WO2016194653A1 - 撮像素子、電子機器、並びに、製造装置および方法 - Google Patents
撮像素子、電子機器、並びに、製造装置および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016194653A1 WO2016194653A1 PCT/JP2016/065023 JP2016065023W WO2016194653A1 WO 2016194653 A1 WO2016194653 A1 WO 2016194653A1 JP 2016065023 W JP2016065023 W JP 2016065023W WO 2016194653 A1 WO2016194653 A1 WO 2016194653A1
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- H01L21/762—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers
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- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
- H10D84/0165—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs the components including complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS devices
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- H10F39/011—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12
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- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
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- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/806—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the image sensors
- H10F39/8063—Microlenses
Definitions
- the present technology relates to an imaging device, an electronic device, and a manufacturing apparatus and method, and in particular, an imaging device, an electronic device, and a manufacturing method that can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method.
- an image sensor in which an organic or inorganic photoelectric conversion unit is disposed above a semiconductor substrate has been proposed as a technique for reducing a pixel without reducing the opening area of the photodiode (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- an image sensor that uses the photovoltaic power of a photodiode has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
- an image sensor that performs analog-digital conversion for each pixel has been proposed to enable high-speed driving, area control, simultaneous shuttering of all pixels, and the like.
- an image sensor for example, by stacking multiple semiconductor substrates and mounting some transistors of the A / D conversion circuit on the substrate on the opening side, the pixels are reduced while suppressing an increase in the substrate area.
- the technique to do was proposed.
- the addition of the transistor may reduce the opening area of the photodiode, lower the sensitivity, and reduce the image quality of the captured image.
- both the P-type well and the N-type well are formed in the pixel on the opening-side substrate. It was necessary to secure a wide well boundary region for separating the wells. For this reason, the pixel size may be increased.
- an N-type transistor and a P-type transistor are arranged in the same pixel, and it is necessary to secure a wide well boundary region. As a result, the pixel size may increase.
- the present technology has been proposed in view of such a situation, and an object thereof is to suppress an increase in pixel size and a decrease in image quality.
- One aspect of the present technology is an imaging element including an element isolation region formed of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
- the element isolation region may isolate at least one of a transistor, a diffusion layer, and a well formed in the semiconductor layer from the other.
- the element isolation region may be formed so as to be in contact with a side wall of a floating diffusion layer that accumulates charges photoelectrically converted in the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the element isolation region may be formed so as to be in contact with a plurality of side walls of the floating diffusion layer.
- the element isolation region can separate a plurality of the floating diffusion layers formed in the pixel.
- the element isolation region may be formed so as to separate the P well and the N well.
- the element isolation region may be formed so as to separate the P-type transistor and the N-type transistor.
- the element isolation region may be formed so as to isolate the diffusion layer for the upper electrode of the photoelectric conversion unit outside the pixel.
- the element isolation region may be formed so as to be in contact with a sidewall of the diffusion layer for the upper electrode.
- a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed and a second substrate different from the first substrate are stacked, and a transistor formed on the first substrate, the second substrate It is possible to form a circuit in which the transistor formed on the substrate reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit and performs A / D conversion.
- the photoelectric conversion unit can be formed in a structure in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion units that photoelectrically convert light in different wavelength ranges are stacked.
- a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed and a second substrate different from the first substrate are stacked, and a transistor formed on the first substrate includes the photoelectric conversion unit.
- a circuit for reading out and amplifying the electric charge obtained in step (b) can be formed, and a transistor formed on the second substrate can form a circuit for A / D conversion of the signal amplified in the circuit.
- a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed and a second substrate different from the first substrate are stacked, and a transistor formed on the first substrate, the second substrate
- the transistor formed on the substrate forms a circuit that reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit, and the transistor formed on the second substrate converts the signal amplified in the circuit to A A circuit for / D conversion can be formed.
- the transistor can form a circuit that reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit.
- All the transistors in the pixel can be N-type transistors.
- a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed and a second substrate different from the first substrate are stacked, and a transistor formed on the second substrate is amplified in the circuit
- a / D conversion is performed to form a circuit provided for each column of pixels arranged in an array, and a circuit provided for each column of pixels arranged in an array is formed.
- Another aspect of the present technology includes an imaging unit that images a subject and an image processing unit that performs image processing on image data obtained by imaging by the imaging unit, and the imaging unit performs photoelectric conversion on incident light.
- An electronic device including an element isolation region formed of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a conversion unit.
- Still another aspect of the present technology is a manufacturing apparatus that manufactures an imaging element, and includes an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
- the manufacturing apparatus includes an element isolation region forming unit that forms an element isolation region.
- the manufacturing apparatus that manufactures the imaging element also includes an element formed of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light A manufacturing method for forming an isolation region.
- the imaging device includes an element isolation region formed of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
- the electronic device includes an imaging unit that images a subject, and an image processing unit that performs image processing on image data obtained by imaging by the imaging unit.
- an element isolation region that includes an insulator and that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed is provided.
- the manufacturing device in a manufacturing apparatus that manufactures an image sensor, includes an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
- An element isolation region forming part for forming an element isolation region is provided.
- a captured image can be obtained. Further, according to the present technology, it is possible to suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- FIG. 1 It is sectional drawing which shows the main structural examples of a surface irradiation type image sensor. It is a figure which shows the main structural examples of the circuit mounted in a pixel substrate. It is a perspective view which shows the main structural examples of an image sensor. It is a figure which shows the main structural examples of an imaging device. It is a figure explaining the usage example of an image pick-up element.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a main configuration example of an image sensor that is an embodiment of an imaging device to which the present technology is applied.
- the image sensor 100 shown in FIG. 1 is a device that photoelectrically converts light from a subject and outputs it as image data.
- the image sensor 100 is configured as a CMOS image sensor using a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), a CCD image sensor using a CCD (Charge Coupled Device), or the like.
- CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- CCD Charge Coupled Device
- the image sensor 100 includes a pixel substrate 101 and a circuit substrate 102 which are two semiconductor substrates superimposed on each other.
- a pixel array 110 is formed on the pixel substrate 101.
- the configuration of the unit pixel 111 that receives incident light and converts it into an electrical signal such as the unit pixel 111-1 and the unit pixel 111-2, is arranged in a planar shape (for example, an array). ing.
- each unit pixel (for example, the unit pixel 111-1 and the unit pixel 111-2) is referred to as a unit pixel 111 when it is not necessary to distinguish between them.
- FIG. 1 only the unit pixel 111-1 and the unit pixel 111-2 are shown in the pixel array 110, but an arbitrary number of unit pixels 111 are arranged in the pixel array 110.
- an ADC (Analog Digital Converter) array 120 is formed on the circuit board 102.
- the ADC array 120 for example, the A / D converter 121 for each unit pixel is arranged in a planar shape (for example, an array) like the A / D converter 121-1 and the A / D converter 121-2. ing.
- the A / D conversion units (for example, the A / D conversion unit 121-1 and the A / D conversion unit 121-2) are referred to as A / D conversion units 121 when there is no need to distinguish them from each other.
- the A / D conversion unit 121 is a part of a unit pixel A / D conversion circuit that performs A / D conversion on an analog signal (electrical signal obtained by photoelectrically converting incident light) read from the unit pixel 111 corresponding to itself. It has a configuration.
- the A / D converter 121 is disposed in a region overlapping with the unit pixel 111 corresponding to itself. That is, the A / D converter 121 is arranged in the same manner as the unit pixel 111 in the pixel array 110.
- FIG. 1 only the A / D conversion unit 121-1 and the A / D conversion unit 121-2 are shown in the ADC array 120, but the ADC array 120 includes the same number of A / D converters as the unit pixels 111.
- a / D conversion unit 121 is arranged.
- the arrangement pattern of the unit pixels 111 in the pixel array 110 (and the arrangement pattern of the A / D conversion unit 121 in the ADC array 120) is arbitrary, and may be a pattern other than the array shape, such as a honeycomb shape. Good.
- the shape of the surface of the pixel substrate 101 on which the pixel array 110 is formed and the shape of the surface of the circuit substrate 102 on which the ADC array 120 is formed are arbitrary. It may be a flat surface or a curved surface.
- the external shape of the pixel array 110 (and the ADC array 120) is also arbitrary, and may be a rectangle as shown in FIG. 1 or other than a rectangle.
- the area of each unit pixel 111 (each A / D conversion unit 121) may be the same, or not all.
- the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102 are superposed while being basically insulated from each other. However, the circuit formed on the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit formed on the circuit substrate 102 are connected to each other by a Cu electrode or the like at a necessary portion.
- the unit pixel 111 includes a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light, a read circuit that amplifies and reads out the electric charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit, and an A / D that performs A / D conversion of the electric signal.
- a part of the configuration of the conversion circuit is formed. That is, a unit pixel A / D conversion circuit that performs A / D conversion on an electrical signal obtained in the unit pixel 111 includes a part of transistors formed in the unit pixel 111 and an A / D corresponding to the unit pixel 111. And a conversion unit 121.
- the unit pixel A / D conversion circuit compares the pixel signal, which is an electrical signal read from the unit pixel 111, with a predetermined reference signal, and calculates the count value of the clock signal indicating the time until the comparison result changes. It is configured to output as a digital value.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a main configuration example of a unit pixel A / D conversion circuit mounted on the image sensor. As shown in FIG. 2, a high breakdown voltage transistor or the like in the unit pixel A / D conversion circuit is formed on the pixel substrate 101.
- the unit pixel 111 includes a photoelectric conversion unit 131, a first reset transistor 132, a transfer transistor 133, an amplification transistor 134, a second reset transistor 135, a comparison unit 136 including an amplification transistor 134, a transistor 137, and Transistor 138 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 131 converts light incident on the unit pixel 111 into electric charges.
- the first reset transistor 132 controls the discharge of charges overflowing from the first floating diffusion layer 151.
- the transfer transistor 133 controls transfer of charges from the first floating diffusion layer 151 to the second floating diffusion layer 152.
- the amplification transistor 134 amplifies the potential fluctuation of the second floating diffusion layer 152 and converts it into an electrical signal.
- the second reset transistor 135 controls the discharge of charges accumulated in the second floating diffusion layer 152.
- the comparison unit 136 compares an electric signal (pixel signal) corresponding to the electric charge read from the photoelectric conversion unit 131 with a predetermined reference signal, and outputs an output signal as a signal indicating the comparison result.
- the comparison unit 136 inverts the output signal when the reference signal and the pixel signal are the same (voltage).
