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WO2013158928A2 - Thérapies à base de ligand de récepteur chimiosensoriels - Google Patents

Thérapies à base de ligand de récepteur chimiosensoriels Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013158928A2
WO2013158928A2 PCT/US2013/037246 US2013037246W WO2013158928A2 WO 2013158928 A2 WO2013158928 A2 WO 2013158928A2 US 2013037246 W US2013037246 W US 2013037246W WO 2013158928 A2 WO2013158928 A2 WO 2013158928A2
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Prior art keywords
substituted
alkyl
unsubstituted
receptor ligand
composition
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PCT/US2013/037246
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English (en)
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WO2013158928A3 (fr
Inventor
Alain D. Baron
Martin R. Brown
Christopher R.G. Jones
Nigel R.A. Beeley
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Elcelyx Therapeutics, Inc.
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Publication of WO2013158928A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013158928A2/fr
Publication of WO2013158928A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013158928A3/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/433—Thidiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P41/00—Drugs used in surgical methods, e.g. surgery adjuvants for preventing adhesion or for vitreum substitution
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • Type II diabetes treatments in use or development are designed to lower blood glucose levels. They include mimetics of GLP-1 (glucagon- like peptide- 1), a hormone that plays a key role in regulating insulin, glucose and hunger. Examples of mimetics are the GLP-1 receptor agonist, Exenatide (Byetta®) and the GLP-1 analog Liraglutide. Other drugs inhibit DPP-IV, an enzyme that rapidly degrades endogenous GLP-1. Exenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that is degraded more slowly by DPP-IV. Liraglutide, a GLP-1 analog, is attached to a fatty acid molecule that binds to albumin and slows the rate of GLP-1 release and its degradation.
  • obesity treatments include two FDA-approved drugs.
  • Orlistat Xenical®
  • Sibutramine Meidia®
  • Surgical treatments including gastric bypass surgery and gastric banding, are available, but only in extreme cases.
  • Certain intestinal cells L cells have been reported to produce GLP-1 in response to glucose, fat and amino acid stimulation. These and other such "entero endocrine cells” also reportedly produce other hormones involved in processes relating to glucose and fuel metabolism, including oxyntomodulin, reported to ameliorate glucose intolerance and suppress appetite, PYY (peptide YY), also observed to suppress appetite, CCK (cholecystokinin), which reportedly stimulates the digestion of fat and protein and also reduces food intake, GLP-2, which reportedly induces gut cell proliferation, and GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also called glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide), an incretin secreted from the intestinal K cells that has been observed to augment glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
  • oxyntomodulin reported to ameliorate glucose intolerance and suppress appetite
  • PYY peptide YY
  • CCK cholecystokinin
  • GLP-2 which reportedly induces gut cell proliferation
  • GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also
  • Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptides of 15- and 16-amino acids in length, respectively, that are reportedly secreted by intestinal epithelial cells as prohormones and require enzymatic conversion into active hormones. Recently, it has been reported that uroguanylin may have a satiety- inducing function. (See Seeley & Tschop, 2011, “Uroguanylin: how the gut got another satiety hormone," J Clin Invest 121(9):3384-3386; Valentino et al, 2011, “A Uroguanylin- GUCY2C Endocrine Axis Regulates Feeding in Mice," J Clin Invest doe: 10.1172/JCI57925.)
  • the umami receptors are reported to be TlRl and T1R3 heterodimers (Xu, et al, 2004, "Different functional roles of TIR subunits in the heteromeric taste receptors," Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 : 14258-14263 and Sternini, et al, 2008, "Entero endocrine cells: a site of 'taste' in gastrointestinal chemosensing," Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 15: 73-78).
  • Stimulation of taste or taste-like receptors by luminal nutrients has reportedly resulted in apical secretion of L-cell products such as GLP-1, PYY, oxyntomodulin and glycentin, and K-cell products such as GIP, and into the portal vein (Jang, et al, 2007, PNAS 104(38): 15069-74).
  • L-cell products such as GLP-1, PYY, oxyntomodulin and glycentin
  • K-cell products such as GIP
  • GLP-1 and GIP reportedly increase insulin release from beta cells (an effect known as the incretin effect).
  • GLP-1 reportedly inhibits glucagon release and gastric emptying.
  • GLP-1, oxyntomodulin and PYY 3-36 are considered to be satiety signals (Strader, et al, 2005, "Gastrointestinal hormones and food intake,” Gastroenterology 128: 175-191).
  • Receptors for fatty acids e.g., GPR40 and/or GPR120
  • GPR40 and/or GPR120 Hirasawa, et al, 2005, Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon- like peptide- 1 secretion through GPR120, Nat Med 11 : 90-94
  • bile acids e.g., Gpbarl/M-Bar/TGR5
  • J Endocrinol 191 197-205 and Kawamata, et al, 2003, "A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids," J Biol Chem 278: 94
  • Ghrelin is produced in taste cells and ghrelin receptor null mice show reduced taste responsivity to salty (NaCl) and sour (citric acid) taste," 2010, PLoSONE 5(9): el2729.
  • GP120 a GPCR corresponding to a fatty acid receptor, has also been identified in the taste buds of mice and, furthermore, co3 fatty acids have been shown to mediate anti- inflammatory effects and reverse insulin resistance in obese mice via their actions on GP120 present in macrophages.
  • compositions having at least one chemosensory receptor ligand and methods of treatment using the compositions.
  • Conditions, disorders or diseases to be treated with the compositions provided herein disorders or conditions associated with chemosensory receptors.
  • the methods comprise modulating hormone concentrations in a subject having a disorder or condition associated with a chemosensory receptor selected from metabolic syndrome, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, obesity, binge eating, undesired food cravings, food addiction, a desire to reduce food intake or to lose weight or maintain weight loss, desire to maintain healthy weight, desire to maintain normal blood glucose metabolism, anorexia, pre-diabetes, glucose intolerance, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), impaired fasting glycemia , (IFG), post-prandial hyperglycemia, accelerated gastric emptying (dumping syndrome), delayed gastric emptying, dyslipidemia, post-prandial dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, post hypertrigly
  • the methods comprise modulation of hormone concentrations in a subject having a disease or disorder associated with a chemosensory receptor in which the disease or disorder is sadness, stress, grief, anxiety, anxiety disorder (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder or a mood disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder).
  • the methods comprise methods of inducing feelings of happiness, well-being or contentment in subjects by administering a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor modulator that modulates the concentrations of one or more hormones in a subject.
  • compositions and methods of the embodiment herein may be used for the dietary management of the conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor listed above.
  • disorders such as frailty, anorexia, cachexia, loss of lean body mass, food associated or food-induced nausea and vomiting, food allergies, food associated aversive reactions may be treated with chemosensory receptor antagonists.
  • compositions of at least one chemosensory receptor ligand and an optional metabolite are also provided herein.
  • the compositions described herein can be delivered to the upper or small intestine, to the lower or large intestine, or both. Administration of the compositions into the intestine is via any known method including oral.
  • the compositions described herein comprise a chemo sensory receptor ligand selected from a compound of structural Formula II,
  • R 3 and R4 are independently selected from:
  • Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl Ci - Cio straight chain or branched hetero- substituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4 to C 10 alkylcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - C 7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or
  • composition is adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • R3 and R4 are independently selected from:
  • Ci - Cio straight chain or branched hetero substituted alkyl selected from Ci - Cio straight chain or branched sulphur substituted alkyl, and Ci - Cio straight chain or branched silicon substituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - C 7 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl selected from phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl,
  • substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl selected from alkylphenyl, alkyl- substituted phenyl, alkylnaphthyl, and alkyl- substituted naphthyl,
  • substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl selected from substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophenyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted diazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolyl, and substituted or unsubstituted triazolyl, and
  • substituted or unsubstituted alkylheteroaryl selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl thiophenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl diazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl pyrazolyl, and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl triazolyl.
  • a compound of Formula II is selected from the following structures,
  • compositions described herein comprise a chemo sensory receptor ligand selected from a compound of structural Formula XIII,
  • A is selected from OH, O-alkyl, Ci to C 10 straight chain or branched alkyl, C 3 - C 10
  • cycloalkyl C 4 - C 10 alkylcycloalkyl, SH, S-alkyl, S-Ci - C 10 straight chain or branched alkyl, S-C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl, S-C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl, NH 2 , NH-alkyl, NH-Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, NH-C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl, NH-C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl, N- dialkyl, N-di-Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, N-di-C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl, N-di-C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl;
  • X is selected from halide (provided that R 2 is absent when X is halide), O, S, N-alkyl, N-Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, N-C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl, N-C 4 - Cio alky Icy colalkyl, N-alkyl linked to R 2 to form a 5 (pyrrolidinyl) or 6 (piperidinyl or morpholinyl) membered ring heterocycle, and CH 2 ;
  • Ri and R 2 are independently selected from H, Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, hetero substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, C 3 - C 7 cycloalkyl, C 2 - C 6 heterocycloalkyl, where the heterocycle contains one or two hetero atoms selected from O, S, and N,
  • R 2 is selected from CH 2 C0 2 H, CH 2 CONH-alkyl, hetero substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, CH 2 CON(alkyl) 2 , CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 C0 2 H, CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CNH-alkyl, hetero substituted CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CNH-alkyl, CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CNH-alkylaryl, hetero substituted
  • composition is adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • X is selected from F, CI, Br, and I, (provided that R 2 is absent when X is F, CI, Br or I), O, S, N-alkyl, N-Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, N-C 3 - C 10 cycloalkyl, N-C 4 - C 10 alkylcycolalkyl, N-alkyl linked to R 2 to form a 5 (pyrrolidinyl) or 6 (piperidinyl or morpholinyl) membered ring heterocycle, and CH 2 ;
  • Ri and R 2 are independently selected from H, d - C 10 straight chain or branched chain alkyl, hetero substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl selected from oxygen substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, silicon substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, sulphur substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, OH-substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, O- substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, SH-substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, S-substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, NH 2 -substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl, and NH- substituted Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl,
  • heterocycle contains one or two hetero atoms selected from O, S, and N,
  • the nitrogen atom may be in the form of an amide, carbamate or urea,
  • substituted or unsubstituted aryl selected from phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, and substituted naphthyl,
  • substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl selected from alkylphenyl, alkylsubstituted phenyl, alkylnaphthyl, and alkylsubstituted naphthyl,
  • substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl selected from substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophenyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, substituted or
  • substituted or unsubstituted alkyl heteroaryl selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl pyridyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl furanyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl thiophenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl diazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl pyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl triazolyl, or R 2 is selected from CH 2 C0 2 H, CH 2 CONH-alkyl,
  • hetero substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl selected from oxygen substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, silicon substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, sulphur substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, OH- substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, O-substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, SH-substituted
  • CH 2 CONH-alkyl S- substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, NH 2 -substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl, and NH substituted CH 2 CONH-alkyl,
  • a compound of Formula XIII is selected from the following structures,
  • a compound of Formula XIII is selected from the following structures,
  • a compound of Formula XIII is selected from the following structures,
  • compositions described herein comprise a chemosensory receptor ligand selected from a compound of structural Formula XV or XV,
  • A is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,
  • substituted arylalkyl acyl, substituted acyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, -CN, -ORi, -S(0) a Ri, - R1R2, -C(0)NRiR 2 , -CO2R1, -NR C0 2 R 2 , -NRiC(0)NR 2 R 3 , - NRiC(S)NR 2 R 3 , -S0 2 NRiR 2 , -NRiS0 2 R 2 , -NRiS0 2 NR 2 R 3 , - B(ORi)(OR 2 ), -P(0)(ORi)(OR 2 ), or - ⁇ (0)(3 ⁇ 4)(03 ⁇ 4);
  • B is selected from -OR4,-S(0) b R4, SO3R4, -C(0)NR4R 5 , -C0 2 R4, -NR4C0 2 R 5 , -
  • NR4C(0)NR 5 R6, -NR4C( NH)NR 5 R6, -S0 2 NR4R 5 , -NR4S0 2 R 5 , -NR4S0 2 NR 5 R6, - B(OR4)(OR 5 ), -P(0)(OR4)(OR 5 ), -P(0)(R4)(OR 5 ), or heteroaryl;
  • D is selected from -ORy, -NR 7 C(0)R 8 , -NHOR7, -NR 7 R 8 , -NR 7 0 2 R 8 , -NR 7 C(0)NR 8 R 9 ,
  • a and b are independently selected from 0, 1 or 2;
  • Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R4, R5, R5, R7, R8, and R9 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,
  • substituted alkyl substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,
  • G is -C(Rn) or -N-;
  • Rio is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, -CN, -OR 14 ;
  • Rii is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, -CN, -OR15;
  • R12 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,
  • substituted arylalkyl acyl, substituted acyl, halo, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hetero arylalkyl, substituted hetero arylalkyl ,-CN, - OR16, -S(0) f Ri6, -OC(0)Ri6, -NRieRiv, -C(0)NRi 6 Riv, -C0 2 Ri 6 , -S0 2 NRi 6 Riv, - NR 16 S0 2 R 17 , -B(OR 16 )(OR 17 ), -P(0)(OR 16 )(OR 17 ) or -P(0)(R 16 )(OR 17 );
  • Ri3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,
  • Ri4, Ri5, Ri6, Ri7, Ri8, and Ri 9 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hetero arylalkyl, or substituted hetero arylalkyl; or alternatively R14 and R15, R15 and Ri 6 , Ri6 and Ri 7 , Ri 7 and Ri 8 , or Ri 8 and Ri 9 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring;
  • composition is adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures,
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures,
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures,
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures,
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures,
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures,
  • compositions described herein comprise a chemosensory receptor ligand that is a polymorph of rebaudioside C and wherein the composition is adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • compositions described herein comprise a sweet receptor ligand in a sub-sweet quantity selected from rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D and dulcoside A; and wherein the composition is adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • the compositions described herein are adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of a chemosensory ligand to one or more regions of the intestine. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein further release at least some of the chemosensory receptor ligand in the stomach. In some embodiments, the compositions are adapted to release in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and/or rectum. In other embodiments, the compositions are adapted to release in the jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and/or rectum. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for release in the lower intestine. In further embodiments, the composition is formulated for release in the upper intestine. In still further embodiments, the composition is formulated for release in the upper intestine and lower intestine.
  • compositions further comprising a chemo sensory receptor enhancer that is selected from the group consisting of a sweet receptor enhancer, a bitter receptor enhancer, an umami receptor enhancer, a fat receptor enhancer, a sour receptor enhancer and a bile acid receptor enhancer.
  • a chemo sensory receptor enhancer that is selected from the group consisting of a sweet receptor enhancer, a bitter receptor enhancer, an umami receptor enhancer, a fat receptor enhancer, a sour receptor enhancer and a bile acid receptor enhancer.
  • the chemosensory receptor enhancer is an umami receptor enhancer that enhances the effect of food on umami receptors in the intestine.
  • compositions having at least one chemosensory receptor ligand wherein the composition has a sweetness potency of at least about 100 times the sweetness potency of sucrose, and wherein the composition is adapted to release the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • the composition has a sweetness potency of at least about 500 times the sweetness potency of sucrose.
  • the composition has a sweetness potency of at least aboutlOOO times the sweetness potency of sucrose.
  • compositions having at least one chemosensory receptor ligand wherein the composition has a sweetness potency equivalent to at least about 500 grams of sucrose, and wherein the composition is adapted to release the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • the composition has a sweetness potency equivalent to at least about 5000 grams of sucrose.
  • the composition has a sweetness potency equivalent to at least about 10000 grams of sucrose.
  • a composition releases a chemosensory receptor ligand at an onset of about 5 to about 45 minutes, about 105 to about 135 minutes, about 165 to about 195 minutes or about 225 to about 255 minutes, or a combination of times thereof following oral administration to a subject.
  • a composition releases a chemosensory receptor ligand at an onset of about pH 5.0, about pH 5.5, about pH 6.0, about pH 6.5, about pH 7.0, or combination thereof following oral administration to a subject.
  • one or more chemosensory receptor ligands is selected from a sweet receptor ligand, a bitter receptor ligand, an umami receptor ligand, a fat receptor ligand, a bile acid receptor ligand, or any combination thereof.
