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WO2018171731A1 - 平面加热结构 - Google Patents

平面加热结构 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018171731A1
WO2018171731A1 PCT/CN2018/080257 CN2018080257W WO2018171731A1 WO 2018171731 A1 WO2018171731 A1 WO 2018171731A1 CN 2018080257 W CN2018080257 W CN 2018080257W WO 2018171731 A1 WO2018171731 A1 WO 2018171731A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
planar heating
heating structure
layer
transparent conductive
nano
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2018/080257
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
纪贺勋
陈英哲
张羽
杨河波
苏富榆
高超
朱曙光
唐纯芽
陈文达
Original Assignee
凯姆控股有限公司
泉州天材新材料有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 凯姆控股有限公司, 泉州天材新材料有限公司 filed Critical 凯姆控股有限公司
Priority to KR1020197031558A priority Critical patent/KR20190127928A/ko
Priority to EP18771474.6A priority patent/EP3606283A4/en
Priority to JP2020500952A priority patent/JP6961145B2/ja
Publication of WO2018171731A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018171731A1/zh
Priority to US16/580,357 priority patent/US11432378B2/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
    • B60J1/002—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor with means for clear vision, e.g. anti-frost or defog panes, rain shields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H05B3/86—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields the heating conductors being embedded in the transparent or reflecting material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60S—SERVICING, CLEANING, REPAIRING, SUPPORTING, LIFTING, OR MANOEUVRING OF VEHICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60S1/00—Cleaning of vehicles
    • B60S1/02—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices
    • B60S1/023—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices including defroster or demisting means
    • B60S1/026—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices including defroster or demisting means using electrical means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60S—SERVICING, CLEANING, REPAIRING, SUPPORTING, LIFTING, OR MANOEUVRING OF VEHICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60S1/00—Cleaning of vehicles
    • B60S1/02—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices
    • B60S1/56—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices specially adapted for cleaning other parts or devices than front windows or windscreens
    • B60S1/58—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices specially adapted for cleaning other parts or devices than front windows or windscreens for rear windows
    • B60S1/586—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices specially adapted for cleaning other parts or devices than front windows or windscreens for rear windows including defroster or demisting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H05B3/845—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields specially adapted for reflecting surfaces, e.g. bathroom - or rearview mirrors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/04—Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a planar heating structure, and more particularly to a planar heating structure having high light transmittance and uniform heating.
  • the automotive industry faces various problems caused by the natural climate.
  • One of them is the condensation of water and gas generated by the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the car.
  • the moisture that condenses on the front and rear gear glass of the car causes the so-called window fogging phenomenon, which obviously and seriously reduces the visibility of the front and rear gear glasses, so that the driver's viewing angle and visibility are seriously reduced.
  • the combination of the metal wire and the surface of the glass is not easy, and a defect that cannot be completely attached often occurs, or a part of the film is attached and the other part is detached, so that the problem of uneven heating occurs in the glass attached to the same line body, and the influence is affected.
  • the fog/frost effect or severe damage causes the glass to break.
  • the metal wires are not transparent, only the rear window glass can utilize such technology, and the front and side glass cannot be used for defogging.
  • the line width of the wire needs to be controlled, and the line spacing must be maintained at a considerable distance, so that the temperature difference of the heating unevenness is easily generated on the same window glass according to the distance from the metal wire.
  • some of the defogging/frost is caused, and some of the excess dead spots of fog/frost remain.
  • the heating wire after the breakpoint will not be used due to the lack of energy supply.
  • the reliability of the class technology is not high and it is prone to abnormalities. When an abnormality occurs, the heating wire is buried between the two layers of glass and sticks to death, so that the only way to repair is to replace the entire window glass, the cost is too high, and the penetration rate is seriously affected.
  • the present invention provides a planar heating structure that uniformly heats the target and has good visibility and can rapidly increase the temperature to a default temperature compared to the prior art.
  • the invention provides a planar heating structure comprising a glass substrate layer, a nano metal transparent conductive layer and a first protective layer.
  • a nano-metal transparent conductive layer is disposed on the glass substrate layer and receives a voltage to generate thermal energy.
  • a first protective layer is disposed on the nano-metal transparent conductive layer and completely covers the nano-metal transparent conductive layer.
  • the invention provides a planar heating structure bonded to glass, comprising a flexible substrate layer, a nano metal transparent conductive layer, an adhesive layer and a release film.
  • the nano-metal transparent conductive layer is disposed on the flexible substrate layer and receives a voltage to generate thermal energy.
  • the adhesive layer is disposed on the nano metal transparent conductive layer.
  • the release film is formed on a surface of the adhesive layer away from the nano-metal transparent conductive layer.
  • the planar heating structure further includes a second protective layer disposed between the glass substrate layer or the flexible substrate layer and the nano metal transparent conductive layer.
  • the second protective layer is an optical functional layer.
  • the optically functional layer is any one or combination of an anti-reflective layer, an anti-UV layer.
  • the substrate layer is made of a transparent glass or a flexible transparent film.
  • the nano-metal transparent conductive layer is made of nano-silver.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a planar heating structure 1 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • 2A is a histogram of the length of a purified metal nanowire in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 2B is a schematic diagram of heating elevated temperature versus time in an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of another embodiment of a planar heating structure 1 based on FIG.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of another planar heating structure 2 according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5A is a schematic structural view of another planar heating structure 3 according to the present invention.
  • Figure 5B shows the structure of another embodiment of the planar heating structure 3 based on the disclosure of Figure 5A.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a planar heating structure 4 according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the combination of a heating structure and a window glass according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • planar heating structure of the present invention are described below by way of specific specific examples, and those skilled in the art can readily appreciate other advantages and effects of the present disclosure from the disclosure of the present specification.
  • the present invention may also be implemented or applied by other specific examples.
  • the details of the present specification may also be based on different viewpoints and applications, and various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
  • the illustrations of this creation are only for a brief description, and are not depicted in terms of actual size, thickness, and scale, that is, the actual dimensions of the relevant composition are not reflected, which will be described first.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a planar heating structure 1 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the planar heating structure 1 can be used to heat various transparent substrates to achieve a defogging/defrosting effect.
  • it can be applied to the front and rear gear glass, the car side glass and the rear view mirror of the automobile, or to the glass refrigerator for business use, or to heat the fish tank.
  • the planar heating structure 1 includes a glass substrate layer 11, a transparent conductive layer 12, and a first protective layer 13.
  • the glass substrate layer 11 is a substrate constituting a transparent portion of the window, and may be any material having appropriate transparency and sufficient strength to pass safety regulations of automobiles. For example, but not limited to, high-strength heat-resistant glass or plastic, it is not limited. It can also be a composite structure of glass and plastic.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 is disposed on the glass substrate layer and receives electric energy to raise the temperature of the planar heating structure 1. For example, after receiving a voltage, the transparent conductive layer 12 generates a high potential to a low potential. The current flowing. Since no active circuit exists in the transparent conductive layer 12, the electrical energy consumes energy by raising the temperature of the transparent conductive layer 12 to achieve balance. This elevated thermal energy is evenly conducted to the glass substrate layer 11, whereby the present invention achieves the effect of heating the glass substrate layer 11, so that the glass substrate layer 11 as a window can achieve the purpose of defogging.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 is composed of a nano metal material.
  • the nano metal material can be a nano silver material, has better metal characteristics, and at the same time maintains sufficient transparency, so that the invention can realize the purpose of window defogging. At the same time, to ensure that the light transmittance of the window is in line with national automotive standards.
  • “nanometal material” as used herein refers to a metal wire comprising an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or a metal compound, including a metal oxide.
  • the metal nanowires have at least one cross-sectional dimension of less than 500 nm, and preferably less than 100 nm, and more preferably less than 50 nm.
  • the width or equivalent diameter of the nanostructures is in the range of 10 nm to 40 nm, 20 nm to 40 nm, 5 nm to 20 nm, 10 nm to 30 nm, 40 nm to 60 nm, or 50 nm to 70 nm.
  • the metal nanowires have an aspect ratio (length: width) of more than 10, preferably more than 50, and more preferably more than 100. Nanowires with suitable performance typically have an aspect ratio in the range of 10 to 100,000.
  • a larger aspect ratio facilitates obtaining a transparent conductor layer because this property allows the transparent conductive layer 12 to form a more efficient conductive network while allowing the overall density of the conductive nanowires to be reduced to achieve high transparency.
  • the density of the nanowires that reach the conductive network does not have to be too high to achieve a set transmittance so that the conductive network is substantially transparent.
  • Metal nanowires can be dominated by any metal, including but not limited to silver, gold, copper, nickel, and gold-plated silver.
  • the length/diameter of the metal nanowires is also related to whether the conductive properties of the transparent conductive layer are excellent.
  • the length of the nanowire structure is in the range of 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, or between 15 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m, 25 ⁇ m to 75 ⁇ m, It is in the range of 30 ⁇ m to 60 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m or 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
  • 2A is a histogram of the length of the purified metal nanowire according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the metal nanowire having a length of less than 25 ⁇ m is greater than 80%, and the metal nanometer is longer than 8 ⁇ m.
