WO2017125675A1 - Procede de traitement par un faisceau d'ions d'un gaz mono et multichargés pour produire des metaux colorés - Google Patents
Procede de traitement par un faisceau d'ions d'un gaz mono et multichargés pour produire des metaux colorés Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017125675A1 WO2017125675A1 PCT/FR2017/050099 FR2017050099W WO2017125675A1 WO 2017125675 A1 WO2017125675 A1 WO 2017125675A1 FR 2017050099 W FR2017050099 W FR 2017050099W WO 2017125675 A1 WO2017125675 A1 WO 2017125675A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ions
- multicharged
- mono
- gas
- metal
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 title description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010437 gem Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001751 gemstone Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 28
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- -1 nitrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 6
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N Lysergic acid diethylamide Chemical compound C1=CC(C=2[C@H](N(C)C[C@@H](C=2)C(=O)N(CC)CC)C2)=C3C2=CNC3=C1 VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010930 yellow gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001097 yellow gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FFRBMBIXVSCUFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C2=C1 FFRBMBIXVSCUFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010964 304L stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004737 colorimetric analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001955 cumulated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007542 hardness measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/48—Ion implantation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/0015—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterized by the colour of the layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/04—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks
- C23C14/042—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks using masks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/35—Sputtering by application of a magnetic field, e.g. magnetron sputtering
- C23C14/354—Introduction of auxiliary energy into the plasma
- C23C14/355—Introduction of auxiliary energy into the plasma using electrons, e.g. triode sputtering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/35—Sputtering by application of a magnetic field, e.g. magnetron sputtering
- C23C14/354—Introduction of auxiliary energy into the plasma
- C23C14/357—Microwaves, e.g. electron cyclotron resonance enhanced sputtering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/58—After-treatment
- C23C14/5806—Thermal treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/58—After-treatment
- C23C14/5806—Thermal treatment
- C23C14/582—Thermal treatment using electron bombardment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B15/00—Escapements
- G04B15/14—Component parts or constructional details, e.g. construction of the lever or the escape wheel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B37/00—Cases
- G04B37/22—Materials or processes of manufacturing pocket watch or wrist watch cases
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B45/00—Time pieces of which the indicating means or cases provoke special effects, e.g. aesthetic effects
- G04B45/0076—Decoration of the case and of parts thereof, e.g. as a method of manufacture thereof
Definitions
- the subject of the invention is a process for treating a metallic material with a beam of mono and multicharged gas ions; this process aims to produce diverse and highly reproducible colors, in substitution for PVD deposits, to decorate parts for example of steels or titanium alloys or aluminum alloys.
- the method of the invention is particularly applicable to timepieces to give them a unique aesthetic appearance both in terms of the sharpness of the patterns that in terms of diversity and reproducibility of colors.
- timepieces that can be the object of this type of treatment include watch plates, anchors, wheels, needles etc.
- PVD coatings The principle of coatings obtained by technology
- PVD is relatively well known for a number of years. It is recalled briefly: In a vacuum chamber, a metal plate called target is made of the metal that is to be deposited. A negative potential of a few hundred volts is applied to this target. A gas capable of constituting a plasma (Ar) is introduced. Under the action of the electric field of the cathode, the Ar is transformed into Ar + ions that rush at high speed on the target (a few thousand km / s).
- Ar gas capable of constituting a plasma
- atoms of the target are torn off and are deposited on the part to be coated at a calculated distance from the target.
- PVD coatings currently in use may be reactive or non-reactive.
- Non-reactive PVD coatings are of more limited interest. In this case, it is sufficient to deposit on a substrate the metal that constitutes the target.
- These coatings can however be interesting either for metals difficult to deposit galvanically (for example titanium) or for alloys impossible to deposit otherwise (stainless steel coating).
- the reactive PVD is more interesting but much more complex, because it makes it possible to obtain from metals, ceramics with remarkable properties that do not do not synthesize naturally on earth, because the pressure and temperature conditions do not allow it. It is thus possible from nitrogen (N 2 ) to constitute nitrides; from a hydrocarbon (CH 4 or C 2 H 2 ) synthesize carbides; or oxides from oxygen (0 2 ) ⁇
- PVD deposition technology may have disadvantages inherent to the quality of the cleaning of the surfaces before deposition, the differentiated wear of the metal target, the control and the homogeneity of the PVD layers according to the geometry and position of the parts in the the colorimetric control of the multilayers, the change of gas from one deposited layer to another, residual contamination when switching from one session to produce a layer with a different composition, and finally the economic costs induced by all these disadvantages.