  • Sweet receptor ligands include glucose, sucralose, aspartame, Stevioside, Rebaudioside, Neotame, acesulfame-K, and saccharin.
  • Bitter receptor ligands include flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavans, phenolic flavonoids, isoflavones, limonoid aglycones, glucosinolates or hydrolysis product thereof, and organic isothiocyanates.
  • Umami receptor ligands include glutamate salts, glutamines, acetyl glycines, or aspartame.
  • Fat receptor ligands include linoleic acids, oleic acids, palmitates,
  • oleoylethanolamides mixed fatty acid emulsion, omega-3 fatty acids and N- acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE).
  • Sour receptor ligands include citric acid and hydroxycitric acid.
  • Bile acids include deoxycholic acids, taurocholic acids and
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand is nonmetabolized. In certain embodiments, the chemosensory receptor ligand is an agonist. In certain embodiments, the chemosensory receptor ligand is an enhancer.
  • compositions described herein can be formulated with an enteric coating. In some embodiments, the composition has an enteric coating. In another aspect, the compositions described herein can be formulated with a modified release system. In yet another aspect, the compositions described herein can be formulated with a timed release system. In a further aspect, the compositions described herein can be formulated with a modified release and enteric coating. In yet a further aspect, the compositions described herein can be formulated with a timed release and enteric coating.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand comprises a compound having an asymmetric center or centers
  • the compound is a racemic mixture, a diastereoisomeric mixture, a single enantiomer, an enantiomeric
  • the compound is a cis/trans, E/Z or geometric isomer thereof.
  • compositions described herein comprising administering a composition described herein to the subject.
  • the composition comprises a chemosensory receptor ligand selected from any of the compounds having the structural formulae I to XV and/or XV described herein to the subject and wherein the composition is adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of a chemosensory ligand to one or more regions of the intestine.
  • a method of treating a condition associated with a chemosensory receptor in a subject by administering a composition comprising at least two chemosensory receptor ligands to the subject.
  • a method of treating a condition associated with a chemosensory receptor in a subject by administering a composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand and a cognate metabolite.
  • the metabolite is administered after the administration of the chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • the metabolite is co-administered with the chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand is co-administered with the ingestion of food by the subject or the chemosensory ligand is administered before the subject ingests food.
  • food itself may comprise one or more chemosensory receptor ligands.
  • food itself may serve as a metabolite.
  • a method of treating a condition associated with a chemosensory receptor by administering a composition having at least one chemosensory receptor ligand to the lower intestine of a subject.
  • the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the upper intestine of a subject.
  • the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the upper intestine and lower intestine of a subject.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand in the upper intestine and lower intestine is the same
  • chemosensory receptor ligand in the upper intestine and lower intestine is different chemosensory receptor ligands.
  • compositions having at least one chemosensory receptor ligand to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and/or rectum.
  • the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the duodenum of a subject.
  • the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the jejunum of a subject.
  • the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the ileum of a subject.
  • the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the caecum of a subject. In another embodiment, the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the colon of a subject. In another embodiment, the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the rectum of a subject. In another embodiment, the composition comprising at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and/or rectum of a subject. In yet another embodiment, the composition releases at least some of the chemosensory receptor ligand into the stomach.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compositions that release at an onset about 5 to about 45 minutes, about 105 to about 135 minutes, about 165 to about 195 minutes, about 225 to about 255 minutes or a combination of times thereof following oral administration to a subject.
  • compositions that have an onset of release at about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 180 minutes, about 240 minutes or a combination of times thereof following oral administration to a subject.
  • the composition releases at an onset of about 10 minutes following administration to a subject.
  • the composition releases at an onset of about 30 minutes following administration to a subject.
  • the composition releases at an onset of about 120 minutes following administration to a subject.
  • the composition releases at an onset of about 180 minutes following administration to a subject.
  • the composition releases at an onset of about 240 minutes following administration to a subject.
  • the composition releases at an onset of about 10 minutes, 30 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 180 minutes and about 240 minutes following oral administration to a subject.
  • a method of treating a condition associated with a chemosensory receptor by administering a one or more chemosensory receptor ligand compositions that has an onset of release at about pH 5.5, about pH 6.0, about pH 6.5, and/or about pH 7.0.
  • compositions having at least one chemosensory receptor ligand wherein the compositions release at an onset of two different pH ranges, wherein said two pH ranges are selected from about pH 5.0 to about pH 6.0, about pH 6.0 to about pH 7.0 and about pH 7.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • one or more chemosensory receptor ligand is selected from a sweet receptor ligand, a bitter receptor ligand, an umami receptor ligand, a fat receptor ligand, a sour receptor ligand, a bile acid receptor ligand, or any combination thereof.
  • Sweet receptor ligands include glucose, sucralose, aspartame, Stevioside, Rebaudioside, Neotame, acesulfame-K, and saccharin.
  • Bitter receptor ligands include flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavans, phenolic flavonoids, isoflavones, limonoid aglycones, glucosinolates or hydrolysis product thereof, and organic isothiocyanates.
  • Umami receptor ligands include glutamate salts, glutamines, acetyl glycines, or aspartame.
  • Fat receptor ligands include linoleic acids, oleic acids, palmitates, oleoylethanolamides, mixed fatty acid emulsion, omega-3 fatty acids and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE).
  • Sour receptor ligands include citric acid and hydroxycitric acid.
  • Bile acids include deoxycholic acids, taurocholic acids and chenodeoxycholic acids.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand is nonmetabolized.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand is an agonist.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand is an antagonist. In certain
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand is an enhancer.
  • circulating concentrations of one or more hormones including but not limited to GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY, CCK, glycentin, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, amylin, insulin, C-peptide and uroguanylin, by
  • compositions comprising at least one chemosensory ligand described herein to a subject.
  • methods of modulating the hormonal profile of lower intestine by administering a composition having at least one chemosensory receptor ligand to the lower intestine of a subject.
  • the hormonal profile is that of GLP-1,
  • the hormonal profile is that of GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, PYY, GIP, C-peptide, glucagon, insulin, CCK), or any combination thereof.
  • Conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor include metabolic syndrome, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, obesity, binge eating, undesired food cravings, food addiction, a desire to reduce food intake or to lose weight or maintain weight loss, desire to maintain healthy weight, desire to maintain normal blood glucose metabolism, anorexia, pre-diabetes, glucose intolerance, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), post-prandial hyperglycemia, accelerated gastric emptying, dumping syndrome, delayed gastric emptying, dyslipidemia, post-prandial dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, post hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, bone loss disorders, osteopenia, osteoporosis, muscle wasting disease, muscle degenerative disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), immune disorders of the gut, (e.g., celi
  • the condition or disorder associated with a chemosensory receptor in is sadness, stress, grief, anxiety, anxiety disorder (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder or a mood disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder).
  • anxiety disorder e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder or a mood disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder).
  • a mood disorder e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder.
  • the compositions described herein may be used for inducing feelings of happiness, well-being or contentment.
  • compositions described herein may be used for the dietary management of the conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor listed above.
  • disorders such as frailty, anorexia, cachexia, loss of lean body mass, food associated or food-induced nausea and vomiting, food allergies, food associated aversive reactions may be treated with chemosensory receptor antagonists.
  • compositions described herein are adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of a chemosensory ligand to one or more regions of the intestine.
  • the present invention relates to methods and compositions for treating conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor, for example, metabolic conditions including obesity and diabetes, using a ligand or combination of ligands that stimulates chemosensory receptors present on cells lining the gut. Binding of ligand(s) to these chemosensory receptors modulates the synthesis, secretion and/or storage of hormones, e.g., GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, PYY, GIP, insulin, C-peptide, glycentin, glucagon, amylin, ghrelin, uroguanylin and/or CCK that are key regulators of energy and metabolic processes such as glucose metabolism.
  • hormones e.g., GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, PYY, GIP, insulin, C-peptide, glycentin, glucagon, amylin, ghrelin, uroguanylin and
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands include receptor ligands that are metabolizable or can be metabolized as an energy source, e.g. food or metabolites, as well as receptor ligands that are nonmetabolized, e.g. tastants.
  • Nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligands include ligands that are not substantially metabolized, i.e., ligands having insignificant caloric value.
  • one or more nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligands are used to modulate the secretion of hormone molecules and regulate metabolic processes.
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand(s) is combined with a
  • metabolized or metabolizable chemosensory receptor ligand(s) may result in enhanced stimulation of hormone release.
  • Entero endocrine cells e.g., L cells, K cells, and I cells, that each secrete a different set of metabolic hormones in response to chemosensory stimulation, occur throughout the length of the intestine.
  • the concentrations and proportions of these entero endocrine cell types are different in the various intestinal segments, and, as noted above, each cell type has a different metabolic hormone expression profile.
  • Targeted administration of the compositions of the invention to specific intestinal segments for example, through the use of formulations designed for release within one or more desired segments of the intestine, provides an additional level of control over the effect of such compositions, e.g., in the modulation of hormones involved in metabolism.
  • the present embodiments described herein thus include a novel approach to treating important chemosensory receptor-associated conditions by, for example, modulating the secretion of metabolic hormones through entero endocrine chemosensory receptor activation.
  • the embodiments further include the capability to select combination therapies tailored to the specific needs of individuals having varying hormone profiles.
  • EP0867508A2 U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,243; WO 92/17585; WO 95/18140; WO 97/17444; WO 99/67282).
  • Sweet and Umami Receptors In humans, different combinations of the TIRs, a family of class C G-protein-coupled receptors, respond to sweet and umami taste stimuli. T1R2 and T1R3 reportedly recognize sweet taste stimuli.
  • the TIR subunits that comprise the heteromeric sweet and umami taste receptors are described by, e.g., Xu, et al, 2004, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 : 14258-14263.
  • T1R1 and T1R3 recognize umami taste stimulus L-glutamate. This response is reportedly enhanced by 5' ribonucleotides (Xu, et al, 2004).
  • Bitter Receptors Bitter chemicals are detected by around 50 T2R receptor (GPCR) family members (Adler et al, 2000, Cell 100:693-702; Chandrashekar et al, 2000, Cell 100:703- 711; Matsunami et al, 2000, Nature 404:601-604). Certain T2Rs and methods for expressing them are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2008/0306053 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,650. Haplotypes of many of the bitter receptor have also been identified which confer differences in the sensitivity of individuals to particular bitter tastant (Pronin et al, 2007, Current Biology 17(6): 1403-1408).
  • Bile Receptors There are multiple bile acid receptors.
  • the bile acid receptor having subunits Gpbarl and M-Bar is reportedly involved in the influence of bile acids on fat solubilization, cholesterol maintenance, and bile acid homeostasis (Maruyama, et al, 2006, J. Endocrinol. 191, 197-205). Maruyama, et al, report a possible role for Gpbar in energy homeostasis.
  • Kawamata, et al. ("A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids" J. Biol. Chem. 278, 9435-9440, 2003), report a possible role for bile acid receptor TGR5 in the suppression of macrophage function.
  • Sour and Salty Taste Receptors A number of candidate receptors and transduction mechanisms for sensing sour and salty taste have been proposed (Miyamoto et al, 2000, Prog. Neurobiol. 62: 135-157). For example, acid-sensing ion channel-2 (ASIC2) is proposed to function as a sour receptor in the rat (Ugawa et al, 2003, J. Neurosci. 23:3616- 3622; Ugawa et al, 1998, Nature 395:555-556).
  • ASIC2 acid-sensing ion channel-2
  • HCN1 and HCN4 members of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels (HCNs) are also candidate sour receptor channels (Stevens et al, 2001, Nature 413:631-635).
  • TRP channel families members of the PKD family (polycystic kidney disease, also called TRPP or polycystins) have been reported to possess unique properties (Delmas et al, 2004, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 322: 1374-1383; Nauli and Zhou, 2004, Bioessays 26:844-856).
  • TRPP polycystic kidney disease
  • PKD 1L3 Two TRP channel members, PKD 1L3 (Genbank Accession Nos.
  • AY1 64486 murine, nucleic acid, AA032799 murine, amino acid, AY1 64485, human, nucleic acid, and AA032798, human, amino acid), and PKD2L1 (Genbank Accession Nos. NM_181422, murine, nucleic acid, NP_852087, murine, amino acid, NM_016112, human, nucleic acid and NP 057196, human, amino acid, are reportedly specifically expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells that do not correspond to bitter, sweet or umami sensing cells.
  • the proteins are localized at the apical tip of taste cells where tastants are detected.
  • PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 heteromer formation is required for functional cell surface expression and whenever PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 are expressed in heterologous cells they are activated by sour solutions. Therefore, it is contemplated PKD 1L3 and PKD2L1 function together as sour taste receptors in mammals, although an understanding of the mechanism is not necessary to practice the present invention and the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action.
  • Fat Receptors Fat receptor or fatty acid receptor as used herein means any transporter receptor or other molecule that binds to fats and/or fatty acids that are ingested. Chemosensory receptors for fat have not been well characterized, though there is possible involvement of fatty acid transport proteins known to be present in the gastrointestinal tract. The mouse fatty acid transporter protein CD36 has been reported to be a potential fat taste receptor (Laugerette, et al, 2005, "CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions," Journal of Clinical Investigation 115(11): 3177-84).
  • CD36 has been found to be expressed at higher levels in proximal than distal intestinal mucosa (Chen, et al, 2001, "Gut expression and regulation of FAT/CD36: possible role in fatty acid transport in rat enterocytes," Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 281(5):E916-23). More recently, a number of GPCRs which were previously classified as orphan receptors have been shown to respond to lipid ligands, including fatty acids and several have been identified as candidates for fat receptors in taste.
  • G Proteins are comprised of three subunits: a guanyl nucleotide binding a subunit, a ⁇ subunit, and a ⁇ subunit. G Proteins cycle between two forms, depending on whether GDP or GTP is bound to the a subunit. When GDP is bound, the G Protein exists as a heterotrimer: the ⁇ complex. When GTP is bound, the a subunit dissociates from the heterotrimer, leaving a ⁇ complex.
  • ⁇ complex When a ⁇ complex operatively associates with an activated G Protein-Coupled Receptor in a cell membrane, the rate of exchange of GTP for bound GDP is increased and the rate of dissociation of the bound Ga subunit from the ⁇ complex increases.
  • the free Ga subunit and ⁇ complex are thus capable of transmitting a signal to downstream elements of a variety of signal transduction pathways. These events form the basis for a multiplicity of different cell signaling phenomena, including for example the signaling phenomena that are identified as neurological sensory perceptions such as taste and/or smell. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
  • GP120 a GPCR corresponding to an fatty acid receptor
  • ⁇ 3 fatty acids have been shown to mediate anti- inflammatory effects and reverse insulin resistance in obese mice via their actions on GP120 present in macrophages (Oh et al, 2010, Cell 142(5): 687-698; Satiel, Cell 142(5): 672-674; also see Matsumura et al, 2009, Neurosci Lett 450: 186-190).
  • compositions and methods for modulating the concentrations of circulating entero endocrine cell hormones including, but not limited to, GLP- 1, GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY, CCK, glycentin, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, ghrelin, amylin, uroguanylin, etc., such compositions and methods comprising administering at least one chemo sensory receptor ligand to a subject to treat a condition associated with a chemo sensory receptor.
  • Hormone modulation can be achieved by administering a composition comprising a chemo sensory receptor ligand, including an agonist, antagonist, modifier, enhancer or combination thereof acting on a sweet-taste receptor, an umami receptor, a bitter receptor, a fatty acid receptor, and/or a bile acid receptor.
  • a chemo sensory receptor ligand including an agonist, antagonist, modifier, enhancer or combination thereof acting on a sweet-taste receptor, an umami receptor, a bitter receptor, a fatty acid receptor, and/or a bile acid receptor.
  • a combination of one or more agonists of the sweet, umami, bitter, free fatty acid, and bile acid receptors will simulate the synchronous release of important hormones and neural signals from the entero endocrine cells and thus facilitate the assimilation and disposition of meal nutrients.