  • the proportion of the wire is also greater than 75%, and the proportion of the metal nanowires longer than 5 ⁇ m is also greater than 92%.
  • Other various possible combinations have also been disclosed in the drawings, please refer to the drawings, and details are not described herein again.
  • transparent conductive layer refers to a metal nanowire network layer that provides a conductive medium of a transparent conductor.
  • the combination of the network layer of metal nanowires and the substrate is also referred to as a "transparent conductive layer.” Since conductivity is achieved by the infiltration of charge from one metal nanowire to another metal nanowire, sufficient metal nanowires must be present in the conductive layer to reach the electroosmotic threshold and become conductive.
  • the surface conductivity of the conductive layer is inversely proportional to its surface resistivity, which is sometimes referred to as sheet resistance, which can be measured by methods known in the art.
  • the substrate layer is a part of the transparent conductive layer and is disposed on the glass substrate layer.
  • the mechanical and optical properties of the substrate may be altered or compromised by the high loading of any of the particles therein.
  • the aspect ratio of the metal nanowires is sufficiently high, the matrix of the silver nanowires will be allowed to form a conductive network with a threshold loading level of about 35% by weight. This loading level does not affect the mechanical or optical properties of the substrate.
  • the metal nanowires can limit the horizontal load above the load level without adversely affecting the mechanical or optical properties of the substrate.
  • the silver nanowires can typically be less than about 60% by weight load, more typically less than about 40% by weight, and more typically less than about 20% by weight, and even more typically less than about 10% by weight. This value depends entirely on the size and spatial dispersion of the nanowires.
  • a transparent conductor of adjustable conductivity (or surface resistivity) and light transmittance can be provided by adjusting the loading level of the metal nanowires.
  • the mechanical and optical properties of the substrate may be altered or impaired by the high loading of any of the particles therein.
  • the high aspect ratio of the metal nanowires may, for silver nanowires, preferably from about 0.05 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 10 ⁇ g/cm 2 , more preferably from about 0.1 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 5 ⁇ g/cm 2 and more preferably about 0.8.
  • a conductive network through the substrate is formed at a threshold surface loading level of from ⁇ g/cm2 to about 3 ⁇ g/cm2. These surface loading levels do not affect the mechanical or optical properties of the substrate.
  • the numerical values disclosed above strongly depend on the size and spatial dispersion of the nanowires.
  • a transparent conductor having an adjustable electrical conductivity (or surface resistivity) and light transmittance can be provided by adjusting the loading level of the metal nanowires.
  • the substrate is from about 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m thick, from about 20 nm to 1 ⁇ m thick, or from about 50 nm to 200 nm thick.
  • the matrix has a refractive index of from about 1.3 to 2.5 or from about 1.35 to 1.8.
  • the optical transparency or sharpness of the transparent conductor can generally be quantitatively defined by parameters including light transmission and haze.
  • Light transmittance refers to the percentage of incident light that is transmitted through the medium.
  • the transparent conductor has a light transmission of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80% and can be as high as at least 91% to 92%.
  • the haze is the light diffusion index. It refers to the percentage of light that is separated from the incident light and scattered during transmission. Unlike light transmission, which is primarily a property of the medium, haze is often product-dependent and is typically caused by surface roughness and particle or compositional inhomogeneities embedded in the medium. In various embodiments, the haze of the transparent conductor is no greater than 10%, no greater than 8%, or no greater than 5%, and can be as low as no greater than 2% to 0.5%.
  • the optical properties of the bare silver nanowire film on the PET are greater than 80%.
  • the planar heating structure 1 can achieve a condition that the transmittance is greater than 85 percent and the haze is less than 3 percent.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 is The resistance of square centimeters is less than or equal to ten ohms.
  • the anti-UV protective agent With regard to the anti-UV protective agent, light-sensitive substances easily absorb light and undergo or cause complicated photochemical activities.
  • One type of photochemical activity involves exciting a compound from a ground state to a higher energy level (ie, an excited state). The excited state is transient and will typically decay back to the ground state and release heat. However, the transient excited state can also cause a complex cascade reaction with other substances. Regardless of the failure mechanism, it was found that some photochemical activities caused corrosion of silver nanostructures via oxidation: Ag0 ⁇ Ag++e-
  • the corrosion is inhibited by suppressing the photochemical activity of the excited state or helping to quickly return to the ground state.
  • one or more light stabilizers into an optical stack (eg, incorporating one or more layers, particularly one or more layers adjacent to the silver nanostructures), repression may result in Silver photochemical activity of corrosion.
  • the UV resistant layer comprises one or more UV resistant materials that absorb photons in the UV region (typically defined as light below 390 nm), thereby blocking or significantly attenuating UV in the incident light that would otherwise enter the optical stack and degrade the silver nanostructures Light.
  • the UV resistant material is typically a compound having an unsaturated chemical bond.
  • an electronically excited state is produced when a UV blocking material absorbs photons. The excited state is returned to the ground state by energy transfer or electron transfer, thus dissipating photon energy.
  • the UV resistant layer can be any of the substrates described herein coated with a thin layer of UV resistant material.
  • the UV resistant layer can be in the main portion of the layer with one or more UV resistant materials.
  • the UV resistant layer may suitably serve as an OCA (Optical Clear Adhesive, OCA) layer.
  • OCA Optical Clear Adhesive
  • the UV-resistant OCA layer serves both as a dual purpose for blocking UV light and bonding the two sub-portions of the optical stack.
  • the anti-UV protectant constituting the anti-UV layer may be any of the following types of compounds: in general, it is non-volatile (having a boiling point of at least 150 ° C) and may be liquid or solid. It may be an organic small molecule having a molecular weight of not more than 500, or an oligomer having 2 to 100 monomers or a polymer of more than 100 monomers.
  • An olefin having at least one carbon-carbon double bond having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Double bonds make olefins a candidate for sacrificial oxidation reactions.
  • the olefin may have a linear, cyclic carbon skeleton or a combination of a linear and a cyclic carbon skeleton.
  • the olefin may be further substituted on the carbon skeleton by a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, a thiol group, a halogen group, a phenyl group or an amine group.
  • suitable olefins have alternating double bonds and single bond configurations to provide an extended conjugated structure. This conjugated structure allows the group to be delocalized to stabilize it.
  • conjugated olefins include, but are not limited to, carotenes or carotenoids, certain anthraquinones or terpenoids.
  • the olefin can have multiple but non-conjugated double bonds.
  • non-conjugated olefins include certain oximes, rosins, polybutadienes, and the like.
  • certain olefins are also tackifiers and can be incorporated directly into OCA.
  • Tantalum is a subgroup of olefins. It is derived from a variety of plants, especially resins made from conifers. Although hydrazine contains a wide variety of hydrocarbons, it all contains at least one isoprene unit. The ruthenium may have a cyclic and a non-cyclic carbon skeleton. As used herein, hydrazine also includes anthraquinone, which is a derivative of hydrazine or oxidized or rearranged via a carbon skeleton.
  • the light stabilizer is ruthenium. ⁇ A cyclic oxime containing two isoprene units. The ring double bond is easily subjected to an oxidation reaction to form an epoxide.
  • Certain metals can be used as inorganic light stabilizers because they can sensitize photochemical activities. Examples include phosphonium salts and zinc or cadmium salts. The entire disclosures of all of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the antioxidant is particularly effective in suppressing corrosion caused by oxygen.
  • the antioxidant acts as a capture agent to remove oxygen by reacting directly with molecular oxygen.
  • the antioxidant can also act to remove the groups formed in the initial oxidation reaction, thereby preventing the chain reaction initiated by the other groups.
  • a particularly preferred antioxidant is ascorbate, which may be an ascorbate salt (such as sodium ascorbate or potassium ascorbate) or ascorbic acid.
  • antioxidants may include mercaptans, hydrazines, and sulfites (e.g., sodium sulfite and potassium sulfite).
  • a light stabilizer or a combination of any of the light stabilizers described herein can be incorporated into any of the layers of the given optical stack.
  • the light stabilizer can be combined with the coating solution prior to coating.
  • the light stabilizer can be incorporated into the nanostructure layer, overcoat, undercoat, substrate, or adhesive layer (eg, OCA) via co-deposition.
  • the method of disposing the transparent conductive layer 12 can be applied to one surface of the substrate layer 11 by a coating method, and the coating method can be, for example, spin coating, dipping, pouring, dripping, spraying, spraying fine mist ( Coating, knife coating, brushing or printing, such as inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, lithography or mobile printing.
  • a coating method can be, for example, spin coating, dipping, pouring, dripping, spraying, spraying fine mist ( Coating, knife coating, brushing or printing, such as inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, lithography or mobile printing.
  • the present invention discloses various ways of producing an electrode or current directing layer having a voltage difference.
  • a thin metal wire can be used to form a two-electrode layout between the two sides of the transparent conductive layer 12 that have the shortest linear distance.
