WO2019094622A1

WO2019094622A1 - Stay rod for a pump

Info

Publication number: WO2019094622A1
Application number: PCT/US2018/059866
Authority: WO
Inventors: Tanner Craig FORD
Original assignee: S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc.
Priority date: 2017-11-08
Filing date: 2018-11-08
Publication date: 2019-05-16

Abstract

A stay rod is provided for a pump. The stay rod includes a body extending a length from a first end portion to a second end portion that is opposite the first end portion. The body includes an exterior surface. The first end portion and the second end portion are configured to be secured to a power end section and a fluid end section, respectively, of the pump such that the stay rod holds the power end section and the fluid end section together. The stay rod includes a corrosion-resistant layer covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body.

Description

STAY ROD FOR A PUMP

CROSS-REFERNCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This Application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/583,293, filed on November 8, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to pumps, and, in particular, to stay rods used in pumps.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

In oilfield and other industrial operations, reciprocating pumps are used for a variety of different applications. For example, reciprocating pumps are sometimes used as well service pumps in oilfield operations such as fracturing, cementing, acidizing, gravel packing, snubbing, and the like. A reciprocating pump typically includes a power end section and a fluid end section (sometimes referred to as a fluid cylinder or a cylinder section). The power end section is connected to fluid end section using stay rods that facilitate reducing relative movement between the power and fluid end sections of the reciprocating pump. In operation, the power end reciprocates a plunger into and out of the fluid end to thereby pump fluid through the fluid end. During operation of the reciprocating pump, the stay rods experience cycling stresses from the reciprocating motion of the plunger and the associated fluid pressure variation within the fluid end section. But, stay rods are susceptible to corrosion, which can decrease the longevity and/or cause premature failure of the stay rods. For example, corrosion of the stay rod can weaken the stay rod such that fatigue resulting from the cycling stresses ultimately leads to structural failure of the stay rod. Stay rods that experience corrosion must be replaced more frequently and thereby increase the cost of operating the reciprocating pump. Moreover, corrosion induced failure of stay rods can not only damage the reciprocating pump, but also add unanticipated and costly downtime for the reciprocating pump.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In a first aspect, a stay rod is provided for a pump. The stay rod includes a body extending a length from a first end portion to a second end portion that is opposite the first end portion. The body includes an exterior surface. The first end portion and the second end portion are configured to be secured to a power end section and a fluid end section, respectively, of the pump such that the stay rod holds the power end section and the fluid end section together. The stay rod includes a corrosion-resistant layer covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body.

In one embodiment, the corrosion-resistant layer includes zinc phosphate.

In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer includes at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer includes at least one of a plating, a coating, a paint, a sheet, a sleeve, or a wrap. In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer is applied to the exterior surface of the body using at least one of a plating, coating, painting, adhesion, sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, or wrapping process.

In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body

In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer covers a majority of the exterior surface of the body.

In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer is applied to the exterior surface of the body after a machining process has been performed on the body.

In some embodiments, the body includes a sleeve and a stud received within the sleeve.

In a second aspect, a pump includes a power end section, a fluid end section, and a stay rod having a body that extends a length from a first end portion to a second end portion that is opposite the first end portion. The body includes an exterior surface. The first end portion and the second end portion are secured to the power end section and the fluid end section, respectively, such that the stay rod holds the power end section and the fluid end section together. The stay rod includes a corrosion-resistant layer covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body.

In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer includes at least one of a plating, a coating, a paint, a sheet, a sleeve, or a wrap. In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body of the stay rod.

In some embodiments, the body of the stay rod includes a sleeve and a stud received within the sleeve.

In a third aspect, a method is provided for fabricating a stay rod for a pump. The method includes fabricating a body of the stay rod such that the body extends a length from a first end configured to be secured to a power end section of the pump to a second end portion configured to be secured to a fluid end section of the pump. The method also includes covering at least a portion of an exterior surface of the body with a corrosion-resistant layer.

In some embodiments, covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer includes covering at least a portion of the exterior surface with at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

In some embodiments, covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer includes using at least one of a plating, coating, painting, adhesion, sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, or wrapping process.

In some embodiments, covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer includes covering an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer.

In some embodiments, fabricating the body includes performing a machining process on the body, and covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer includes covering at least a portion of the exterior surface with the corrosion-resistant layer after performing the machining process on the body.

In some embodiments, fabricating the body includes fabricating a stud and a sleeve of the body, and covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion- resistant layer includes covering at least a portion of the stud and at least a portion of the sleeve with the corrosion-resistant layer.

Other aspects, features, and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are a part of this disclosure and which illustrate, by way of example, principles of the inventions disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a reciprocating pump according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the reciprocating pump shown in FIG. 1 according an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a stay rod for the reciprocating pump shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the stay rod shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a stay rod for the reciprocating pump shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 according to another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the stay rod shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the stay rod shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 3 illustrating a corrosion-resistant layer according to an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for fabricating a stay rod according to an exemplary embodiment.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Certain embodiments of the disclosure provide a stay rod for a pump. The stay rod includes a body extending a length from a first end portion to a second end portion that is opposite the first end portion. The body includes an exterior surface. The first end portion and the second end portion are configured to be secured to a power end section and a fluid end section, respectively, of the pump such that the stay rod holds the power end section and the fluid end section together. The stay rod includes a corrosion-resistant layer covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body.