- the comparison unit 136 includes a transistor 142 and an amplification transistor 134 that form a differential pair, transistors 143 and 144 that form a current mirror, and a transistor 141 that functions as a constant current source that supplies a current corresponding to an input bias current.
- a reference signal output from a D / A converter (not shown) or the like is input to the gate of the transistor 142, and a second signal is input to the gate of the amplification transistor 134.
- the pixel signal transferred from the floating diffusion layer 152 is input.
- the sources of the transistor 142 and the amplification transistor 134 are connected to the drain of the transistor 141, and the source of the transistor 141 is connected to GND.
- the drain of the transistor 142 is connected to the gates of the transistors 143 and 144 constituting the current mirror circuit and the drain of the transistor 143, and the drain of the amplification transistor 134 is connected to the drain of the transistor 144.
- the sources of the transistors 143 and 144 are connected to the power supply voltage.
- a first floating diffusion layer 151 and a second floating diffusion layer 152 are further formed.
- the first floating diffusion layer 151 accumulates the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit 131.
- the second floating diffusion layer 152 stores the charge transferred from the first floating diffusion layer 151.
- a well contact 161 is formed in the first floating diffusion layer 151.
- a well contact 162 is formed in the second floating diffusion layer 152.
- a low breakdown voltage transistor or the like is formed on the circuit board 102.
- a transistor 171, a transistor 172, a transistor 173, a transistor 181, and a transistor 182 are formed.
- the transistor 171, the transistor 172, and the transistor 181 together with the transistor 137 and the transistor 138 of the unit pixel 111 form a positive feedback circuit (PFB (positive feedback)).
- This positive feedback circuit can increase the transition speed of the output signal of the comparator 136 and improve the determination speed.
- the transistor 173 and the transistor 182 form an inverter (NOT gate) and invert the value of the output signal of the comparison unit 136. This inversion is different from the inversion of the output signal based on the comparison result by the comparison unit 136 described above, and is always performed on the output signal.
- a latch memory 191 is further formed.
- a code value indicating the current time is input to the latch memory 191 as an input signal.
- the latch memory 191 holds the code value when the output signal of the comparison unit 136 is inverted based on the comparison result.
- the code value is read as an output signal at a predetermined timing. That is, this code value is a digital value obtained by digitizing an analog pixel signal into N bits.
- a high withstand voltage transistor is arranged on the pixel substrate 101 and a low withstand voltage transistor is arranged on the circuit substrate 102, whereby the processing conditions such as the gate electrode, the diffusion layer, and the wiring can be changed. It can be optimized every time. For example, it is possible to easily realize control such that processing conditions that reduce noise to the limit are adopted for the pixel substrate 101 and processing conditions that can be miniaturized to the limit are adopted for the circuit board 102. it can.
- the first reset transistor 132, the transfer transistor 133, the amplification transistor 134, the second reset transistor 135, the transistor 138, the transistor 141, and the transistor 142 are An N-type transistor is used.
- the transistor 137, the transistor 143, and the transistor 144 are formed of P-type transistors. That is, both the N-type transistor and the P-type transistor are formed on the pixel substrate 101.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a main configuration example of the image sensor 100.
- FIG. 3 shows a main configuration example in a partial cross section of the image sensor 100.
- the image sensor 100 includes a pixel substrate 101 and a circuit substrate 102 that are stacked.
- a pad (also referred to as an electrode) 201 is formed on the pixel substrate 101 so as to be exposed on a surface in contact with the circuit substrate 102.
- pads (electrodes) 202 are formed on the circuit substrate 102 so as to be exposed on a surface in contact with the pixel substrate 101.
- the pads 201 and 202 are formed of a conductor such as copper (Cu), for example.
- the pad 201 is electrically connected to a predetermined part of a circuit formed on the pixel substrate 101.
- the pad 202 is electrically connected to a portion of the circuit formed on the circuit substrate 102 corresponding to a portion to which the pad 201 corresponding to the circuit formed on the pixel substrate 101 is connected.
- the pads 201 and 202 corresponding to each other are formed at positions where they are in contact with each other in a state where the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102 are laminated as shown in FIG. That is, the circuit formed on the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit formed on the circuit substrate 102 are electrically connected to each other through the pad 201 and the pad 202.
- pads 201 and pads 202 formed on the image sensor 100 is arbitrary.
- a photoelectric conversion layer 211, an element isolation layer 212, and a transistor wiring layer 213 are formed on the pixel substrate 101.
- a configuration related to photoelectric conversion such as a photoelectric conversion unit is formed.
- the element isolation layer 212 a configuration such as an element isolation region for isolating elements is formed.
- the transistor wiring layer 213 a structure such as a gate and a wiring of a transistor is formed.
- the pad 201 is connected to a wiring formed in the transistor wiring layer 213.
- wiring, transistors, and the like are formed on the circuit board 102.
- the pad 202 is connected to the wiring.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a main configuration example of the photoelectric conversion layer 211 of the pixel substrate 101.
- the microlens 221, the color filter 222, the inter-pixel light shielding layer 223, the upper electrode 224, the photoelectric conversion unit 225, and the lower electrode 226 are formed in the photoelectric conversion layer 211.
- the micro lens 221 is formed for each unit pixel 111 and collects (condenses) light incident on the imaging surface on the unit pixel 111.
- the quantum efficiency of the photoelectric conversion unit of the unit pixel 111 can be improved.
- the color filter 222 is formed for each unit pixel 111, and transmits light incident through the microlens 221 of the unit pixel 111, so that a component in a predetermined wavelength (color) region of the unit pixel 111 is transmitted.
- the light is incident on the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the wavelength (color) region transmitted by each color filter 222 is arbitrary, and may be visible light, infrared light or ultraviolet light.
- the color filter 222 may be formed by a filter that transmits a single wavelength (color) region, or may be formed by a plurality of types of filters that transmit different wavelength (color) regions. Also good. When a plurality of types of filters are used as the color filter 222, the type of filter is set for each unit pixel 111.
- the color filter 222 is formed of a red filter that transmits visible light in the red wavelength region, a blue filter that transmits visible light in the blue wavelength region, and a green filter that transmits visible light in the green wavelength region. You may do it.
- a red filter, a blue filter, or a green filter is formed as the color filter 222 in each unit pixel 111.
- the inter-pixel light shielding layer 223 is formed by a light transmissive film that transmits light and a light shielding wall that is formed between the unit pixels 111 and does not transmit light.
- the transmissive film is formed of an insulator, and the light shielding wall is formed of metal.
- the inter-pixel light shielding layer 223 suppresses the light that has passed through the color filter 222 from entering the adjacent pixels.
- the upper electrode 224 is formed in contact with the upper surface of the photoelectric conversion unit 225 in the drawing.
- the lower electrode 226 is formed for each unit pixel 111 so as to be in contact with the lower surface of the photoelectric conversion unit 225 in the drawing. That is, the upper electrode 224 to the lower electrode 226 are formed so as to sandwich the photoelectric conversion unit 225 between the upper electrode 224 and the lower electrode 226.
- the upper electrode 224 is composed of a transparent electrode.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 225 converts light incident through the color filter 222 and the like into electric charges.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 225 is configured by, for example, an organic photoelectric conversion film, a compound semiconductor, or quantum dots.
- the lower electrode 226 is used for transferring charges photoelectrically converted in the photoelectric conversion unit 225 of the unit pixel 111.
- the lower electrode 226 is electrically connected to the element isolation layer 212 by an electrode plug for each unit pixel.
- the upper electrode 224 is electrically connected to the element isolation layer 212 by an electrode plug.
- the upper electrode 224 is electrically connected to the element isolation layer 212 outside the unit pixel 111.
- the upper electrode 224 may be electrically connected to the element isolation layer 212 in the unit pixel 111.
- an increase in the size of the unit pixel 111 can be suppressed when the upper electrode 224 is electrically connected to the element isolation layer 212 outside the unit pixel 111.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a main configuration example of the element isolation layer 212 and the like of the pixel substrate 101.
- an insulating layer 231 is formed between the lower electrode 226 and the element isolation layer 212.
- the insulating layer 231 is formed of an insulator such as SiO 2 .
- the buried oxide film layer 232 and the buried oxide film layer 233 are formed so as to sandwich the element isolation layer 212 in the drawing.
- the element isolation layer 212 is a layer composed of a silicon substrate of about 200 nm to 2000 nm, for example.
- An N-type transistor 235 and a P-type transistor 236 are formed on the pixel substrate 101. Therefore, a P well 241 and an N well 242 are formed in the element isolation layer 212.
- N-type transistor 235 is formed in P well 241, and P-type transistor 236 is formed in N well 242.
- the element isolation layer 212 includes a first floating diffusion layer 151 (N + diffusion layer).
- the lower electrode 226 of the unit pixel 111 and the first floating diffusion layer 151 are electrically connected by an electrode plug 234. It is connected to the.
- an element isolation region 251 is formed in the element isolation layer 212. As shown in FIG. 5, the element isolation region 251 penetrates the element isolation layer 212 which is a semiconductor layer in which a transistor (for example, an N-type transistor 235 or a P-type transistor 236) is formed, and is embedded from the buried oxide film layer 233. It is formed so as to reach the oxide film layer 232.
- the width of the element isolation region 251 is arbitrary, but may be about 200 nm, for example.
- the element isolation region 251 is made of an arbitrary insulator.
- the element isolation region 251 may be formed so as to isolate at least one of the transistor, the diffusion layer, and the well formed in the element isolation layer 212 from the other.
- the element isolation region 251 may be disposed between the P well 241 and the N well 242 (well boundary) in the unit pixel 111.
- the P well 241 and the N well 242 can be separated without having to secure a wide well boundary region. That is, the electrically isolated N-type transistor 235 and P-type transistor 236 can be arranged in the unit pixel 111 while suppressing an increase in pixel size.
- a part of the unit pixel A / D conversion circuit can be formed on the pixel substrate 101 (in the unit pixel 111). Therefore, an increase in the size of the A / D conversion unit 121 of the circuit board 102 corresponding to the unit pixel 111 can be suppressed, so that an increase in the size of the unit pixel 111 can be further suppressed.
- the image sensor 100 includes the pixel substrate 101 on which the photoelectric conversion unit 225 and the element isolation layer 212 are formed as the first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed. Further, the image sensor 100 includes a circuit substrate 102 as a second substrate different from the pixel substrate 101. In the image sensor 100, the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102 are stacked. Further, in the image sensor 100, a unit pixel in which a transistor formed on the pixel substrate 101 and a transistor formed on the circuit substrate 102 read out and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit 225 to perform A / D conversion. An A / D conversion circuit is formed.