  • the electrode can be mainly made of silver paste, and the current can be uniformly passed through the transparent conductive layer 12 to achieve a rapid and uniform temperature rise and fall, and the main method for the silver offset screen electrode comprises screen printing, evaporation, Sputtering, pasting, etc., and electrodes are respectively disposed on the surface of the transparent conductive layer 12 opposite to the substrate layer 11.
  • it may be formed on the glass substrate layer 11, and then the transparent conductive layer 12 may be formed on the electrode or the conductive layer forming the electrode.
  • the electrodes are disposed on the transparent conductive layer 12 separately from each other, and the conductivity of the electrode is higher than that of the transparent conductive layer 12, for example, silver glue or a high-conductivity metal colloid, in practical applications.
  • the colloids may be formed on the transparent conductive layer 12 by coating or printing; preferably, the two electrodes may be respectively disposed on the opposite sides of the transparent conductive layer 12; In the application requirements, they may also be separated from each other and disposed on the adjacent sides of the transparent conductive layer 20. Or an electrode occupies adjacent two sides, respectively.
  • the above selection affects the distribution and flow path of the current on the transparent conductive layer 12, thereby determining the distribution of energy consumption, so that the present invention can heat the target surface evenly, or can separately heat up the specific area to overcome the transparency.
  • the problem of uneven heating caused by the conductive layer 12 due to uniform coating will be described in detail below.
  • the electrode referred to in the present invention is not limited to a layered structure, and in practical applications, it may be replaced with a metal thin wire having a high electrical conductivity as required.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 may be directly formed on the surface of the glass substrate layer 11 by coating or printing, and the electrode may be subsequently coated or printed on the surface. On the transparent conductive layer 12.
  • the area of the front windshield of the automobile is large, so that when the same nano metal material is evenly distributed on the transparent conductive layer 12, the whole glass may be heated.
  • the temperature is not uniform, and thus the problem of regional defogging rate may occur. Therefore, preferably, the cross-sectional area of the nano metal coating layer that makes the transparent conductive layer 12 adjacent to the current introduction current is small, and the cross-sectional area of the nano metal coating that is far from the current introduction position of the electrode is larger, thereby The heating temperature of the entire glass is made uniform so that the entire glass has the same demisting rate.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 may be patterned by screen printing or etching to form various pattern layers, such as dots, polygons, and staggered lines. Concentric circles or round rows.
  • the principle is that the total area of the portion of the transparent conductive layer close to the electrode is lowered to be lower than the portion of the conductive layer located away from the electrode at the center portion for the purpose of averaging the energy distribution so that the planar heating structure can uniformly heat the target plane.
  • heating capacity can be increased for a specific area.
  • the transmittance of the planar heating structure 1 as a whole can be further increased, thereby satisfying the requirements for window transparency of national automobile exit specifications.
  • the whole is in the form of a transparent film, so that it can be attached to the interior of the car, such as the front or rear windshield, etc., and does not hinder the driver's line of sight, achieving rapid and uniform heating.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 disclosed in the present application has the ability to conduct electricity because of the composition of the nano metal raw materials. Compared with Quickclear and the like, it is not easy to generate breakpoints. Due to the full-layer layout of the pattern, there is also an alternative conductive path to compensate for the defect of the single breakpoint when the breakpoint is generated. Therefore, the local defect does not cause the entire transparent conductive layer 12 to lose its working ability, and the process can be greatly reduced. Difficulty, increase yield, and increase product reliability.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 will controllably heat up, so that the glass substrate layer 11 on one side thereof can be heated. Therefore, the mist of the glass substrate layer 11 relative to the outer surface of the transparent conductive layer 12 can be effectively removed, and since the transparent conductive layer 12 and the glass substrate layer 11 are joined by the entire surface, the The transparent conductive layer 12 can quickly heat the glass substrate layer 11, and can effectively raise the temperature of the entire surface of the glass substrate layer 11 evenly, and achieve the effect of defogging while achieving the entire surface.
  • 2B is a schematic diagram of heating and raising temperature versus time in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the planar heating structure 12 disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention applies a voltage of 40 volts per
  • the temperature can be increased by 12 ° C ⁇ 1 ° C in 2 minutes, that is, the planar heating structure disclosed in one embodiment of the present invention can be quickly charged with a small amount of electricity.
  • the glass of the car is heated to achieve the effect of defogging.
  • Fig. 2B the reason why the voltage is appropriately increased to increase the temperature is high.
  • 40 volts is used as an explanation here, it does not mean that the power supply mode of 20 volts and 30 volts and the corresponding data in the figure are excluded. In fact, FIG. 2B All the data disclosed should be considered as a complete disclosure and will not be repeated here.
  • the temperature rise data disclosed in Figure 2B is to ensure that the window glass maintains sufficient light transmittance and haze.
  • the completed data for example, while implementing the heating data of FIG. 2B, the planar heating structure 1 can achieve a condition that the light transmittance is greater than 85 percent and the haze is less than 3 percent, and at the same time, the transparent conductive
  • the resistance of layer 12 per square centimeter is less than or equal to ten ohms.
  • a first protective layer 13 is disposed over the surface of the transparent conductive layer 12.
  • the protective layer 13 may be a transparent optical adhesive or may be coated.
  • the transparent insulating material that has been removed, or a pre-formed protective layer, is then glued to the transparent conductive layer 12.
  • the first protective layer 13 completely covers the transparent conductive layer 12 and the electrodes to provide complete protection of the transparent conductive layer 12 and the electrodes; and the thermal conductivity of the first protective layer 13 is higher than that of the glass substrate layer 11 Therefore, the heat source can be discharged from the glass substrate layer 11 by conduction or radiation only on one side, so that the planar heating structure 1 can achieve rapid and uniform heat generation.
  • the first protective layer 13 completely covers the transparent conductive layer 12 to provide the The transparent conductive layer 12 is completely protected.
  • the first protective layer 13 may be formed of a PVB (Polyvinyl Butyral Film) film.
  • the first protective layer 13 is a hot melt adhesive film, and the material thereof can be selected from a PVB (polyvinyl butyral) film or an EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer) film.
  • FIG. 3 is another embodiment of the present invention based on FIG. 1.
  • the wiring of the electrode is clearly visible and affects the visual effect of the window.
  • an ink layer 14 is disposed between the glass substrate layer 11 and the transparent conductive layer 12.
  • the ink layer 14 is distributed at the position where the electrodes are located, and is formed only on the sides or edges of the transparent conductive layer 12 corresponding to the electrodes to increase the visibility of the planar heating structure.
  • the functional structure of the embodiment has been completely disclosed.
  • the glass substrate layer 11, the transparent conductive layer 12 and both sides of the first protective layer 13 are exposed to the air as a whole, and the use environment of the automobile may be very harsh.
  • the use environment of the automobile may be very harsh.
  • it is used in a high temperature, high humidity, and even an atypical environment that promotes oxidation speed such as sulfur.
  • a reinforced material may be applied to the glass substrate layer 11
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 and at least one side surface of the first protective layer 13 are coated.
  • the reinforcing glue can be formed by curing a liquid glue through a curing process.
  • the reinforced adhesive has a viscosity of 500 to 1200 mPa/s when uncured, and a hardness of 70 to 85 Shore after curing.
  • FIG. 4 is a structural diagram of another planar heating structure 2 disclosed in the present invention.
  • the planar heating structure 2 comprises the glass substrate layer 11, the transparent conductive layer 12 and the first protective layer 13, and a second protective layer 15 is additionally added.
  • the second protective layer 15 is disposed between the substrate layer 11 and the transparent conductive layer 12, and the second protective layer 15 is an optical functional layer having ultraviolet resistance or / Ability with anti-reflection.
  • the ultraviolet protection function of the second protective layer 15 reduces the total amount of ultraviolet light entering the transparent conductive layer 12, thereby prolonging the life of the nano metal in the transparent conductive layer 12 and prolonging the period in which it enters the deteriorated state.
  • the anti-reflection function reduces the possibility of the transparent conductive layer 12 and the first protective layer 13 from being reflected, and increases the overall transparency of the planar heating structure 2.
  • the particles or the coating agent of the anti-reflective and/or ultraviolet-resistant material may be mixed and applied to the transparent conductive layer 12 when the transparent conductive layer 12 is formed.
  • the heating structure is directly formed on the window glass to form an integrated structure.
  • This has the advantage of facilitating the production of factory lines, but if the vehicle in use is to be retrofitted or retrofitted with the planar heating structure disclosed in the present invention for defogging/frosting. Or, when the technology that Quickclear and the like encapsulates the metal wire in the two-layer structure fails, the window glass must be replaced, which will result in waste of resources and is not economical.
  • another embodiment will be described below in which the heating structure is independent of the window glass, and then the bonding layer is used in combination with the window to enable uniform and rapid defogging of the installed window.
  • FIG. 5A is another embodiment of a planar heating structure attached to a glass according to the present invention, wherein a planar heating structure 3 includes a flexible substrate layer 31 , the transparent conductive layer 12 , The first protective layer 13, an adhesive layer 32, and a release mold 34.