  • a combination of one or more agonists of the sweet, umami, bitter, free fatty acid, and bile acid receptors suppresses ghrelin synthesis, activity or action, or its post-translational modification (Ghrelin Octonoyl Acyl Transferase activity or GOAT) and/or ghrelin secretion or release from oxyntic cells in the stomach.
  • the invention provides coordinate and synchronous release of gut hormones in concert while not ascribing a specific activity to merely a single hormone.
  • Entero endocrine cell e.g., L cells, K cells and I cells
  • Entero endocrine cell e.g., L cells, K cells and I cells
  • nutrients reportedly alters release of one or more of the following known hormones: GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY, CCK, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, glycentin, ghrelin, amylin and uroguanylin.
  • Nutrients may also alter release of yet-to-be-characterized hormones released from entero endocrine cells.
  • This modulation in hormone release can result in beneficial therapeutic effects, for example, better glucose control in the treatment of diabetes and related disorders (prediabetes, polycystic ovary disease), inflammatory bowel disorders, bowel damage and osteoporosis (e.g., through the release of GLP-2), lowering of circulating lipids in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, and reduced food intake and the regulation of energy homeostasis in the treatment of obesity (weight loss).
  • Administering a combination of one or more agonists of the sweet, umami, bitter, free fatty acid, and bile acid receptors components along with a DPP-IV inhibitor can increase the therapeutic effect, since GLP-1, PYY, GLP-2 and GIP are rapidly eliminated by DPP-IV.
  • GLP-1 The release of GLP-1 was reported during intraduodenal glucose delivery in humans. (See, e.g., Kuo, et al, 2008, “Transient, early release of glucagon-like peptide-1 during low rates of intraduodenal glucose delivery," Regul Pept 146, 1-3.)
  • Inulin-type fructans (non-digestible fructose polymers) reportedly stimulated GLP-1 secretion.
  • GLP-1 secretion See, e.g., Delzenne, et al, 2007, "Modulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 and energy metabolism by inulin and oligo fructose: experimental data," J Nutr 137, 2547S-2551S and Niness, et al, 1999, “Inulin and oligo fructose: what are they?" J Nutr 129, 1402S-1406S.)
  • Bile acids provided to humans via rectal administration caused release of PYY. (See, e.g., Adrian, et al, 1993, "Deoxycholate is an important releaser of peptide YY and
  • sucralose a nonmetabolized sweetener
  • instillation of sucralose (a nonmetabolized sweetener) into the duodenum of humans reportedly had no effect on gut hormone release while instillation of metabolized sugars did.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands include metabolized chemosensory receptor ligands that can be metabolized as an energy source, e.g. food or metabolites, as well as nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligands that are not metabolized as an energy source, e.g. tastants.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands include agonists, antagonists, modifiers, and enhancers as well as other compounds that modulate chemosensory receptors. Many
  • chemosensory receptor ligands are known in the art and have been reported in the literature.
  • Non-limiting examples of umami receptor ligands include glutamate salts, glutamines, acetyl glycines, and aspartame.
  • An exemplary umami receptor ligand is glutamic acid monophosphate.
  • Umami receptor ligands are not limited to ligands with intrinsic umami quality but also include ligands reported to be enhancers which enhance the signal from an umami ligand without having any discernable taste properties in their own right. Such ligands are IMP (inosine monophosphate), GMP (guanosine monophosphate) and the like. Many more umami receptor ligands other than those listed herein and in the cited manuscripts, are known to those of skill in the art, and still more can be identified using methods known in the art and described herein.
  • an umami receptor ligand is selected from tastant or flavor compounds described herein or known in the art.
  • an umami receptor ligand is selected from compounds described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 12/396,917 (published as U.S. 2009/0220662), U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/349,071 (published as U.S. 2006/0263411) and U.S. Application Ser. No. 10/913,303 (published as U.S. 2005/0084506), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • an umami receptor ligand is selected from a compound having a structural Formula II:
  • R 3 and R4 are independently from:
  • Ci - Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl including but not limited to hetero substituted alkyl chains with silicon, sulphur
  • alkylaryl including but not limited to alkylphenyl, alkylsubstituted phenyl, alkylnaphthyl, alkylsubstituted naphthyl
  • alkylaryl including but not limited to alkylphenyl, alkylsubstituted phenyl, alkylnaphthyl, alkylsubstituted naphthyl
  • heteroaryl including but not limited to pyridyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrollyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, diazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl all of which may either unsubstituted or substituted
  • alkyl heteroaryl including but not limited to pyridyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrollyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, diazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl all of which may either unsubstituted or substituted).
  • a compound of Formula II is selected from the following structures:
  • Non-limiting examples of fat receptor ligands include linoleic acids, oleic acids, palmitates, oleoylethanolamides, omega-3 fatty acids, mixed fatty acid emulsion, and N- acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, alpha-lino linic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.
  • N- acylphosphatidylethanolamine NAPE
  • myristoleic acid palmitoleic acid
  • alpha-lino linic acid arachidonic acid
  • eicosapentaenoic acid erucic acid
  • docosahexaenoic acid docosahexaenoic acid.
  • Non-limiting examples of sour receptor ligands include citric acid and hydroxycitric acid. Many more sour receptor ligands other than those listed herein and in the cited manuscripts, are known to those of skill in the art, and still more can be identified using methods known in the art and described herein.
  • Bile acids include cholic acids, deoxycholic acids, taurocholic acids and
  • chenodeoxycholic acids Many more bile acid receptor ligands other than those listed herein and in the cited manuscripts, are known to those of skill in the art, and still more can be identified using methods known in the art and described herein.
  • Non-limiting bitter receptor ligands include flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavans, phenolic flavonoids, iso flavones, limonoid aglycones, glucosinolates or hydrolysis product thereof, caffeine, quinine, metformin, metformin hydrochloride, extracts of Momordica charantia (bitter melon), and isothiocyanates.
  • Certain bitter tastants are described, e.g., in Drewnowski and Gomez-Carneros, American Journal of Nutrition, 72 (6): 1424 (2000).
  • bitter receptor ligands other than those listed herein and in the cited manuscripts, are known to those of skill in the art, and still more can be identified using methods known in the art and described herein. Exemplary bitter phytonutrients in common plant foods that can be bitter receptor ligands are listed in the following table.
  • Non-limiting sweet receptor ligands include metabolized sugars (glucose, fructose, etc.) and nonmetabolized sweeteners (sucralose, aspartame, rebaudiosides, steviosides (natural sweeteners extracted from the stevia plant), neotame, acesulfame-K, saccharin and the like).
  • Sweet receptor ligands can also affect other chemosensory receptors. For example, aspartame is contemplated to play a role in responses relating to both sweet receptor activation and amino acid metabolism. Further sweet receptor ligands are described, e.g., by Kim, et al, 2002, "Highly sweet compounds of plant origin," Arch Pharm Res.
  • Siamenoside I (41) Siraitia grosvenorii, S. siamensis 563
  • Abrusoside C (44) A. precatorius; A. fruticulosus 50
  • Cyclocarioside A (47) Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinsk 200
  • Gypenoside XX (49) Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino N.S. C
  • Albiziasaponin A (50) Albizia myriophylla Benth. 5
  • Albiziasaponin B (51) A. myriophylla 600
  • Glycyrrhizin (1) Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Leguminosae) 93-170 d
  • Periandrin I (57) Periandra dulcis Mart.; P. mediterranea 90
  • dRelative sweetness varied with the concentration of sucrose.
  • gThe plant of origin may be crushed or fermented in order to generate phyllodulcin
  • Sweet receptor ligands include polymorphic forms and solvates of known compounds.
  • a sweet receptor ligand is a polymorph of rebaudioside C.
  • Polymorphs of rebaudioside C include those described in International Application Ser. No.
  • PCT/US2010/047207 (published as WO 2011/037959).
  • a sweet receptor ligand is selected from tastant or flavor compounds described herein or known in the art.
  • a sweet receptor ligand is selected from compounds described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/455,314 (published as U.S. 2007/0003680), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand e.g. a tastant
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is administered alone.
  • the administration of one or more nonmetabolized chemosensory ligands can result in modulation of a hormone described herein.
  • sucralose is administered by itself or in conjunction with saccharin.
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand(s) is coadministered with a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand(s), e.g. a metabolite.
  • a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand(s) e.g. a metabolite.
  • a combination of sweet receptor tastant and a cognate metabolite could be sucralose and glucose.
  • Other metabolized sweet receptor ligands include, but are not limited to, fructose and galactose.
  • Combining a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand (e.g., a tastant) with a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand (e.g., a metabolite) may in cases enhance the resulting modulation of a hormone.
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand for one receptor with a metabolized ligand for a different receptor enhances the resulting modulation of hormone expression.
  • stimulating L cells with different combinations of nonmetabolized ligands and metabolized ligands results in different hormonal expression profiles. Certain profiles are more desirable depending on the condition to be treated or even the particular individual to be treated.
  • concentrations can be tailored by the number of chemosensory receptor ligands administered to a subject.
  • two chemosensory receptor ligands are administered to a subject.
  • three chemosensory receptor ligands are administered to a subject.
  • four chemosensory receptor ligands are administered to a subject.
  • five chemosensory receptor ligands are administered to a subject.
  • six or more chemosensory receptor ligands are administered to a subject. When multiple ligands are administered to a subject, the ligands can be in the same or different compositions.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands can each target different receptor types or many or all the ligands can target one receptor type. For example, in a five chemosensory receptor ligand composition, three ligands may target the sweet receptor, one ligand for the bitter receptor, and one ligand for the umami receptor. Any combination is contemplated in the embodiments herein.
  • sweet receptor agonism will be achieved by coadministration of a composition comprising a sweet receptor agonist (e.g. sucralose, aspartame or stevioside, etc.) and an amount of D-glucose, e.g., between 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/min. Depending on the hormone of interest, co-administration may produce a more pronounced effect on hormonal release than either the tastant or glucose alone.
  • a sweet receptor agonist e.g. sucralose, aspartame or stevioside, etc.
  • D-glucose e.g., between 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/min.
  • co-administration may produce a more pronounced effect on hormonal release than either the tastant or glucose alone.
  • a chemosensory receptor modifier is administered with a chemo sensory receptor ligand to alter or change the activity of a receptor toward the ligand.
  • a chemosensory receptor enhancer is administered with a chemosensory receptor ligand to enhance, potentiate or multiply the effect of the ligand.
  • a sweet receptor enhancer can be administered with a sweet receptor ligand, e.g., saccharin, to increase the sweetness potency and/or enhance hormone modulation.
  • modifiers and/or enhancers are administered prior to administration of a chemosensory receptor ligand enhance, potentiate or multiply the effect of the ligand.
  • modifiers and/or enhancers are administered with a chemosensory receptor ligand together to enhance, potentiate or multiply the effect of the ligand.
  • a chemosensory receptor enhancer is administered along with food or prior to food.
  • the food serves as a source of chemosensory receptor ligands that can have their effects enhanced, potentiated or multiplied.
  • a sweet receptor enhancer can be administered prior to ingestion of a sweet food such as a candy bar.
  • oral solid formulations described herein may be coated with umami receptor enhancers, such as IMP (inosine monophosphate) to enhance the effect of a savory food on umami receptors in the gut.
  • umami receptor enhancers may also be formulated as a sprinkle or powder. Modulation and enhancement of chemosensory receptors by modulators and enhancers may produce a more pronounced effect on hormonal release than by a chemosensory receptor or food alone.
  • Modulators and enhancers can be specific to a chemoreceptor type and/or multiple chemoreceptor types.
  • Specific chemoreceptor modulators and enhancers can include, but are not limited to, umami receptor modulators and enhancers, sweet receptor modulators and enhancers, bitter receptor modulators and enhancers, fat receptor modulators and enhancers, bile acid receptor modulators and enhancers, sour receptor modulators and enhancers, and the like.
  • an umami receptor enhancer is selected from enhancer compounds described herein or known in the art.
  • an umami receptor enhancer is IMP (inosine monophosphate).
  • an umami receptor enhancer is selected from compounds described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/760,666 (published as U.S. 2008/0306076), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a sweet receptor enhancer is selected from enhancer compounds described herein or known in the art.
  • Sweet receptor enhancers include, but are not limited to, sweet receptor ligands in sub-sweet quantities, i.e., quantities that do not elicit a sweet taste response.
  • Certain sweet receptor ligands in sub-sweet quantities include rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D and dulcoside A. Additional sweet receptor ligands in sub-sweet quantities are described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 12/838,278 (published as U.S.
  • a sweet receptor enhancer is selected from compounds described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/760,592 (published as U.S. 2008/0306093) and U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/836,074 (published as U.S. 2008/0306053), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a sweet receptor enhancer is selected from a compound having a structural Formula XIII:
  • A is selected from:
  • alkyl refers to Ci - C 10 straight chain or branched alkyl, C 3 - C 10 eye lo alkyl or
  • alkyl refers to Ci - C 10 straight chain or branched alkyl, C 3 - C 10 cycloalkyl or
  • alkyl refers to Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl or C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl
  • alkyl refers to Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl or C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl
  • N-dialkyl (where alkyl refers to Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl or C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl),
  • X is selected from:
  • Halides such as I, CI, Br, or I providing that R 2 is absent,
  • alkyl refers to Ci - Cio straight chain or branched alkyl, C 3 - Cio cycloalkyl or C 4 - Cio alkylcycloalkyl
  • Ri and R 2 are independently selected from:
  • Cio straight chain or branched chain alkyl including but not limited to hetero substituted alkyl chains with oxygen, silicon, sulphur and substituted alkyl chains with OH, Oalkyl, SH, Salkyl, NH 2 , NHalkyl
  • heterocycle contains one or two hetero atoms selected from O, S, or N,
  • aryl including but not limited to phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl
  • alkylaryl including but not limited to alkylphenyl, alkylsubstituted phenyl, alkylnaphthyl, alkylsubstituted naphthyl
  • heteroaryl including but not limited to pyridyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrollyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, diazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl all of which may either unsubstituted or substituted
  • R 2 is selected from:
  • CH 2 CONHalkyl including but not limited to hetero substituted alkyl chains with oxygen, silicon, sulphur and substituted alkyl chains with OH, Oalkyl, SH, Salkyl, NH 2 , NHalkyl), CH 2 CON(alkyl) 2 ,
  • CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CNHalkyl including but not limited to hetero substituted alkyl chains with oxygen, silicon, sulphur and substituted alkyl chains with OH, Oalkyl, SH, Salkyl, NH 2 , NHalkyl
  • hetero substituted alkyl chains with oxygen, silicon, sulphur and substituted alkyl chains with OH, Oalkyl, SH, Salkyl, NH 2 , NHalkyl including but not limited to hetero substituted alkyl chains with oxygen, silicon, sulphur and substituted alkyl chains with OH, Oalkyl, SH, Salkyl, NH 2 , NHalkyl
  • CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CNHalkylaryl including but not limited to hetero substituted alkyl chains with oxygen, silicon, sulphur and substituted alkyl chains with OH, Oalkyl, SH, Salkyl, NH 2 , NHalkyl).