- the image sensor 100 can perform analog-digital conversion for each pixel while suppressing an increase in the pixel size, and can realize functions such as high-speed driving, area control, and simultaneous shuttering of all pixels.
- the element isolation region 251 is disposed between the N-type transistor 235 and the P-type transistor 236 and is formed so as to separate the N-type transistor 235 and the P-type transistor 236.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view illustrating a main configuration example of the element isolation layer.
- a square 271 indicates a configuration for one unit pixel.
- an element isolation region 251-1 is formed between a P-well (P-WELL) 241-1 and an N-well (N-WELL) 242.
- An element isolation region 251-2 is formed between the N well (N-WELL) 242 and the P well (P-WELL) 241-2.
- the N + diffusion layer 261 formed in the P well 241-1 and the P well 241-2 constitutes the source and drain of the N-type transistor.
- the P + diffusion layer 262 formed in the N well 242 constitutes the source and drain of the P-type transistor.
- the white square in the figure indicates the gate insulating film of the transistor.
- the P + diffusion layer 262 formed in the P well 241-1 and the P well 241-2 and the N + diffusion layer 261 formed in the N well 242 constitute a well contact.
- the element isolation region 251 can be arranged at the well boundary between the P well 241 and the N well 242 in the unit pixel 111.
- the element isolation region 251 can separate the P well 241 and the N well 242 and can separate the N-type transistor and the P-type transistor.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view illustrating a main configuration example of the element isolation layer 212 of the unit pixel 111.
- the element isolation region 251 is disposed in contact with the first floating diffusion layer 151 and the second floating diffusion layer 152 in the unit pixel 111 (inside the square 271).
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a main configuration example of a part of the element isolation layer.
- the transistor includes a well, a gate insulating film, a polysilicon gate, and a source / drain formed by a high-concentration diffusion layer.
- the first floating diffusion layer 151 is formed by implanting impurities and annealing so as to reach a high concentration up to the buried oxide film layer 232 (BOX (Buried Oxide) layer).
- the second floating diffusion layer 152 is formed in the same manner as the first floating diffusion layer 151.
- High-concentration diffusion layers used for the source and drain may be the same depth as the first floating diffusion layer 151 and the like, but are slightly shallower (so as not to reach a high concentration up to the buried oxide film layer 232). By doing so, transistor performance can be stabilized.
- the substrate bias can be controlled by disposing a high-concentration impurity layer (well contact 281) having the same polarity as the well in the same well as the transistor.
- This well contact may have the same impurity profile as the source and drain of the transistor.
- the well contact 281 may not be disposed.
- a depletion layer 282 is formed around the first floating diffusion layer 151, the second floating diffusion layer 152, and the high concentration diffusion layer such as the source / drain. When the depletion layer 282 and the buried oxide film layer 232 come into contact with each other, dark current may be generated.
- the element isolation region 251 may be disposed so as to be in contact with the side wall of the first floating diffusion layer 151, the second floating diffusion layer 152, or both.
- the contact area between the depletion layer 282 formed around the floating diffusion layer and the interface of the buried oxide layer 232 can be reduced, and the dark current can be reduced. Occurrence can be suppressed. Therefore, it is possible to suppress a reduction in image quality of a captured image obtained in the image sensor 100.
- the floating diffusion layer (the first floating diffusion layer 151 and / or the second floating diffusion layer 152) has two directions (see FIG. Side walls are formed on the middle and lower sides), but the element isolation region 251 may be formed so as to be in contact with one of the side walls as in the example shown in FIG. However, it may be formed so as to be in contact with both side walls as in the example shown in FIG. 9B.
- the element isolation region 251 may be formed so as to be in contact with the side wall of the floating diffusion layer that accumulates the photoelectrically converted charge, and further, is formed so as to be in contact with the plurality of side walls of the floating diffusion layer. You may make it do.
- the contact area between the floating diffusion layer and the element isolation region 251 is increased, and the generation range of the depletion layer around the floating diffusion layer is reduced accordingly. can do. That is, the image sensor 100 can suppress the generation of dark current without increasing the pixel size, and can suppress the reduction in the image quality of the captured image obtained in the image sensor 100.
- a common well contact is formed in the entire P well using one P + diffusion layer 262, and a common substrate bias is applied to the entire P well. May be applied.
- a well contact is formed by using the P + diffusion layer 262 for each region separated by the element isolation region 251 such as a circle 292 to a circle 294 shown in FIG. Then, a substrate bias may be applied.
- the P well of the second floating diffusion layer 152 is separated from other wells by the element isolation region 251 and the second floating layer is formed using the P + diffusion layer 262 formed in the P well.
- a well contact dedicated to the diffusion layer 152 is formed. By doing so, a substrate bias can be applied to the well contact dedicated to the second floating diffusion layer 152 independently of the other well contacts. That is, a different substrate bias can be applied to the well contact dedicated to the second floating diffusion layer 152. Therefore, the conversion efficiency can be changed, and the dynamic range of the image sensor 100 can be expanded.
- the element isolation region 251 may be formed so as to separate a plurality of floating diffusion layers formed in the unit pixel.
- the image sensor 100 can expand the dynamic range without increasing the pixel size, and can suppress a reduction in image quality of a captured image obtained in the image sensor 100.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a main configuration example of an end portion of the pixel array.
- the normal pixel 301 that is a unit pixel formed other than the end of the pixel array 110 has an opening on the light incident surface, but a light shielding film is formed on the end of the pixel array 110.
- the light shielding portion 302 whose light incident surface is shielded by 311 is formed.
- the light shielding film 311 is formed of a conductor that does not transmit light, such as metal.
- the upper electrode 224 is electrically connected to the element isolation layer 212 via the light shielding film 311 outside the unit pixel 111. More specifically, the light shielding film 311 electrically connects the upper electrode 224 and the lower electrode 226 outside the unit pixel 111.
- the lower electrode 226 is electrically connected to an N + diffusion layer 312 which is a high concentration diffusion layer formed in the element isolation layer 212 through an electrode plug.
- the N + diffusion layer 312 is formed so as to have a high concentration up to the buried oxide film layer 232 (BOX (BurieduriOxide) layer), similarly to the first floating diffusion layer 151. Therefore, the N + diffusion layer 312 can have the same impurity profile as that of the first floating diffusion layer 151, which can simplify the manufacturing process and eliminate the need for a well.
- BOX BurieduriOxide
- the upper electrode 224 includes a lower electrode 226 provided at a position different from the light shielding film 311 and the lower electrode 226 of each unit pixel 111 (that is, outside the unit pixel 111). Are connected to the N + diffusion layer 312.
- the element isolation region 251 is formed so as to surround the periphery of the N + diffusion layer 312. That is, the N + diffusion layer 312 that is the diffusion layer for the upper electrode 224 is separated from the others by the element isolation region 251.
- the N + diffusion layer 312 can be formed without having to secure a wide well boundary region. That is, an increase in the substrate size can be suppressed.
- a logic circuit is provided outside the pixel array 110 on the pixel substrate 101 or outside the ADC array 120 on the circuit substrate 102.
- Arbitrary configurations such as an I / O circuit and the like can be arranged.
- the back-illuminated image sensor has been described as an example.
- the front-illuminated type in which the transistor wiring layer 213 is located on the light incident side from the element isolation layer 212 can also be applied to other image sensors.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a main configuration example of a manufacturing apparatus that manufactures the image sensor 100 that is an imaging element to which the present technology is applied.
- a manufacturing apparatus 400 illustrated in FIG. 14 includes a control unit 401 and a manufacturing unit 402.
- the control unit 401 includes, for example, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a ROM (Read Only Memory), a RAM (Random Access Memory), and the like.
- the control unit 401 controls each unit of the manufacturing unit 402 and controls processing related to manufacturing of the image sensor 100. I do.
- the CPU of the control unit 401 executes various processes according to programs stored in the ROM. Further, the CPU executes various processes according to programs loaded from the storage unit 413 to the RAM.
- the RAM also appropriately stores data necessary for the CPU to execute various processes.
- the manufacturing unit 402 is controlled by the control unit 401 to perform processing related to the manufacturing of the image sensor 100.
- the manufacturing unit 402 includes an SOI (Silicon On On Insulator) substrate forming unit 431, an element isolation layer forming unit 432, a transistor wiring layer forming unit 433, a pad forming unit 434, a second semiconductor layer forming unit 435, a stacking unit 436, and photoelectric conversion.
- a layer forming portion 437 is provided.
- the SOI substrate forming unit 431 performs processing related to forming an SOI substrate which is a substrate having a structure in which SiO 2 is inserted between a silicon (Si) substrate and a surface Si layer.
- the element isolation layer forming unit 432 performs processing related to the formation of the element isolation layer 212.
- the transistor wiring layer formation unit 433 performs processing related to the formation of the transistor wiring layer 213.
- the pad formation unit 434 performs processing related to formation of pads for electrically connecting circuits between substrates.
- the second semiconductor layer forming unit 435 performs processing related to the formation of the circuit board 102.
- the stacking unit 436 performs processing related to stacking of the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 performs processing related to the formation of the photoelectric conversion layer 211 of the pixel substrate 101.
- These processing units are controlled by the control unit 401 and perform processing of each process for manufacturing the image sensor 100 as described later.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 includes an input unit 411, an output unit 412, a storage unit 413, a communication unit 414, and a drive 415.
- the input unit 411 includes a keyboard, a mouse, a touch panel, an external input terminal, and the like, receives user instructions and external information input, and supplies them to the control unit 401.
- the output unit 412 includes a display such as a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) display or an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), a speaker, and an external output terminal.
- the output unit 412 displays various information supplied from the control unit 401 as an image, sound, or analog. Output as a signal or digital data.
- the storage unit 413 includes an arbitrary storage medium such as a flash memory, an SSD (Solid State Drive), and a hard disk, and stores information supplied from the control unit 401 or stores it according to a request from the control unit 401. Read and supply information.
- an arbitrary storage medium such as a flash memory, an SSD (Solid State Drive), and a hard disk
- the communication unit 414 includes, for example, a wired LAN (Local Area Network), a wireless LAN interface, a modem, and the like, and performs communication processing with an external device via a network including the Internet. For example, the communication unit 414 transmits information supplied from the control unit 401 to the communication partner, or supplies information received from the communication partner to the control unit 401.
- a wired LAN Local Area Network
- a wireless LAN interface Wireless Local Area Network
- modem Wireless Local Area Network
- the communication unit 414 transmits information supplied from the control unit 401 to the communication partner, or supplies information received from the communication partner to the control unit 401.