Certain embodiments of the disclosure provide a stay rod with protection from corrosion by reducing or preventing the formation of corrosion on an exterior surface and/or within a body of the stay rod. Certain embodiments of the disclosure extend the longevity of stay rods and/or prevent premature failure of stay rods. Certain embodiments of the disclosure reduce damage to reciprocating pumps caused by premature failure of stay rods. Certain embodiments of the disclosure decrease the downtime of reciprocating pumps. Certain embodiments of the disclosure reduce the operating cost of reciprocating pumps.

Referring to FIG. 1, an illustrative embodiment of a reciprocating pump 100 is presented. The reciprocating pump assembly 100 includes a power end section 102 and a fluid end section 104 operably coupled thereto. The power end section 102 includes a housing 106 in which a crankshaft 108 (shown in FIG. 2) is disposed. Rotation of the crankshaft 108 is driven by an engine or motor (not shown) of the power end portion 102. The fluid end section 104 includes a fluid cylinder 110 (sometimes referred to as a "cylinder section"). The power end section 102 is coupled to the fluid end section 102 via a plurality of stay rods 112. In other words, the stay rods 112 hold the power end section 102 and the fluid end section 104 together. In the exemplary embodiment, the stay rods 112 connect the fluid cylinder 110 of the fluid end section 104 to the housing 106 of the power end section 102. More particularly, each stay rod 112 is secured to the housing 106 of the power end section 102 and extends a length to the fluid cylinder 110 of the fluid end section 104 to thereby anchor, secure, and/or the like the fluid end section 104 to the power end section 102. Other structures may be used to connect the fluid end section 104 to the power end section 102 in addition to the stay rods 112.

In operation, the crankshaft 108 reciprocates a plunger rod assembly 114 between the power end section 102 and the fluid end section 104 to thereby pump (i.e., move) fluid through the fluid cylinder 110. During operation of the reciprocating pump 100, the stay rods 112 support the fluid end section 104 by providing reaction forces against gravity, fluid pressure (e.g., transmitted through the plunger rod assembly 114 and the fluid cylinder 110, etc.), inertial loads of the plunger rod assembly 114, and/or the like. As a result, the stay rods 112 experience cycling stresses between a maximum stress and a minimum stress, which can cause and/or otherwise accelerate the fatigue failure of the stay rods 112. For example, cycling stresses exceeding certain levels can initiate and propagate cracks in the stay rods 112, which can lead to structural failure of a stay rod 112.

In the example shown in FIG. 1, the fluid cylinder 110 of the fluid end section 104 includes a bank of cylinders 116, each of which are fluidly connected to a fluid inlet 118 and a fluid outlet 120. Each cylinder 116 is capped with a suction cover plate 122. Although the fluid cylinder 110 is shown with three cylinders 116, the fluid cylinder 110 can include any number of the cylinders 116.

According to some examples, the reciprocating pump 100 is freestanding on the ground, mounted to a trailer for towing between operational sites, mounted to a skid, loaded on a manifold, otherwise transported, and/or the like. Although described and illustrated with respect to a reciprocating pump of the plunger rod type, the stay rod 1 12 embodiments described and/or or illustrated herein are not limited to reciprocating pumps, plunger rod pumps, and/or the like. Rather, the embodiments of stay rods disclosed herein can be used with any other type of pump.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the housing 106 houses the crankshaft 108, which is mechanically connected to a reduction gear 124 that is coupled to a power gear 126. In some examples, the crankshaft 108 operates each cylinder 1 16 to pump fluids at alternating times. In the example of FIG. 2, a connecting rod 128 connects the crankshaft 108 to a crosshead 130 through a crosshead pin 132. The connecting rod 128 is pivo table about the crosshead pin 132 as the crankshaft 108 rotates with the opposite end of the connecting rod 128. A plunger rod 134 of the plunger rod assembly 1 14 extends from the crosshead 130 to a plunger 136 of the plunger rod assembly 1 14. During operation, the connecting rod 128 and the crosshead 130 convert rotational movement of the crankshaft 108 into longitudinal movement of the plunger rod 134 to drive the reciprocating movement of the plunger 136 into and out of the fluid cylinder 1 10.

In the example of FIG. 2, the fluid cylinder 110 includes an interior or cylinder chamber 138, in which the plunger 136 pressurizes the fluid being pumped by the reciprocating pump 100. The fluid cylinder 110 further includes an inlet valve 140 and an outlet valve 142, both of which can be spring-loaded valves actuated by a pre-determined differential pressure or another type of valve. The inlet valve 140 actuates to control fluid flow through the fluid inlet 1 18 into the cylinder chamber 138. The outlet valve 142 actuates to control fluid flow through the fluid outlet 120 from the cylinder chamber 138.