  • the transparent conductive layer 12 is disposed on the flexible substrate layer and receives a voltage to consume electrical energy to generate thermal energy.
  • the release mold 34 is formed on a surface of the adhesive layer 32 away from the nano metal transparent conductive layer for protecting and shielding the adhesive layer 32.
  • the adhesive layer 32 is not attached to the window glass and is attached to the adhesive layer 32. It protects and shields the adhesive layer 32 from accidental sticking and maintains its tack.
  • the flexible substrate layer 31 applied in this embodiment needs to accommodate a large deformation amount in order to fit the pattern assembled in a pasting manner.
  • the material selection here should be mainly a flexible film, or a composite film of a transparent film to meet the requirements of strength and shape variables.
  • the material selection for the transparent flexible film may be selected from one or a combination of the following types of plastic materials: PP, PE, PS, PMMA, PC, PET, PVC, PI, PU, etc. Material. It should be noted here that since the substrate layer 31 is exposed to the user in contact with the user, there is a certain requirement for the wear resistance, and the base layer 31 can be subjected to wear treatment when necessary. To increase the wear resistance and scratch resistance of the substrate layer.
  • the adhesive layer 32 is formed or disposed on the transparent conductive layer 12, and the adhesive layer has considerable viscosity for conforming and completely integrating the planar heating structure 3 with the window glass, so that the planar heating structure 3 can
  • the vehicle window is uniformly heated and defoamed under the working principle disclosed above.
  • a general adhesive layer for a window can be selected, and the adhesive liquid or adhesive can be applied to the window glass by subsequent processing or coating, and then bonded.
  • the planar heating structure 3 may also omit the adhesive layer structure if the post-coating method is selected.
  • the adhesive layer or the adhesive in order to allow the thermal energy generated by the planar heating structure 3 to be transmitted to the window glass without damage and maintaining the design distribution, the adhesive layer or the adhesive must select a formulation and material having a small thermal resistance to avoid affecting The planar heating structure 3 has a defogging effect.
  • the first protective layer 13 is formed between the transparent conductive layer and the adhesive layer, that is, the transparent conductive layer is away from a surface of the substrate layer, and the first protective layer can be bonded thereto.
  • the layers are integrated to form a first protective layer with a bonding ability.
  • the first protective layer can also function as an optical functional layer, having ultraviolet and/or anti-reflection resistance, and adding a material that absorbs visible light and absorbs heat.
  • the first protective layer may be formed on the other surface of the transparent conductive layer adjacent to the substrate layer.
  • FIG. 5B is another embodiment based on FIG. 5A.
  • the wiring of the electrode is clearly visible and affects the visual effect of the window.
  • an ink layer 33 is disposed on the bonding surface of the adhesive layer 32 and the window glass.
  • the ink layer 33 is distributed along the position where the electrodes are located, and is formed only on the sides or edges of the transparent conductive layer 12 corresponding to the electrodes to increase the visibility of the planar heating structure.
  • FIG. 6 is a structural diagram of another planar heating structure 4 disclosed in the present invention.
  • the planar heating structure 4 includes the flexible substrate layer 31, the transparent conductive layer 12, the adhesive layer 32, and the first protective layer 13, and a second protective layer 15 is additionally added.
  • the second protective layer 15 is disposed between the adhesive layer 11 and the transparent conductive layer 12, and the second protective layer 15 is an optical functional layer having ultraviolet resistance or / Ability with anti-reflection.
  • the ultraviolet protection function of the second protective layer 15 reduces the total amount of ultraviolet light entering the transparent conductive layer 12, thereby prolonging the life of the nano metal in the transparent conductive layer 12 and prolonging the period in which it enters the deteriorated state.