- the drive 415 is connected to the control unit 401 as necessary. Then, for example, a removable medium 421 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory is appropriately attached to the drive 415. Then, the computer program read from the removable medium 421 via the drive 415 is installed in the storage unit 413 as necessary.
- a removable medium 421 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory is appropriately attached to the drive 415.
- the computer program read from the removable medium 421 via the drive 415 is installed in the storage unit 413 as necessary.
- the SOI substrate forming unit 431 is controlled by the control unit 401 to form an SOI substrate having a configuration as shown in FIG. 16A, for example.
- the SOI substrate 500 has a three-layer structure of a silicon (Si) substrate 501, an SiO 2 layer 502, and an SOI layer 503 which is a surface layer made of silicon.
- the SOI substrate forming unit 431 generates an SOI substrate having a thickness of about 200 nm to 2000 nm, for example.
- the element isolation layer forming unit 432 can form the element isolation layer 212 by a method similar to a normal STI (Shallow Trench Isolation).
- step S ⁇ b> 102 the element isolation layer forming unit 432 is controlled by the control unit 401 to form the element isolation layer 212.
- the element isolation layer forming unit 432 forms a silicon nitride (SiN) 504 by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method after surface oxidation of the SOI substrate 500 by about 10 nm. Thereafter, a resist separation pattern 505 is applied and exposed to form an element separation pattern.
- SiN silicon nitride
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- the element isolation layer forming unit 432 forms a pattern in which the SiN 504 and the SOI layer 503 are penetrated by dry etching, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the element isolation layer forming unit 432 forms a film of SiO 2 506 by CVD, and embeds the penetrated portion with SiO 2 .
- the element isolation layer forming unit 432 planarizes the SiO 2 506 on the surface by CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) and wet etching, for example, as shown in FIG. 17B. Thereafter, the element isolation layer forming unit 432 removes the SiN 504 as shown in FIG. 17C, for example.
- CMP Chemical Mechanical Polishing
- step S103 the transistor wiring layer forming unit 433 is controlled by the control unit 401 to form the transistor wiring layer 213.
- the transistor wiring layer forming unit 433 forms a transistor wiring layer 213 as shown in FIG. 18A, for example, using a general CMOS process.
- step S104 the pad forming unit 434 forms a pad for connecting to the circuit of the circuit board 102 by the same method as that for normal Cu wiring.
- the pad forming unit 434 forms SiC 512 and SiO 2 513 on the uppermost wiring 511 (A in FIG. 18) by CVD, for example, as shown in FIG. 18B.
- the pad forming unit 434 applies a resist on the SiO 2 513, exposes it, and performs dry etching of the SiO 2 513, thereby forming a groove pattern 514 to be a pad as shown in FIG. 18C, for example. Form.
- the pad forming unit 434 re-applies a resist and exposes it, and performs dry etching of SiO 2 513 and SiC 512, so that, for example, as shown in FIG. A hole 515 to be a connection via is formed.
- the pad forming unit 434 forms a barrier metal 516 with a thickness of about 10 nm by a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) method, deposits copper (Cu) by plating, and performs CMP. Then, Cu is polished until SiO 2 513 is exposed to form pad 201.
- PVD Physical Vapor Deposition
- the second semiconductor layer forming unit 435 forms the circuit substrate 102 to be the second semiconductor layer.
- the second semiconductor layer forming unit 435 forms layers such as element isolation of the circuit board 102, transistors, and wiring layers by a general CMOS process.
- a pad for connecting to the pixel substrate 101 is also formed on the uppermost layer of the circuit substrate 102. This pad can also be formed in the same manner as the pad of the pixel substrate 101 described above.
- the pads of the circuit board 102 have a layout that matches the pads of the pixel substrate 101 when the substrate is inverted.
- step S106 the stacking unit 436 stacks the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102. More specifically, the stacked portion 436 inverts the pixel substrate 101 and attaches it to the circuit substrate 102 and performs a heat treatment at about 350 ° C.
- FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a state in which the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102 are stacked.
- the element isolation layer 212 of the pixel substrate 101 is laminated with a silicon (Si) substrate 522 as an SOI substrate and a SiO 2 layer 521 as a BOX layer.
- step S107 the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 processes the SOI substrate to form the photoelectric conversion layer 211.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 removes the silicon (Si) substrate 522 and exposes the SiO 2 layer 521 by CMP and wet etching, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 removes the SiO 2 layer 521 by wet etching, for example, as shown in FIG. 21B, and exposes the SOI layer (element isolation layer 212).
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 by a CVD method and a PVD method, for example, as shown in C of FIG. 21, to form an oxide film layer 232 buried over the element isolation layer 212, further SiO 2 thereon An insulating layer 231 of about 100 nm is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and performs dry etching of the insulating layer 231.
- a connection hole 523 to the layer 212 (a connection hole of the lower electrode 226 and the element isolation layer first floating diffusion layer 151 and a connection hole of the N + diffusion layer 312 which is a high concentration diffusion layer for the upper electrode 224 and the upper electrode 224) is formed. To do.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a lower electrode 226 such as tantalum nitride (TaN) by a CVD method or a PVD method.
- a tungsten (W) plug may be formed before the lower electrode 226 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and performs dry etching of TaN, thereby forming a lower electrode pattern, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the planar arrangement of the lower electrode 226 is divided for each unit pixel 111, and the lower electrode 226 for the upper electrode 224 is formed outside the unit pixel 111.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a photoelectric conversion unit 225 such as an organic photoelectric conversion film and an upper electrode 224 that is a transparent electrode such as indium tin oxide (ITO) by a PVD method or the like.
- a photoelectric conversion unit 225 such as an organic photoelectric conversion film
- an upper electrode 224 that is a transparent electrode such as indium tin oxide (ITO) by a PVD method or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and removes the photoelectric conversion unit 225 and the upper electrode 224 outside the pixel region by dry etching, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the upper electrode 224 and the photoelectric conversion unit 225 may be divided for each pixel, or may cover the entire pixel region without being divided. It is possible to adopt a cheaper process in which the upper electrode 224 and the photoelectric conversion unit 225 cover the entire surface of the pixel region.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms SiO 2 serving as an insulating film of the inter-pixel light shielding layer 223 on the upper electrode 224 by a CVD method, and applies a resist to expose.
- a connection hole 524 is formed on the upper electrode 224 at the end of the pixel array 110.
- a connection hole 525 is formed on the lower electrode 226 for connecting the upper electrode 224 and the element isolation layer 212.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a tungsten (W) film by the PVD method or the CVD method, applies a resist, and exposes it.
- a light shielding pattern and a wiring pattern for connecting the upper electrode 224 and the element isolation layer 212 are formed.
- the light shielding pattern is preferably formed at the end of the pixel array 110 with a width of about several pixels. Further, an inter-pixel light shielding wall for preventing color mixture between unit pixels may be formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 is an insulating film such as an organic film as shown in FIG. 23C, for example, an inter-pixel light-shielding wall of the inter-pixel light-shielding layer 223, a light-shielding pattern and wiring of FIG. Embed a pattern.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms the color filter 222 on the inter-pixel light shielding layer 223, and further forms the microlens 221 thereon.
- the manufacturing unit 402 outputs the image sensor 100 to the outside and ends the manufacturing process.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 can generate the image sensor 100 (FIG. 1) to which the present technology is applied by executing the manufacturing process. That is, by manufacturing in this way, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- the configuration of the photoelectric conversion unit is arbitrary and is not limited to the above-described example. For example, it is good also as a structure by which the some photoelectric conversion part which absorbs the light of a mutually different wavelength range is laminated
- FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view showing another configuration example of the pixel substrate 101 of the image sensor 100 which is an embodiment of the imaging device to which the present technology is applied.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram corresponding to FIG. 4 of the first embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 has the same configuration as that of the first embodiment described with reference to FIGS. That is, also in this case, the image sensor 100 includes the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102.
- the pixel substrate 101 is formed with the pixel array 110 and the like, and the circuit substrate 102 is formed with the ADC array 120 and the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 211 of the pixel substrate 101 in the photoelectric conversion layer 211 of the pixel substrate 101, the components of the different wavelength regions of the incident light are different. Three photoelectric conversion parts to absorb are formed and stacked on each other.
- the photoelectric conversion unit of the image sensor 100 in the case of the present embodiment is formed in a structure in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion units that photoelectrically convert light in different wavelength ranges are stacked.
- the wavelength range absorbed by the photoelectric conversion portion of each layer is arbitrary. Moreover, the number of layers of the photoelectric conversion units to be stacked is arbitrary. In the following, a blue photoelectric conversion unit 532 that absorbs a blue wavelength range, a green photoelectric conversion unit 542 that absorbs a green wavelength range, and a red photoelectric conversion unit 552 that absorbs a red wavelength range are formed from the upper side in the figure. Shall be.
- the blue photoelectric conversion part 532 is formed in a structure sandwiched between an upper electrode 531 and a lower electrode 533 for the blue photoelectric conversion part 532.
- the green photoelectric conversion unit 542 is formed in a structure sandwiched between an upper electrode 541 and a lower electrode 543 for the green photoelectric conversion unit 542.
- the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 is formed in a structure sandwiched between an upper electrode 551 and a lower electrode 553 for the red photoelectric conversion unit 552.
- the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532, the green photoelectric conversion unit 542, and the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 are all configured by an organic photoelectric conversion film, a compound semiconductor, a quantum dot, or the like. At least the upper electrode 531, the lower electrode 533, the upper electrode 541, the lower electrode 543, and the upper electrode 551 are configured by transparent electrodes that transmit light.
- SiO 2 561 is formed as an insulating film between the lower electrode 533 and the upper electrode 541, and between the lower electrode 543 and the upper electrode 551, and is electrically disconnected from each other. Then, the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532, the green photoelectric conversion unit 542, and the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 that are stacked on each other are connected to the element isolation layers 212 of the unit pixels 111 that are different from each other by electrode plugs through the respective lower electrodes. The That is, the charge obtained in the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532, the charge obtained in the green photoelectric conversion unit 542, and the charge obtained in the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 are charges of the unit pixels 111 different from each other.
- each photoelectric conversion unit can receive light in an area of three pixels. Therefore, the image sensor 100 in this case can expand the dynamic range without increasing the pixel size, and can suppress a reduction in image quality of a captured image obtained in the image sensor 100.
- the image sensor 100 is an insulating film that penetrates the element isolation layer 212 that is a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in the unit pixel 111 including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light. Since the element isolation region 251 composed of a body is provided, the same effect as in the case of the first embodiment can be obtained. That is, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality even in the case of the present embodiment.