During operation, as the plunger 136 moves away from the cylinder chamber 138, the fluid pressure in the cylinder chamber 138 decreases creating a pressure difference across the inlet valve 140. The pressure difference opens the inlet valve 140 to allow the fluid to enter the cylinder chamber 138 from the inlet 1 18. The fluid enters the cylinder chamber 138 as the plunger 136 continues to move longitudinally away from the cylinder chamber 138 until the pressure difference between the fluid inside the cylinder chamber 138 and the fluid in the fluid inlet 118 equalizes and the inlet valve 140 returns to its closed position.

When the plunger 136 reverses direction and moves toward the cylinder chamber 138, the fluid pressure inside the cylinder chamber 138 increases and creates a pressure difference across the outlet valve 142. Before the outlet valve 142 opens, however, the fluid pressure in the cylinder chamber 138 continues to increase as the plunger 136 approaches the cylinder chamber 138 until the pressure difference is large enough to actuate the outlet valve 142 and enable fluid to exit the cylinder chamber 138 through the fluid outlet 120. In some examples, fluid is pumped across one side of the plunger 136 (e.g. , single acting, etc.), while in other examples (not shown) fluid is pumped across both sides of the plunger 136 (e.g., double acting, etc.).

Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, an exemplary embodiment of a stay rod 1 12 includes a body 144 that extends a length along a central longitudinal axis 146 from a first end portion 148 to an opposite second end portion 150. The body 144 includes an exterior surface 152 that is exposed along the length of the body 144 and at the faces of the end portions 148 and 150. As will be described below, the first end portion 148 is configured to be secured to the power end section 102 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) of the reciprocating pump 100 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2), while the second end portion 150 is configured to be secured to the fluid end section 104 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2). In the exemplary embodiment, the body 144 of the stay rod 112 has a cylindrical shape (i.e., a circular cross-sectional shape). But, the body 144 additionally or alternatively can include any other shape, such as, but not limited to, a rectangular cross- sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a quadrilateral cross-sectional shape, a cross-sectional shape having more than four sides (e.g., an octagonal cross-sectional shape, a pentagonal cross-sectional shape, a hexagonal cross-sectional shape, etc.), an oval cross- sectional shape, a "T" cross-sectional shape, an "I" cross-sectional shape, a "U" cross-sectional shape, a "C" cross-sectional shape, and/or the like.

The body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 includes a middle segment 154 that extends from the first end portion 148 to the second end portion 150. Optionally, the body 144 includes a shoulder 156 extending between the first end portion 148 and the middle segment 154, In some examples, the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 includes a stress release grooves 158 and 160 that extend at least partially around the circumference of the body 144. The stress release grooves 158 and 160 are configured to reduce stress concentrations thereby allowing a more uniform distribution of stresses experienced by the body 144 of the stay rod 112. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the exemplary stress release groove 158 extends between the first end portion 148 and the shoulder 156, while the exemplary stress groove 160 extends between the middle segment 154 and the second end portion 150. Additionally or alternatively, stress release grooves can be provided at one or more other locations along the length of the body 144. in the exemplary embodiment, the stress release grooves .158 and 160 include a curved (e.g., rounded, etc.) cross sections along the lengths thereof, but additionally or alternatively other cross-sectional shapes can be provided.

The body .144 of the stay rod 1 12 optionally includes machining centers 162 (not visible in FIG. 3) and 164, which are used to turn and/or otherwise rotate the body 144 during fabrication, (e.g., production, manufacture, etc.) of the stay rod 112 using a machining process. But, additionally or alternatively to a machining process, the body 144 of the stay rod 1 .12 is fabricated using any other fabrication process, technique, and/or the, such as, but not limited to, casting, forging, printing, milling, and/or the like. When included, the geometry of the machining centers 162 aid 164 can be selected to accommodate the particular fabrication process(es), techniques), and/or the like used to fabricate the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12. In some examples, the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 includes one or more materials that is susceptible to corrosion (e.g., iron, steel etc.).

As briefly described above, the first and second end portions 148 and 150, respectively, are configured to be secured to the power end section 102 and the fluid end section 104, respectively. In the exemplary embodiment, the first end portion 148 is secured to the housing 106 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) of the power end section 102, while the second end portion 150 is secured to the fluid cylinder 110 (shown in FIGS. 1 , 2, and 6) of the fluid end section 104. But, the first end portion 148 of the stay rod 112 can be secured to any other portion of the power end section 102 in addition or alternatively to the housing 106. Moreover, the second end portion 150 of the stay rod 112 can be secured to any other portion of the fluid end section 104 in addition or alternatively to the fluid cylinder 110. In the exemplary embodiment, the end portions 148 and 150 of the stay rod 112 are configured to be secured to the housing 106 and the fluid cylinder 110, respectively, using a threaded connection. More particularly, the end portions 158 and 160 of the stay rod 112 can include threads (not shown) that threadably interlock with threads of the housing 106, the fluid cylinder 110, and/or a fastener (e.g., the nut 266 shown in FIG. 6, etc.) associated therewith. In addition or alternatively to a threaded connection, each of the end portions 158 and 160 can be configured to be secured to the housing 106 and the fluid cylinder 110, respectively, using any other type of attachment, such as, but not limited to, fusing, adhering, gluing, bonding, welding, using one or more set screws, dowels, pins, wedges, clamps, latches, and/or the like.

Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, another embodiment of a stay rod 212 is shown wherein a body 244 of the stay rod 212 includes an exemplary embodiment of a sleeve 270. The stay rod 212 has the body 244, which includes a stud 268 and a sleeve 270. The stud 268 extends a length from a first end portion 248 to an opposite second end portion 250. The stud 268 and the sleeve 270 each include (i.e., define a portion of) the exterior surface 252 of the body 244. As is shown in FIG. 6, the stud 268 is configured to be received within an opening 272 of the sleeve 270. More particularly, FIG. 5 illustrates an exploded (i. e., unassembled) view of the body 244 of the stay rod 212, while FIG. 6 illustrates an assembled view of the body 244 wherein the stud 268 has been installed within the opening 272 of the sleeve 270 such that the sleeve 270 surrounds at least a portion of the length of the stud 268.

The first end portion 248 of the stud 268 is configured to be secured to the power end section 102 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) of the reciprocating pump 100, while the second end portion 250 of the stud 268 is configured to be secured to the fluid end section 104 (not shown in FIG. 5). In the exemplary embodiment, the second end portion 250 of the stud 268 is configured to be secured to the fluid cylinder 1 10 of the fluid end section 104 using a thread (not shown) at the second end portion 250 that threadably interlocks with the nut 266 (not shown in FIG. 5). When the body 244 of the stay rod 212 is assembled and secured to the fluid cylinder 1 10 in the exemplary manner shown in FIG. 6, a flange 274 and/or other portion of the fluid cylinder 110 (e.g., wall, enclosure, fluid end housing, etc.) is sandwiched between the sleeve 270 and the nut 266. Moreover, an end portion 276 of the sleeve 270 is engaged with a shoulder 256 of the stud 268 such that the sleeve 270 is compressed along the length thereof to thereby pre-tension the stud 268.

In the exemplary embodiment, the stud 268 and the sleeve 270 of the 244 of the stay rod 212 have cylindrical shapes (i. e., a circular cross-sectional shapes). But, the stud 268 and the sleeve 270 additionally or alternatively can each include any other shape, such as, but not limited to, a rectangular cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a quadrilateral cross-sectional shape, a cross-sectional shape having more than four sides (e.g., an octagonal cross-sectional shape, a pentagonal cross-sectional shape, a hexagonal cross- sectional shape, etc.), an oval cross-sectional shape, a "T" cross-sectional shape, an "I" cross- sectional shape, a "U" cross-sectional shape, a "C" cross-sectional shape, and/or the like.

Referring now to FIGS. 3, 4, and 7, the stay rod 112 includes a corrosion-resistant layer 178 that covers at least a portion of the exterior surface 152 of the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12. The corrosion-resistant layer 178 is most clearly illustrated in Detail A of FIG. 4 and in Figure 7. The corrosion-resistant layer 178 provides the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 with corrosion protection. More particularly, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 is configured to at least reduce the amount of corrosion that forms on the segment(s) of the exterior surface 152 covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 178. In some examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 is configured to prevent the formation of corrosion on the segment(s) of the exterior surface 152 covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 178. In still other examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 is configured to prevent the formation of corrosion on a majority or an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 152 of the body 144 of the stay rod 112. In some examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 is configured to reduce or prevent the formation of corrosion within the body 144.

The corrosion-resistant layer 178 can include any material(s) that enables the corrosion- resistant layer 178 to at least reduce the amount of corrosion that forms on the segment(s) of the exterior surface 152 covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 178. In one example, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 includes zinc phosphate. Other examples of materials that can be included within the corrosion-resistant layer 178 include, but are not limited to, zinc, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, ethyl chloride, and/or the like. The material(s) used for the corrosion-resistant layer 178 can be selected to provide the corrosion-resistant layer 178 with a predetermined corrosion resistance, for example to thereby provide the body 144 of the stay rod 112 with a predetermined amount of corrosion protection. Moreover, the material(s) used within the corrosion-resistant layer 178 can be selected to provide the corrosion-resistant layer 178 with a predetermined strength, hardness, structural integrity, fatigue life, and/or the like, for example to increase the longevity (i.e., useful life) of the corrosion-resistant layer 178, to increase the ability of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 to withstand the operating environment of the reciprocating pump 100 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) while still providing the stay rod 112 with corrosion protection, to decrease the amount of damage sustained by the corrosion-resistant layer 178 during operation of the reciprocating pump 100, and/or the like.