- the PVD layers have a columnar structure marked more or less dense depending on the deposition parameters. This structure leads to corrosion resistance, good in standard medium, but not always sufficient under severe or very severe conditions.
- the layers have a thickness that generally ranges from 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m.
- a recent commercial study shows that among watchmakers using vacuum coatings: 75% use PVD coatings, only 4% use exclusively DLC coatings and finally 16% use both combined techniques.
- the invention aims to provide a treatment method for coloring metals that is inexpensive, easy to implement and to treat surfaces that meet the needs of many applications. These applications include: timepieces, tableware pieces (knives, bells, trays ).
- the invention provides a method of treatment which guarantees perfect reproducibility of the chosen color, which allows the drawing of micrometric patterns for example by means of masking. This can be a tool to fight against counterfeiting.
- the invention thus proposes a treatment method for coloring a metal, characterized in that it comprises several successive stages consisting of: a) a bombardment of the metal by a beam of mono and multicharged gas ions produced by a source at electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) where:
- the dose of mono and multicharged gas ions implanted per unit area is chosen in a range between 10 16 ions / cm 2 and 10 19 ions / cm 2 ;
- the acceleration voltage is chosen in a range between 5 kV and 1000 kV; b) a heat treatment to color the implanted metal where: A temperature of between 100 ° C. and 600 ° C. is chosen, for example between 100 ° C. and 400 ° C .;
- the heat treatment can be carried out in an oven in the ambient air. It is recalled that the ambient air is characterized by a pressure of 1 bar, and a majority composition made of 79% nitrogen (N 2 ); and 18% oxygen (O2).
- N 2 79% nitrogen
- O2 18% oxygen
- the partial pressures of the components of the gas of the heat treatment can for example be chosen. to promote the appearance of colors other than those obtained in the ambient air. Preliminary experimental tests may be carried out for this purpose.
- the inventors have found that a treatment process for coloring metals, especially steels, comprising an ion beam bombardment of a mono and multicharged gas produced by an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source is more effective than a method comprising ion beam bombardment of a mono-charged gas.
- ECR electron cyclotron resonance
- ions of a mono and multicharged gas means ions of the same gas having different states of charge, both mono charged and multicharged.
- the mono and multicharged gas ions are all ions of the same atomic compound, for example of the same atom or of the same diatom.
- the atomic compound is a gas at room temperature.
- the ion beam of the mono and multicharged gas comprises 10% of multicharged ions or more than 10% of multicharged ions.
- the ion beam of the mono and multicharged gas comprises 30% of multicharged ions or more than 30% of multicharged ions.
- the ions of the mono and multicharged gas of the ion beam are selected from the ions of the elements of the list of gases called "noble", consisting of helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe);
- the ions of the mono and multicharged gas of the ion beam are selected from the ions of the gases in the list consisting of nitrogen (N 2 ) and oxygen (0 2 ).
- the ions of the mono and multicharged gas of the ion beam are nitrogen ions (N 2 ) ⁇
- the metal is at room temperature during the treatment with mono and multicharged ions of nitrogen (ion beam bombardment).
- the metal is at a temperature above room temperature during the treatment with mono and multicharged ions of nitrogen (ion beam bombardment), for example at a temperature allowing the diffusion of ions in the metal (diffusion implantation method).
- the choice of the dose of mono and multicharged gas ions per unit area in the dose range according to the invention may result from a prior calibration step where it is bombarded with one of the ions of a mono and multicharged gas. , for example from He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N 2 , O 2 , a sample consisting of the envisaged metallic material.
- the bombardment of this metallic material can be carried out in different zones of the metallic material with a plurality of doses of ions of a mono and multicharged gas, in the range according to the invention.
- the colorimetric results obtained are then observed by immersing this metal material in a furnace with ambient air at a temperature of between 100 ° C. and 400 ° C. (for example 200, 250, 300, 350 ° C.) for different times of exposure. exposure can vary between 1 min and 4h.