- the configuration outside the unit pixel 111 at the end of the pixel array 110 may be, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532 electrically connects the upper electrode 531, the light shielding film 571 that shields the end of the pixel array 110, and the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532 and the element isolation layer 512.
- the lower electrode 533, the lower electrode 543, the lower electrode 553, and an electrode plug that electrically connects them to each other are connected to the N + diffusion layer 572 formed in the element isolation layer 512.
- the green photoelectric conversion unit 542 includes an upper electrode 541, a lower electrode 533, a lower electrode 543, and a lower electrode 553 for electrically connecting the green photoelectric conversion unit 542 and the element isolation layer 512, and It is connected to an N + diffusion layer 573 formed in the element isolation layer 512 through electrode plugs that are electrically connected to each other.
- the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 includes an upper electrode 551, a lower electrode 543 and a lower electrode 553 for electrically connecting the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 and the element isolation layer 512, and electrodes for electrically connecting them to each other.
- the N + diffusion layer 574 formed in the element isolation layer 512 is connected through a plug.
- the N + diffusion layer 572, the N + diffusion layer 573, and the N + diffusion layer 574 are separated from each other by the element isolation region 251.
- the N + diffusion layer 312 can be formed without having to secure a wide well boundary region. That is, an increase in the substrate size can be suppressed.
- the configuration outside the unit pixel 111 at the end of the pixel array 110 is not limited to the example of FIG. 26, and may be configured as shown in FIG. 27, for example.
- the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532, the green photoelectric conversion unit 542, and the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 are all electrically connected to the element isolation layer 212 through the light shielding film 571.
- the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532 is connected to the N + diffusion layer 572
- the green photoelectric conversion unit 542 is connected to the N + diffusion layer 573
- the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 is connected to the N + diffusion layer 574.
- the N + diffusion layer 572, the N + diffusion layer 573, and the N + diffusion layer 574 are separated from each other by the element isolation region 251.
- the N + diffusion layer 312 can be formed without having to secure a wide well boundary region. That is, an increase in the substrate size can be suppressed.
- a logic circuit or an IO is provided outside the pixel array 110 on the pixel substrate 101 or outside the ADC array 120 on the circuit board 102.
- Arbitrary configurations such as a circuit can be arranged.
- the transistor wiring layer 213 is positioned on the light incident side from the element isolation layer 212. It can also be applied to a front-illuminated image sensor.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing apparatus 400 as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by executing the same manufacturing process as in the first embodiment.
- step S107 the image sensor 100 in this embodiment is executed in step S107 (FIG. 15) below. Details of the processing will be described.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 removes the silicon (Si) substrate 522 to expose the SiO 2 layer 521 by CMP and wet etching, for example, as shown in FIG. 29A.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 removes the SiO 2 layer 521 by wet etching, for example, as shown in FIG. 29B, and exposes the SOI layer (element isolation layer 212).
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 by a CVD method and a PVD method, for example, as shown in C of FIG. 29, to form an oxide film layer 232 buried over the element isolation layer 212, further SiO 2 thereon An insulating layer 231 of about 100 nm is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and performs dry etching of the insulating layer 231.
- the connection hole 581 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms each lower electrode 226 such as tantalum nitride (TaN) by a CVD method or a PVD method.
- a tungsten (W) plug may be formed before the lower electrode 226 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a pattern of the lower electrode 553 as shown in FIG. 30B, for example, by applying a resist and exposing it and performing TaN dry etching. At this time, the planar arrangement of the lower electrode 553 is divided for each unit pixel 111. Further, a lower electrode 553 connected to the upper electrode 531, a lower electrode 553 connected to the upper electrode 541, and a lower electrode 553 connected to the upper electrode 551 are formed outside the unit pixel 111.
- the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 and the upper electrode 551 are formed on the lower electrode 553 by the PVD method or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes, and dry-etches the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 and the upper electrode 551 outside the pixel array 110 as shown in FIG. 30C, for example. Remove.
- the upper electrode 551 and the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 may be divided for each unit pixel 111, but may cover the entire surface of the pixel array 110. If the upper electrode 551 and the red photoelectric conversion unit 552 cover the entire surface of the pixel array 110, an inexpensive process can be employed. However, it is necessary to make a hole to be a connection portion between the first and second lower electrodes from the top and the first semiconductor layer.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a SiO2 561 film by a CVD method, then applies a resist, exposes, performs dry etching, and, for example, as shown in FIG. A connection hole 582 with the upper electrode 551 or the lower electrode 553 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a transparent lower electrode 543 such as ITO by a CVD method or a PVD method.
- a tungsten (W) plug may be formed before the lower electrode 543 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming part 437 forms a pattern of the lower electrode 543 as shown in FIG. 31A, for example, by applying a resist and exposing it and performing dry etching of the lower electrode 543.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a green photoelectric conversion unit 542 and an upper electrode 541 thereof by a PVD method or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and dry-etches the upper electrode 541 and the green photoelectric conversion unit 542 outside the pixel array 110 as shown in FIG. 31B, for example. Remove.
- the upper electrode 541 and the green photoelectric conversion unit 542 may be divided for each unit pixel 111, but may cover the entire surface of the pixel array 110. If the upper electrode 541 and the green photoelectric conversion unit 542 cover the entire surface of the pixel array 110, an inexpensive process can be employed. However, it is necessary to make a hole to be a connecting portion between the first lower electrode and the first semiconductor layer from the top.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and performs dry etching. For example, as shown in FIG. 31C, the lower electrode 533 is formed. And a connection hole 583 between the upper electrode 541 and the lower electrode 543 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a transparent lower electrode 533 such as ITO by a CVD method or a PVD method.
- a tungsten (W) plug may be formed before the lower electrode 533 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist and exposes it, and forms a pattern of the lower electrode 533 as shown in FIG. 32A, for example.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532 and the upper electrode 531 by the PVD method or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and dry-etches the upper electrode 531 and the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532 outside the pixel array 110 as shown in FIG. 32B, for example. Remove.
- the upper electrode 531 and the blue photoelectric conversion unit 532 may be divided for each unit pixel 111, but may cover the entire surface of the pixel array 110. If the upper electrode 531 and the blue photoelectric conversion portion 532 cover the entire surface of the pixel array 110, an inexpensive process can be employed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 applies a resist, exposes it, and performs dry etching. For example, as shown in FIG. Then, a connection hole 584 between the upper electrode 531 or the lower electrode 533 is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms a tungsten (W) film by the PVD method or the CVD method, applies a resist, and exposes it.
- the light shielding film 571 is formed as a light shielding pattern and a wiring pattern for connecting the upper electrode of each layer and the element isolation layer 212.
- the light shielding pattern is preferably formed at the end of the pixel array 110 with a width of about several pixels. Furthermore, in order to prevent color mixing between unit pixels, inter-pixel light shielding may be formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 embeds between the inter-pixel light-shielding films of the inter-pixel light-shielding layer 223 with SiO 2 561, for example, as shown in FIG. 33C.
- the photoelectric conversion layer forming unit 437 forms the microlens 221 on the inter-pixel light shielding layer 561, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the manufacturing unit 402 outputs the image sensor 100 to the outside and ends the manufacturing process.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 can generate the image sensor 100 (FIG. 1) to which the present technology of the present embodiment is applied. That is, by manufacturing in this way, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- the configuration of circuits formed in the unit pixel 111 and the A / D conversion unit 121 is arbitrary, and is not limited to the above-described example.
- the unit pixel 111 of the pixel substrate 101 a configuration of a readout circuit that reads a pixel signal from the unit pixel is formed, and all the transistors that form the unit pixel A / D conversion circuit are A / D of the circuit substrate 102. You may make it form in the conversion part 121.
- FIG. 35 shows a main configuration example of a circuit mounted on the pixel substrate 101 in this case.
- a photoelectric conversion unit 601 in the unit pixel 111 of the pixel substrate 101, a photoelectric conversion unit 601, a first reset transistor 602, a transfer transistor 603, a second reset transistor 604, an amplification transistor 605, and a selection transistor 606 are formed.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 601 converts light incident on the unit pixel 111 into an electric charge, like the photoelectric conversion unit 131 of the first embodiment.
- the structure of the photoelectric conversion unit 601 is arbitrary. For example, as in the case of the first embodiment, it may be configured by a single-layer photoelectric conversion unit 225, or, as in the case of the second embodiment, components in different wavelength ranges. It may be configured by a plurality of stacked photoelectric conversion units that absorb each other.
- the first reset transistor 602 to the selection transistor 606 are all high withstand voltage transistors. Therefore, the processing conditions such as the gate electrode, the diffusion layer, and the wiring of the pixel substrate 101 can be optimized independently of the setting of the circuit substrate 102. These transistors are all N-type transistors. That is, only an N-type transistor is formed in the unit pixel 111 (no P-type transistor is formed).
- a first floating diffusion layer 611 and a second floating diffusion layer 612 are further formed.
- the first floating diffusion layer 611 stores the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit 601.
- the second floating diffusion layer 612 accumulates the charges transferred from the first floating diffusion layer 611.
- a well contact 621 is formed in the first floating diffusion layer 611.
- a well contact 622 is formed in the second floating diffusion layer 612.
- the configuration of the unit pixel A / D conversion circuit (a circuit such as a comparison unit, a positive feedback circuit, and an inverter) as described with reference to FIG.
- the A / D converter 121 of the ADC array 120 of the circuit board 102 Corresponding to the A / D converter 121 of the ADC array 120 of the circuit board 102.
- the image sensor 100 includes the pixel substrate 101 on which the photoelectric conversion unit 601 and the element isolation layer 212 are formed as a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed. Further, the image sensor 100 includes a circuit substrate 102 as a second substrate different from the pixel substrate 101. In the image sensor 100, the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102 are stacked. Further, in the image sensor 100 of this embodiment, a transistor formed on the pixel substrate 101 forms a reading circuit that reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit 601 as a pixel signal, and is formed on the circuit substrate 102. The formed transistors form a unit pixel A / D conversion circuit that performs A / D conversion on the pixel signal read through the readout circuit.
- the configuration of the circuits formed on the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102 of the image sensor 100 it is the same as the case of the first embodiment and the second embodiment.
- the configuration of the pixel substrate 101 as the layers of the photoelectric conversion layer 211, the element isolation layer 212, and the transistor wiring layer 213 is the same as that in the first embodiment or the second embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 according to the present embodiment can suppress an increase in pixel size and a decrease in image quality as in the case of the other embodiments described above.
- a P well is formed using one P + diffusion layer 262 in the unit pixel 111 as shown in FIG.