Referring now to Detail A of FIG. 4 and FIG. 7, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 has a thickness T. The thickness T of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 can have any value that enables the corrosion-resistant layer 178 function as described and/or illustrated herein, for example to provide the body 144 of the stay rod 112 with corrosion protection. Examples of values of the thickness T of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 include, but are not limited to, at least approximately 0.1mm, between approximately 0.2 mils (approximately 5 μm), to approximately 4.3 mils (approximately 110 μm),, at least approximately 0.1 mils (approximately 2.54 μm), greater than approximately 5 mils (approximately 127 μm),, at least approximately 10 mils (approximately 254 μm),, less than approximately 0.1 mils (approximately 2.54 μm),, at least approximately 1 μm (approximately 0.04 mils), less than approximately 1 μm (approximately 0.04 mils), and/or the like.

In the exemplary embodiment, the thickness T of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 is defined by a single layer, as is shown in Detail A of FIG. 4 and in FIG. 7. But, the thickness T of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 can include any number of sub-layers, each of which can have any thickness and can include the same and/or different materials as compared to other sub-layers of the corrosion-resistant layer 178. The overall thickness T, the number of sublayers, the material(s) of each sub-layer, the thickness of each sub-layer of the corrosion- resistant layer 178, and/or the like can be selected to provide the corrosion-resistant layer 178 with a predetermined corrosion resistance, for example to thereby provide the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 with a predetermined amount of corrosion protection. The overall thickness T, the number of sub-layers, the material(s) of each sub-layer, the thickness of each sub-layer of the corrosion-resistant layer 178, and/or the like can be selected to provide the corrosion- resistant layer 178 with a predetermined strength, hardness, structural integrity, fatigue life, and/or the like (e.g., to increase the longevity of the corrosion-resistant layer 178, to increase the ability of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 to withstand the operating environment of the reciprocating pump 100 while still providing the stay rod 112 with corrosion protection, to decrease the amount of damage sustained by the corrosion-resistant layer 178 during operation of the reciprocating pump 100, etc.).

The corrosion-resistant layer 178 (including each sub-layer if included) can be any type of layer that is formed on the exterior surface 152 of the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 using any process, technique, and/or the like. In some examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 includes two or more sub-layers that are different types of layers and/or are applied using different processes, techniques, and/or the like. In the exemplary embodiment, the corrosion- resistant layer 178 is a plating that is applied to the exterior surface 152 using a plating process. Other examples of layer types that can be included within the corrosion-resistant layer 178 include, but are not limited to, coatings, paints, sheets, sleeves, wraps, and/or the like. Examples of other processes, techniques, and/or like that can be used to apply the corrosion- resistant layer 178 to the exterior surface 152 of the stay rod body 144 include, but are not limited to, coating, painting, adhesion (e.g., using an adhesive, etc.), sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, wrapping, and/or the like.

The type of layer(s) of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 and/or the process(es), technique(s), and/or the like used to apply the corrosion-resistant layer 178 can be selected to provide the corrosion-resistant layer 178 with a predetermined corrosion resistance (e.g., to thereby provide the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 with a predetermined amount of corrosion protection). The type of layer(s) of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 and/or the process(es), technique(s), and/or the like used to apply the corrosion-resistant layer 178 can be selected to provide the corrosion-resistant layer 178 with a predetermined strength, hardness, structural integrity, fatigue life, and/or the like, for example to increase the longevity (i.e., useful life) of the corrosion-resistant layer 178, to increase the ability of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 to withstand the operating environment of the reciprocating pump 100 while still providing the stay rod 1 12 with corrosion protection, to decrease the amount of damage sustained by the corrosion-resistant layer 178 during operation of the reciprocating pump 100, and/or the like. In some examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 178 is applied to the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 after a machining process has been performed on the body 144 of the stay rod 112.

Any amount of the exterior surface 152 of the body 144 of the stay rod 112 can be covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 178 at any location(s) along the exterior surface 152. In the exemplary embodiment, an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 152 of the body 144 is covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 178. In other examples, a majority, but not an approximate entirety, of the exterior surface 152 of the body 144 is covered by the corrosion- resistant layer 178 at one or more different locations along the exterior surface 152. In still other examples, a minority of the exterior surface 152 of the body 144 is covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 178 at one or more different locations along the exterior surface 152. The amount of the exterior surface 152 that is covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 178, the location(s) of the corrosion-resistant layer 178 along the exterior surface 152, and/or the like can be selected to provide the body 144 of the stay rod 1 12 with a predetermined amount of corrosion protection. For example, the exemplary embodiment wherein the corrosion-resistant layer 178 covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 152 is configured to provide corrosion protection to an approximate entirety of the body 144, including one or more locations that may not be exposed to the environment, fluid pumped by the reciprocating pump 10, and/or the like during operation ofthe reciprocating pump 100 (e.g., the end portions 148 and/or 150, any threads provided, etc.). In other examples, the corrosion- resistant layer 178 is applied only to one or more locations along the exterior surface 152 that is exposed, and thereby susceptible to corrosion, during operation of the reciprocating pump 100 (e.g., the middle segment 154, etc.).

