極活物質561には上記実施の形態1で説明した凸部を示す。導電助剤553は粒子状の導電助剤である。
正極活物質層571は正極活物質561又は正極活物質562を有し、少なくとも正極活物質561で充填されている。正極活物質層571において、正極活物質561の充填密度は高い方がよい。そこで、粒子サイズの異なる上記正極活物質562を加えることがある。粒子サイズが異なるとは、メディアン径(D50)が異なることを指す。
バインダ555は、正極集電体550から正極活物質561等または導電助剤553等が剥離しないようにするために備えられている。またバインダ555は、正極活物質561等と導電助剤553等とをつなぎとめる役割を果たす。そのためバインダ555は、正極集電体550と接するように位置するもの、正極活物質561等と導電助剤553等との間に位置するもの、導電助剤553等と絡まるように位置するものがある。
導電助剤553、導電助剤554、導電助剤558は正極活物質561等より抵抗の低い材料から構成される。正極活物質561は複合酸化物のため抵抗が高いことがある。すると正極活物質561等から正極集電体550へ電流を集めることが難しくなる。そこで導電助剤553、導電助剤554、導電助剤558が正極活物質561等と正極集電体550との間の電流パス、複数の正極活物質561等間の電流パス、複数の正極活物質と正極集電体550との間の電流パス等を補助する機能を果たす。このような機能を果たすために導電助剤553、導電助剤554、導電助剤558は正極集電体550と接するように位置するもの、正極活物質561等の隙間に位置するものがある。
電解質556は液体のもの、固体のもの、半固体のものがある。液体の電解質を電解液と呼ぶことがある。電解液として有機溶媒以外に、イオン液体を用いてもよい。イオン液体は難燃性を示すため、二次電池の安全性を高めることができる。
正極集電体550はアルミニウム、チタン、銅、またはニッケル等を有する金属箔を用いることができる。金属箔上に正極活物質層571を含むスラリーを塗布して乾燥させることによって正極503が完成する。金属箔上に炭素材料を被覆させてもよい。炭素材料を被覆させた構造をカーボンコート構造と記すことがある。
ラミネート型二次電池500の外観図の一例を図8Aおよび図8Bに示す。ラミネート型二次電池500は、正極503、負極506、セパレータ507、外装体509、正極リード電極510および負極リード電極511を有する。図8Aでは正極リード電極510および負極リード電極511が外装体509の同じ辺に配置されている例である。図8Bでは正極リード電極510および負極リード電極511が外装体509の対向する辺に配置されている例である。外装体509において、各リード電極が配置される領域をタブ領域とも呼ぶ。タブ領域の面積および形状は、図8Aおよび図8Bに示されたものに限定されない。
負極506は、負極活物質層および負極集電体を有する。また、負極活物質層は、導電助剤および結着剤を有していてもよい。
負極活物質としては、たとえば合金系材料または炭素系材料等を用いることができる。本発明の一態様の二次電池に用いる負極活物質は、ハロゲンとして特にフッ素を有することが好ましい。フッ素は電気陰性度が大きく、負極活物質が表層部にフッ素を有することにより、負極活物質の表面において、溶媒和された溶媒を脱離しやすくする効果を有する可能性がある。
負極506が有する導電助剤はフッ素により修飾されることが好ましい。たとえば、導電剤として、上記に述べた導電助剤へフッ素修飾した材料を用いることができる。
負極集電体には、正極集電体と同様の材料を用いることができる。なお負極集電体は、リチウム等のキャリアイオンと合金化しない材料を用いることが好ましい。
正極503と負極506の間にセパレータ507を配置する。セパレータ507としては、たとえば、紙をはじめとするセルロースを有する繊維、不織布、ガラス繊維、セラミックス、或いはナイロン(ポリアミド)、ビニロン(ポリビニルアルコール系繊維)、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタンを用いた合成繊維等で形成されたものを用いることができる。セパレータは袋状に加工し、正極または負極のいずれか一方を包むように配置することが好ましい。
電解質としては、図7A乃至図7Cで説明した電解質と同じものから選ぶことができる。