- a common well contact may be formed in the entire 241 and a common substrate bias may be applied to the entire P well.
- a well contact is formed in each P well 241 using the P + diffusion layer 262 for each region separated by the element isolation region 251 and independent of each other.
- a substrate bias may be applied.
- the first reset transistor 602 and the transfer transistor 603, the second reset transistor 604, the amplification transistor 605 and the selection transistor 606 are electrically isolated from each other by the element isolation region 251. Yes.
- a P well 241 and a P + diffusion layer 262 are formed for each.
- a substrate bias may be applied to these well contacts independently of each other. By doing in this way, conversion efficiency can be changed and the dynamic range of the image sensor 100 can be expanded.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing apparatus 400 as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by executing the same manufacturing process as in the first embodiment.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 can generate the image sensor 100 to which the present technology is applied. That is, by manufacturing in this way, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- a configuration of a readout circuit that reads a pixel signal from the unit pixel 111 may be formed in the unit pixel 111 of the pixel substrate 101 and the A / D conversion unit 121 of the circuit substrate 102.
- all of the transistors constituting the unit pixel A / D conversion circuit may be formed in the A / D conversion unit 121.
- FIG. 37 is a circuit diagram showing a main configuration example of a readout circuit that reads out a pixel signal from the unit pixel 111.
- a photoelectric conversion unit 701, a reset transistor 702, a first amplification transistor 703, and a load MOS transistor 704 are formed in the unit pixel 111 of the pixel substrate 101.
- the second amplification transistor 705 and the selection transistor 706 are formed in the A / D conversion unit 121 of the circuit board 102.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 701 converts light incident on the unit pixel 111 into an electric charge, like the photoelectric conversion unit 131 of the first embodiment.
- the structure of the photoelectric conversion unit 701 is arbitrary. For example, as in the case of the first embodiment, it may be configured by a single-layer photoelectric conversion unit 225, or, as in the case of the second embodiment, components in different wavelength ranges. It may be configured by a plurality of stacked photoelectric conversion units that absorb each other.
- the reset transistor 702 is an N-type transistor.
- the first amplification transistor 703 to the selection transistor 706 are P-type transistors. That is, in the unit pixel 111, both a P-type transistor and an N-type transistor are formed.
- a floating diffusion layer 711 is further formed.
- the floating diffusion layer 711 accumulates the charges transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit 701.
- a well contact 721 is formed in the floating diffusion layer 711.
- the configuration of the unit pixel A / D conversion circuit (a circuit such as a comparison unit, a positive feedback circuit, and an inverter) as described with reference to FIG.
- the A / D converter 121 of the ADC array 120 of the circuit board 102 Corresponding to the A / D converter 121 of the ADC array 120 of the circuit board 102.
- the image sensor 100 includes the pixel substrate 101 on which the photoelectric conversion unit 601 and the element isolation layer 212 are formed as a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed. Further, the image sensor 100 includes a circuit substrate 102 as a second substrate different from the pixel substrate 101. In the image sensor 100, the pixel substrate 101 and the circuit substrate 102 are stacked.
- a transistor formed on the pixel substrate 101 and a transistor formed on the circuit substrate 102 form a circuit that reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit 701. To do.
- the configuration of the pixel substrate 101 as a layer of the photoelectric conversion layer 211, the element isolation layer 212, and the transistor wiring layer 213 is the same as in the first embodiment, the second embodiment, or the third embodiment. It is the same as the case of.
- the image sensor 100 according to the present embodiment can suppress an increase in pixel size and a decrease in image quality as in the case of the other embodiments described above.
- a common well contact is formed in the entire P well in the unit pixel 111 as shown in FIG.
- a common substrate bias may be applied to the entire P well.
- a well contact is made with respect to the P well 241 for each region separated by the element isolation region 251.
- the substrate bias may be applied independently of each other.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing apparatus 400 as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by executing the same manufacturing process as in the first embodiment.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 can generate the image sensor 100 to which the present technology is applied. That is, by manufacturing in this way, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- the image sensor 100 may be configured by a single-layer semiconductor substrate.
- the image sensor 100 includes a pixel substrate 101 as shown in FIG. 39A, for example.
- a readout circuit similar to that in the case of the fourth embodiment as shown in FIG. 39B is formed. However, in the unit pixel 111 in the present embodiment, all the structures of the readout circuit are formed. For example, in the unit pixel 111 in this embodiment, a photoelectric conversion portion 701 and reset transistors 702 to 706 are formed.
- a transistor may form a circuit that reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit.
- a / D conversion of the pixel signal read out from the unit pixel 111 may be realized by a circuit formed outside the pixel array 110 of the pixel substrate 101. Further, A / D conversion may be performed in a device outside the pixel substrate 101.
- FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of the image sensor 100 in this case. As shown in FIG. 40, since the image sensor 100 in this case is configured by a single-layer pixel substrate 101, a silicon substrate 731 is formed below the transistor wiring layer 213.
- the image sensor 100 according to the present embodiment can suppress an increase in pixel size and a decrease in image quality as in the case of the other embodiments described above. .
- the image sensor 100 is not only a back-illuminated image sensor, but also a transistor wiring layer 213 as shown in FIG.
- the present invention can also be applied to a surface irradiation type image sensor positioned on the light incident side of the element isolation layer 212.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing apparatus 400 as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by executing the same manufacturing process as in the first embodiment.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 can generate the image sensor 100 to which the present technology is applied. That is, by manufacturing in this way, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- all the transistors formed in the unit pixel 111 of the pixel substrate 101 of the image sensor 100 may be N-type transistors. That is, each unit of the readout circuit (FIG. 35) described in the third embodiment is formed in the unit pixel 111 of the single-layer pixel substrate 101 as shown in FIG. Also good.
- the unit pixel 111 includes a photoelectric conversion unit 801, a first reset transistor 802, a transfer transistor 803, a second reset transistor 804, an amplification transistor 805, and a selection transistor 806.
- a first floating diffusion layer 811 and a second floating diffusion layer 812 are further formed.
- a well contact 821 is formed in the first floating diffusion layer 811.
- a well contact 822 is formed in the second floating diffusion layer 812.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 801 corresponds to the photoelectric conversion unit 601.
- the first reset transistor 802 to the selection transistor 806 correspond to the first reset transistor 602 to the selection transistor 606, respectively.
- the image sensor 100 according to the present embodiment can suppress an increase in pixel size and a decrease in image quality as in the case of the other embodiments described above.
- the image sensor 100 according to the present embodiment is formed by a pixel substrate 101 of a single layer substrate as shown in FIG. Therefore, in the case of the image sensor 100 according to the present embodiment, an A / D conversion circuit that performs A / D conversion on a pixel signal read from the unit pixel 111 is formed in a region outside the pixel array 110 of the pixel substrate 101. Alternatively, it may be formed outside the image sensor 100.
- an A / D conversion circuit that performs A / D conversion on the pixel signal read from the unit pixel 111 may be provided for each unit pixel, or may be provided for each column of the pixel array 110. Alternatively, it may be provided for each area, or one pixel array 110 may be provided.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing apparatus 400 as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by executing the same manufacturing process as in the first embodiment.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 can generate the image sensor 100 to which the present technology is applied. That is, by manufacturing in this way, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- the image sensor 100 is formed in a multilayer structure of a pixel substrate 101 and a circuit substrate 102, and a pixel from the photoelectric conversion unit of the unit pixel 111 is added to the unit pixel 111 of the pixel substrate.
- a readout circuit for reading out signals is formed, and the circuit board 102 has a column A / D conversion circuit provided for each column of the pixel array 110 that performs A / D conversion on the pixel signal read out from the unit pixel 111. It may be formed.
- a pixel array 110 is formed on the pixel substrate 101, and a column A / D conversion provided for each column of the pixel array 110 is provided on the circuit substrate 102 superimposed on the pixel substrate 101.
- a column ADC 831 that is a region in which a circuit is arranged is formed. That is, a plurality of column A / D conversion circuits (for example, the number of columns (number of columns) of the pixel array 110) are arranged in the column ADC 831.
- the configuration of the image sensor 100 in the case of the present embodiment is basically the same as the configuration of the image sensor 100 in the case of the third embodiment except for the configuration of the A / D conversion unit in the circuit board 102.
- the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality as in the case of the third embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing apparatus 400 as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the image sensor 100 can be manufactured by executing the same manufacturing process as in the first embodiment.
- the manufacturing apparatus 400 can generate the image sensor 100 to which the present technology is applied. That is, by manufacturing in this way, the image sensor 100 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a reduction in image quality.
- FIG. 44 is a block diagram illustrating a main configuration example of an imaging device as an example of an electronic apparatus to which the present technology is applied.
- An imaging apparatus 900 shown in FIG. 44 is an apparatus that images a subject and outputs an image of the subject as an electrical signal.
- the imaging apparatus 900 includes an optical unit 911, a CMOS image sensor 912, an image processing unit 913, a display unit 914, a codec processing unit 915, a storage unit 916, an output unit 917, a communication unit 918, and a control unit 921.
- the optical unit 911 includes a lens that adjusts the focus to the subject and collects light from the focused position, an aperture that adjusts exposure, a shutter that controls the timing of imaging, and the like.
- the optical unit 911 transmits light (incident light) from the subject and supplies the light to the CMOS image sensor 912.
- the CMOS image sensor 912 photoelectrically converts incident light, A / D converts a signal for each pixel (pixel signal), performs signal processing such as CDS, and supplies the processed captured image data to the image processing unit 913. .
- the image processing unit 913 performs image processing on the captured image data obtained by the CMOS image sensor 912. More specifically, the image processing unit 913 performs, for example, color mixture correction, black level correction, white balance adjustment, demosaic processing, matrix processing, gamma correction, on the captured image data supplied from the CMOS image sensor 912. And various image processing such as YC conversion.
- the image processing unit 913 supplies captured image data subjected to image processing to the display unit 914.
- the display unit 914 is configured, for example, as a liquid crystal display or the like, and displays an image (for example, a subject image) of captured image data supplied from the image processing unit 913.
- the image processing unit 913 further supplies the captured image data subjected to the image processing to the codec processing unit 915 as necessary.
- the codec processing unit 915 subjects the captured image data supplied from the image processing unit 913 to encoding processing of a predetermined method, and supplies the obtained encoded data to the storage unit 916. Further, the codec processing unit 915 reads out the encoded data recorded in the storage unit 916, decodes it to generate decoded image data, and supplies the decoded image data to the image processing unit 913.
- the image processing unit 913 performs predetermined image processing on the decoded image data supplied from the codec processing unit 915.