The corrosion-resistant layer 178 provides the stay rod 1 12 with protection from corrosion by reducing or preventing the formation of corrosion on the exterior surface 152 and thereby within the body 144 of the stay rod 112. The corrosion protection provided by the corrosion-resistant layer 178 extends the longevity (i.e., the useful life) of the stay rod 112 and/or prevents premature failure of the stay rod 1 12. The corrosion-resistant layer 178 thereby reduces damage to the reciprocating pump 100 caused by premature failure of the stay rod 1 12, decreases the downtime of the reciprocating pump, reduces the operating cost of the reciprocating pump 100, and/or the like.

In some examples, the geometry of the stay rod 1 12 shown and/or described herein is configured to enable a fabrication process (e.g., a machining process, etc.) to increase the quality (e.g., the strength, the longevity, the fatigue strength, reduced and/or more evenly distributed stresses experienced by the body 144 during operation, etc.) of the stay rod 1 12. In other words, the geometry of the stay rod 1 12 can be optimized for a particular fabrication process such that the quality of the stay rod 1 12 as fabricated by such a process is improved. For example, the geometry of the stay rod 112 can be optimized for a machining process such that the machining process produces stay rods 1 12 having improved quality. Optimizing the geometry of the stay rod 1 12 for a particular fabrication process can extend the longevity of the stay rod 112 and/or prevent premature failure of the stay rod 1 12, thereby reducing damage to the reciprocating pump 100 caused by premature failure of the stay rod 1 12, decreasing downtime of the reciprocating pump, reducing operating costs of the reciprocating pump 100, and/or the like.

Referring again to FIGS. 5 and 6, the stay rod 212 includes a corrosion-resistant layer 278 that covers at least a portion of the exterior surface 252 of the body 244 of the stay rod 212. For example, the corrosion-resistant layer 278 covers at least a portion of the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 of the body 244 and/or covers at least a portion of the exterior surface 252 of the sleeve 270 of the body 244. The corrosion-resistant layer 278 provides the body 244 of the stay rod 212 with corrosion protection. More particularly, the corrosion- resistant layer 278 is configured to at least reduce the amount of corrosion that forms on the segment(s) of the exterior surface 252 covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278. In some examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 278 is configured to prevent the formation of corrosion on the segment(s) of the exterior surface 252 covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278. In still other examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 278 is configured to prevent the formation of corrosion on a majority or an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 252 of the body 244 of the stay rod 212. In some examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 278 is configured to reduce or prevent the formation of corrosion within the body 244.

The material(s), thickness, type of layer(s), number of sub-layers, thickness of each sub-layer, material(s) of each sub-layer, type of each sub-layer, application process(es), technique(s), and/or the like of the corrosion-resistant layer 278 can be selected to provide the corrosion-resistant layer 278 with a predetermined corrosion resistance, for example to thereby provide the body 244 of the stay rod 212 with a predetermined amount of corrosion protection. Moreover, the material(s), thickness, type of layer(s), number of sub-layers, thickness of each sub-layer, material(s) of each sub-layer, type of each sub-layer, application process(es), technique(s), and/or the like of the corrosion-resistant layer 278 can be selected to provide the corrosion-resistant layer 178 with a predetermined strength, hardness, structural integrity, fatigue life, and/or the like, for example to increase the longevity (i.e., useful life) of the corrosion-resistant layer 278, to increase the ability of the corrosion-resistant layer 278 to withstand the operating environment of the reciprocating pump 100 while still providing the stay rod 212 with corrosion protection, to decrease the amount of damage sustained by the corrosion-resistant layer 278 during operation of the reciprocating pump 100, and/or the like. In some examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 278 is applied to the body 244 of the stay rod 212 after a machining process has been performed on the body 244 of the stay rod 212.

Any amount of the exterior surface 252 of the body 244 of the stay rod 212 can be covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278 at any location(s) along the exterior surface 252. More particularly, any amount of the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and any amount of the exterior surface 252 of the sleeve 270 can be covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278 at any location(s) therealong. In the exemplary embodiment, an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 252 of the sleeve 270 is covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278. In other examples, a majority, but not an approximate entirety, of the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and/or the sleeve 270 of the body 244 is covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278 at one or more different locations therealong. In still other examples, a minority of the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and/or the sleeve 270 is covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278 at one or more different locations therealong. The amount of the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and/or the sleeve 270 that is covered by the corrosion-resistant layer 278, the location(s) of the corrosion-resistant layer 278 along the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and/or the sleeve 270, and/or the like can be selected to provide the body 244 of the stay rod 212 with a predetermined amount of corrosion protection. For example, the exemplary embodiment wherein the corrosion-resistant layer 278 covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and an approximate entirety of the exterior surface 252 of the sleeve 270 is configured to provide corrosion protection to an approximate entirety of the body 244, including one or more locations that may not be exposed to the environment, fluid pumped by the reciprocating pump 10, and/or the like during operation of the reciprocating pump 100 (e.g. , the end portions 248 and/or 250, any threads provided, the portion of the stud 268 that is received within the opening 272 of the sleeve 270, the portion of the exterior surface 252 that defines the opening 272 of the sleeve 270, etc.). In other examples, the corrosion-resistant layer 278 is applied only to one or more locations along the exterior surface 252 of the stud 268 and/or the sleeve 270 that is exposed, and thereby susceptible to corrosion, during operation of the reciprocating pump 100.