図8Aに示したラミネート型二次電池の作製方法の一例について、図9A乃至図9Cを用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の正極活物質の作製方法について図10を用いて説明する。
図10Bではリチウム源(Li源)及び遷移金属源(M源)を少なくとも用意する。リチウム源(Li源)及び遷移金属源(M源)は正極活物質の主成分となり、Li源およびM源は出発材料、前駆体またはプリカーサーとも呼ぶ。
図10BのステップS12は、上記のLi源およびM源等を混合する工程を有する。混合は乾式および湿式から選ばれた一または二以上を用いて行うことができる。混合の条件により、混合物が粉砕されることがある。
図10BのステップS14は、ステップS12で得られた混合物(混合材料と記すことがある)を加熱する工程を有する。本工程は、後の加熱工程との区別のために、序数を付して第1の加熱という場合がある。または本工程を焼成という場合がある。第1の加熱は、連続式またはバッチ式を用いて行うことができる。
図10AのステップS15は、上記第1の加熱で得られた材料を回収し、遷移金属Mを有するリチウム複合酸化物(LiMO2)を得る工程を有する。このようにしてLiMO2を用意することができる。なお、LiMO2のメディアン径(D50)は1μm以上100μm以下が好ましく、1μm以上50μm以下がより好ましく、さらに1μm以上15μm以下が好ましい。
ステップS21は、リチウム複合酸化物(LiMO2)への添加元素源(X源)を用意する工程を有する。添加元素Xは、ニッケル、マグネシウム、カルシウム、塩素、フッ素、アルミニウム、マンガン、チタン、ジルコニウム、イットリウム、バナジウム、鉄、クロム、ニオブ、ランタン、ハフニウム、亜鉛、ケイ素、硫黄、リン、ホウ素、およびヒ素の中から選ばれる一または複数を用いることができる。本実施の形態では、X源としてフッ素源及びマグネシウム源を用いることにする。またX源と同時にリチウム源を用意してもよい。
図10BのステップS22は、上記出発材料を混合する工程を有する。混合は乾式および湿式から選ばれた一または二以上を用いてで行うことができる。混合の条件により、混合物が粉砕されることがある。
図10BのステップS23は、上記のように混合等した材料を回収し、混合物902を得る工程を有する。
図10BのステップS42は、ステップS15のLiMO2と、混合物902を混合する工程を有する。混合は乾式および湿式から選ばれた一または二以上を用いてで行うことができる。なおステップS42において、湿式よりも乾式のほうが粒子を破壊しにくいため好適である。
図10AのステップS43は、上記で混合した材料を回収し、混合物903を得る工程を有する。
図10AのステップS44は、ステップS43で得られた混合物903を加熱する工程を有する。本工程は、第1の加熱と区別するために序数を付して第2の加熱という場合がある。また本工程をアニールという場合がある。第2の加熱は、連続式またはバッチ式等を用いて行う。
図10BのステップS51は、添加元素源(Y源)を用意する工程を有する。本実施の形態においてY源は、第4族元素または第5族元素、特にHf、VおよびNbから選ばれた一または二以上とする。または添加元素がランタノイド元素、特にCe、およびSmから選ばれた一または二以上であってもよい。なおZrはHf、VおよびNbから選ばれた一又は二以上と同時に添加してもよい。
図10BのステップS52は、金属アルコキシドをアルコールに溶解させる混合工程を有し、ステップS53で混合液904を得る。
図10BのステップS62は、混合液904と第2の加熱が施された混合物903の粒子の混合液を、水蒸気を含む雰囲気下で撹拌する混合工程を有する。なお、第2の加熱は次のステップS63に示す第3の加熱と兼ねることができる。
図10BのステップS63は、混合物905を得る工程を有する。まずステップS62の処理を終えた混合液から、沈殿物を回収する。回収方法としては、ろ過、遠心分離、蒸発乾固等を適用することができる。沈殿物は金属アルコキシドを溶解させた溶媒と同じアルコールで洗浄することができる。なお、蒸発乾固を適用する場合には、本ステップにおいては溶媒と沈殿物の分離を行なわなくてもよく、例えば乾燥工程において、沈殿物を回収すればよい。
図10BのステップS64は、得られた混合物を加熱する工程を有する。ステップS63はステップS44の次の加熱となり、序数を付して第3の加熱と呼ぶ。第3の加熱は第1の加熱または第2の加熱で説明した条件を用いることができる。