- the image processing unit 913 supplies the decoded image data subjected to the image processing to the display unit 914.
- the display unit 914 is configured as a liquid crystal display or the like, for example, and displays an image of the decoded image data supplied from the image processing unit 913.
- the codec processing unit 915 supplies the encoded data obtained by encoding the captured image data supplied from the image processing unit 913 or the encoded data of the captured image data read from the storage unit 916 to the output unit 917. You may make it output outside the imaging device 900. FIG. Further, the codec processing unit 915 supplies the captured image data before encoding or the decoded image data obtained by decoding the encoded data read from the storage unit 916 to the output unit 917, and the external of the imaging apparatus 900 You may make it output to.
- the codec processing unit 915 may transmit the captured image data, the encoded data of the captured image data, or the decoded image data to another device via the communication unit 918. Further, the codec processing unit 915 may acquire captured image data and encoded data of the image data via the communication unit 918. The codec processing unit 915 appropriately encodes and decodes the captured image data acquired through the communication unit 918 and the encoded data of the image data. The codec processing unit 915 may supply the obtained image data or encoded data to the image processing unit 913 as described above, or output it to the storage unit 916, the output unit 917, and the communication unit 918. Good.
- the storage unit 916 stores encoded data supplied from the codec processing unit 915 and the like.
- the encoded data stored in the storage unit 916 is read out and decoded by the codec processing unit 915 as necessary.
- the captured image data obtained by the decoding process is supplied to the display unit 914, and a captured image corresponding to the captured image data is displayed.
- the output unit 917 has an external output interface such as an external output terminal, and outputs various data supplied via the codec processing unit 915 to the outside of the imaging apparatus 900 via the external output interface.
- the communication unit 918 supplies various types of information such as image data and encoded data supplied from the codec processing unit 915 to another device that is a communication partner of predetermined communication (wired communication or wireless communication). In addition, the communication unit 918 acquires various types of information such as image data and encoded data from another device that is a communication partner of predetermined communication (wired communication or wireless communication), and supplies it to the codec processing unit 915. .
- the control unit 921 controls the operation of each processing unit (each processing unit indicated by the dotted line 920, the operation unit 922, and the drive 923) of the imaging apparatus 900.
- the operation unit 922 is configured by an arbitrary input device such as a jog dial (trademark), a key, a button, or a touch panel, for example. To do.
- the drive 923 reads information stored in a removable medium 924 attached to the drive 923 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory.
- the drive 923 reads various information such as programs and data from the removable medium 924 and supplies the information to the control unit 921. Further, when a writable removable medium 924 is attached to the drive 923, the drive 923 stores various information such as image data and encoded data supplied through the control unit 921 in the removable medium 924. .
- the CMOS image sensor 912 of the imaging apparatus 900 As the CMOS image sensor 912 of the imaging apparatus 900 as described above, the present technology described above in each embodiment is applied. That is, the image sensor 100 described above is used as the CMOS image sensor 912. Thereby, the CMOS image sensor 912 can suppress an increase in pixel size and a decrease in image quality of the captured image. Therefore, the imaging apparatus 900 can obtain a captured image with higher resolution and higher image quality by imaging the subject.
- this recording medium is configured by a removable medium 421 on which a program is recorded, which is distributed to distribute the program to the user, separately from the apparatus main body.
- the removable medium 421 includes a magnetic disk (including a flexible disk) and an optical disk (including a CD-ROM and a DVD). Further, magneto-optical disks (including MD (Mini-Disc)) and semiconductor memories are also included.
- the program can be installed in the storage unit 413 by attaching the removable medium 421 to the drive 415.
- This program can also be provided via a wired or wireless transmission medium such as a local area network, the Internet, or digital satellite broadcasting. In that case, the program can be received by the communication unit 414 and installed in the storage unit 413.
- a wired or wireless transmission medium such as a local area network, the Internet, or digital satellite broadcasting.
- the program can be received by the communication unit 414 and installed in the storage unit 413.
- this program can also be installed in advance in a ROM (Read Only Memory) or the like in the storage unit 413 or the control unit 401.
- ROM Read Only Memory
- the program executed by the computer may be a program that is processed in time series in the order described in this specification, or in parallel or at a necessary timing such as when a call is made. It may be a program for processing.
- the step of describing the program recorded on the recording medium is not limited to the processing performed in chronological order according to the described order, but may be performed in parallel or It also includes processes that are executed individually.
- each step described above can be executed in each device described above or any device other than each device described above.
- the device that executes the process may have the functions (functional blocks and the like) necessary for executing the process described above.
- Information necessary for processing may be transmitted to the apparatus as appropriate.
- the system means a set of a plurality of components (devices, modules (parts), etc.), and it does not matter whether all the components are in the same housing. Accordingly, a plurality of devices housed in separate housings and connected via a network and a single device housing a plurality of modules in one housing are all systems. .
- the configuration described as one device (or processing unit) may be divided and configured as a plurality of devices (or processing units).
- the configurations described above as a plurality of devices (or processing units) may be combined into a single device (or processing unit).
- a configuration other than that described above may be added to the configuration of each device (or each processing unit).
- a part of the configuration of a certain device (or processing unit) may be included in the configuration of another device (or other processing unit). .
- the present technology can take a configuration of cloud computing in which one function is shared by a plurality of devices via a network and is jointly processed.
- each step described in the above flowchart can be executed by one device or can be shared by a plurality of devices.
- the plurality of processes included in the one step can be executed by being shared by a plurality of apparatuses in addition to being executed by one apparatus.
- FIG. 45 is a diagram illustrating a usage example in which the above-described image sensor is used.
- the image sensor described above can be used in various cases for sensing light such as visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, and X-ray as follows.
- Devices for taking images for viewing such as digital cameras and mobile devices with camera functions
- Devices used for traffic such as in-vehicle sensors that capture the back, surroundings, and interiors of vehicles, surveillance cameras that monitor traveling vehicles and roads, and ranging sensors that measure distances between vehicles, etc.
- Equipment used for home appliances such as TVs, refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. to take pictures and operate the equipment according to the gestures ⁇ Endoscopes, equipment that performs blood vessel photography by receiving infrared light, etc.
- Equipment used for medical and health care ⁇ Security equipment such as security surveillance cameras and personal authentication cameras ⁇ Skin measuring instrument for photographing skin and scalp photography Such as a microscope to do beauty Equipment used for sports-Equipment used for sports such as action cameras and wearable cameras for sports applications-Used for agriculture such as cameras for monitoring the condition of fields and crops apparatus
- the embodiments of the present technology are not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the present technology.
- a processor as a system LSI (Large Scale Integration)
- the present invention can also be implemented as a module using a plurality of processors, a unit using a plurality of modules, a set obtained by further adding other functions to the unit, or a manufacturing apparatus or a manufacturing method for manufacturing the configuration.
- An image sensor including an element isolation region made of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
- the element isolation region isolates at least one of a transistor, a diffusion layer, and a well formed in the semiconductor layer from the other.
- the imaging element according to (2), wherein the element isolation region is formed so as to be in contact with a side wall of a floating diffusion layer that accumulates charges photoelectrically converted in the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the element isolation region is formed so as to be in contact with a plurality of side walls of the floating diffusion layer.
- a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed and a second substrate different from the first substrate are stacked, The transistor formed on the first substrate and the transistor formed on the second substrate form a circuit that reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit and performs A / D conversion. ) To (10).
- the imaging device according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein the photoelectric conversion unit is formed in a structure in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion units that photoelectrically convert light in different wavelength ranges are stacked.
- a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed and a second substrate different from the first substrate are stacked, A transistor formed on the first substrate and a transistor formed on the second substrate form a circuit that reads and amplifies the charge obtained in the photoelectric conversion unit; Further, the transistor formed on the second substrate forms a circuit that performs A / D conversion on the signal amplified in the circuit.
- a first substrate on which the photoelectric conversion unit and the semiconductor layer are formed and a second substrate different from the first substrate are stacked,
- the transistor formed on the second substrate forms a circuit provided for each column of the pixels arranged in an array, which performs A / D conversion on the signal amplified in the circuit.
- Image sensor. (18) an imaging unit for imaging a subject; An image processing unit that performs image processing on image data obtained by imaging by the imaging unit, The imaging unit An electronic device including an element isolation region made of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
- a manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing an image sensor comprising: an element isolation region forming unit that forms an element isolation region made of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
- a manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing an image sensor A manufacturing method for forming an element isolation region made of an insulator that penetrates a semiconductor layer in which a transistor is formed in a pixel including a photoelectric conversion unit that photoelectrically converts incident light.