The corrosion-resistant layer 278 provides the stay rod 212 with protection from corrosion by reducing or preventing the formation of corrosion on the exterior surface 252 and thereby within the body 244 of the stay rod 212. The corrosion protection provided by the corrosion-resistant layer 278 extends the longevity of the stay rod 212 and/or prevents premature failure of the stay rod 212. The corrosion-resistant layer 278 thereby reduces damage to the reciprocating pump 100 caused by premature failure of the stay rod 212, decreases the downtime of the reciprocating pump, reduces the operating cost of the reciprocating pump 100, and/or the like.

In some examples, the geometry of the stay rod 212 shown and/or described herein is configured to enable a fabrication process (e.g., a machining process, etc.) to increase the quality (e.g., the strength, the longevity, the fatigue strength, reduced and/or more evenly distributed stresses experienced by the body 244 during operation, etc.) of the stay rod 212. For example, the geometry of the stay rod 212 can be optimized for a machining process such that the machining process produces stay rods 212 having improved quality. Optimizing the geometry of the stay rod 212 for a particular fabrication process can extend the longevity of the stay rod 212 and/or prevent premature failure of the stay rod 212, thereby reducing damage to the reciprocating pump 100 caused by premature failure of the stay rod 212, decreasing downtime of the reciprocating pump, reducing operating costs of the reciprocating pump 100, and/or the like.

Referring now to FIG. 8, a method 300 for fabricating a stay rod (e.g., the stay rod 112 shown in FIGS. 1 -4 and 7, the stay rod 212 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, etc.) for a pump (e.g., the reciprocating pump 100 shown in FIGS. 1 , 2, and 6, etc.) is provided. At step 402, the method includes fabricating a body of the stay rod such that the body extends a length from a first end configured to be secured to a power end section of the pump to a second end portion configured to be secured to a fluid end section of the pump. The method also includes covering, at 404, at least a portion of an exterior surface of the body with a corrosion-resistant layer.

In some examples, covering at 404 at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer includes covering at least a portion of the exterior surface with zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, ethyl chloride, and/or the like. In some examples, covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer at step 404 includes plating, coating, painting, adhesion, sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, wrapping, and/or the like. In some embodiments, fabricating at 402 the body includes performing, at 402a, a machining process on the body, and covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer at step 404 includes covering, at 404a, at least a portion of the exterior surface with the corrosion-resistant layer after performing the machining process on the body at step 402a.

The step 402 of fabricating the body optionally includes fabricating, at 402b, a stud and a sleeve of the body, wherein the step 404 of covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer includes covering, at 404b, at least a portion of the stud and at least a portion of the sleeve with the corrosion-resistant layer.

Optionally, the step 404 of covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer includes covering, at 404c, an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer.

The following clauses describe further aspects of the disclosure:

Clause Set A:

AL A stay rod for a pump, the stay rod comprising:

a body extending a length from a first end portion to a second end portion that is opposite the first end portion, the body comprising an exterior surface, the first end portion and the second end portion being configured to be secured to a power end section and a fluid end section, respectively, of the pump such that the stay rod holds the power end section and the fluid end section together; and

a corrosion-resistant layer covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body. A2. The stay rod of clause Al , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises zinc phosphate.

A3. The stay rod of clause Al , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

A4. The stay rod of clause Al , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of a plating, a coating, a paint, a sheet, a sleeve, or a wrap.

A5. The stay rod of clause Al , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer is applied to the exterior surface of the body using at least one of a plating, coating, painting, adhesion, sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, or wrapping process.

A6. The stay rod of clause Al , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body.

A7. The stay rod of clause Al, wherein the corrosion-resistant layer covers a majority of the exterior surface of the body.

A8. The stay rod of clause Al , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer is applied to the exterior surface of the body after a machining process has been performed on the body.

A9. The stay rod of clause Al , wherein the body comprises a sleeve and a stud received within the sleeve.

Clause Set B:

Bl . A pump comprising:

a power end section;

a fluid end section; and

a stay rod comprising a body extending a length from a first end portion to a second end portion that is opposite the first end portion, the body comprising an exterior surface, the first end portion and the second end portion being secured to the power end section and the fluid end section, respectively, such that the stay rod holds the power end section and the fluid end section together, the stay rod comprising a corrosion-resistant layer covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body.

B2. The pump of clause Bl , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

B3. The pump of clause Bl , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of a plating, a coating, a paint, a sheet, a sleeve, or a wrap.

B4. The pump of clause Bl , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body of the stay rod.

B5. The pump of clause Bl , wherein the body of the stay rod comprises a sleeve and a stud received within the sleeve.