- the observation of the treated zones can be carried out by simple observation techniques, such as observation with the naked eye at an angle of incidence of 10 ° and 70 ° to appreciate the color or the moire phenomena. interferential origin that may be associated with it. It is also possible to determine the coloring obtained by any suitable colorimetric method.
- Preferential spraying creating zones of depletion for certain species used in the composition of the metal (for example chromium for a stainless steel),
- the dose of mono and multicharged gas ions per unit area is greater than or equal to 5 10 16 ions / cm 2 , for example greater than or equal to 10 17 ions / cm 2 ;
- the accelerating voltage of the mono and multicharged gas ions is between 10 kV and 40 kV; the mono and multicharged gas ion beam comprises 10% multicharged ions or more than 10% multicharged ions;
- the dose of mono - and multicharged gas ions implanted per unit area is chosen to achieve an implanted ionic concentration greater than or equal to 10% sufficient to induce a modification of the oxidation process favorable to the creation of a gradient of significant index to filter with a very high selectivity the color chooses;
- the metallic material is movable with respect to the ion beam of the single and multicharged gas at a speed, V D , of between 0.1 mm / s and 1000 mm / s; according to one embodiment, a same zone of the steel material is moved under the ion beam of the mono and multicharged gas according to a plurality, N, of passages at the speed V D ;
- the metallic material is exposed to ambient air at a temperature of 100 ° C. for aluminum alloys, 300 ° C. for steels, 400 ° C. for titanium alloys for a period of between 1 min and 4 hours for to produce, according to the duration of exposure, a range of colors associated with the oxidation process of the surface;
- the metallic material is chosen from a steel, a titanium alloy, an aluminum alloy, a cobalt alloy, a copper alloy, a gold alloy.
- the metallic material is selected from a steel, a titanium alloy, an aluminum alloy.
- the mono and multicharged gas ions are produced by an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source which has the advantage of being compact and energy efficient.
- ECR electron cyclotron resonance
- the present invention relates to the coloring of metal parts comprising at least one colored surface with an implanted ion characterized in that the treated part according to any one of the embodiments above has a color different from the original color of the untreated room.
- the appreciation of this difference can be made statistically with a representative population of 100 people to whom we submit 10 pieces to differentiate in terms of color (9 pieces untreated, a piece treated). If 90% of this population finds the treated part, it is estimated that the difference does exist.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the treatment method, according to any one of the embodiments above, for treating a massive piece of metal selected from the list consisting of a watch piece (for example platinum, needle , anchor ...), a cover (eg knife, fork, spoon ...), a jewel.
- a massive piece of metal selected from the list consisting of a watch piece (for example platinum, needle , anchor ...), a cover (eg knife, fork, spoon ...), a jewel.
- the present invention also relates to the use of masking to produce a pattern of extreme fine line in order to present on the treated part a different color of an untreated part.
- the invention relates to the creation by masking of different treatment zones that are superimposed on each other. cumulative doses during successive treatments, so that these different doses (associated with these treatment areas) reveal different colors during the same exposure time at a given temperature.
- a given dose d1 the dose d1 is for example associated with red for a exposure of 1 hour at 300 ° C
- a dose d2 the cumulated dose (dl + d2) in the circle is for example associated with blue for an exposure of 1 h at 300 ° C
- exposure of the room 1 h to 300 ° C to reveal a blue circle circumscribed on a background represented by a red square.
- the invention has the advantages of being able to obtain patterns of micrometric precision (that of the depth of implantation) by masking, with remarkable line fineness and highly reproducible colors.
- the invention also relates to parts treated at high doses (for example greater than or equal to 10 18 ions / cm 2 ) by diffusion implantation carried out with a local temperature adjusted by adjusting the speed of movement and the power of the beam in order to obtain a mechanically stronger treated surface (treated depth greater than 1 micron).
- "Diffusion implantation” means a method of treating a metal part of a part where a surface of said metal part is subjected to an ion beam so as to implant ions of the beam in an implantation zone and to allow the diffusion of ions in an implantation-diffusion zone, for example between 0.1 ⁇ and 1000 ⁇ ; such a method is described in WO2010063928, incorporated by reference.
- the piece After stripping (about 100 nm thick) of the part treated with diamond paste, the piece retains its gain in hardness but sees its royal blue color disappear, replaced by the original color of the piece (silver gray ). Restoring the room to ambient air at 300 ° C for one hour restored the royal blue color without degrading the gain in hardness.