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Abstract
Description
1.第1の実施の形態(イメージセンサ)
2.第2の実施の形態(イメージセンサ)
3.第3の実施の形態(イメージセンサ)
4.第4の実施の形態(イメージセンサ)
5.第5の実施の形態(イメージセンサ)
6.第6の実施の形態(イメージセンサ)
7.第7の実施の形態(イメージセンサ)
8.第8の実施の形態(撮像装置)
9.その他
<イメージセンサ>
図1は、本技術を適用した撮像素子の一実施の形態であるイメージセンサの主な構成例を示す図である。
図2は、イメージセンサに搭載される単位画素A/D変換回路の主な構成例を示す図である。図2に示されるように、画素基板101には、単位画素A/D変換回路の内、高耐圧のトランジスタ等が形成される。
図3は、イメージセンサ100の主な構成例を示す断面図である。図3においては、イメージセンサ100の一部の断面における主な構成例が示されている。図3に示されるように、イメージセンサ100は、画素基板101と回路基板102とが積層されている。
図4は、画素基板101の光電変換層211の主な構成例を示す断面図である。図4に示されるように、光電変換層211には、マイクロレンズ221、カラーフィルタ222、画素間遮光層223、上部電極224、光電変換部225、および下部電極226が形成されている。
図5は、画素基板101の素子分離層212等の主な構成例を示す断面図である。図5に示されるように、下部電極226と素子分離層212との間には、絶縁層231が形成される。絶縁層231は、例えばSiO2等の絶縁体により形成される。また、素子分離層212の図中上下を挟むように、埋め込み酸化膜層232および埋め込み酸化膜層233が形成される。
図6は、素子分離層の主な構成例を示す平面図である。図6において、四角271は、1単位画素分の構成を示している。図6に示されるように、Pウェル(P-WELL)241-1とNウェル(N-WELL)242との間に素子分離領域251-1が形成されている。また、Nウェル(N-WELL)242とPウェル(P-WELL)241-2との間に素子分離領域251-2が形成されている。
図7は、単位画素111の素子分離層212の主な構成例を示す平面図である。図7の例の場合、単位画素111内(四角271内)において、素子分離領域251は、第1浮遊拡散層151および第2浮遊拡散層152に接するように配置されている。
図11に画素アレイ端部の主な構成例を示す断面図である。図11に示される例のように、画素アレイ110の端部以外に形成される単位画素である通常画素301は光入射面が開口しているが、画素アレイ110の端部には、遮光膜311により光入射面が遮光された遮光部302が形成される。
図14は、本技術を適用した撮像素子であるイメージセンサ100を製造する製造装置の主な構成例を示すブロック図である。図14に示される製造装置400は、制御部401および製造部402を有する。
次に、図15のフローチャートを参照して、製造装置400が実行する、イメージセンサ100を製造する製造処理の流れの例を説明する。なお、必要に応じて、図16乃至図24を参照して説明する。
<イメージセンサ>
なお、上述したイメージセンサ100において、光電変換部の構成は任意であり、上述した例に限定されない。例えば、互いに異なる波長域の光を吸収する複数の光電変換部が積層される構成としてもよい。
画素アレイ110の端部の単位画素111外の構成は、例えば、図26に示されるような構成であってもよい。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造装置400により、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造処理を実行することにより、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
<イメージセンサ>
なお、上述したイメージセンサ100において、単位画素111およびA/D変換部121に形成される回路の構成は任意であり、上述した例に限定されない。例えば、画素基板101の単位画素111内に、単位画素から画素信号を読み出す読み出し回路の構成が形成され、単位画素A/D変換回路の構成となるトランジスタは、全て、回路基板102のA/D変換部121に形成されるようにしてもよい。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造装置400により、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造処理を実行することにより、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
<イメージセンサ>
また、例えば、単位画素111から画素信号を読み出す読み出し回路の構成が、画素基板101の単位画素111と、回路基板102のA/D変換部121に形成されるようにしてもよい。また、この場合、単位画素A/D変換回路の構成となるトランジスタは、全てそのA/D変換部121に形成されるようにしてもよい。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造装置400により、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造処理を実行することにより、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
<イメージセンサ>
なお、イメージセンサ100は、単層の半導体基板により構成されるようにしてもよい。本実施の形態の場合、イメージセンサ100は、例えば図39のAに示されるように、画素基板101により構成されている。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造装置400により、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造処理を実行することにより、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
<イメージセンサ>
なお、第5の実施の形態においてイメージセンサ100の画素基板101の単位画素111に形成されるトランジスタが全てN型トランジスタであるようにしてもよい。つまり、図42のAに示されるような、単層基板の画素基板101の単位画素111において、第3の実施の形態において説明した読み出し回路(図35)の各構成が形成されるようにしてもよい。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造装置400により、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造処理を実行することにより、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
<イメージセンサ>
また、例えば、図43に示されるように、イメージセンサ100が、画素基板101と回路基板102の多層構造に形成され、画素基板の単位画素111には、その単位画素111の光電変換部から画素信号を読み出す読み出し回路が形成され、回路基板102には、その単位画素111から読み出された画素信号をA/D変換する、画素アレイ110のカラム毎に設けられたカラムA/D変換回路が形成されるようにしてもよい。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造装置400により、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
本実施の形態の場合も、第1の実施の形態の場合と同様の製造処理を実行することにより、イメージセンサ100を製造することができる。
<撮像装置>
なお、本技術は、撮像素子以外にも適用することができる。例えば、撮像装置のような、撮像素子を有する装置(電子機器等)に本技術を適用するようにしてもよい。図44は、本技術を適用した電子機器の一例としての撮像装置の主な構成例を示すブロック図である。図44に示される撮像装置900は、被写体を撮像し、その被写体の画像を電気信号として出力する装置である。
上述した一連の処理は、ハードウェアにより実行させることもできるし、ソフトウェアにより実行させることもできる。上述した一連の処理をソフトウェアにより実行させる場合には、そのソフトウェアを構成するプログラムが、ネットワークや記録媒体からインストールされる。
図45は、上述のイメージセンサを使用する使用例を示す図である。
・自動停止等の安全運転や、運転者の状態の認識等のために、自動車の前方や後方、周囲、車内等を撮影する車載用センサ、走行車両や道路を監視する監視カメラ、車両間等の測距を行う測距センサ等の、交通の用に供される装置
・ユーザのジェスチャを撮影して、そのジェスチャに従った機器操作を行うために、TVや、冷蔵庫、エアーコンディショナ等の家電に供される装置
・内視鏡や、赤外光の受光による血管撮影を行う装置等の、医療やヘルスケアの用に供される装置
・防犯用途の監視カメラや、人物認証用途のカメラ等の、セキュリティの用に供される装置
・肌を撮影する肌測定器や、頭皮を撮影するマイクロスコープ等の、美容の用に供される装置
・スポーツ用途等向けのアクションカメラやウェアラブルカメラ等の、スポーツの用に供される装置
・畑や作物の状態を監視するためのカメラ等の、農業の用に供される装置
(1) 入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域
を備える撮像素子。
(2) 前記素子分離領域は、前記半導体層に形成されるトランジスタ、拡散層、およびウェルの内、少なくともいずれか1つを、他と分離する
(1)に記載の撮像素子。
(3) 前記素子分離領域は、前記光電変換部において光電変換された電荷を蓄積する浮遊拡散層の側壁に接するように形成される
(2)に記載の撮像素子。
(4) 前記素子分離領域は、前記浮遊拡散層の複数の側壁に接するように形成される
(3)に記載の撮像素子。
(5) 前記素子分離領域は、前記画素内に形成される複数の前記浮遊拡散層同士を分離する
(2)乃至(4)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(6) 前記素子分離領域は、PウェルとNウェルとを分離するように形成される
(2)乃至(5)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(7) 前記素子分離領域は、P型トランジスタとN型トランジスタとを分離するように形成される
(2)乃至(6)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(8) 複数の前記画素が面状に配置された画素アレイを備える
(2)乃至(7)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(9) 前記素子分離領域は、さらに、前記画素外において前記光電変換部の上部電極用の拡散層を分離するように形成される
(2)乃至(8)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(10) 前記素子分離領域は、前記上部電極用の拡散層の側壁に接するように形成される
(9)に記載の撮像素子。
(11) 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第1の基板に形成されるトランジスタと、前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタとが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅してA/D変換する回路を形成する
(1)乃至(10)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(12) 前記光電変換部は、互いに異なる波長域の光を光電変換する複数の光電変換部を積層した構造に形成される
(1)乃至(11)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(13) 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第1の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅する回路を形成し、
前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記回路において増幅された信号をA/D変換する回路を形成する
(1)乃至(12)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(14) 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第1の基板に形成されるトランジスタと、前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタとが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅する回路を形成し、
さらに、前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記回路において増幅された信号をA/D変換する回路を形成する
(1)乃至(13)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(15) 前記画素内において、前記トランジスタが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅する回路を形成する
(1)乃至(14)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(16) 前記画素内のトランジスタが全てN型トランジスタである
(15)に記載の撮像素子。
(17) 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記回路において増幅された信号をA/D変換する、アレイ状に配置された前記画素のカラム毎に設けられた回路を形成する
(16)に記載の撮像素子。
(18) 被写体を撮像する撮像部と、
前記撮像部による撮像により得られた画像データを画像処理する画像処理部と
を備え、
前記撮像部は、
入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域
を備える電子機器。
(19) 撮像素子を製造する製造装置であって、
入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域を形成する素子分離領域形成部
を備える製造装置。
(20) 撮像素子を製造する製造装置が、
入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域を形成する
製造方法。
Claims (20)
- 入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域
を備える撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、前記半導体層に形成されるトランジスタ、拡散層、およびウェルの内、少なくともいずれか1つを、他と分離する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、前記光電変換部において光電変換された電荷を蓄積する浮遊拡散層の側壁に接するように形成される
請求項2に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、前記浮遊拡散層の複数の側壁に接するように形成される
請求項3に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、前記画素内に形成される複数の前記浮遊拡散層同士を分離する
請求項2に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、PウェルとNウェルとを分離するように形成される
請求項2に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、P型トランジスタとN型トランジスタとを分離するように形成される
請求項2に記載の撮像素子。 - 複数の前記画素が面状に配置された画素アレイを備える
請求項2に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、さらに、前記画素外において前記光電変換部の上部電極用の拡散層を分離するように形成される
請求項2に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記素子分離領域は、前記上部電極用の拡散層の側壁に接するように形成される
請求項9に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第1の基板に形成されるトランジスタと、前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタとが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅してA/D変換する回路を形成する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記光電変換部は、互いに異なる波長域の光を光電変換する複数の光電変換部を積層した構造に形成される
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第1の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅する回路を形成し、
前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記回路において増幅された信号をA/D変換する回路を形成する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第1の基板に形成されるトランジスタと、前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタとが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅する回路を形成し、
さらに、前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記回路において増幅された信号をA/D変換する回路を形成する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記画素内において、前記トランジスタが、前記光電変換部において得られる電荷を読み出して増幅する回路を形成する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記画素内のトランジスタが全てN型トランジスタである
請求項15に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記光電変換部および前記半導体層が形成される第1の基板と、前記第1の基板と異なる第2の基板とが積層され、
前記第2の基板に形成されるトランジスタが、前記回路において増幅された信号をA/D変換する、アレイ状に配置された前記画素のカラム毎に設けられた回路を形成する
請求項16に記載の撮像素子。 - 被写体を撮像する撮像部と、
前記撮像部による撮像により得られた画像データを画像処理する画像処理部と
を備え、
前記撮像部は、
入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域
を備える電子機器。 - 撮像素子を製造する製造装置であって、
入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域を形成する素子分離領域形成部
を備える製造装置。 - 撮像素子を製造する製造装置が、
入射光を光電変換する光電変換部を含む画素内においてトランジスタが形成される半導体層を貫通する、絶縁体で構成される素子分離領域を形成する
製造方法。
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US15/577,403 US10727264B2 (en) | 2015-06-05 | 2016-05-20 | Imaging element, electronic device, manufacturing apparatus, and manufacturing method |
CN201680028501.8A CN107615487B (zh) | 2015-06-05 | 2016-05-20 | 成像元件、电子器件、制造设备以及制造方法 |
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US20180175083A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
JPWO2016194653A1 (ja) | 2018-03-29 |
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US10727264B2 (en) | 2020-07-28 |
JP7006268B2 (ja) | 2022-01-24 |
CN107615487A (zh) | 2018-01-19 |
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