  • the anti-reflection function reduces the possibility of the transparent conductive layer 12 and the first protective layer 13 from being reflected, and increases the overall transparency of the planar heating structure 2.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the combination of a heating structure and a window glass according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the heating structure is formed separately from the window glass, and then bonded to the window by an adhesive layer. It can be seen here that an ink layer is pre-formed on the window glass to shield the electrodes that supply power to the transparent conductive structure.
  • the particles or the coating agent of the anti-reflective and/or ultraviolet-resistant material may be mixed and applied to the transparent conductive layer 12 when the transparent conductive layer 12 is formed.
  • the particles or the coating agent of the anti-reflective and/or ultraviolet-resistant material are mixed and applied to the adhesive layer 32 at the time of forming the adhesive layer 32.
  • the planar heating structure 1 disclosed in the present application can achieve a condition that the light transmittance is greater than 85 percent and the haze is less than 3 percent. Due to its excellent transparency, it can be used for glass defogging or defrosting of various vehicles such as automobiles, ships and aircraft. In the use of automotive window glass, it can be applied to other parts of the rear windshield, including the front windshield.
  • the planar heating structure of the invention can uniformly heat the target and has good visibility and can quickly increase the temperature to a default temperature compared with the prior art, and the planar heating structure can achieve a transmittance of more than 8%. Fifteen, the haze is less than three percent. Due to its excellent transparency, it can be used for glass defogging or defrosting of various vehicles such as automobiles, ships and aircraft. In the use of automotive window glass, it can be applied to other parts of the rear windshield, including the front windshield.

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Abstract

一种平面加热结构，包括玻璃基材层（11）、纳米金属透明导电层（12）以及第一保护层（13），该纳米金属透明导电层（12）设置于玻璃基材层（11）上，并接收电压来产生热能，该第一保护层（13）设置于纳米金属透明导电层（12）上，并完全覆盖该纳米金属透明导电层（12）。还提供了一种贴合于玻璃的平面加热结构。该平面加热结构可对目标均匀进行加热，并具有良好的可透视性且可快速提高温度。

Description

平面加热结构 技术领域
本发明关于一种平面加热结构，特别是关于一种高透光率且加热均匀的平面加热结构。
背景技术
在确保驾驶视角的清晰与宽广度上，汽车业面临着自然气候所带来的各种问题。其中之一，在于汽车前后档玻璃肇因于车内外温差所产生的水气凝结问题。凝结于汽车前后档玻璃的水气，即产生所谓车窗起雾的现象，这种现象会明显且严重地降低前后档玻璃的可视性，使得驾驶人的视角与可视能力严重的降低。
此外，在低温的气候环境下，如何除去堆积于车窗上的霜雪也是长久以来被讨论的问题之一。沿着整个玻璃表面所形成坚硬的霜，或溶解后再结冰的旧雪层，则使驾驶人必须在严寒气候下冒着损坏车窗的风险，长时间在车外对此类坚硬的霜雪进行去除。
要解决上述车窗起雾/霜的问题，主要有两类技术被发展出来。其中一类是防雾/霜，而另一类则是除雾/霜。在除雾/霜技术上，主流的实现方式是将金属线分布在车窗玻璃表面上，并施加电流。在无主动或被动电子元件消耗能量的状况下，分布于车窗表面的金属线会因能量转换而发热，使得其附着的周遭车窗玻璃温度一并升高，并藉此提高车窗玻璃整体温度来解决起雾的现象。使用有年的此类技术之一是福特公司的Quickclear，将金属加热线埋入两层玻璃之间，然而此种利用金属线提高温度来除雾/霜的方法具有相当多的问题与缺点。
首先，金属线与玻璃表面的结合并不容易，常发生无法完全贴附的缺陷，或一部分贴合而另一部分脱落，使得同一线体所贴附的玻璃中产生加热不均的问题，影响除雾/霜效果或严重时导致玻璃毁损。
此外，因金属线并不透明，使得仅有后车窗玻璃可利用此类技术，前档以及车侧的玻璃无法以此除雾。且为了维持车窗的可透视性，金属线的线宽需控制，而线距亦须维持相当的距离，造成同一片车窗玻璃上依据离金属线的远近易产生加热不均的温度差。而由此造成部分除雾/霜，部分仍有雾/霜的多余死角。
而金属线本身或与外部电源接点间如发生接触不良的情形时，只要接近电源处有一断点发生，于此断点后的加热线因得不到能量供给，将一并失去作用，使得此类技术的可靠性不高，容易发生异常。而于异常发生时，因加热线被埋入两层玻璃间并且粘死，使得维修的唯一方法只有更换整片车窗玻璃，成本过高，严重的影响普及率。
再者，此类金属线加热除雾/霜技术需要等待金属线缓缓加热，尤其当气候寒冷或过于潮湿时，需要等待更久的时间来除去雾气/冰霜，当驾驶员急需发动车辆行驶时，更显的缓不济急。如驾驶员不愿等待，强行进行驾驶，则更添危险驾驶的问题，不仅影响驾驶一人，亦有害整体道路安全的确保。
因此，如何解决上述现有技术加热不均、透明度不足且须长时间等待的缺陷，一直是业界长久存在而等待解决的问题。
发明公开
本发明提供一种平面加热结构，可对目标均匀进行加热，并具有良好的可透视性且相较先前技术可快速提高温度至一默认温度。
本发明提出一种平面加热结构，包括一玻璃基材层、一纳米金属透明导电层以及一第一保护层。一纳米金属透明导电层，设置于该玻璃基材层上，并接收一电压来产生热能。一第一保护层，设置于该纳米金属透明导电层上，并完全覆盖该纳米金属透明导电层。
本发明提出一种贴合于玻璃的平面加热结构，包括一挠性基材层、一纳米金属透明导电层、一粘合层以及一离形膜。该纳米金属透明导电层设置于该挠性基材层上，并接收一电压来产生热能。该粘合层，设置于该纳米金属透明导电层上。该离型膜，形成于该粘合层远离该纳米金属透明导电层的一表面。
在一实施例中，该平面加热结构，进一步包括一第二保护层，设置于该玻璃基材层或该挠性基材层和该纳米金属透明导电层之间。
在一实施例中，该第二保护层为一光学功能层。
在一实施例中，该光学功能层为抗反射层、抗UV层的任一或组合。
在一实施例中，该基材层的材质是透明玻璃或挠性透明薄膜。
在一实施例中，该纳米金属透明导电层的材料为纳米银。
附图简要说明
图1为本发明较佳实施例的一种平面加热结构1的结构示意图。
图2A为本发明一实施例中纯化的金属纳米线长度的直方图。
图2B为本发明一实施例中加热升高温度对时间的示意图。
图3为基于图1的一种平面加热结构1的另一实施例的结构示意图。
图4为本发明所揭露的另一平面加热结构2的结构示意图。
图5A为本发明所揭露的另一平面加热结构3的结构示意图。
图5B所示，为基于图5A的揭露的平面加热结构3另一实施例的结构
示意图。
图6为本发明所揭露的平面加热结构4的结构示意图。
图7为本发明另一实施例所揭露的加热结构与车窗玻璃的结合示意图。
其中，附图标记为：
1:平面加热结构
11:玻璃基材层
12:透明导电层
13:第一保护层
14:油墨层
15:第二保护层
2:平面加热结构
3:平面加热结构
31:挠性基材层
32:粘合层
33:油墨层
实现本发明的最佳方式
以下藉由特定的具体实例说明本创作的平面加热结构的实施方式，熟悉此技艺的人士可由本说明书所揭示的内容轻易地了解本创作的其他优点与功效。本创作亦可藉由其他不同的具体实例加以施行或应用，本说明书中的各项细节亦可基于不同观点与应用，在不悖离本创作的精神下进行各种修饰与变更。又本创作的图示仅为简单说明，并非依实际尺寸、厚度、比例描绘，亦即未反应出相关构成的实际尺寸，先予叙明。
以下将参照相关图式，说明依本发明较佳实施例的触控显示设备与触控面板，其中相同的元件将以相同的参照符号加以说明。另外，本发明所有实施态样的图示只是示意，不代表真实尺寸与比例。此外，以下实施例的内容中所称的方位“上”及“下”只是用来表示相对的位置关系。再者，一个元件形成在另一个元件“上”、“之上”、“下”或“之下”可包括实施例中的一个元件与另一个元件直接接触，或也可包括一个元件与另一个元件之间还有其他额外元件使一个元件与另一个元件无直接接触。
请参照图1所示，其中，图1为本发明较佳实施例的一种平面加热结构1的示意图，平面加热结构1可用于对各类透明基材加热以达成除雾/除霜的效果，例如应用于汽车的前后档玻璃、车侧玻璃以及后照镜上，或者应用于营业用的玻璃冷藏柜，或对鱼缸进行加热。
平面加热结构1包含一玻璃基材层11、一透明导电层12以及一第一保护层13。该玻璃基材层11为组成车窗透明部分的基材，可为任何具有适当透明度且强度足够通过汽车安全规范的材料。可例如但不限于是高强度耐热玻璃或塑料，并不限定。亦可为玻璃与塑料的复合结构。
该透明导电层12设置于该玻璃基材层之上，并得以接收电能来升高该平面加热结构1的温度，例如接收一电压后，于该透明导电层12内产生由高电位往低电位流动的电流。因为该透明导电层12中并无主动电路存在，因此电能会通过升高该透明导电层12温度的方式来消耗能量以达成平衡。此升高的热能会平均地传导给该玻璃基材层11，藉此，本发明达成加热该玻璃基材层11的效果，使得作为车窗的玻璃基材层11得以实现除雾的目的。