- the inventors have observed that the royal blue color formation takes place only in the zone implanted with the nitrogen, the untreated zone retaining its original color (silver gray).
- Figure 1 depicts the reflection process of an incident wave through the layer created in a metal by the method of the invention to produce a color
- FIG. 2 describes the masking process enabling the creation of distinct colored zones appearing during the same heat treatment operation.
- 304L steel polished samples have been investigated with mono and multicharged nitrogen ions.
- the inventors have conducted a test campaign with a single ion and multicharged nitrogen ion beam with an intensity of 5 mA comprises ions N + , N 2+ , N 3+ ; the acceleration voltage is 35 kV; the energy of N + is 35 keV, that of N 2+ 70 keV, that of N 3+ 105 keV.
- the treatment dose is 5 ⁇ 10 17 ions / cm 2 . These energies are sufficient to create an implanted layer estimated by the inventors at about 100 nm.
- the processed samples move in a series of back and forth movements with respect to the beam with a diameter of 60 mm, with a displacement speed of 80 mm / s and a step of advancement with each return trip corresponding to a fraction of the beam diameter equal to 20% to guarantee the homogeneity of the treatment.
- Several passes were required to reach the required dose of 5x10 17 ions / cm 2.
- the samples were submitted after treatment in an ambient air oven at different temperatures and exposure times to reveal colors. The table below summarizes the colors observed with the naked eye by the inventors:
- the inventors retain from this table that the time required to produce a substantially identical color (for example violet) is twice as great when the temperature is below 50 ° C. (when the temperature rises from 300 ° C. to 250 ° C. ). This delay is explained by a slowing down of the oxidation process in the implanted layer.
- the reference sample (304L stainless steel) shows an unchanged color after heat treatment in an oven at room temperature at 300 ° C for one hour (silver color, no oxidation process). The treated sample favors the appearance of a golden yellow color that gradually turns into purple (red / blue mixture), purple then blue. For a high temperature (350 ° C) and an exposure time of 4h. The color tends to a pale pinkish silver color.
- the inventors immersed the colored samples in a sodium hydroxide solution for 15 minutes and observed no change in color, thus confirming that the implanted layer has been oxidized to a compact passivated protective layer (unlike PVD deposits). which have a porous columnar structure).
- the inventors have also processed polished 316L steel samples with mono and multicharged nitrogen ions under the following conditions:
- Samples are at room temperature during treatment with mono and multicharged nitrogen ions.
- the mono and multicharged nitrogen ion beam is of an intensity of 5 mA and includes N + , N 2+ , N 3+ ions; the acceleration voltage is 35 kV.
- the treatment dose is 5x10 17 ions / cm 2 .
- the samples are at a temperature of 340 ° C during the treatment with mono and multicharged ions of nitrogen (diffusion implantation conditions).
- the mono and multicharged nitrogen ion beam is of an intensity of 5 mA and includes N + , N 2+ , N 3+ ions; the acceleration voltage is 35 kV.
- the treatment dose is 3.3 ⁇ 10 18 ions / cm 2 .
- the inventors have also processed titanium alloy polished samples (TiA16V4), with mono and multicharged nitrogen ions, under the following conditions:
- the samples are at room temperature during treatment with mono and multicharged nitrogen ions.
- the mono and multicharged nitrogen ion beam is of an intensity of 5 mA and includes N + , N 2+ , N 3+ ions; the acceleration voltage is 35 kV.
- the treatment dose is 5x10 17 ions / cm 2 .
- the inventors also processed titanium alloy polished samples (TiA16V4), with mono and multicharged nitrogen ions, under the following conditions:
- the samples are at a temperature of 370 ° C during treatment with mono and multicharged nitrogen ions (diffusion implantation conditions).
- the mono and multicharged nitrogen ion beam is of 5 mA intensity includes N + , N 2+ , N 3+ ions; the acceleration voltage is 37.5 kV.
- the treatment dose is 4.5 ⁇ 10 18 ions / cm 2 .
- the inventors treated by the method of the invention aluminum alloy samples (AU4G) with the aforementioned beam for steel, using different doses, respectively equal to 4; 6 and 8xl0 17 ions / cm 2 . Samples are at room temperature during treatment with mono and multicharged ions of nitrogen.