Clause Set C:

C 1. A method for fabricating a stay rod for a pump, the method comprising:

fabricating a body of the stay rod such that the body extends a length from a first end configured to be secured to a power end section of the pump to a second end portion configured to be secured to a fluid end section of the pump; and

covering at least a portion of an exterior surface of the body with a corrosion-resistant layer.

C2. The method of clause CI , wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering at least a portion of the exterior surface with at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

C3. The method of clause CI , wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises using at least one of a plating, coating, painting, adhesion, sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, or wrapping process.

C4. The method of clause CI , wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer.

C5. The method of clause CI , wherein fabricating the body comprises performing a machining process on the body, and wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering at least a portion of the exterior surface with the corrosion-resistant layer after performing the machining process on the body.

C6. The method of clause CI , wherein fabricating the body comprises fabricating a stud and a sleeve of the body, and wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering at least a portion of the stud and at least a portion of the sleeve with the corrosion-resistant layer.

It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Furthermore, invention(s) have been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the invention(s). Further, each independent feature or component of any given assembly may constitute an additional embodiment. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from its scope. Dimensions, types of materials, orientations of the various components, and the number and positions of the various components described herein are intended to define parameters of certain embodiments, and are by no means limiting and are merely exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments and modifications within the spirit and scope of the claims will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the disclosure should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

In the foregoing description of certain embodiments, specific terminology has been resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes other technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar technical purpose. Terms such as "clockwise" and "counterclockwise", "left" and right", "front" and "rear", "above" and "below" and the like are used as words of convenience to provide reference points and are not to be construed as limiting terms.

When introducing elements of aspects of the disclosure or the examples thereof, the articles "a," "an," "the," and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising," "including," and "having" are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. For example, in this specification, the word "comprising" is to be understood in its "open" sense, that is, in the sense of "including", and thus not limited to its "closed" sense, that is the sense of "consisting only of. A corresponding meaning is to be attributed to the corresponding words "comprise", "comprised", "comprises", "having", "has", "includes", and "including" where they appear. The term "exemplary" is intended to mean "an example of." The phrase "one or more of the following: A, B, and C" means "at least one of A and/or at least one of B and/or at least one of C." Moreover, in the following claims, the terms "first," "second," and "third," etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. Further, the limitations of the following claims are not written in means-plus-function format and are not intended to be interpreted based on 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), unless and until such claim limitations expressly use the phrase "means for" followed by a statement of function void of further structure.

Although the terms "step" and/or "block" may be used herein to connote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly described. The order of execution or performance of the operations in examples of the disclosure illustrated and described herein is not essential, unless otherwise specified. The operations may be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified, and examples of the disclosure may include additional or fewer operations than those disclosed herein. It is therefore contemplated that executing or performing a particular operation before, contemporaneously with, or after another operation is within the scope of aspects of the disclosure.

Having described aspects of the disclosure in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of aspects of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims. As various changes could be made in the above constructions, products, and methods without departing from the scope of aspects of the disclosure, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Claims

CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS :

1. A stay rod for a pump, the stay rod comprising:

a corrosion-resistant layer covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body.

2. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises zinc phosphate.

3. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

4. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of a plating, a coating, a paint, a sheet, a sleeve, or a wrap.

5. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer is applied to the exterior surface of the body using at least one of a plating, coating, painting, adhesion, sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, or wrapping process.

6. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body.

7. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer covers a majority of the exterior surface of the body.

8. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant layer is applied to the exterior surface of the body after a machining process has been performed on the body.

9. The stay rod of claim 1 , wherein the body comprises a sleeve and a stud received within the sleeve.

10. A pump comprising:

a power end section;

a fluid end section; and

1 1. The pump of claim 10, wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

12. The pump of claim 10, wherein the corrosion-resistant layer comprises at least one of a plating, a coating, a paint, a sheet, a sleeve, or a wrap.

13. The pump of claim 10, wherein the corrosion-resistant layer covers an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body of the stay rod.

14. The pump of claim 10, wherein the body of the stay rod comprises a sleeve and a stud received within the sleeve.

15. A method for fabricating a stay rod for a pump, the method comprising:

16. The method of claim 15, wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering at least a portion of the exterior surface with at least one of zinc, zinc phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium sulphide, methyl chloride, a mineral oil, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, potassium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide, potassium sulphate, sodium carbonate, an ether, or ethyl chloride.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises using at least one of a plating, coating, painting, adhesion, sputtering, batching, sheeting, etching, depositing, metallizing, galvanizing, or wrapping process.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering an approximate entirety of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein fabricating the body comprises performing a machining process on the body, and wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering at least a portion of the exterior surface with the corrosion-resistant layer after performing the machining process on the body.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein fabricating the body comprises fabricating a stud and a sleeve of the body, and wherein covering at least a portion of the exterior surface of the body with the corrosion-resistant layer comprises covering at least a portion of the stud and at least a portion of the sleeve with the corrosion-resistant layer.