図10BのステップS66は、粒子を回収する工程を有する。さらに、粒子をふるいにかけることが好ましい。このようにして本発明の一態様の正極活物質100を作製することができる。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態で説明した作製方法によって作製された正極または負極を有する二次電池の複数種類の形状の例について説明する。
コイン型の二次電池の一例について説明する。図11Aはコイン型(単層偏平型)の二次電池の外観図であり、図11Bは、その断面図である。
円筒型の二次電池の例について図12Aを参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池616は、図12Aに示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)601を有し、側面および底面に電池缶(外装缶)602を有している。電池缶(外装缶)602は金属材料で形成され、透水バリア性とガスバリア性がともに優れている。これら正極キャップ601と電池缶(外装缶)602とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)610によって絶縁されている。
二次電池の構造例について図13および図14を用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、図15を用いて電気自動車(EV)に適用する例を示す。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を建築物に実装する例について図17Aおよび図17Bを用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を電子機器に実装する例について説明する。二次電池を実装する電子機器として、たとえば、テレビジョン装置(テレビ、またはテレビジョン受信機ともいう)、コンピュータ用等のモニタ、デジタルカメラ、デジタルビデオカメラ、デジタルフォトフレーム、携帯電話機(携帯電話、携帯電話装置ともいう)、携帯型ゲーム機、携帯情報端末、音響再生装置、パチンコ機等の大型ゲーム機等が挙げられる。携帯情報端末としてはノート型パーソナルコンピュータ、タブレット型端末、電子書籍端末、携帯電話機等がある。
図10Bの工程フローを参照しながら、サンプル1の作製工程について説明する。サンプル1ではリチウム複合酸化物として、日本化学工業株式会社製のコバルト酸リチウム(商品名:セルシードC−10N)を用い、ステップS15のコバルト酸リチウムとした。セルシードC−10Nはメディアン径(D50)が10μm以上15μm以下であり、GD−MSによる元素分析において、マグネシウム濃度およびフッ素濃度が50ppm wt以下、カルシウム濃度、アルミニウム濃度およびシリコン濃度が100ppm wt以下、ニッケル濃度が150ppm wt以下、硫黄濃度が500ppm wt以下、ヒ素濃度が1100ppm wt以下、その他のリチウム、コバルトおよび酸素以外の元素濃度が150ppm wt以下の、コバルト酸リチウムである。
サンプル1のSEM観察を行った。SEM観察は(株)日立ハイテク社製SEM、S4800を用いた。加速電圧は5kVとした。サンプル1の正極活物質のSEM像を図19Aおよび図19Bに示す。同じ条件で作製したサンプル1同士であるが、図19Aおよび図19Bにおいて、コバルト酸リチウムの外観形状は異なっている。図19Aおよび図19Bに共通して、コバルト酸リチウムの表面に凸部が確認できる。よってサンプル1は表面に凸部を有するコバルト酸リチウムであると分かる。
次に、コバルト酸リチウムへの添加元素源として、Mg源、F源、Ni源、及びAl源に加え、Y源としてV源を用いて作製したサンプル2について説明する。
サンプル2のSEM観察を行った。SEM観察は(株)日立ハイテク社製SEM、S4800を用いた。加速電圧は5kVとした。サンプル2の正極活物質のSEM像を図20Aおよび図20Bに示す。同じ条件で作製したサンプル2同士であるが、図20Aおよび図20Bにおいて、コバルト酸リチウムの外観形状は異なっている。図20Aおよび図20Bにおいて粒界が確認できた。図20Aおよび図20Bに共通して、コバルト酸リチウムの表面に凸部が確認できる。よってサンプル2は表面に凸部を有するコバルト酸リチウムであると分かる。