- Aluminum alloys differ from steel in that implanted species can not diffuse in the color-onset temperature range (preferably below 150 ° C to maintain mechanical properties). According to this table, it seems that the dose acts in the sense of an enlargement of the implantation profile, favoring during the oxidation process the reflection of the low wavelengths (blue) towards long wavelengths ( yellow then red). Hence the appearance of red, yellow, blue.
- the adjustment of the ion acceleration voltage is calculated so that the implanted thickness is equal to a multiple of about 100 nm.
- the inventors have been able to observe that the incidence of the ion beam can have an influence on the color obtained. It may therefore be appropriate to consider the impact of the ion beam when it is desired to treat a non-planar surface.
- a 316L steel treated at ambient temperature with a single ion beam and multicharged with nitrogen, which comprises ions N + , N 2+ , N 3+ , with an intensity of 5 mA, with an acceleration voltage of 35 kV, a treatment dose equal to 5 ⁇ 10 17 ions / cm 2 , followed by a 30 min heat treatment at 300 ° C. in the ambient air, the color is found to be violet / garnet for a zero angle of incidence and yellow gold at an angle of incidence of 45 °.
- a treatment consisting of moving the workpiece and / or the beam so that the implanted thickness and the dose of ion is substantially identical to +/- 10% close.
- a cylindrical surface can be rotated under a static beam so as to maintain a substantially constant angle of incidence.
- the angle of incidence of the beam does not vary more than 22.5 ° with respect to the perpendicular at each point of this surface .
- the surface does not make it possible to check this rule, it should be treated with a beam oriented according to several angles of incidence, each associated with the different parts of the surface so as to respect the said rule.
- a beam oriented according to several angles of incidence, each associated with the different parts of the surface so as to respect the said rule.
- the inventors recommend using the lowest possible temperatures to oxidize the implanted layer and to avoid as much as possible the diffusion of the implanted species which fix the process. oxidation. This is particularly true for producing red tending colors with shallow depth of implantation, the temperature can indeed easily act in the sense of an enlargement of the implantation profile favorable to the appearance of a blue color.
- the inventors recommend the implementation of the present invention with other metal alloys, for example with a colorimetric revealing temperature corresponding to about 1/3 T f (T f being the melting temperature expressed in ° K), in particular:
- FIG. 1 describes the construction of the color by constructive / destructive filtering of incident (I) waves, reflected (R) through the implanted layer (C) created superficially in a metal piece (P).
- This layer has an oxidation gradient controlled by the method of the invention by means of semiempirical focusing whose method and rules are described above, for example for steels and aluminum alloys. Adjusting the thickness (e) of the implanted layer, its degree of oxidation relative to the temperature and the exposure time of the heat treatment, makes it possible to create a very precise color among a whole range of possible colors for the chosen metal grade (steel, titanium alloy, aluminum alloy or other).
- FIG. 1 describes the construction of the color by constructive / destructive filtering of incident (I) waves, reflected (R) through the implanted layer (C) created superficially in a metal piece (P).
- This layer has an oxidation gradient controlled by the method of the invention by means of semiempirical focusing whose method and rules are described above, for example for steels
- FIG. 2 describes the example of construction of a pattern corresponding to a circle (contour MC) inscribed in a square (contour MR) on a metal surface SI.
- a first square mask (recessed at its center along the contour MR) is applied to the metal surface SI, through which a dose d1 is implanted in a square zone of contour MR.
- Part of the square zone is then masked with a circular mask (hollowed out at its center along the contour MC) in order to process through it a circular zone inside the contour MC with a dose d2.
- the cumulative area dose (dl + d2) appears in a first color
- the area treated with the dose dl appears with a distinct color
- the masked metal surface (thus untreated and located outside the MR contour) appears in its original color.