于一实施利中，该透明导电层12为纳米金属材料所分布组成。于一较佳实施利中，该类纳米金属材料可为纳米银材料，具有较佳的金属特性，并同时保持了足够的透光率(Transparency)，使得本发明得以于实现车窗除雾目的的同时，确保车窗的透光率符合各国汽车使用标准。举例来说，本文所用的"纳米金属材料"指包含元素金属、金属合金或金属化合物(包括金属氧化物)的金属线。金属纳米线的至少一个截面尺寸小于500nm，且较佳小于100nm，且更佳小于50nm。更典型小于100nm或50nm。在各种实施例中，纳米结构之宽度或对等的直径介于10nm至40nm、20nm至40nm、5nm至20nm、10nm至30nm、40nm至60nm或50nm至70nm范围内。金属纳米线的纵横比(长度：宽度)大于10，较 佳大于50，且更佳大于100。具有适当工作性能的纳米线通常具有10至100,000范围内的纵横比。较大的纵横比有利于获得透明导体层，因为此特性可使得该透明导电层12形成更有效的导电网络，同时允许降低导电纳米线的总密度以达成高透明度。换言之，当使用具有高纵横比的导电纳米线时，达成导电网络的纳米线的密度不须过高便可实现一设定的透光率，以便导电网络实质上接近透明的。金属纳米线可以任何金属为主，包括(但不限于)银、金、铜、镍及镀金银。
金属纳米线的长度/直径也关系到透明导电层的导电特性是否优良，在各种实施例中，纳米线结构的长度介于5μm至30μm范围内，或介于15μm至50μm、25μm至75μm、30μm至60μm、40μm至80μm或50μm至100μm范围内。请见图2A所示，为本发明一实施例中纯化的金属纳米线长度的直方图，于此一实施例中，具有小于25μm长度的金属纳米线比例大于80％，大于8μm长度的金属纳米线比例亦大于75％，大于5μm长度的金属纳米线比例亦大于92％。其他各种可能的组合也已于图中揭露，请参考图示，于此不再赘述。
前述"透明导电层"指提供透明导体的导电介质的金属纳米线网络层。当存在一基质时，金属纳米线的网络层与该基质的组合亦称为"透明导电层"。由于导电性藉由电荷自一个金属纳米线渗透至另一金属纳米线而达成，因此导电层中必须存在足够金属纳米线以达到电渗透临限值且变成导电性。导电层的表面电导率与其表面电阻率成反比，表面电阻率有时亦称为薄片电阻，其可藉由此项技术中已知的方法量测。于本实施例中，该基质层为该透明导电层的一部分，设置于该玻璃基材层上。
如熟习此项技术者所了解，该基质的机械及光学特性可能由其中任何粒子的高负载而改变或折衷。有利的是，当金属纳米线的纵横比够高时，将允许银纳米线的临限负载水平为约35％重量的基质形成导电网络。此负载水平并不影响该基质的机械或光学特性。
在多种实施例中，金属纳米线可以临限负载水平以上的水平负载而不会不利地影响该基质的机械或光学特性。举例而言，银纳米线通常可以小于约60％重量负载，较通常为小于约40％重量，且更通常为小于约20％重量，且甚至更通常为小于约10％重量。此等值完全视纳米线的尺寸及空间散布而定。有利的是，可藉由调整金属纳米线的负载水平而提供可调导电率(或表面电阻率)及透光 率的透明导体。如藉由熟习此项技术者所了解，基质的机械及光学特性可能藉由其中任何粒子的高负载而改变或受损。有利地，金属纳米线的高纵横比使得对于银纳米线而言，可在较佳约0.05μg/cm2至约10μg/cm2，更佳约0.1μg/cm2至约5μg/cm2及更佳约0.8μg/cm2到约3μg/cm2的临限表面负载位准下形成穿过基质的导电网络。该等表面负载位准不影响基质的机械或光学特性。前述揭露的数值强烈地视纳米线的尺寸及空间分散度而定。有利地，可藉由调整金属纳米线的负载位准来提供具有可调节电导率(或表面电阻率)及透光率的透明导体。在某些实施例中，基质为约10nm至5μm厚、约20nm至1μm厚或约50nm至200nm厚。在其他实施例中，基质的折射率为约1.3至2.5或约1.35至1.8。
透明导体的光学透明度或清晰度通常可由包括透光率及雾度(Haze)的参数来定量性界定。"透光率"指透射穿过介质的入射光的百分比。在多种实施例中，透明导体的透光率为至少50％、至少60％、至少70％或至少80％且可高达至少91％至92％。雾度为光扩散指数。其指在透射期间与入射光分离且散射的光的数量百分比。不同于主要为介质的性质的透光率，雾度通常与产品有关且通常由表面粗糙度及介质中所嵌粒子或组成不均匀性所致。在多种实施例中，透明导体的混浊度不大于10％、不大于8％或不大于5％且可低至不大于2％至0.5％。
于一实施例中，当该等银纳米线的宽度为约70nm至80nm且长度为8μm左右，PET上的裸银纳米线膜的光学特性为透光率大于80％。
另外，于一较佳实施利中，经过实验，该平面加热结构1整体可达成透光率大于百分之八十五，雾度小于百分之三的条件，同时，该透明导电层12每平方公分的电阻小于等于十奥姆。
关于抗UV保护剂，由于光敏感物质容易吸收光且经受或引起复杂的光化学活动。一种类型的光化学活动涉及将化合物自基态激发至较高能阶(即激发态)。激发态瞬时的且通常将衰减回基态且释放热。但瞬时激发态亦可引起与其他物质复杂的级联反应。无论故障机制如何，发现某些光化学活动经由氧化反应导致银纳米结构的腐蚀：Ag0→Ag++e-
在某些实施例中，腐蚀藉由阻抑激发态的光化学活动或帮助快速返回基态来抑制。具体而言，藉由将一或多种光稳定剂并入光学堆栈(例如，并入一或多个层，尤其并入一或多个毗邻银纳米结构的层)中，可阻抑可能导致银腐蚀的光 化学活动。
抗UV层包含一或多种抗UV物质，其吸收UV区(典型定义为390nm以下的光)中的光子，因此阻挡或显著减弱入射光中的原本可进入光学堆栈且降解银纳米结构的UV光。抗UV物质典型地为具有不饱和化学键的化合物。一般而言，当挡UV物质吸收光子时产生电子激发态。激发态藉由能量转移或电子转移回到基态，因此耗散光子能量。
在某些实施例中，抗UV层可为本文中所描述的涂布有抗UV物质薄层的基板中的任一者。在其他实施例中，抗UV层可在层的主要部分内并有一或多种抗UV物质。在另外的实施例中，尤其在抗UV层为光学堆栈内的中间层的组态中，抗UV层可适宜地充当OCA(Optical clear Adhesive,OCA)层。在此情况下，抗UV的OCA层兼用于阻挡UV光以及粘结光学堆栈的两个子部分的双重用途。
构成抗UV层的抗UV保护剂可以下种类的化合物中的任一者：概言之，其具有非挥发性(具有至少150℃的沸点)且可为液体或固体。其可分子量不大于500的有机小分子，或可具有2-100个单体的寡聚物或大于100个单体的聚合物。
烯烃含有至少一个碳-碳双键的烃。双键使烯烃成为牺牲氧化反应的候选者。烯烃可具有直链、环状碳骨架或直链及环状碳骨架的组合。在碳骨架上，烯烃可进一步经以下基团取代：羟基、烷氧基、硫醇、卤素、苯基或胺基团。
在一实施例中，适宜烯烃具有交替双键及单键配置以提供延伸的共轭结构。该共轭结构允许基团去局域化，从而使其稳定。共轭烯烃的实例包含(但不限于)胡萝卜素或类胡萝卜素、某些萜或类萜。
在其他实施例中，烯烃可具有多个但非共轭的双键。非共轭烯烃的实例包含某些萜、松香、聚丁二烯及诸如此类。除作为光稳定剂外，某些烯烃亦增粘剂且可直接并入OCA中。
萜是烯烃的子组。其源自由多种植物、尤其针叶树制造的树脂。尽管萜包含众多种烃，但其皆含有至少一个异戊二烯单元。萜可具有环状以及非环状碳骨架。如本文所使用，萜亦包含类萜，其是萜的经由碳骨架的氧化或重排的衍生物。
在某些实施例中，光稳定剂为薴。薴含有两个异戊二烯单元的环状萜。环双键容易经受氧化反应以形成环氧化物。某些金属因其可使光化学活动去敏感 而可用作无机光稳定剂。实例包含铑盐及锌或镉盐。所有该等专利的全文皆以引用方式并入本文中。
抗氧化剂尤其有效地抑制氧引起的腐蚀。抗氧化剂可作为捕获剂藉由与分子氧直接反应起移除氧的作用。抗氧化剂亦可起移除在初始氧化反应中形成的基团的作用，从而防止其他基团起始的链反应。尤佳抗氧化剂为抗坏血酸盐(ascorbate)，其可为抗坏血酸盐(ascorbate salt，例如抗坏血酸钠盐或抗坏血酸钾盐)或抗坏血酸。
抗氧化剂的其他实例可包含硫醇、肼及亚硫酸盐(例如亚硫酸钠盐及亚硫酸钾)。可将光稳定剂或本文所阐述任一类光稳定剂的组合并入所给出光学堆栈的任一层中。
具体而言，由于光学堆栈的大多数功能层可藉由基于溶液的涂覆方法来形成，故可在涂覆的前将光稳定剂与涂覆溶液组合。例如，可经由共沈积将光稳定剂并入纳米结构层、外涂层、底涂层、基板或粘着层(例如，OCA)中。
该透明导电层12的设置方法，可利用涂布方式涂布于该基材层11的其中一表面，而涂布方式可利用例如旋涂、浸渍、倾注、滴注、喷雾、喷细雾(misting)、刮刀涂布、刷涂或印刷，例如喷墨印刷、网版印刷、凹版印刷、平版印刷或移动印刷等方式进行涂布。
为了提供足够且平均分布的电能给该透明导电层12，本发明揭露多种产生具有电压差的电极或电流导入层的方式。例如，可利用细金属线于该透明导电层12直线距离最短的两侧面间形成两电极布局。或者，电极得以银胶网印为主，可供应电流均匀通过该透明导电层12，以达到快速均匀升降温的功能，且银胶网印电极主要实施的方法包含网印涂布、蒸镀、溅镀、粘贴等方式，而电极分别布设于该透明导电层12的相对于该基材层11的表面上。或者，亦可形成于该玻璃基材层11上，之后再形成该透明导电层12于电极或形成电极的导电层上。
换言之，电极彼此分离地设置于该透明导电层12上，且电极的导电能力较该透明导电层12的导电率高，举例来说，可以是银胶或高导电率的金属胶体，实际应用中，该些胶体可以是以涂布或印刷的方式形成于该透明导电层12上；较佳地，二电极之间可以是分别设置于该透明导电层12彼此相对的侧边上；当 然在特殊应用需求中，亦可以是彼此分离，而设置于透明导电层20相邻的侧边上。或者一电极分别占有相邻的两边。以上的选择会影响该透明导电层12上电流的分布与流动路径，进而决定能量消耗的分布，使得本发明可以对目标表面平均地进行加热，亦可以针对特殊区域进行单独升温，以克服该透明导电层12因为均匀涂布所形成的加热不平均问题，将于下详述。特别说明的是，于本发明中所指的电极，并非局限于层状结构，实际应用中，亦可依需求置换为高导电率的金属细导线。
特别说明的是，在其他实施态样中，该透明导电层12亦可以是直接以涂布或印刷的方式形成于该玻璃基材层11的表面上，而电极随后再涂布或印刷于该透明导电层12上。
另外，值得一提的是，于实际应用中，汽车前挡风玻璃的面积较大，因此在相同的纳米金属材料均匀分布于该透明导电层12的情况下，可能会造成整片玻璃的加热温度不均匀，进而可能发生区域性的除雾速率不同的问题。因此，较佳地，可以是使透明导电层12邻近于电流导入电流的位置的纳米金属涂层的截面积较小，而远离电极的电流导入位置的纳米金属涂层的截面积较大，藉以使整片玻璃的加热温度均匀，以使整片玻璃具有相同的除雾速率。或者，纳米金属材料均匀分布于该透明导电层12的情况下，可利用网印或蚀刻方式，将该透明导电层12图案化，形成各种图案层，可例如网点、多角形、交错线列、同心圆或类圆排列。其原则是，将靠近电极的透明导电层部分总面积降低，使其低于位于中心部远离电极的导电层部分，目的在于平均能量分布，使得该平面加热结构能对目标平面进行均匀的加热。或者，已可针对特定区域提升加热能力。