  • a compound of Formula XIII is selected from the following structures:
  • a compound of Formula XIII is selected from the following structures:
  • a compound of Formula XIII is selected from the following
  • a sweet receptor enhancer is selected from a compound having a structural Formula XV or XV:
  • A is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,
  • substituted arylalkyl acyl, substituted acyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, -CN, -ORi, -S(0) a Ri, - R1R2, -C(0)NRiR 2 , -CO2R1, -NR C0 2 R 2 , -NRiC(0)NR 2 R 3 , - NRiC(S)NR 2 R 3 , -S0 2 NRiR 2 , -NRiS0 2 R 2 , -NRiS0 2 NR 2 R 3 , - B(ORi)(OR 2 ), -P(0)(ORi)(OR 2 ), or - ⁇ (0)(3 ⁇ 4)(03 ⁇ 4);
  • B is selected from -OR4,-S(0) b R4, SO3R4, -C(0)NR4R 5 , -C0 2 R4, -NR4C0 2 R 5 , -
  • NR4C(0)NR 5 R6, -NR4C( NH)NR 5 R6, -S0 2 NR4R 5 , -NR4S0 2 R 5 , -NR4S0 2 NR 5 R6, - B(OR4)(OR 5 ), -P(0)(OR4)(OR 5 ), -P(0)(R4)(OR 5 ), or heteroaryl;
  • D is selected from -ORy, -NR 7 C(0)R 8 , -NHOR7, -NR 7 R 8 , -NR 7 0 2 R 8 , -NR 7 C(0)NR 8 R 9 ,
  • a and b are independently selected from 0, 1 or 2;
  • Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R4, R5, R5, R7, R8, and R9 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,
  • substituted alkyl substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,
  • G is -C(Rn) or -N-;
  • Rio is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, -CN, -OR 14 ;
  • Rii is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, -CN, -OR15;
  • R12 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,
  • substituted arylalkyl acyl, substituted acyl, halo, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl ,-CN, - OR16, -S(0) f Ri6, -OC(0)Ri6, -NRieRiv, -C(0)NRi 6 Riv, -C0 2 Ri 6 , -S0 2 NRi 6 Riv, - NR 16 S0 2 R 17 , -B(OR 16 )(OR 17 ), -P(0)(OR 16 )(OR 17 ) or -P(0)(R 16 )(OR 17 );
  • Ri3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,
  • Ri4, Ri5, Ri6, Ri7, Ri8, and Ri 9 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or substituted heteroarylalkyl; or alternatively R14 and R15, R15 and Ri 6 , Ri6 and Ri 7 , Ri 7 and Ri 8 , or Ri 8 and Ri 9 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring;
  • composition is adapted to release a therapeutically effective amount of the ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of a subject.
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures:
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures:
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures:
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following
  • a compound of Formula XV or XV is selected from the following structures:
  • Additional chemosensory receptor ligands including tastants, flavors, agonists, antagonists, modifiers and/or enhancers can be selected from the compounds described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/455,693 (published as U.S. 2007/0037212), U.S. Application Ser. No. 12/222,918 (published as U.S. 2009/0274632), U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/349,041 (published as U.S. 2006/0257543), U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/051,567 (published as U.S. 2006/0045953), U.S. Application Ser. No. 12/297,986 (published as U.S.
  • Human gastrointestinal cells or cell membranes can be used to test for compounds that interact with taste signaling proteins and/or gastrointestinal protein hormones, neurotransmitters, or soluble mediators involved in metabolism, digestion or appetite either directly or indirectly, e.g., tastants, activators, inhibitors, enhancers, stimulators, agonists, antagonists, modulators and mimics.
  • Assays for taste modulation can be used wherein the taste signaling protein(s) and/or gastrointestinal protein hormone(s), neurotransmitter(s), or soluble mediator(s) involved in metabolism, digestion or appetite acts as a direct or indirect reporter molecule(s) for the effect of a compound on signal transduction.
  • Human gastrointestinal cells or their membranes can be used for such assays, e.g., to measure or detect changes in concentrations of the one or more taste signaling proteins and/or the one or more gastrointestinal protein hormones, neurotransmitters or soluble mediators synthesized or secreted by the cell, or to detect or measure changes in membrane potential, current flow, ion flux, transcription, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, signal transduction, receptor-ligand interactions, second messenger concentrations, etc.
  • a modulator of taste transduction can be identified by contacting a human
  • gastrointestinal cell or its membrane with a test compound wherein the cell or membrane comprises one or more taste signaling proteins, evaluating the compound's effect on taste transduction.
  • the human gastrointestinal cells or their membranes can be used in an indirect reporter assay to detect whether a test compound affects taste transduction and/or signal transduction of one or more gastrointestinal protein hormones, neurotransmitters or soluble mediators involved in metabolism (see, e.g., Mistili & Spector, 1997, Nature Biotechnology, 15, 961-64).
  • Gastrointestinal cells or their membranes can be used to assay the binding of a test compound that affects signal transduction by studying, e.g., changes in spectroscopic
  • Human gastrointestinal cells or their membranes can be used to examine the effect of a compound on interactions between a receptor and a G protein. For example, binding of a G protein to a receptor or release of the G protein from the receptor can be examined. In the absence of GTP, an activator will lead to the formation of a tight complex of all three subunits of the G protein with the receptor. This complex can be detected in a variety of ways, as noted above. Such an assay can be modified to search for inhibitors of taste transduction or inhibitors of signal transduction of one or more gastrointestinal protein hormones, neurotransmitters or soluble mediators.
  • an assay can be modified to search for inhibitors of taste transduction or inhibitors of signal transduction of one or more gastrointestinal protein hormones, neurotransmitters or soluble mediators.
  • an activator could be added to the receptor and G protein in the absence of GTP such that a tight complex forms, which could then be screened for inhibitors by studying dissociation of the receptor-G protein complex.
  • release of the alpha subunit of the G protein from the other two G protein subunits serves as a criterion of activation.
  • An activated or inhibited G protein will in turn influence downstream steps of the signal transduction pathway, affecting, e.g., the properties of target enzymes, channels and other effectors.
  • downstream steps include activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase by transducin in the visual system, adenylyl cyclase by the stimulatory G protein, phospho lipase C by G q and other cognate G proteins, and modulation of diverse channels by Gi and other G proteins.
  • the human gastrointestinal cells or their membranes can be used to examine the effect of a compound on intermediate steps of signal transduction, such as the generation of diacyl glycerol and IP 3 by phospho lipase C and, in turn, calcium mobilization by IP 3 .
  • the compound may act directly on, e.g., the G protein, affecting downstream events indirectly.
  • the compound may directly affect the downstream effector.
  • uncharacterized genetic markers e.g., northern blots
  • changes in cell metabolism such as cell growth or pH changes, ion flux, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and changes in intracellular second messengers such as Ca 2+ , IP 3 , DAG, PDE, cGMP or cAMP.
  • Changes in second messenger concentrations can be optionally measured using, e.g., fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator dyes and fluorometric imaging.
  • the effects of a compound on G-protein-coupled receptors can be measured by using cells that are loaded with ion- or voltage-sensitive dyes, which report receptor activity. Assays that examine the activity of such proteins can also use known agonists and antagonists for other G-protein-coupled receptors as negative or positive controls to assess the activity of a test compound. To identify modulatory compounds, changes in the level of ions in the cytoplasm or membrane voltage can be monitored using an ion-sensitive or membrane- voltage fluorescent indicator, respectively. Among the ion-sensitive indicators and voltage probes that may be employed are those sold by Molecular Probes or Invitrogen.
  • lax G-proteins such as Gal 5 and Gal 6 can be used in the assay of choice (Wilkie et al, 1991, PNAS 88, 10049-53). Such lax G-proteins allow coupling of a wide range of receptors.
  • the effects of a compound can be measured by calculating changes in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentrations.
  • concentrations of second messengers such as IP 3 can be measured to assess G-protein-coupled receptor function (Berridge & Irvine, 1984, Nature, 312, 315-21).
  • Cells expressing such G-protein-coupled receptors may exhibit increased cytoplasmic calcium concentrations as a result of contribution from both intracellular stores and via activation of ion channels, in which case it may be desirable although not necessary to conduct such assays in calcium- free buffer, optionally supplemented with a chelating agent such as EGTA, to distinguish fluorescence response resulting from calcium release from internal stores.
  • a chelating agent such as EGTA
  • the effects of a compound can be measured by determining the activity of proteins which, when activated, result in a change in the level of intracellular cyclic nucleotides, e.g., cAMP or cGMP, by activating or inhibiting enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase.
  • cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels e.g., rod photoreceptor cell channels and olfactory neuron channels that are permeable to cations upon activation by binding of cAMP or cGMP (see, e.g., Altenhofen et al, 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • the effects of a compound can be measured by calculating changes in intracellular cAMP or cGMP levels using immunoassays or bioassays (Simon, 1995, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 15175-80; Felley-Bosco et al, 1994, Am. J. Resp. Cell and Mol. Biol, 11, 159-64; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,538), or by examining phosphatidyl inositol (PI) hydrolysis according to, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,128.
  • PI phosphatidyl inositol
  • Transcription levels can also be transcription calculated.
  • the human cell or its membrane containing the protein of interest may be contacted with a compound for a sufficient time to effect any interactions, and then the level of gene expression is measured.
  • the amount of time to effect such interactions may be empirically determined, such as by running a time course and measuring the level of transcription as a function of time.
  • the amount of transcription may be measured by using any method known to those of skill in the art to be suitable. For example, mRNA expression of the protein of interest may be detected using northern blots, or polypeptide products may be identified using immunoassays or bioassays. Alternatively, transcription-based assays using reporter gene(s) may be used as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,128.
  • the reporter gene(s) can be, e.g., chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, firefly luciferase, bacterial luciferase, betagalactosidase and alkaline phosphatase.
  • the protein of interest can act as an indirect reporter via attachment to a second reporter such as green fluorescent protein (see, e.g., Mistili & Spector, 1997, Nature Biotechnology, 15, 961-64).
  • the amount of transcription is then compared to the amount of transcription in the same cell in the absence of a compound.
  • the amount of transcription may be compared with the amount of transcription in a substantially identical cell that lacks the protein of interest.
  • a substantially identical cell may be derived from the same cells from which the recombinant cell was prepared but which had not been modified by introduction of heterologous DNA. Any difference in the amount of transcription indicates that a compound has in some manner altered the activity of the protein of interest.
  • a compound is administered in combination with a known agonist or antagonist of transcription, to determine whether a compound can alter the activity of the agonist or antagonist.
  • the compounds tested can be any small chemical compound, or a biological material or entity, such as a protein, amino acid, sugar, nucleic acid or lipid.
  • the compounds tested can be variants of taste signaling proteins.
  • compounds will be small chemical molecules and peptides.
  • any chemical compound can be used as a potential chemo sensory receptor ligand in the assays of the invention although most often compounds dissolved in aqueous or organic solutions are used.
  • the assays can be used to screen large chemical libraries by automating the assay steps (e.g., in microtiter formats on microtiter plates in robotic assays).
  • Gut hormones secreted by entero endocrine cells are released from their baso lateral aspect into the mesenteric venous circulation. Therefore, these hormones traverse the portal vein area which drains all mesenteric venous efflux.
  • Gut hormones, typically peptides are also neurotransmitters and as such can stimulate afferent nerve endings that emanate from the gut and the liver. It is well recognized that CCK causes afferent vagal activation and that its physiologic effects are due almost exclusively to this neural activation.
  • GLP-1 oxyntomodulin
  • PYY and GIP post DPP-IV degradation breakdown products
  • GLP-1 oxyntomodulin
  • PYY and GIP post DPP-IV degradation breakdown products
  • GLP-1 oxyntomodulin
  • PYY and GIP post DPP-IV degradation breakdown products
  • the action of GLP-1 to cause glucose-dependent insulin secretion is thought to predominantly occur via neural activation as its degradation by DPP-IV upon release begins immediately causing its circulating half-life to be less than 2 minutes.
  • the portal: arterial gradient for GLP-1 is large (>2: 1) thus making its endocrine function in the beta cell excessively inefficient.
  • GLP-1 's physiologic and pharmacologic actions can be produced in the absence of large fluctuations (and even perhaps undetectable alterations) of circulating peripheral (arterial or post hepatic venous) concentrations of GLP-1.
  • GLP-1 is akin to norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter but spills over into the circulation; like GLP-1, norepinephrine can be infused peripherally to act as a hormone to reproduce many of its physiologic functions.
  • the compositions and methods provided herein produce salutary effects on blood glucose and weight loss by enhancing portal concentrations of gut hormones while minimally augmenting peripheral concentrations.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands can be administered alone or in combination with each other.
  • nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligands or combinations thereof are administered with one or more metabolized chemosensory receptor ligands, e.g., metabolite(s).
  • Dosages for each chemosensory receptor ligand i.e. ligands which bind and/or modulate sweet, umami, bitter, fat, sour, and/or bile acid receptors
  • Maximal response doses and maximum tolerated doses can be determined via animal and human experimental protocols as described herein and found in the examples. Additional relative dosages, represented as a percent of maximal response or of maximum tolerated dose, are easily obtained via the protocols.
  • chemosensory receptors e.g., sucralose, MSG, quinine, fatty acid emulsion, and chenodeoxycholic acid
  • glucose are individually administered in an animal model (e.g. diabetic or obese rat model) to determine the optimum doses for each chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands are administered individually at increasing amounts (mg/kg/min), where each subject is administered a set mg/kg/min dose and the dose is maintained at this set level for a defined period. Blood samples are collected at frequent intervals (e.g., every 1, 2, or 5 minutes) throughout the period and assayed for hormone concentrations.
  • Hormones assayed include CCK, GIP, GLP-1, oxyntomodulin, PYY, insulin, C- peptide, and GLP-2. 50% of maximal response dose and 50% of the maximum tolerated dose are determined for each chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • At least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered at a concentration that is 50% of the maximal response dose. In other embodiments, at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered at a concentration that is 50% of the maximum tolerated dose. Chemosensory receptor ligands can be administered as 5%, 10%>, 20%>, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, of the maximum response or maximum tolerated dose, inclusive of all integers therein.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands described herein can be administered by a set potency range or limit of the chemosensory receptor ligands to their respective receptors.
  • a composition comprising a sweet receptor ligand can be administered at a daily dosage that is of at least about lOx, at least about lOOx, at least about 200x, at least about 300x, at least about 400x, at least about 500x, at least about 600x, at least about 700x, at least about 800x, at least about 900x, at least about lOOOx, at least about 1500x, at least about 2000x, at least about 2500x, at least about 3000x, at least about 4000x, at least about 5000x, at least 7500x, or at least lOOOOx the equivalent to the sweetness potency of sucrose.
  • a composition comprising a sweet receptor ligand can be administered at a daily dosage that is of about lOx to about lOOx, about lOOx to about lOOOOx, about 500x to 5000x, about 700x to about 4000x or about lOOOx to about 3000x the equivalent to the sweetness potency of sucrose.
  • Ligands for other chemosensory receptors such as bitterness, sour or salt ligands can be dosed in similar manner in accordance to a known bitterness, sour or salty potency reference.
  • the Labeled Magnitude Scale allows measurement of a perceived intensity or potency of a bitter or salty taste sensation.
  • Dose administration can be expressed in, for example, delivery of at least about lOOOx sweetness potency of sucrose, of at least about 2x a bitterness potency of quinine, and the like.
  • multiple ligands for a certain receptor can be used to achieve a desired potency dose; e.g., two or more sweet ligands can be used to achieve about lOOOx sweetness potency of sucrose.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands described herein can be administered by weight measurement.
  • sweet, umami, and bitter receptor ligands e.g., sucralose, glucose, monosodium glutamate, quinine
  • Fat receptor ligands e.g., Intralipid®
  • bile acid receptor ligands e.g., chenodeoxycholic acid, or CDC
  • CDC chenodeoxycholic acid
  • Metabolites including non-limiting examples such as glucose and glutamates, can be administered in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg, inclusive of all integers therein.
  • Another dose administration by weight can be on the basis of a weight of a
  • chemosensory receptor ligand to achieve a certain multiple of natural ligand such as sucrose (e.g., a dosage amount of at least as sweet as 100 grams of sucrose).
  • a composition comprising a sweet receptor ligand can be administered at a dosage that is equivalent to a sweetness potency of at least 10 grams, at least 100 grams, at least 500 grams, at least 750 grams, at least 1000 grams, at least 1250 grams, at least 1500 grams, at least 1750 grams, at least 2000 grams, at least 2500 grams, at least 3000 grams, at least 4000 grams, at least 5000 grams, or at least 10000 grams of sucrose per day.
  • a composition comprising a sweet receptor ligand can be administered at a dosage that is equivalent to the sweetness potency of about 100 to 10000 grams, about 500 to 5000 grams, about 750 to about 4000 grams or about 1000 to about 3000 grams of sucrose per day.
  • Ligands for other chemosensory receptors such as bitterness, sour or salt ligands can be dosed in similar manner in accordance to a known bitter, sour or salty potency reference. Dose administration can be expressed in, for example, delivery of a sweetness potency of at least about 1000 grams sucrose, a bitterness potency of at least about 2 grams of quinine, and the like.