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EP17706275.9A EP3405597A1 (fr) | 2016-01-20 | 2017-01-17 | Procede de traitement par un faisceau d'ions d'un gaz mono et multichargés pour produire des metaux colorés |
KR1020187019667A KR102727168B1 (ko) | 2016-01-20 | 2017-01-17 | 착색된 금속을 생성하기 위해 단일 또는 다중 하전된 가스 이온들의 빔을 사용하는 처리 방법 |
US16/070,963 US10655215B2 (en) | 2016-01-20 | 2017-01-17 | Treatment method using a beam of singly- or multiply-charged gas ions in order to produce colored metals |
JP2018536416A JP2019505683A (ja) | 2016-01-20 | 2017-01-17 | 着色金属を製造するために一価または多価ガスイオンのビームを使用する処理方法 |
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FR1600107A FR3046799B1 (fr) | 2016-01-20 | 2016-01-20 | Procede de traitement par un faisceau d'ions d'un gaz mono et multicharges pour produire des metaux colores |
FR1600107 | 2016-01-20 |
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EP (1) | EP3405597A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2019505683A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR102727168B1 (fr) |
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KR102380016B1 (ko) * | 2020-09-01 | 2022-03-29 | 한국원자력연구원 | 보석의 발색 방법 및 이에 따라 발색된 보석 |
EP4071268A1 (fr) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-10-12 | Comadur S.A. | Procédé de coloration d'un métal et metal coloré |
Citations (3)
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US4568396A (en) * | 1984-10-03 | 1986-02-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Wear improvement in titanium alloys by ion implantation |
WO2008043964A2 (fr) * | 2006-10-11 | 2008-04-17 | Quertech Ingenierie | Couche de cuivre comprenant des atomes d' azote inseres, procede d' implantation associe |
CN102021525A (zh) * | 2010-12-02 | 2011-04-20 | 武汉科技大学 | 一种基于离子注入的彩色不锈钢及其制备方法 |
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JPH02115362A (ja) * | 1988-10-24 | 1990-04-27 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 黄金色を呈するNi−Ti形状記憶合金およびその製造方法 |
IL100910A (en) * | 1991-02-12 | 1994-10-07 | Hughes Aircraft Co | Assessment of the degree of wear of objects |
JPH06330314A (ja) * | 1993-05-17 | 1994-11-29 | Japan Steel Works Ltd:The | イオン注入法による傾斜機能材料の製造方法および製造装置 |
JP3079869B2 (ja) * | 1993-12-07 | 2000-08-21 | 日新電機株式会社 | イオン源 |
JP4252237B2 (ja) * | 2000-12-06 | 2009-04-08 | 株式会社アルバック | イオン注入装置およびイオン注入方法 |
FR2879625B1 (fr) * | 2004-02-04 | 2007-04-27 | Guernalec Frederic | Dispositif de nitruration par implantation ionique d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium et procede mettant en oeuvre un tel dispositif |
FR2939150B1 (fr) | 2008-12-01 | 2011-10-21 | Quertech Ingenierie | Procede de traitement d'une partie metallique par un faisceau d'ions |
EP2588639B1 (fr) * | 2010-07-02 | 2016-09-07 | Aptar France SAS | Procede de traitement de surface d'un dispositif de distribution de produit fluide. |
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2016
- 2016-01-20 FR FR1600107A patent/FR3046799B1/fr active Active
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2017
- 2017-01-17 WO PCT/FR2017/050099 patent/WO2017125675A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2017-01-17 JP JP2018536416A patent/JP2019505683A/ja active Pending
- 2017-01-17 US US16/070,963 patent/US10655215B2/en active Active
- 2017-01-17 KR KR1020187019667A patent/KR102727168B1/ko active Active
- 2017-01-17 EP EP17706275.9A patent/EP3405597A1/fr active Pending
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US4568396A (en) * | 1984-10-03 | 1986-02-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Wear improvement in titanium alloys by ion implantation |
WO2008043964A2 (fr) * | 2006-10-11 | 2008-04-17 | Quertech Ingenierie | Couche de cuivre comprenant des atomes d' azote inseres, procede d' implantation associe |
CN102021525A (zh) * | 2010-12-02 | 2011-04-20 | 武汉科技大学 | 一种基于离子注入的彩色不锈钢及其制备方法 |
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FR3046799B1 (fr) | 2018-03-02 |
KR20180102567A (ko) | 2018-09-17 |
US10655215B2 (en) | 2020-05-19 |
US20190032198A1 (en) | 2019-01-31 |
KR102727168B1 (ko) | 2024-11-05 |
EP3405597A1 (fr) | 2018-11-28 |
FR3046799A1 (fr) | 2017-07-21 |
JP2019505683A (ja) | 2019-02-28 |
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