サンプル3の作製工程において、サンプル2の作製工程と異なる工程は、ステップS44およびステップS51である。ステップS44は第2の加熱に関する条件であり、850℃、60時間とした。サンプル3ではステップS51のNb源としてペンタイソブトキシニオブを用意し、コバルト酸リチウムに対してペンタイソブトキシニオブが0.25mol%となるように秤量した。そしてアルミニウムイソプロポキシドおよびペンタイソブトキシニオブをステップS52に従って混合し、ステップS53の混合液904を得た。
サンプル3のSEM観察を行った。SEM観察は(株)日立ハイテク社製SEM、S4800を用いた。加速電圧は5kVとした。サンプル3の正極活物質のSEM像を図21Aおよび図21Bに示す。同じ条件で作製したサンプル3同士であるが、図21Aおよび図21Bにおいて、コバルト酸リチウムの外観形状は異なっている。図21Aにおいて粒界が確認できた。図21Aおよび図21Bに共通して、コバルト酸リチウムの表面に凸部が確認できる。よってサンプル3は表面に凸部を有するコバルト酸リチウムであると分かる。
図22Aにサンプル3の一断面について、高角散乱環状暗視野走査透過顕微鏡(HAADF−STEM)像を示す。当該HAADF−STEM像は下記の条件で撮影した。
試料前処理:FIB法(μ−サンプリング法)による薄片化
透過電子顕微鏡:日本電子製 JEM−ARM200F
観察条件 加速電圧:200kV
倍率精度:±3%
サンプル4の作製工程において、サンプル3の作製工程と異なる工程は、ステップS51である。ステップS51について、サンプル4ではテトライソプロポキシジルコニウムおよびテトライソプロポキシハフニウムを用意し、コバルト酸リチウムに対するZrとHfの濃度を異ならせたサンプル4a、4bおよび4cを用意した。アルミニウムイソプロポキシド、テトライソプロポキシジルコニウムおよびテトライソプロポキシハフニウムをステップS52に従って混合し、ステップS53の混合液904を得た。
サンプル1乃至サンプル3、サンプル4a乃至サンプル4cを用いてハーフセル型のコインセルを作製し、サイクル試験を実施した。
サンプル5の作製工程において、サンプル4の作製工程と異なる工程は、ステップS51である。サンプル5では、Y源としてCe源を用意した。なおCe源としてトリイソプロポキシセリウム(III)を用意し、トリイソプロポキシセリウム(III)は、コバルト酸リチウムに対して0.25mol%となるように秤量した。アルコールとして2−プロパノールを用意した。アルミニウムイソプロポキシドおよびトリイソプロポキシセリウム(III)はステップS52に従って混合し、ステップS53の混合液904を得た。
サンプル5のSEM観察を行った。EDX測定は(株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製SEM、SU8030を用いた。加速電圧は5kVとした。サンプル5の正極活物質のSEM像を図33Aおよび図33Bに示す。同じ条件で作製したサンプル5であるが、図33Aおよび図33Bにおいて、コバルト酸リチウムの外観形状は異なっている。また図33Bでは粒界が確認できる。図33Aおよび図33Bに共通して、コバルト酸リチウムの表面に凸部が確認できる。よってサンプル5は表面に凸部を有するコバルト酸リチウムであると分かる。
サンプル6の作製工程において、サンプル5の作製工程と異なる工程は、ステップS51である。ステップS51において、サンプル6ではトリイソプロポキシサマリウム(III)を用意した。
サンプル6のSEM観察を行った。SEM観察は(株)日立ハイテク社製SEM、S4800を用いた。加速電圧は5kVとした。サンプル6の正極活物質のSEM像を図34Aおよび図34Bに示す。同じ条件で作製したサンプル6であるが、図34Aおよび図34Bにおいて、コバルト酸リチウムの外観形状は異なっている。図34Aおよび図34Bにおいて粒界は確認できなかった。図34Aおよび図34Bに共通して、コバルト酸リチウムの表面に凸部が確認できる。よってサンプル6は表面に凸部を有するコバルト酸リチウムであると分かる。
サンプル5のSEM−EDXによる分析を行った。EDX測定は(株)日立ハイテク社製SEM、SU8030に、(株)堀場製作所社製搭載EDXユニットEX−350X−MaX80を設置した装置を用いた。EDX測定時の加速電圧は15kVとした。図35AにEDX測定の対象であるサンプル5のSEM像を示す。