  • multiple ligands for a certain receptor can be used to achieve a desired potency dose; e.g., two or more sweet ligands can be used to achieve a sweetness potency equivalent to about 1000 grams of sucrose.
  • compositions can be administered in a single composition or in multiple compositions. Multiple compositions may be administered simultaneously or at different times.
  • the compositions may be administered in different delivery forms (i.e., tablets, powders, capsules, gels, liquids, nutritional supplements, edible food preparations (e.g., medical foods, bars, gels, sprinkles, gums, lozenges, candies, liquids, etc.) and in any combination of such forms.
  • a tablet containing at least one chemosensory receptor ligand is administered simultaneously with another tablet containing at least one chemosensory receptor ligand to provide the desired dosage.
  • the two tablets are administered at different times.
  • a tablet containing the desired combination of chemosensory receptor ligand(s) is administered to provide the full dosage. Any combination of delivery forms, compositions, and delivery times are contemplated herein.
  • the constituents of the compositions provided by the invention can be varied both with respect to the individual constituents and relative proportions of the constituents.
  • the relative proportion of the constituents is optimized to produce the desired synergistic activity from the drug combination.
  • the constituents can be present in ratios of or about, e.g., 1 : 1, 1 :2, 1 :3, 1 :4, 1 :5, 1 :6, 1 :7, 1 :8, 1 :9, 1 : 10, 1 : 15, 1 :20, 1 :25, 1 :30, 1 :35, 1 :40, 1 :45, 1 :50, 1 :60, 1 :70, 1 :80, 1 :90, 1 : 100, 1 :200, 1 :300, 1 :400, 1 :500, 1 : 1000, etc.
  • composition comprising, or a method comprising administering, three constituents, for example, two nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligands, and a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand
  • the constituents can be present in ratios of or about, e.g., 1 : 1 : 1, 2: 1 : 1, 2:2: 1, 3: 1 : 1, 3:3: 1, 3:2:2, 3:3:2, 3:2: 1, 4: 1 : 1, 4:4: 1, 4:2:2, 4:4:2, 4:2:3, 4:3:3, 4:4:3, 4:2:1, 5: 1 : 1, 5:5: 1, 5:2: 1, 5:3: 1, 5:3:2, 5:3:4, 5:5:2, 5:5:3, 5:5:4, 10: 1 : 1, 10: 10: 1, etc.
  • the invention provides combination treatments chosen to mimic mixed meals.
  • one or more carbohydrates (sweet), and one or more proteins (umami) can be used in doublet and triplet combinations.
  • the combinations can be evaluated using methods of the invention and described herein.
  • a combination produces a desired hormonal release, glucose lowering and appetite suppression for the condition to be treated.
  • additional ligands e.g., tastants
  • tastants that are specific for other
  • chemosensory receptors can be evaluated and included in the combinations as determined appropriate using the methods of the invention. If one considers 5 tastants T1-T5 (sweet, bitter, umami, fat and bile acids, respectively) there is 1 combination of all 5 tastants (T1T2T3T4T5); there are 5 possible combinations of quadruplet tastant combinations (T1T2T3T4, T1T2T3T5, T1T2T4T5, T1T3T4T5, T2T3T4T5); 10 potential triplet (T1T2T3, T1T2T4, T1T2T5, T1T3T4, T1T3T5, T1T4T5, T2T3T4, T2T3T5, T2T4T5, T3T4T5) and 10 potential doublet combinations (T1T2,T1T3,T1T4,T1T5,T2T3,T2T4,T2T5,T3T4,T3T5,T4T5).
  • one or more nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is administered alone or in combination with other nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligands. In certain embodiments, the one or more nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is provided in combination with one or more metabolized chemosensory receptor ligands. In some embodiments, a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is administered prior to a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand. In certain embodiments, a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is administered after a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is administered at to the same time as a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • one or more metabolized chemosensory receptor ligands are food or are derived from food.
  • a desired combination enhances and amplifies hormone signalling and secretion resulting from food ingestion.
  • a non-limiting example of a combination is a sucralose administration prior, after, or simultaneously with an administration of a sugar.
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is delivered to the lower intestine and a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is delivered to the upper intestine.
  • the metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand may or may not also be in the lower intestine.
  • a nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligand is delivered to the same gastrointestinal segment as a metabolized chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • the combination treatment regimen encompasses treatment regimens in which administration of one compound is initiated prior to, during, or after treatment with a second or additional agent in the combination, and continues until any time during treatment with any other agent in the combination or after termination of treatment with any other agent.
  • Treatment regimens also include those in which the agents being used in combination are administered simultaneously or at different times and/or at decreasing or increasing intervals during the treatment period.
  • Combination treatment includes periodic treatments that start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical management of the patient.
  • chemosensory receptor a desire to reduce food intake or to lose weight or maintain weight loss, desire to maintain healthy weight, desire to maintain normal blood glucose metabolism, anorexia, pre-diabetes, glucose intolerance, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), impaired fasting glycemia , (IFG), post-prandial hyperglycemia, accelerated gastric emptying (dumping syndrome), delayed gastric emptying, dyslipidemia, post-prandial dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, post hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, bone loss disorders, osteopenia, osteoporosis, muscle wasting disease, muscle degenerative disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL), non-alcoholic steato
  • the methods comprise modulation of hormone concentrations in a subject having a disease or disorder associated with a chemo sensory receptor in which the disease or disorder is sadness, stress, grief, anxiety, anxiety disorder (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder or a mood disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder).
  • the methods comprise methods of inducing feelings of happiness, well-being or contentment in subjects by administering a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor modulator that modulates the concentrations of one or more hormones in a subject.
  • compositions and methods described herein may be used for the dietary management of conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor, including those listed above.
  • compositions and methods provided herein are indicated for treatment, prevention and or maintenance of a metabolic disorder, disease or defect.
  • Metabolic disorders, diseases or defects can include disorders, diseases or defects in energy homeostasis and disorders, diseases or defects in fuel homeostasis.
  • the compositions and methods provided herein are indicated for treatment, prevention and or maintenance of disorders, diseases and defects associated with energy homeostasis.
  • Energy homeostasis generally relates to the signally pathways, molecules and hormones associated with food intake and energy expenditure.
  • Disorders, diseases and defects associated with energy homeostasis include but are not limited to diabetes type I, diabetes type II, prediabetes, impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), impaired post-prandial glucose, and gestational diabetes.
  • IGF impaired fasting glycemia
  • impaired post-prandial glucose impaired post-prandial glucose
  • gestational diabetes impaired post-prandial glucose
  • compositions and methods provided herein are indicated for treatment, prevention and or maintenance of disorders, diseases and defects associated with fuel homeostasis.
  • disorders, diseases and defects associated with fuel homeostasis include but is not limited to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hyperlipidemia, post hypertriglyceridemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
  • NAFL non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome
  • the embodiments also provide compositions and methods useful for treating conditions in which an increase in insulin secretion or control of glucose concentrations resulting from modulation of entero endocrine cell hormones (e.g., GLP-1 or GIP) would be beneficial.
  • entero endocrine cell hormones e.g., GLP-1 or GIP
  • These conditions include, but are not limited to, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 1, diabetes type II, gestational diabetes, glucose intolerance, and related conditions including those in which patients suffer from glucose intolerance.
  • the embodiments also provide compositions and methods for modulating growth (proliferation), and/or generation (neogenesis), and/or prevention of cell death (apoptosis) of insulin producing and secreting cells (Beta cells) through the release of neural and hormonal signals emanating from the gut in response to luminal chemosensory stimulation.
  • Gut hormones such as GLP-1, PYY, GLP-2 and gastrin have all been implicated in the process of beta cell preservation or beta cell mass expansion.
  • chemosensory stimulation provides a hormonal signal coupled to a neural signal. The hormonal signal can occur before, after or at similar timeframes as the neural signal.
  • the embodiments also provide compositions and methods for treating conditions in which appetite suppression resulting from modulation of, e.g., PYY, oxyntomodulin, and/or CCK, would be beneficial. These conditions include, but are not limited to, obesity, binge eating, undesired food cravings, a desire to reduce food intake or to lose weight or maintain weight loss, and related conditions.
  • compositions and methods for treating conditions in which proliferation of gut cells resulting from modulation of, e.g., GLP-2, would be beneficial such as, short bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and other conditions resulting in bowel damage, including osteoporosis.
  • compositions and methods for treating and preventing disorders of glucose metabolism and their associated conditions provide compositions and methods for treating and preventing disorders of glucose metabolism and their associated conditions.
  • a symptom of diabetes or the chance of developing a symptom of diabetes such as atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, foot ulceration and cataracts, each such symptom being associated with diabetes, can be reduced.
  • the methods and compositions provided by the invention are useful for preventing or ameliorating diseases and symptoms associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance or low insulin concentrations. While a cluster of signs and symptoms associated may coexist in an individual patient, it many cases only one symptom may dominate, due to individual differences in vulnerability of the many physiological systems affected by insulin resistance. Nonetheless, since hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are major contributors to many disease conditions, agents that address these cellular and molecular defects are useful for prevention or amelioration of virtually any symptom in any organ system that may be due to, or exacerbated by
  • Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. These abnormalities are known to be associated with an increased risk of vascular events.
  • compositions of the invention optionally incorporated into the same pharmaceutical
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • Hepatic steatosis the presence of droplets of triglycerides with hepatocytes, predisposes the liver to chronic inflammation (detected in biopsy samples as infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes), which can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis.
  • Fatty liver disease is generally detected by observation of elevated serum concentrations of liver-specific enzymes such as the transaminases ALT and AST, which serve as indices of hepatocyte injury, as well as by presentation of symptoms which include fatigue and pain in the region of the liver, though definitive diagnosis often requires a biopsy.
  • the anticipated benefit is a reduction in liver inflammation and fat content, resulting in attenuation, halting, or reversal of the progression of NASH toward fibrosis and cirrhosis.
  • Hypoinsulinemia is a condition wherein lower than normal amounts of insulin circulate throughout the body and wherein obesity is generally not involved. This condition includes Type I diabetes.
  • Type 2 Diabetes or abnormal glucose metabolism may be caused by a variety of factors and may manifest heterogeneous symptoms.
  • Type 2 Diabetes was regarded as a relatively distinct disease entity, but current understanding has revealed that Type 2 Diabetes (and its associated hyperglycemia or dysglycemia) is often a manifestation of a much broader underlying disorder, which includes the metabolic syndrome as noted above.
  • This syndrome is sometimes referred to as Syndrome X, and is a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors that, in addition to glucose intolerance, includes hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, visceral obesity, hypercoagulability, and microalbuminuria.
  • compositions and methods for treating obesity comprising administering to the subject at least one chemosensory receptor ligand as described herein in an amount effective to treat the condition.
  • the agent can be administered orally, and alternatively, other routes of administration that can be used in accordance with this invention include rectally, and parenterally, by injection (e.g., by intraluminal intestinal injection).
  • both human and non-human mammalian subjects can be treated in accordance with the methods of this invention.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for preventing or treating diabetes in a wide range of subject mammals, in particular, a human patient that has, has had, is suspected of having, or who is pre-disposed to developing diabetes.
  • Diabetes mellitus is selected from the group consisting of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or type I diabetes) and non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, or type II diabetes).
  • disorders related to diabetes mellitus include, but are not limited to, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY); leprechaunism (insulin receptor mutation), tropical diabetes, diabetes secondary to a pancreatic disease or surgery; diabetes associated with a genetic syndrome (e.g., Prader- Willi syndrome); pancreatitis; diabetes secondary to endocrinopathies; adipositas; and metabolic syndrome (syndrome X).
  • ITT impaired glucose tolerance
  • MODY maturity-onset diabetes of youth
  • leprechaunism insulin receptor mutation
  • tropical diabetes diabetes secondary to a pancreatic disease or surgery
  • diabetes associated with a genetic syndrome e.g., Prader- Willi syndrome
  • pancreatitis e.g., diabetes secondary to endocrinopathies
  • adipositas adipositas
  • metabolic syndrome X
  • Diabetic subjects appropriate for treating using the compositions and methods provided by the invention can be easily recognized by the physician, and are characterized by, e.g., fasting hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, glycosylated hemoglobin, and, in some instances, ketoacidosis associated with trauma or illness.
  • Hyperglycemia or high blood sugar is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a blood glucose level of 10+ mmol/L, but symptoms and effects may not start to become noticeable until later numbers such as 15-20+ mmol/L.
  • NIDDM patients have an abnormally high blood glucose concentration when fasting and delayed cellular uptake of glucose following meals or after a diagnostic test known as the glucose tolerance test.
  • NIDDM is diagnosed based on recognized criteria (American Diabetes Association, Physician's Guide to Insulin-Dependent (Type I) Diabetes, 1988; American Diabetes Association, Physician's Guide to Non-Insulin-Dependent (Type II) Diabetes, 1988).
  • the optimal dose of a particular chemosensory receptor ligand composition for a particular subject can be determined in the clinical setting by a skilled clinician.
  • compositions and methods provided herein can be used to prevent or treat kidney diseases.
  • Diabetes is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure, accounting for nearly 44 percent of new cases. Even when diabetes is controlled, the disease can lead to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Most people with diabetes do not develop chronic kidney disease that is severe enough to progress to kidney failure. Nearly 24 million people in the United States have diabetes, and nearly 180,000 people are living with kidney failure as a result of diabetes. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major factor in the development of kidney problems in people with diabetes.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • MMP plasminogen activator-plasmin-matrix metalloproteinase-2
  • PA plasminogen activator
  • PAI-1 PA inhibitor 1
  • Macular degeneration is the loss of photoreceptors in the portion of the central retina, termed the macula, responsible for high-acuity vision. Degeneration of the macula is associated with abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix components and other debris in the membrane between the retinal pigment epithelium and the vascular choroid. This debris-like material is termed drusen. Drusen is observed with a funduscopic eye examination. Normal eyes may have maculas free of drusen, yet drusen may be abundant in the retinal periphery. The presence of soft drusen in the macula, in the absence of any loss of macular vision, is considered an early stage of AMD.
  • CNV Choroidal neovascularization
  • Diabetic retinopathy is an ocular disorder that develops in diabetes due to thickening of capillary basement membranes and lack of contact between pericytes and endothelial cells of the capillaries. Loss of pericytes increases leakage of the capillaries and leads to breakdown of the blood-retina barrier.
  • Proliferative vitreoretinopathy is associated with cellular proliferation of cellular and fibrotic membranes within the vitreous membranes and on the surfaces of the retina. Retinal pigment epithelium cell proliferation and migration is common with this ocular disorder.
  • the membranes associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy contain extracellular matrix components such as collagen types I, II, and IV and fibronectin, and become progressively fibrotic.
  • compositions of the embodiments described herein can be, as needed, administered in combination with one or more standard therapeutic treatments known in the art.
  • compounds of the present invention can be administered in combination with, for example, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBS) or any other conventional therapy such as, for example, glucose management.
  • ARBS angiotensin II receptor blockers
  • compositions and methods that can be used for weight loss or to prevent or treat obesity.
  • Central obesity characterized by its high waist to hip ratio, is an important risk for metabolic syndrome.
  • Metabolic syndrome as described above, is a
  • subjects have a BMI of less than about 40. In embodiments of the methods described herein, subjects have a BMI of less than about 35. In embodiments of the methods described herein, subjects have a BMI of less than about 35 but greater than about 30. In other embodiments, subjects have a BMI of less than about 30 but greater than about 27. In other embodiments, subjects have a BMI of less than about 27 but greater than about 25. In embodiments, the subject may be suffering from or be susceptible to a condition associated with eating such as binge eating or food cravings.
  • Conditions, disorders or diseases relating to mental health such as sadness, stress, grief, anxiety, anxiety disorder (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder or a mood disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder), may be diagnosed by mental health professionals. Similarly, measures of feelings of happiness, well- being or contentment may be made by mental health professionals.
  • anxiety disorder e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or social anxiety disorder or a mood disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder)
  • a mood disorder e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder
  • a "subject' may include any mammal, including humans.
  • a “subject” may also include other mammals kept as pets or livestock (e.g., dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep, pigs, goats).
  • Subjects who may benefit from the methods provided herein may be overweight or obese; however, they may also be lean.