再者，通过对该透明导电层12图案线径、疏密、分布等控制，可以进一步增加该平面加热结构1整体的透光度，因而能满足各国汽车出场规格对车窗透明度的要求。其整体呈透明膜状，故可贴于汽车内部的例如前或后挡风玻璃等，亦不会妨碍驾驶者的视线，达到快速且均匀发热的功效。
本申请案所揭露的该透明导电层12因为纳米金属原料所组成，整个导电层均有导电的能力，与Quickclear及类似技术相比较，不容易产生断点。因其图案的全层布局，使得在断点产生时亦有替代导电路径可以补偿单一断点的缺陷，因此局部的缺陷不会导致整个透明导电层12失去工作能力，可以大大的降低制 程上的难度，提高良率，增加产品的可靠度。
于本实施例中，请复参图1，当电极将电流导入该透明导电层12后，该透明导电层12将可控地升温，从而可对其一侧的该玻璃基材层11进行加热，藉以可有效地除去该玻璃基材层11相对于该透明导电层12的外表面的雾气，且由于该透明导电层12与该玻璃基材层11是以整面接触的方式接合，因此该透明导电层12可快速地对该玻璃基材层11加热外，更可以有效地使该玻璃基材层11的整面皆升均匀地升温，而达到整个表面同时具有除雾的效果。请见图2B所示，为本发明一实施例中加热升高温度对时间的示意图，举一实际数据而言，本发明一实施例所揭露的平面加热结构12，于施加40伏特电压，每平方公分表面积耗能0.07W的状况下，可以于2分钟内使温度升高12℃±1℃，亦即，本发明一实施例所揭露的平面加热结构，仅需少量的电量即可快速地使汽车的玻璃升温，而达到除雾的效果。由图2B可知，适当地提高电压为高效率提升温度的关键，此处虽以40伏特作为说明，并不代表20伏特以及30伏特的供电方式及图中对应数据被排除，事实上，图2B所揭露的所有数据应视作已完整揭露说明，于此不再赘述。
此处应注意的是，不应该单纯的以升温的效率为产品优良与否的唯一判断，图2B所揭露的升温数据是在同时确保车窗玻璃维持足够透光率与雾度的情形下所完成的数据，举例来说，在实现图2B加热数据的同时，该平面加热结构1可达成透光率大于百分之八十五，雾度小于百分之三的条件，同时，该透明导电层12每平方公分的电阻小于等于十奥姆。
当该透明导电层12设置于该玻璃基材层11，再将一第一保护层13设置覆盖于该透明导电层12的表面上方，该保护层13可为透明光学胶，也可以是涂布上去的透明绝缘材料，或一预先形成的保护层再与该透明导电层12胶合。又，该第一保护层13完整的将该透明导电层12及电极覆盖，以提供该透明导电层12及电极完整的保护；且该第一保护层13的导热系数较该玻璃基材层11为低，因此热源大致只能单面地由该玻璃基材层11处以传导或辐射方式放出，使该平面加热结构1达到快速且均匀发热的功效。
或者，当电极是模块化地由该透明导电层12的两侧与该平面加热结构1电性结合的例子里，该第一保护层13仅完整的将该透明导电层12覆盖，以提供该透明导电层12完整的保护。
较佳地，该第一保护层13可以由PVB(Polyvinyl Butyral Film)膜所形成。而该第一保护层13为热融性胶合膜，其材质则能够选择为PVB(聚乙烯醇缩丁醛)膜，或EVA(乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物)膜。
请见图3所示，为本发明基于图1的另一实施例，于本例中，当电极非透明，或透光率不足，导致电极的布线清晰可见而影响车窗视觉效果时。为了遮盖形成于该透明导电层12两侧，或是侧边的电极，一油墨层14设置于该玻璃基材层11与该透明导电层12之间。一般而言，该油墨层14配合电极所在位置分布，会仅形成于该透明导电层12对应于电极的两侧或边缘，以增加该平面加热结构的可视性。
通过以上说明，本实施例的功能结构已完整揭露。此处，由图1、图3可发现，该玻璃基材层11、该透明导电层12以及该第一保护层13的两侧面整体均暴露于空气之中，而汽车的使用环境可能非常严酷，例如被用于高温、高湿度、甚至具有硫磺等促进氧化速度的非典型环境。为了避免该透明导电层12因为环境条件不佳而产生快速氧化、劣化的问题，且一并对该基材层进行保护，于一实施例中，可以一加固胶材料于该玻璃基材层11、该透明导电层12以及该第一保护层13的至少一侧面进行包覆。加固胶可为一液态胶经由固化过程而固化形成。其中，该加固胶在未固化时，粘度为500～1200毫帕/秒，固化后的硬度为肖氏70～85。
请见图4所示，为本发明所揭露的另一平面加热结构2的结构图。于本实施例中，平面加热结构2包含该玻璃基材层11、该透明导电层12以及该第一保护层13，并另外增加了一第二保护层15。此处须注意的是，本实施例中，该第二保护层15设置于该基材层11与该透明导电层12之间，该第二保护层15为一光学功能层，具有抗紫外线或/与抗反射的能力。该第二保护层15的抗紫外线功能降低进入该透明导电层12的紫外线总量，可延长该透明导电层12中纳米金属的寿命，延长其进入劣化状态的周期。抗反射功能则降低该透明导电层12以及该第一保护层13产生反射的可能性，增加平面加热结构2的整体透明度。
此外，为了简化工序以降低成本，亦可将前述抗反射以及/或抗紫外线材料的粒子或涂剂，于形成该透明导电层12时一并混合并涂布于该透明导电层12中。
总结来说，于图1、图3以及图4所揭露的平面加热结构实施例，将加热结构直接形成于车窗玻璃上形成一体化结构。其优点是便于工厂流水线生产，但如果是使用中的车辆要加装或换装本发明所揭露的平面加热结构来除雾/霜的状况。或者，当Quickclear等把金属线封装在两层结构内的技术产生故障时，则必须连车窗玻璃都一并换掉，将会造成资源浪费，亦不经济。为此，以下将介绍另一实施例，其中加热结构独立于车窗玻璃，而于之后利用粘合层与车窗结合，使加装后的车窗得以实现均匀且快速的除雾。
请参考图5A所示，为本发明所揭露的一贴合于玻璃的平面加热结构的另一实施例，其中，一平面加热结构3包含一挠性基材层31、该透明导电层12、该第一保护层13、一粘合层32以及一离形模34。于本实施例中，该透明导电层12设置于该挠性基材层上，接收一电压以消耗电能来产生热能。关于该透明导电层12的材料选择、形成方式与排列规则等，请参考前述关于该透明导电层12等各种特征的揭露，于此不再赘述。该离形模34形成于该粘合层32远离该纳米金属透明导电层的一表面，用以保护并遮蔽该粘合层32，于该粘合层32未粘贴于车窗玻璃前，附着于其上以保护并遮蔽该粘合层32意外的沾粘，并保持其粘性。
应用于此实施例中的该挠性基材层31，为了要配合以粘贴方式组装的模式，需要满足容纳较大的形变量。为此，此处的材料选择应以挠性类薄膜为主，亦可为透明薄膜的复合成形体，以同时满足强度以及形变量的要求。关于透明挠性薄膜的材料选择，可选自下列种类的塑料材料的其中之一或其组合：PP、PE、PS、PMMA、PC、PET、PVC、PI、PU，等各种可选用的透明材质。此处须注意的是，由于该基材层31会暴露在车内与使用者接触，因此对于耐磨的能力会有一定要求，于需要时，可对该基材层31进行耐磨处理，以增加基材层的耐磨防刮能力。
该粘合层32形成或设置于该透明导电层12上，该粘合层具有相当的粘性，用于将该平面加热结构3服贴且完整地与车窗玻璃结合，使得平面加热结构3能够在前述揭露的工作原理下对车窗进行均匀的加热除雾。在粘合层的选择上，可选择通用的车窗用粘合层，亦可通过后续的加工或涂布，将粘合液体或粘合胶涂布于车窗玻璃上，之后再加以粘合，如选用后涂布的方式，则该平面加热结构3亦可省略该粘合层结构。
值得注意的是，为了使该平面加热结构3产生的热能得以无损且维持设计分布地被传送到车窗玻璃上，粘合层或粘合胶必须选择热阻较小的配方与材料，以免影响该平面加热结构3的除雾效果。
本实施例中，该第一保护层13形成于该透明导电层与该粘合层之间，亦即该透明导电层远离该基材层的一表面，该第一保护层可与该粘合层整合，形成一具有胶合能力的第一保护层。于此同时，该第一保护层亦可作为一光学功能层，具有抗紫外线及/或抗反射的能力，并添加吸收可见光及吸热的材料。或者，该第一保护层亦可形成于该透明导电层靠近该基材层的另一表面。
请见图5B所示，为基于图5A的另一实施例，于本例中，当电极非透明，或透光率不足，导致电极的布线清晰可见而影响车窗视觉效果时。为了遮盖形成于该透明导电层12两侧，或是侧边的电极，一油墨层33设置于该粘结层32与车窗玻璃的粘合面上。一般而言，该油墨层33配合电极所在位置分布，会仅形成于该透明导电层12对应于电极的两侧或边缘，以增加该平面加热结构的可视性。
请见图6所示，为本发明所揭露的另一平面加热结构4的结构图。于本实施例中，平面加热结构4包含该挠性基材层31、该透明导电层12、该粘合层32以及该第一保护层13，并另外增加了一第二保护层15。此处须注意的是，本实施例中，该第二保护层15设置于该粘合层11与该透明导电层12之间，该第二保护层15为一光学功能层，具有抗紫外线或/与抗反射的能力。该第二保护层15的抗紫外线功能降低进入该透明导电层12的紫外线总量，可延长该透明导电层12中纳米金属的寿命，延长其进入劣化状态的周期。抗反射功能则降低该透明导电层12以及该第一保护层13产生反射的可能性，增加平面加热结构2的整体透明度。
详请见图7，为本发明另一实施例所揭露的加热结构与车窗玻璃的结合示意图，加热结构独立于车窗玻璃制造成型后，再利用粘合层与车窗结合。此处可见一油墨层预先成形于车窗玻璃上，用以遮蔽对透明导电结构供电的电极。
此外，为了简化工序以降低成本，亦可将前述抗反射以及/或抗紫外线材料的粒子或涂剂，于形成该透明导电层12时一并混合并涂布于该透明导电层12中。或者，将前述抗反射以及/或抗紫外线材料的粒子或涂剂，于形成该粘合层32时一并混合并涂布于该粘合层32中。
本申请案所揭露的该平面加热结构1整体可达成透光率大于百分之八十五，雾度小于百分之三的条件。因其优秀的透明度，可用于汽车、船舶、飞行器等各种交通工具的玻璃除雾或除霜。在汽车车窗玻璃的利用上，便可以应用于后挡风玻璃外的其他部分，包括前挡玻璃亦可。
以上所述仅为举例性，而非为限制性者。任何未脱离本发明的精神与范畴，而对其进行的等效修改或变更，均应包含于后附的申请专利范围中。
工业应用性
本发明的平面加热结构，可对目标均匀进行加热，并具有良好的可透视性且相较先前技术可快速提高温度至一默认温度，该平面加热结构整体可达成透光率大于百分之八十五，雾度小于百分之三的条件。因其优秀的透明度，可用于汽车、船舶、飞行器等各种交通工具的玻璃除雾或除霜。在汽车车窗玻璃的利用上，便可以应用于后挡风玻璃外的其他部分，包括前挡玻璃亦可。

Claims (45)

  1. 一种平面加热结构，其特征在于，包括：
    一玻璃基材层；
    一纳米金属透明导电层，具有多个纳米金属丝，设置于该玻璃基材层上，并接收一电能以转换为热能，其中该等纳米金属丝中，长度大于5μm的该等纳米金属丝比例大于92％；以及