サンプル5およびサンプル6を用いてハーフセル型のコインセルを作製し、サイクル試験を実施した。なおハーフセル型のコインセルの作製方法は、実施例1と同様にした。
Claims (12)
- 正極を備え、
前記正極は、コバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記コバルト酸リチウムは、少なくともHf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を凸部に有する、二次電池。 - 正極を備え、
前記正極は、コバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記コバルト酸リチウムは、少なくともHf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を凸部に有し、
前記凸部は、さらにMgを有する、二次電池。 - 正極を備え、
前記正極は、コバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記コバルト酸リチウムは、少なくともHf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を凸部に有し、
前記凸部は、さらにMgおよびFを有する、二次電池。 - 正極を備え、
前記正極は、コバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記コバルト酸リチウムは、少なくともHf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を凸部に有し、
前記凸部は、さらにMg、FおよびNiを有する、二次電池。 - 正極を備え、
前記正極は、コバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記コバルト酸リチウムは、少なくともHf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を凸部に有し、
前記凸部は、さらにMg、およびFを有し、
前記凸部と前記コバルト酸リチウムの内部との境界に、Alを有する、二次電池。 - 請求項1乃至請求項5のいずれか一において、
前記凸部に前記Hf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上が偏在している、二次電池。 - 請求項1乃至6のいずれか一に記載の二次電池を搭載した車両。
- コバルト酸リチウムを、Hf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を有する金属アルコキシドへ混合して混合液を作製する工程と、
前記混合液を攪拌して混合物を作製する工程と、
前記混合物を加熱する加熱工程と、を有する二次電池の作製方法。 - コバルト酸リチウムと、マグネシウム源とを混合して、第1の混合物を作製する工程と、
前記第1の混合物を加熱する第1の加熱工程と、
前記加熱された第1の混合物を、Hf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を有する金属アルコキシドへ混合して混合液を作製する工程と、
前記混合液を攪拌して、第2の混合物を作製する工程と、
前記第2の混合物を加熱する第2の加熱工程と、を有する二次電池の作製方法。 - コバルト酸リチウムと、マグネシウム源と、フッ素源とを混合して、第1の混合物を作製する工程と、
前記第1の混合物を加熱する第1の加熱工程と、
前記加熱された第1の混合物を、Hf、V、Nb、Zr、CeおよびSmから選ばれた一又は二以上を有する金属アルコキシドへ混合して混合液を作製する工程と、
前記混合液を攪拌して第2の混合物を作製する工程と、
前記第2の混合物を加熱する第2の加熱工程と、を有する二次電池の作製方法。 - 請求項9又は請求項10において、前記第2の加熱工程は前記第1の加熱工程より短時間で行われる、二次電池の作製方法。
- 請求項9乃至請求項11のいずれか一において、前記第2の加熱工程は前記第1の加熱工程より低温で行われる、二次電池の作製方法。
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