  • Subjects who may benefit from the methods provided herein may be desirous of losing weight or may have an eating disorder, such as binge eating, or an eating condition, such as food cravings.
  • Subjects who may benefit from the methods provided herein may be desirous of modifying food preferences. They may have a metabolic disorder or condition in addition to these conditions. Exemplary metabolic disorders include diabetes, metabolic syndrome, insulin-resistance, and dyslipidemia.
  • Subjects can be of any age.
  • these disorders can be found in young adults and adults (e.g., those aged 65 or under) as well as infants, children, adolescents, and the elderly (e.g., those over the age of 65).
  • metabolic rate is meant the amount of energy liberated/expended per unit of time. Metabolism per unit time can be estimated by food consumption, energy released as heat, or oxygen used in metabolic processes. It is generally desirable to have a higher metabolic rate when one wants to lose weight. For example, a person with a high metabolic rate may be able to expend more energy (and burn more calories) to perform an activity than a person with a low metabolic rate for that activity.
  • lean mass refers to muscle and bone. Lean body mass does not necessarily indicate fat free mass. Lean body mass contains a small percentage of fat (roughly 3%) within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), marrow of bones, and internal organs. Lean body mass is measured in terms of density. Methods of measuring fat mass and lean mass include, but are not limited to, underwater weighing, air displacement plethysmograph, x-ray, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, MRIs and CT scans. In one embodiment, fat mass and lean mass is measured using underwater weighing.
  • DEXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
  • fat distribution is meant the location of fat deposits in the body. Such locations of fat deposition include subcutaneous, visceral and ectopic fat depots.
  • subcutaneous fat is meant the deposit of lipids just below the skin's surface.
  • the amount of subcutaneous fat in a subject can be measured using any method available for the measurement of subcutaneous fat. Methods of measuring subcutaneous fat are known in the art, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,886.
  • visceral fat is meant the deposit of fat as intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Visceral fat surrounds vital organs and can be metabolized by the liver to produce blood cholesterol. Visceral fat has been associated with increased risks of conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.
  • ectopic fat storage is meant lipid deposits within and around tissues and organs that constitute the lean body mass (e.g., skeletal muscle, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, blood vessels). Generally, ectopic fat storage is an accumulation of lipids outside classical adipose tissue depots in the body.
  • Fat mass can be expressed as a percentage of the total body mass. In some aspects, the fat mass is reduced by at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25%) over the course of a treatment. In one aspect, the subject's lean mass is not decreased over the course of a treatment. [00186] In another aspect, the subject's lean mass is maintained or increased over the course of a treatment. In another aspect, the subject is on a reduced calorie diet or restricted diet. By “reduced calorie diet” is meant that the subject is ingesting fewer calories per day than compared to the same subject's normal diet. In one instance, the subject is consuming at least 50 fewer calories per day.
  • the subject is consuming at least 100, 150 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 fewer calories per day.
  • the method involves the metabolism of visceral fat or ectopic fat or both at a rate of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%), 25%o, 30%), 40%), or 50%>, greater than for subcutaneous fat.
  • the methods result in a favorable fat distribution.
  • favorable fat distribution is an increased ratio of subcutaneous fat to visceral fat, ectopic fat, or both.
  • the method involves an increase in lean body mass, for example, as a result of an increase in muscle cell mass.
  • the amount of subcutaneous fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 5%. In certain embodiments, the amount of subcutaneous fat is reduced by at least about 10%), 15%o, 20%), 25%o, 30%) 40%>, or 50%> compared to the subject prior to administration of a chemo sensory receptor ligand composition.
  • the methods described herein can be used to reduce the amount of visceral fat in a subject.
  • the visceral fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 5%.
  • the visceral fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 10%>, 15%, 20%>, 25%, 30%> 40%, or 50% compared to the subject prior to administration of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition.
  • Visceral fat can be measured through any means available to determine the amount of visceral fat in a subject. Such methods include, for example, abdominal tomography by means of CT scanning and MRI. Other methods for determining visceral fat are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,864,415, 6,850,797, and 6,487,445.
  • a method for preventing the accumulation of ectopic fat or reducing the amount of ectopic fat in a subject comprises administering, to a subject in need thereof, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition effective to prevent accumulation of ectopic fat or to reduce the amount of ectopic fat in the subject.
  • a treatment can be a series of individual doses, or a treatment regimen, provided to the subject over a period of time.
  • the amount of ectopic fat is reduced in a subject by at least about 5% compared to the untreated subject.
  • the amount of ectopic fat is reduced by at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% 40%, or 50%.
  • the amount of ectopic fat is proportionally reduced 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%), 70%), 80%), 90%), or 100% in comparison to subcutaneous fat in a subject.
  • Ectopic fat can be measured in a subject using any method available for measuring ectopic fat.
  • methods for altering anthropometric parameters e.g., waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio.
  • Waist circumference is a measure of abdominal obesity.
  • methods for reducing waist circumference of a subject are provided, wherein the method comprises administering, to a subject in need thereof, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition in an amount effective to reduce the waist circumference of the subject.
  • the waist circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 1%.
  • the waist circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%.
  • the waist circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 1 cm. In other embodiments, the waist circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, or 6 cm compared to the subject prior to administration of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition.
  • methods for reducing hip circumference of a subject comprising administering, to a subject in need thereof, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition provided herein in an amount effective to reduce the hip circumference of the subject.
  • the hip circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 1%.
  • the waist circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, or 6% compared to the subject prior to administration of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition.
  • the waist circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 1 cm.
  • the waist circumference of the subject is reduced by at least about 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, or 6 cm compared to the subject prior to administration of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition.
  • Methods for reducing a subject's weight to being below that of morbid obesity include reducing caloric intake, increasing physical activity, drug therapy, bariatric surgery, such as gastric bypass surgery, or any combinations of the preceding methods.
  • administering the treatment results in reduced caloric intake, which further reduces the weight of the subject.
  • methods are provided for reducing the body mass index (BMI) in a subject having a BMI of 40 or less by administering a chemosensory receptor ligand composition in an amount and regimen effective to further reduce the subject's weight.
  • methods are provided for reducing the body mass index (BMI) in a subject having a BMI of 35 or less by administering a chemosensory receptor ligand composition in an amount and regimen effective to further reduce the subject's weight.
  • methods for reducing the risk of developing metabolic disorders comprising administering to the subject a chemosensory receptor ligand composition in an amount effective to reduce the weight or control the blood glucose of a subject. Also provided herein, are methods for maintaining a healthy or normal weight and/or glucose concentrations, where the method comprises administering to the subject a
  • chemosensory receptor ligand composition in an amount effective maintaining a healthy or normal weight and/or glucose concentrations.
  • methods for controlling or modifying eating behaviors comprise administering, to a subject in need thereof, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition effective to control or modify an eating behavior by the subject.
  • methods for controlling binge eating are provided, where the methods comprise administering, to a subject in need thereof, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition in an amount effect to control or curb binge eating by the subject.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand composition is administered at times of the day when the subject is most likely to binge eat.
  • binge eating is characterized by 1) eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances and 2) a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).
  • the reduction of binge eating includes a reduction in the frequency of binge eating episodes, the duration of binge eating episodes, the total amount consumed during a binge eating episode, difficulty in resisting the onset of a binge eating episode, and any combination thereof, as compared to as compared to such frequency, duration, amount and resistance in the absence of the chemosensory receptor ligand composition.
  • a method may comprise a reduction in the frequency of binge eating episodes.
  • a method may comprise a reduction in the duration of binge eating episodes.
  • a method may comprise a reduction in the total amount consumed during a binge-eating episode.
  • a method may comprise a reduction in difficulty resisting the onset of a binge- eating episode.
  • Some of the signs of binge eating include eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry, rapid eating, hiding of food because the person feels embarrassed about how much he or she is eating, eating until uncomfortably full, or any combination thereof.
  • Many binge eaters are emotional eaters, i.e. their binge eating is triggered by their emotional state (e.g., some binge eaters eat when they are sad, some eat when they are happy, and some eat when they are under stress).
  • a large number of binge eaters suffer from anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder; impulse control problems; or personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder or depression.
  • the binge eating is in response to stressed conditions.
  • Other binge eaters are substance abusers, such as drug abusers or alcohol abusers. Not everyone who has a binge eating disorder is overweight, such as those binge eaters diagnosed with bulimia.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand composition at or shortly before 7 p.m.
  • the subject is administered a chemosensory receptor ligand composition at the time they are susceptible to binge eating.
  • the subject is administered a chemosensory receptor ligand composition at least about 5 minutes, at least about 15 minutes, at least about 30 minutes, at least about 45 minutes, at least about 1 hour, at least about 1 hour and 30 minutes, or at least about 2 hours before they are susceptible to binge eating.
  • An effective amount of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition in this embodiment is an amount effective to curb or control the subject's desire to binge eat.
  • the effective amount of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition will change dependent upon the subject and the level of their desire to binge eat. Furthermore, if a subject's desire to binge eat is less at one point in the day than at another, the dosage can be adjusted accordingly to provide a lower dose at the times of the day the subject has a lower desire to binge eat, and to provide a higher dose at the times of the day the subject has a higher desire to binge eat.
  • the subject is administered a peak dosage of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition at the time they have a high desire to binge eat. In certain embodiments, the subject is administered a peak dosage of a
  • chemosensory receptor ligand composition at least about 5 minutes, at least about 15 minutes, at least about 30 minutes, at least about 45 minutes, at least about 1 hour, at least about 1 hour and 30 minutes, or at least about 2 hours before they have a high desire to binge eat.
  • methods for modifying food preferences in a subject comprise administering, to a subject in need thereof, a chemosensory ligand receptor composition in an amount effective to modify food preferences in the subject.
  • the chemosensory receptor targeted by a composition can influence the subject's desire to eat the corresponding food.
  • a composition comprising ligands for the sweet receptor can reduce the subject's desire for sweet foods. Therefore, in embodiments, the subject's food preferences that are influenced by the treatment can include preferences for sweet foods, savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof.
  • the modifications in food preferences may include a decrease in a preference for such foods, a decrease in the amount of intake of such foods, an enhancement of a preference of one food type over another food type, changes in frequency of cravings for such foods, duration of cravings for such foods, intensity of cravings for such foods, difficulty in resisting cravings for such foods, frequency of eating in response to cravings for such foods, and any combination thereof, as compared to such frequency, duration, intensity, or resistance in the absence of treatment.
  • a method may comprise reducing a subject's preference for sweet foods, savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof.
  • a method may comprise reducing a subject's frequency of cravings for sweet foods, savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof.
  • a method may comprise reducing a subject's duration of cravings for sweet foods savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof, etc.
  • a method may comprise reducing a subject's intensity of cravings for sweet foods, savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof.
  • a method may comprise reducing a subject's difficulty in resisting cravings for sweet foods, savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof.
  • a method may comprise reducing a subject's frequency of eating in response to cravings for sweet foods, savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof.
  • a method may comprise reducing a subject's intake of sweet foods, savory foods, high fat foods, salty foods, sour foods, and any combination thereof.
  • compositions and methods provided herein can be used for the treatment of short bowel syndrome and compromised intestinal function (e.g., small bowel resection, colitis, enteritis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, ischemic bowel, and chemotherapeutic injury to the intestine).
  • Short bowel syndrome refers to the collection of symptoms caused by intestinal resection. Its symptoms include intractable diarrhea, dehydration, malabsorption of
  • GLP-2 is known to slow gastric emptying, increase intestinal transit time and inhibit sham feeding-induced gastric acid secretion. Patients with jejunostomy often have impaired meal- stimulated GLP-2 responses, and thus impaired absorption. Administration of GLP-2 in patients with jejunostomy has been shown to improve intestinal absorption of energy and intestinal wet weight absorption as well as prolong gastric emptying of solids and liquids. See Jeppesen, P.B., 2003, "Clinical significance of GLP-2 in short-bowel syndrome," Journal of Nutrition 133 (11): 3721-4. GLP-2 is also reported to stimulate intestinal growth in addition to inhibiting gastric secretion and gastric motility.
  • GLP-2 secretion through the administration of the compositions described herein can provide for the treatment of short bowel syndrome and compromised intestinal function, including but not limited to, small bowel resection, colitis, enteritis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, ischemic bowel, and chemotherapeutic injury to the intestine.
  • L-cells The density of L-cells increases along the length of the intestine with the lowest density at the level of the duodenum and greatest in the rectum. There is an approximately 80- fold increase in L-cell density from the duodenum to rectum as assessed by peptide YY content. See Adrian et al, Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1070-77. Given that nutrients or bile salts would not be expected to reach the colon much less the rectum, the mechanism of these L-cells in the regulation of metabolism is not completely clear.
  • the basis of this invention is to stimulate these cells wherever they may be (for example, different individuals, and patients with diabetes, might be expected to have different distributions and numbers of these cells) via the presentation of one or more stimuli of taste and/or nutrient receptors and other stimulants for the purpose of treating metabolic disorders.
  • the upper intestine has different EECs than the lower intestine.
  • CCK and GIP are released from the upper and not typically from the lower intestine, corresponding to I- and K-cells predominantly being located in the upper gut.
  • L-cells are located predominantly in the lower intestine. Therefore, hormonal release patterns are not only chemosensory receptor ligand- and combination-specific but also site-specific in the intestine.
  • sensing and/or metabolism of nutrients in the upper intestine amplifies certain responses from the lower intestine.
  • L-cells located in the upper intestine can behave differently than those in the lower region providing another level control for targeting chemosensory receptor ligands.
  • certain chemosensory receptor ligand combinations delivered to the upper intestine may be more favorable to a hormonal release pattern for the treatment of one disorder, e.g., diabetes, whereas that same combination delivered to the lower intestine may be more appropriate for a different disorder, e.g., obesity.
  • the same combination can produce a more favorable hormonal profile when presented to both the upper and lower intestine.
  • the embodiments described herein provide a treatment method comprising a combination of chemosensory receptor ligands that is engineered to deliver certain of the chemosensory receptor ligands to one or more locations of the intestine, for example, to optimize hormonal patterns achieved.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to one or more regions of the intestine.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to one or more regions downstream or distal of the stomach.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to one or more regions of the upper intestine.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, or a combination thereof.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to one or more regions of the lower intestine. In certain embodiments, the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to the caecum, colon, rectum, or a combination thereof. In yet other embodiments, the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered downstream or distal of the duodenum. In additional
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered downstream or distal of the jejunum.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to one or more regions of the upper intestine and one or more regions of the lower intestine.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands can be delivered to the duodenum and the colon.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands can be delivered to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered to both the stomach and one or more regions of the intestine.
  • an oral formulation can release some chemosensory receptor ligands in the stomach and later into the intestine. More embodiments are described under Formulations.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands administered to certain regions or locations of the intestine is achieved by any known method.
  • enteral administration of chemosensory receptor ligands is performed, e.g., in rodents or man.
  • Intubation/cannulation is performed in lightly anaesthetized patients with silastic tubing. Tubing is placed in the postpyloric region and in the rectum and advanced as deeply as possible. These locations are explored separately and together as foods sensed in the upper intestine can provide signals to the lower intestine and vice versa.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands are formulated in a modified release composition for oral delivery that delivers the chemosensory receptor ligands to targeted regions or locations of the intestine.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands are formulated for rectal delivery as a suppository, douche, wash, or the like for delivery to targeted regions or locations of the intestinal tract, e.g., rectum or colon.
  • the delivery may start anywhere past the taste buds including partial, substantial, predominant release of chemosensory receptor ligands in the stomach so that the natural flow results in the delivery of the chemosensory receptor ligands to one or more regions of the intestine.
  • This delivery method may be combined with targeted delivery to a specific region of the intestine.
  • the ligands delivered may be in any proportion and manner.
  • certain chemosensory receptor ligands are be targeted and delivered to specific regions, such as for example, sweet receptor ligands to the ileum and umami receptor ligands to the colon or, in another example, bitter receptor compounds to the stomach, sweet receptor ligands to the duodenum and bile salts to the colon.
  • chemosensory receptor ligands are delivered in certain proportions in each region of the gut.