    一第一保护层，设置于该纳米金属透明导电层上，并完全覆盖该纳米金属透明导电层。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该等纳米金属丝的纵横比介于10至100之间。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该纳米金属透明导电层的临限表面负载位准位于0.05μg/每平方公分至10μg/每平方公分之间。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该平面加热结构满足透光率大于百分之八十五，雾度小于百分之三的条件。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层具有以下化合物中的任一成分及其组合：分子量不大于500的有机小分子、具有2-100个单体的寡聚物或大于100个单体的聚合物，任一该等化合物的沸点不小于150℃。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该纳米金属透明导电层更包含一基质层，该基质层设置于该玻璃基材层上以供该等纳米金属线附着，该基质层的厚度为10nm至5μm，折射率位于1.3至2.5间。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，更包含两电极，位于该平面加热结构相对位置最短的两对侧，一电压被施加于该两电极间。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，当该电压为40伏特时，该平面加热结构的于每平方公分表面积耗能0.07W的状况下，于2分钟内使温度升高12℃±1℃。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该等纳米金属丝形成下述的图案层及其组合:网点、多角形、交错线列、同心圆或类圆排列。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层的导热系数较该玻璃基材层为低，使电能转换的热能大部分由该玻璃基材层处以传导或辐射方式放出。
  11. 如权利要求5所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层所包含的化合物为下列的一者及其组合:铑盐、锌以及镉盐。
  12. 如权利要求5所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层所包含的化合物为下列的一者及其组合:抗坏血酸钠盐、抗坏血酸钾盐以及抗坏血酸。
  13. 如权利要求1所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，更包括：
    一第二保护层，设置于该玻璃基材层和该纳米金属透明导电层之间，其中该第二保护层具有以下化合物中的任一成分及其组合：分子量不大于500的有机小分子、具有2-100个单体的寡聚物或大于100个单体的聚合物，任一该等化合物的沸点不小于150℃。
  14. 如权利要求13所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第二保护层所包含的化合物为下列的一者及其组合:铑盐、锌、镉盐、抗坏血酸钠盐、抗坏血酸钾盐以及抗坏血酸。
  15. 如权利要求7所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，进一步包括：
    一油墨层，形成于该玻璃基材层靠近该纳米金属透明导电层的一表面，该油墨层遮蔽该等电极以避免视觉干扰。
  16. 如权利要求1所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层是直接形成或通过一粘合层贴合于该纳米金属透明导电层远离该玻璃基材层的一表面。
  17. 如权利要求1所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，进一步包括：
    一光学功能层，设置于该玻璃基材层与该纳米金属透明导电层之间。
  18. 如权利要求1所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该纳米金属透明导电层内包括抗反射以及/或抗紫外线材料的粒子或涂剂。
  19. 如权利要求1所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，进一步包括：
    一加固胶，形成于该平面加热结构的至少一外侧面，并且至少包覆该基材层、该纳米金属透明导电层及该第一保护层的侧面。
  20. 如权利要求19所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该加固胶的材质为 一液态胶，经由一固化过程而固化形成。
  21. 如权利要求20所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该加固胶在未固化时的粘度为500～1200毫帕·秒，固化后的硬度为肖氏D 70～85。
  22. 如权利要求1所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该等纳米金属丝为下列材料的一者及其组合:银、金、铜、镍及镀金银。
  23. 一种贴合于玻璃的平面加热结构，其特征在于，包括：
    一挠性基材层；
    一纳米金属透明导电层，具有多个纳米金属丝，设置于该挠性基材层上，并接收一电能以转换为热能，其中该等纳米金属丝中，长度大于5μm的该等纳米金属丝比例大于92％；
    一粘合层，设置于该纳米金属透明导电层上；以及
    一离型膜，形成于该粘合层远离该纳米金属透明导电层的一表面。
  24. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，更包括一第一保护层，该第一保护层设置于该纳米金属透明导电层上，并完全覆盖该纳米金属透明导电层。
  25. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该挠性基材层为下列材料的一者及其组合:PP、PE、PS、PMMA、PC、PET、PVC、PI以及PU。
  26. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该等纳米金属丝的纵横比介于10至100之间。
  27. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该纳米金属透明导电层的临限表面负载位准位于0.05μg/每平方公分至10μg/每平方公分之间。
  28. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该平面加热结构满足透光率大于百分之八十五，雾度小于百分之三的条件。
  29. 如权利要求24所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层具有以下化合物中的任一成分及其组合：分子量不大于500的有机小分子、具有2-100个单体的寡聚物或大于100个单体的聚合物，任一该等化合物的沸点不小于150℃。
  30. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该纳米金属透明导电层更包含一基质层，该基质层设置于该挠性基材层上以供该等纳米金属线 附着，该基质层的厚度为10nm至5μm，折射率位于1.3至2.5间。
  31. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，更包含两电极，位于该平面加热结构相对位置最短的两对侧，一电压被施加于该两电极间。
  32. 如权利要求31所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，当该电压为40伏特时，该平面加热结构的于每平方公分表面积耗能0.07W的状况下，于2分钟内使温度升高12℃±1℃。
  33. 如权利要求23所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该等纳米金属丝形成下述的图案层及其组合:网点、多角形、交错线列、同心圆或类圆排列。
  34. 如权利要求24所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层的导热系数较该挠性基材层为低，使电能转换的热能大部分由该挠性基材层处以传导或辐射方式放出。
  35. 如权利要求29所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层所包含的化合物为下列的一者及其组合:铑盐、锌以及镉盐。
  36. 如权利要求29所述的该平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第一保护层所包含的化合物为下列的一者及其组合:抗坏血酸钠盐、抗坏血酸钾盐以及抗坏血酸。
  37. 如权利要求24所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，更包括：
    一第二保护层，设置于该挠性基材层和该纳米金属透明导电层之间，其中该第二保护层具有以下化合物中的任一成分及其组合：分子量不大于500的有机小分子、具有2-100个单体的寡聚物或大于100个单体的聚合物，任一该等化合物的沸点不小于150℃。
  38. 如权利要求37所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该第二保护层所包含的化合物为下列的一者及其组合:铑盐、锌、镉盐、抗坏血酸钠盐、抗坏血酸钾盐以及抗坏血酸。
  39. 如权利要求23所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，进一步包括：
    一油墨层，形成于该挠性基材层靠近该纳米金属透明导电层的一表面，该油墨层遮蔽该等电极以避免视觉干扰。
  40. 如权利要求23所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，进一步包括：
    一光学功能层，设置于该挠性基材层与该纳米金属透明导电层之间。
  41. 如权利要求23所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该纳米金属透明导 电层内包括抗反射以及/或抗紫外线材料的粒子或涂剂。
  42. 如权利要求23所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，进一步包括：
    一加固胶，形成于该平面加热结构的至少一外侧面，并且至少包覆该基材层、该纳米金属透明导电层及该第一保护层的侧面。
  43. 如权利要求42所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该加固胶的材质为一液态胶，经由一固化过程而固化形成。
  44. 如权利要求43所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该加固胶在未固化时的粘度为500～1200毫帕·秒，固化后的硬度为肖氏D 70～85。
  45. 如权利要求23所述的平面加热结构，其特征在于，该等纳米金属丝为下列材料的一者及其组合:银、金、铜、镍及镀金银。
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