  • the quantity of one or more chemosensory receptor ligands can be delivered 20% to the stomach and 80% to intestine, equally in two or more regions of the intestine or any other contemplated proportions.
  • compositions of the embodiments described herein may be co-administered with known therapies for the treatment of any of the conditions described herein.
  • Co-administration can also provide for additive or synergistic effects, resulting in the need for lower dosages of a known therapy, the compositions described herein, or both. Additional benefits of coadministration include the reduction in toxicities associated with any of the known therapies.
  • Co-administration includes simultaneous administration in separate compositions, administration at different times in separate compositions, or administration in a composition in which both agents are present.
  • compositions described herein and a known therapy are administered in a single treatment.
  • the compositions described herein and a known therapy are admixed in a resulting composition.
  • compositions described herein and the known therapy are administered in separate compositions or administrations.
  • Administration of compositions described herein and known therapies described herein may be by any suitable means.
  • Administration of a composition described herein and a second compound e.g., diabetes drug or obesity drug
  • compositions they may be administered by the same route or by different routes. If the compositions described herein and a second compound are administered in a single composition, they may be administered by any suitable route such as, for example, oral administration.
  • compositions of chemosensory ligands and second compounds can be administered to the same region or different regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • chemosensory ligands can be administered in combination with an anti-diabetic drug to be delivered to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, or colon.
  • Therapies, drugs and compounds useful for the treatment of diabetes, metabolic syndrome (including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia), and/or diseases or conditions associated therewith may be administered with the chemosensory receptor ligands.
  • Diabetic therapies drugs and compounds include, but are not limited to, those that decrease triglyceride concentrations, decrease glucose concentrations, and/or modulate insulin (e.g.
  • Drugs that decrease triglyceride level include but are not limited to ascorbic acid, asparaginase, clofibrate, colestipol, fenofibrate mevastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, or omega-3 fatty acid.
  • Drugs that decrease LDL cholesterol level include but are not limited to clofibrate, gemfibrozil, and fenofibrate, nicotinic acid, mevinolin, mevastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, cholestyrine, colestipol or probucol.
  • compositions of the embodiments described herein may be administered in combination with glucose-lowering compounds.
  • thiazolidinediones also called glitazones
  • sulfonylureas meglitinides
  • biguanides alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
  • DPP-IV inhibitors DPP-IV inhibitors
  • incretin mimetics have been used as adjunctive therapies for hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus (type 2) and related diseases.
  • Drugs that decrease glucose level include but are not limited to glipizides, glyburides, exenatide (Byetta®), incretins, sitagliptin (Januvia®), pioglitizone, glimepiride, rosiglitazone, metformin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin (OnglyzaTM), sulfonylureas, meglitinide (e.g., Prandin®) glucosidase inhibitor, biguanides (e.g., Glucophage®), repaglinide, acarbose, troglitazone, nateglinide, natural, synthetic or recombinant insulin and derivatives thereof, and amylin and amylin derivatives.
  • glipizides e.g., glyburides, exenatide (Byetta®), incretins, sitagliptin (Januvia®),
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compositions provided herein are used in combination with biguanides.
  • Biguanides include metformin, phenformin, buformin and related compounds.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compositions provided herein are used in combination with metformin.
  • the combination When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.
  • active ingredients may be administered in combination with one or more chemosensory receptor ligands that may act to augment or synergistically enhance the control prevention, amelioration, attenuation, or treatment of obesity or eating disorders or conditions.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand(s) when co-administered with at least one other obesity reducing (or anti-obesity) or weight reducing drug, may be: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined formulation; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by any other combination therapy regimen known in the art.
  • the methods provided may comprise administering or delivering the active ingredients sequentially, e.g., in separate solution, emulsion, suspension, tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes.
  • an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e., serially
  • simultaneous therapy effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together.
  • Various sequences of intermittent combination therapy may also be used.
  • compositions provided herein may be used with other commercially available diet aids or other anti-obesity agents, such as, by way of example, PYY and PYY agonists, GLP-1 and GLP-1 agonists, a DPPIV inhibitor, CCK and CCK agonists, exendin and exendin agonists, GIP and GIP agonists, amylin and amylin agonists, ghrelin modulators (e.g., inhibitors) and leptin and leptin agonists.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compositions provided herein are used in combination with amylin, amylin agonists or mimetics.
  • Exemplary amylin agonists or mimetics include pramlintide and related compounds.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compositions provided herein are used in combination with leptin, leptin agonists or mimetics. Additional leptin agonists or mimetics can be identified using the methods described by U.S. Pat. No. 7,247,427 which is incorporated by reference herein. In further instances, chemosensory receptor ligand
  • compositions provided herein increase leptin sensitivity and increase effectiveness of leptin, leptin agonists or mimetics.
  • anti-obesity agents for use in the methods provided that are in current development are also of interest in the methods of the present invention.
  • Other anti-obesity agents include alone or any combination of phentermine, fenfluramine, sibutramine, rimonabant, topiramate, zonisamide bupropion, naltrexone, lorcaserin, and orlistat.
  • Therapies, drugs and compounds useful for the treatment of weight loss, binge eating, food addictions and cravings may be administered with the compositions described herein.
  • the subject may further be administered at least one other drug which is known to suppress hunger or control appetite.
  • Such therapies drugs and compounds include but are not limited to phenteramines such as Meridia® and Xenical®. Additional therapies, drugs and compounds are known in the art and contemplated herein.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands may be used as part of a combination therapy for the control, prevention or treatment of obesity or eating disorders or conditions.
  • Compounds used as part of a combination therapy to treat obesity or reduce weight include, but are not limited to, central nervous system agents that affect neurotransmitters or neural ion channels, including antidepressants (bupropion), noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (GW320659), selective serotonin 2c receptor agonists, selective 5HT 2c receptor agonists, antiseizure agents (topiramate, zonisamide), some dopamine antagonists, and cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists (CB-1 receptor antagonists) (rimonabant); leptin/insulin/central nervous system pathway agents, including leptin analogues, leptin transport and/or leptin receptor promoters, ciliary neurotrophic factor (Axokine), neuropeptide Y and agouti-related
  • gastrointestinal-neural pathway agents including those that increase cholecystokinin activity (CCK), PYY activity, NPY activity, and PP activity, increase glucagon- like peptide- 1 activity (exendin 4, liraglutide, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors), and those that decrease ghrelin activity, as well as amylin analogues (pramlintide); agents that may increase resting metabolic rate (selective ⁇ -3 stimulators/agonist, uncoupling protein homologues, and thyroid receptor agonists); other more diverse agents, including melanin concentrating hormone antagonists, phytostanol analogues, functional oils, P57, amylase inhibitors, growth factor (CCK), PYY activity, NPY activity, and PP activity, increase glucagon- like peptide- 1 activity (exendin 4, liraglutide, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors), and those that decrease ghrelin activity, as well as
  • carboxypeptidase inhibitors indanone/indanols, aminosterols (trodusquemine/trodulamine), and other gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors (ATL962); amphetamines, such as dextroamphetamine; other sympathomimetic adrenergic agents, including phentermine, benzphetamine,
  • phendimetrazine phendimetrazine, mazindol, and diethylpropion.
  • Other compounds include ecopipam; oxyntomodulin (OM); inhibitors of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP); gastrin-releasing peptide; neuromedin B;
  • enterostatin amfebutamone, SR-58611; CP-045598; AOD-0604; QC-BT16; rGLP-1; 1426
  • cetilistat c-2735; c-5093; c-2624; APD-356; radafaxine; fluasterone; GP-389255; 856464; S- 2367; AVE-1625; T-71; oleoyl-estrone; peptide YY [3-36] intranasal; androgen receptor agonists; PYY 3-36; DOV-102677; tagatose; SLV-319; 1954 (Aventis Pharma AG);
  • oxyntomodulin Thiakis; bromocriptine, PLIVA; diabetes/hyperlipidemia therapy, Yissum; CKD-502; thyroid receptor beta agonists; beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist; CDK-A agonists; galanin antagonist; dopamine D1/D2 agonists; melanocortin modulators; verongamine; neuropeptide Y antagonists; melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonists; dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonists; CGEN-P-4; kinase inhibitors; human MCH receptor antagonists; GHS-R antagonists; ghrelin receptor agonists; DG70 inhibitors; cotinine; CRF-BP inhibitors; urocortin agonists; UCL-2000; impentamine; .beta.-3 adrenergic receptor; pentapeptide MC4 agonists; trodusquemine; GT-2016; C-75; CPOP; MCH-1 receptor antagonists; RED
  • HSD 11 beta-hydro xystero id dehydrogenase
  • QRX-431 E-6776; RI-450; melanocortin-4 antagonists; melanocortin 4 receptor agonists; obesity therapeutics (CuraGen); leptin mimetics; A-74498; second-generation leptin; NBI-103; CL-314698; CP- 114271; beta-3 adrenoceptor agonists; NMI-8739; UCL-1283; BMS-192548; CP-94253; PD-160170; nicotinic agonist; LG-100754; SB-226552; LY-355124; CKD-711; L-751250; PPAR inhibitors; G-protein therapeutics; obesity therapy (Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc.); BW-1229; monoclonal antibody (ObeSys/CAT); L-742791; (S)-sibutramine; MBU-23;
  • GHRH mimetics GHRH mimetics; obesity therapy (Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.); SB-251023; CP- 331684; BIBO-3304; cholesten-3-ones; LY-362884; BRL-48962; NPY-1 antagonists; A-71378; .RTM.-didesmethylsibutramine; amide derivatives; obesity therapeutics (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.); obesity therapeutics (Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc.); LY-226936; NPY antagonists; CCK-A agonists; FPL-14294; PD-145942; ZA-7114; CL-316243; SR-58878; R-1065; BIBP-3226; HP- 228; talibegron; FR-165914; AZM-008; AZM-016; AZM-120; AZM-090; vomeropherin; BMS- 187257; D-3800; AZM-131; gene
  • diethylpropion diethylpropion; phendimetrazine; benzphetamine; amfebutmone; sertraline; metformin; AOD- 9604; ATL-062; BVT-933; GT389-255; SLV319; HE-2500; PEG-axokine; L-796568; and ABT- 239.
  • compounds for use in combination with a chemosensory receptor ligand composition provided herein include rimonabant, sibutramine, orlistat, PYY or an analog thereof, CB-1 antagonist, leptin, phentermine, and exendin analogs.
  • exemplary dosing ranges include phentermine resin (30 mg in the morning), fenfluramine hydrochloride (20 mg three times a day), and a combination of phentermine resin (15 mg in the morning) and fenfluramine hydrochloride (30 mg before the evening meal), and sibutramine (10-20 mg).
  • compounds for use in combination with a chemosensory receptor ligand composition provided herein include GPR119 agonists (e.g., anandamide; AR- 231, 453; MBX-2982; Oleoylethanolamide; PSN-365,963; PSN-632,408; palmitoylethanolamide), GPR120 agonists (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids including, but not limited to, a-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, heneicosapentaenoic acid, hexadecatrienoic acid, stearidonic acid, tetracosahexaenoic acid and tetracosapentaenoic acid), and GPR 40 agonists
  • GPR119 agonists
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand composition provided herein is used as an adjunctive therapy to a bariatric surgical procedure.
  • Bariatric surgery is a procedure for weight loss and relates to modifications with the gastrointestinal tract and includes such procedures as gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, GI bypass procedure (e.g., roux en Y, biliary duodenal bypass, loop gastric bypass), intragastric balloon, vertical banded, gastroplasty, endoluminal sleeve, biliopancreatic diversion, and the like.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand composition is adjunctive to gastric banding.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand composition is adjunctive to gastric banding.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand composition is adjunctive to gastric banding.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand composition is adjunctive to gastric banding.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand composition is
  • chemosensory receptor ligand composition is adjunctive to GI bypass procedures. In yet other instances, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition is adjunctive to sleeve gastrectomy. In certain embodiments, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition as an adjunctive therapy to bariatric surgery is administered prior to the bariatric procedure. In certain embodiments, a chemosensory receptor ligand composition as an adjunctive therapy to bariatric surgery is administered after the bariatric procedure. In certain instances, when used as adjunctive therapy, the dosage and amounts of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition may be adjusted as needed with respect to the bariatric procedure. For example, amounts of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition administered as an adjunct therapy to a bariatric procedure may be reduced by one-half of normal dosages or as directed by a medical professional.
  • Combination therapy can be exploited, for example, in modulating metabolic syndrome (or treating metabolic syndrome and its related symptoms, complications and disorders), wherein chemosensory receptor ligand compositions provided herein can be effectively used in combination with, for example, the active agents discussed above for modulating, preventing or treating diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and/or their respective related symptoms, complications and disorders.
  • Formulations for the compositions provided herein include those suitable for oral or rectal administration, and administration although the most suitable route can depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • the formulations can conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil- in- water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • composition preparations which can be used orally include tablets, push- fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets can be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders (e.g., povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), inert diluents, preservative, disintegrant (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents.
  • binders e.g., povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
  • inert diluents preservative
  • disintegrant e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  • Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets can optionally be coated or scored and can be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. Tablets can optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push- fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers can be added. Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • concentrated sugar solutions can be used, which can optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or Dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions can take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner.
  • Such compositions can comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • Such compositions can be formulated to delivery chemo sensory receptor ligands to a desired area in the gastrointestional system.
  • compositions described herein can include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration can include flavoring agents.
  • compositions described herein can also contain chemosensory receptor ligands in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
  • Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions, and such compositions can contain one or more agents selected from, by way of non-limiting example, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
  • Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients can be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as micro crystalline cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate
  • granulating and disintegrating agents such as micro crystalline cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, corn starch, or alginic acid
  • binding agents for example starch, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or
  • the tablets can be un-coated or coated by known techniques to mask the taste of the drug or delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a water soluble taste masking material such as hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose, or a time delay material such as ethyl cellulose, or cellulose acetate butyrate can be employed as appropriate.
  • Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand compositions provided herein are in liquid form.
  • Liquid forms include, by way of non-limiting example, neat liquids, solutions, suspensions, dispersions, colloids, foams and the like.
  • liquid forms contain also a nutritional component or base (e.g., derived from milk, yogurt, shake, or juice).
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are micronized or as nanoparticles in the liquid form.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are coated to mask the tastant properties.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligands are coated to modify delivery to the intestine and colon.
  • Aqueous solutions or suspensions contain the active ingredient(s) in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents can be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxy ethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethylene-oxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides
  • the aqueous solutions or suspensions can also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p- hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame.
  • the flavoring agents are chemosensory receptor ligands.
  • Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredient(s) in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions can contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.
  • Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents can be added to provide a palatable oral preparation.
  • These compositions can be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisol or alpha-tocopherol.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous solutions or suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
  • Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, can also be present.
  • These compositions can be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Compositions can also be in the form of an oil-in- water emulsion.
  • the oily phase can be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring
  • phosphatides for example soy bean lecithin
  • esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides for example sorbitan monooleate
  • condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide for example polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsions can also contain sweetening agents, flavoring agents, preservatives and antioxidants.
  • Syrups and elixirs can be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.
  • sweetening agents for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
  • Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.
  • compositions can also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • suitable non- irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • Such materials include cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.
  • the composition can, for example, be in a form suitable for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, cachet, pill, lozenge, powder or granule, sustained release formulations, solution, liquid, or suspension.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages.
  • the pharmaceutical composition will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and the compound according to the invention as an active ingredient. In addition, it can include other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc.
  • Suitable carriers include inert diluents or fillers, water and various organic solvents.
  • the compositions can, if desired, contain additional ingredients such as flavorings, binders, excipients and the like.
  • excipients such as citric acid
  • disintegrants such as starch or other cellulosic material, alginic acid and certain complex silicates and with binding agents such as sucrose, gelatin and acacia.
  • lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for tableting purposes.
  • compositions of a similar type can also be employed in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules.
  • Materials include lactose or milk sugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
  • the active compound therein can be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matters or dyes and, if desired, emulsifying agents or suspending agents, together with diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, or combinations thereof.
  • compositions including medical food compositions and formulations containing the compositions of the invention described herein, as well as nutritional or dietary supplements incorporating the compositions of the invention.
  • Foods such as medical foods, incorporating chemosensory receptor ligand compositions include edible forms such as bars, candies, powders, gels, snacks, soups, and liquids. Chewing gums are also contemplated within the scope of food compositions. Medical food chemosensory receptor ligand compositions can be formulated to control the amounts and types of chemosensory receptor ligand(s) as well as the content of other edible additives and ingredients (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fillers, excipients). Exemplary medical food compositions include, but are not limited to, bars with defined and/or limited chemosensory receptor ligands.
  • Food compositions can be packaged ready-to-serve or ready-to-consume where a set amount of chemosensory receptor ligand is present at a predefined dosage. Examples include frozen food products, yoghurts, shakes and the like.
  • food compositions can be "semifinished” where an individual assembles various components such as flavorings, sauces, extracts, etc. into a finished consumable product, e.g., soup base, pre-packaged noodles, dessert gelatin.
  • the chemo sensory receptor ligands can be present in one or more components of a semi- finished food composition adapted for mixing in chemosensory receptor ligand(s) during food preparation or sprinkling them on the finished, prepared food.
  • compositions directed to chemosensory receptor ligand(s) are provided in the form of controlled, sustained, or extended release formulations, known collectively as "modified release” formulations.
  • Compositions can be administered by modified release means or by delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556; and 5,733,566.
  • Such dosage forms can be used to provide modified release of one or more active ingredients using, for example,
  • hydropropylmethyl cellulose other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.
  • Suitable modified release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the invention.
  • the invention thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled- or sustained-release.
  • modified release in which the rate of release outweighs, if any, the rate of metabolism of the chemosensory receptor ligands and/or the location of the release is controlled.
  • modified release can be obtained by the appropriate selection of formulation parameters and ingredients (e.g., appropriate controlled release compositions and coatings). Examples include single or multiple unit tablet or capsule compositions, oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, microcapsules, microspheres, nanoparticles, patches, and liposomes.
  • the release mechanism can be controlled such that the compounds are released at period intervals, the release could be simultaneous, a delayed release of one of the agents of the combination can be affected, when the early release of one particular agent is preferred over the other, or the location of the release is controlled (e.g., release in the lower intestine tract, upper intestine tract, or both, depending upon the number and type of compositions to be administered, the desired effect of the compositions, and the desired location of release for each ligand).
  • Different delivery systems described herein can also be combined to release at an onset of multiple period intervals (e.g., about 30 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 180 minutes and about 240 minutes after oral administration) or at different locations (e.g., release in the lower intestine tract, upper intestine tract, the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, and/or rectum) or a combination thereof.
  • a pH dependent system can be combined with a timed release system or any other system described herein to achieve a desired release profile.
  • the modified release systems are formulated to release a chemosensory receptor ligand(s) at a duration of about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 130 minutes, about 140 minutes, about 150 minutes, about 160 minutes, about 170 minutes, about 180 minutes, about 190 minutes, about 200 minutes, about 210 minutes, about 220 minutes, about 230 minutes, about 240 minutes, about 250 minutes, about 260 minutes, about 270 minutes, about 280 minutes, about 290 minutes, about 300 minutes, about 310 minutes, about 320 minutes, about 330 minutes, about 340 minutes, about 350 minutes, about 360 minutes, about 370 minutes, about 380 minutes, about 390 minutes, about 400, about 400, about 410, or about 420 minutes subsequent to onset of the release.
  • modified release systems are formulated to release at more than one durations of time at different time points.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand compositions(s) are provided in the form of modified release formulations coupled with an immediate release component in a unitary dosage form.
  • the immediate release component can be a can be formulated by any known method such as a layer that envelops the modified release component or the like.
  • Exemplary ratios of immediate release (“IR”) of an active agent to a modified release (“MR”) of an active agent are about 10% IR to about 90% MR, about 15% IR to about 85% MR, about 20% IR to about 80% MR, about 25% IR to about 75% MR, about 30% IR to about 70% MR, about 35% IR to about 65% MR, about 40% IR to about 60% MR, about 45% IR to about 55% MR, or about 50% IR to about 50% MR.
  • the immediate release of an active agent to modified release of an active agent is about 25% IR to about 75% MR.
  • the immediate release of an active agent to modified release of an active agent is about 20% IR to about 80% MR.
  • Unitary dosage forms with an IR and MR component include any known formulation including bilayer tablets, coated pellets, and the like.
  • the release mechanism is a "timed” or temporal release (“TR") system that releases an active agent, for example a chemo sensory receptor ligand(s), at certain timepoints subsequent to administration.
  • TR temporal release
  • active agent for example a chemo sensory receptor ligand(s)
  • timed release systems are well known in the art and suitable timed release system can include any known excipient and/or coating.
  • excipients in a matrix, layer or coating can delay release of an active agent by slowing diffusion of the active agent into an environment.
  • Suitable timed release excipients include but are not limited to, acacia (gum arabic), agar, aluminum magnesium silicate, alginates (sodium alginate), sodium stearate, bladderwrack, bentonite, carbomer, carrageenan, Carbopol, cellulose, micro crystalline cellulose, ceratonia, chondrus, dextrose, furcellaran, gelatin, Ghatti gum, guar gum, galactomannan, hectorite, lactose, sucrose, maltodextrin, mannitol, sorbitol, honey, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, sterculia gum, xanthum gum, Glyceryl behenate (e.g., Compritol 888 ato), Gylceryl distearate (e.g.
  • Precirol ato 5 polyethylene glycol (e.g., PEG 200-4500), polyethylene oxide, adipic acid, gum tragacanth, ethyl cellulose (e.g., ethyl cellulose 100), ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, ethylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydro xyethyl cellulose, hydro xyethylmethyl cellulose (e.g., K100LV, K4M, K15M),
  • hydroxypropyl cellulose poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), cellulose acetate (e.g. cellulose acetate CA-398-10 NF), cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose nitrate, oxypolygelatin, pectin, polygeline, povidone, propylene carbonate, polyandrides, methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer (PVM/MA), poly(methoxyethyl methacrylate), poly(methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate), hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC), silicon dioxide, vinyl polymers, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidones(P VP: povidone), polyviny
  • polyacrylates e.g. cross-linked polyacrylates, methycrylic acid copolymers), Splenda®
  • timed release excipient may be in a matrix with active agent, in another compartment or layer of the formulation, as part of the coating, or any combination thereof. Varying amounts of one or more timed release excipients may be used to achieve a designated release time.
  • the timed release systems are formulated to release a chemosensory receptor ligand(s) at an onset of about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 130 minutes, about 140 minutes, about 150 minutes, about 160 minutes, about 170 minutes, about 180 minutes, about 190 minutes, about 200 minutes, about 210 minutes, about 220 minutes, about 230 minutes, about 240 minutes, about 250 minutes, about 260 minutes, about 270 minutes, about 280 minutes, about 290 minutes, about 300 minutes, about 310 minutes, about 320 minutes, about 330 minutes, about 340 minutes, about 350 minutes, about 360 minutes, about 370 minutes, about 380 minutes, about 390 minutes, about 400, about 400, about 410, or about 420 minutes subsequent to administration.
  • timed release systems are formulated to release at more than one time point.
  • the timed release systems are formulated to release at an onset of about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 180 minutes and about 240 minutes after administration.
  • the timed release systems are formulated to release at an onset of about 5 to about 45 minutes, about 105 to about 135 minutes, about 165 to about 195 minutes, about 225 to about 255 minutes or a combination of times thereof following
  • the methods and compositions directed to chemosensory receptor ligand(s) are provided in the form of timed release formulations coupled with an immediate release component in a unitary dosage form.
  • the immediate release component can be a can be formulated by any known method such as a layer that envelops the timed release component or the like.
  • the timed release component can be formulated to release at exemplary times previously described.
  • Exemplary ratios of immediate release (“IR”) of an active agent to a timed release (“TR") of an active agent are about 10% IR to about 90% TR, about 15% IR to about 85% TR, about 20% IR to about 80% TR, about 25% IR to about 75% TR, about 30% IR to about 70% TR, about 35% IR to about 65% TR, about 40% IR to about 60% TR, about 45% IR to about 55% TR, or about 50% IR to about 50% TR.
  • the immediate release of an active agent to timed release of an active agent is about 25% IR to about 75% TR.
  • the immediate release of an active agent to timed release of an active agent is about 20% IR to about 80% TR.
  • the formulation may also be coated with an enteric coating, which protects an active agent, for example a chemosensory receptor ligand(s), from degradation in an acidic
  • a delayed release into a target area for example the duodenum, for uptake.
  • the enteric coating may be, as a non-limiting example, wax or wax like substance, such as carnauba wax, fatty alcohols, hydrogenated vegetable oils, zein, shellac, sucrose, Arabic gum, gelatin, dextrin, psyllium husk powder, polymethacrylates, anionic polymethacrylates, mixtures of poly(methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate), polymers or copolymers derived from acrylic and/or methacrylic acid esters, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimelliate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose propionate phthalate, cellulose acetate maleate, polyvinyl alcohol phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hexahydrophthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, mixtures of poly(methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate),
  • an inactive intermediate film may be provided between the active agent, for example, a chemosensory receptor ligand(s), and the enteric coating to prevent interaction of the active agent with the enteric coating.
  • the enteric coatings can be formulated to release the active agent, for example, a chemosensory receptor ligand(s), at a desired pH using combinations of enteric polymers. It is well-known that different locations of the gastrointestinal system have specific pHs. For example, the duodenum may correspond to a pH 5.5 environment and the jejunum may correspond to pH 6.0 environment. In some embodiments, the enteric coatings are formulated to release a chemosensory receptor ligand(s) at an onset of a pH including about pH 1, about pH 1.5, about pH 2, about pH 2.5, about pH 3, about pH 3.5, about pH 4, about pH 4.5, about pH 5, about pH 5.5, about pH 6, about pH 6.5, or about pH 7.
  • the enteric coatings are formulated to release at an onset of two or more pH values. In certain embodiments, the enteric coatings are formulated to release at an onset of pH 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0. In certain embodiments, the enteric coatings are formulated to release at an onset of pH 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5. In certain embodiments, the enteric coatings are formulated to release at the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and lower intestine. In yet other embodiments, the enteric coatings are used in combination with other release systems such as a timed release system.
  • the enteric coatings are used in combination with an immediate release/modified release unitary dosage forms.
  • an unitary dosage form such as a bilayer tablet with a 20% IR/80% MR component of chemosensory receptor ligand(s) can be coated with an enteric coating that releases at pH 6.5 so that the release is delayed until the dosage form reaches a pH of 6.5, thereby releasing the IR component immediately and the MR component according to its MR release properties.
  • the enteric coatings are used in combination with an immediate release/timed release unitary dosage forms.
  • Described herein are dosage forms exhibiting extended gastric residence, possessing some resistance to the pattern of waves of motility present in the gastrointestinal tract that serve to propel material through it. This is achieved, in some embodiments, by simultaneously providing the dosage form with a combination of gastric residence extending characteristics, including floatation in gastric fluid, adhesion to the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract, and swelling to a size which delays passage through the pylorus. In some embodiments, formation of microgels occurs upon exposure to gastric fluid.
  • gastro-retentive (sustained-release) systems described herein are used in the methods of the present invention.
  • the floating property of the dosage form is designed to have low density and thus float on gastric fluids until the dosage form either disintegrates (and the resultant particles empty from the stomach) or absorbs fluid to the point that it no longer floats and can pass more easily from the stomach with a wave of motility responsible for gastric emptying.
  • the active ingredient is released slowly at the desired rate from the system. After release of active ingredient, the residual system is emptied from the stomach.
  • the system may require minimum gastric contents (at least about 200 mL) needed to achieve proper floating principle, which can be accomplished by taking the dosage form with a cup of water. Also a minimal level of floating force (F) is required to keep the dosage form reliably buoyant on the surface of the stomach contents/meal.
  • HBS hydro dynamically balanced systems
  • gas generating systems single and multiple-unit gas generating systems
  • hollow microspheres hollow microspheres
  • raft-forming systems Various factors such as gastrointestinal physiology, dosage form characteristics, and patient-related factors will influence the dosage form buoyancy. With the knowledge in the art and the teaching provided herein, skilled artisans will readily know how to implement these systems.
  • the floating dosage forms can be prepared where buoyancy is created via three possible mechanisms.
  • the first mechanism is the incorporation of formulation components with sufficiently low density to enable floating on the stomach contents.
  • Such systems need not disintegrate into small pieces to empty from the stomach, but rather slowly erode, gradually losing buoyancy and eventually being expelled from the stomach.
  • This approach may be especially useful for active ingredients or other active ingredients administered in low doses (a few hundred milligrams per day or less) or having low water solubility.
  • these properties have limited utility where higher doses are required or with highly water soluble active ingredients.
  • large amounts of polymer would be needed to retard drug or active ingredient release.
  • a capsule dosage form may not be practicable due to size constraints.
  • homogenous distribution of drugs or other active ingredients in a tablet of this form can be accompanied by an undesirable, rapid initial release of drug or active ingredient. Again, this is most often seen with very water soluble drugs or active ingredients.
  • the second mechanism is the formation of a bilayer dosage form where the buoyancy originates from a separate layer to the active layer.
  • This approach can overcome some of the problems encountered with the system discussed above.
  • the third mechanism is the incorporation of one or more gas generating agents. Gas generating agents react with gastric fluid to generate gas. This gas is subsequently entrapped within the dosage form which results in floatation in the gastric fluid. This approach may offer improved control over degree, onset time and persistence of floatation.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,905 describes a system with a active ingredient loaded core surrounded by a gas generating layer, which in turn was surrounded by a polymeric layer responsible for controlling active ingredient release from the system.
  • the gas generating component upon interaction with gastric fluid generates carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide that becomes entrapped within the hydrated microgel matrix of the gelling agent.
  • the gas generating components useful in the compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, a combination of one or more of bicarbonate and carbonate salts of Group I and Group II metals, including sodium, potassium, and calcium water soluble carbonates, sulfites and bicarbonates such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium metabisulfite, calcium carbonate.
  • the gas generating component can be present in an amount from about 2-50 wt-%.
  • Floating tablets can have a bulk density less than gastric fluid so that they remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting the gastric emptying rate for a prolonged period of time.
  • Limitations of floating dosage forms include required administration with a suitable amount of fluid (normal gastric contents could be as little as a few tens of milliliters) and their possible posture dependence.
  • a patient sitting upright may ensure prolonged gastric residence of a buoyant dosage form, whereas a supine patient might allow ready presentation of the floating dosage form to the pylorus and thus allow rapid exit of the dosage form from the stomach (see Timmermans et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 1994, 83, 18-24).
  • Bioadhesive delivery systems are designed to imbibe gastric fluid such that the outer layer becomes a viscous, tacky material that adheres to the gastric mucosa/mucus layer. This increases gastric retention until the adhesive forces are weakened for example by continuing hydration of the outer layer of the dosage form or by the persistent application of shear.
  • Polycarbophil has been identified as a suitable polymer for adhesion of orally administered dosage forms to the gastric mucosa, (see Longer et al, J. Pharm. Sci., 1985, 74, 406-411). It should be noted that the success observed in animal models with such systems has been found to be unreliable in translating to humans due to differences in mucous amounts, consistency and turnover differences between animals and humans.
  • the combination of bioadhesiveness with low density materials maintain floating while prolonging the gastric retention time (GRT) by allowing the composition to float in the upper region of the stomach.
  • GRT gastric retention time
  • the dosage form also has bioadhesive characteristics, in some embodiments, the dosage form will also attach itself to gastric mucosa.
  • compositions described herein should be of a size that allows the dosage form to be swallowed. After ingestion, the compositions described herein swell. In some embodiments, the compositions swell to a size that precludes passage through the pylorus until after active ingredient release has progressed to a required degree.
  • the dosage forms described herein can comprise hydrophilic erodible polymers.
  • the dosage form upon imbibing gastric fluid the dosage form swells over a short period of time to a size that will encourage prolonged gastric retention. This allows for the sustained delivery of the active ingredient to the absorption site.
  • the absorption site of the active ingredient is in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
  • the dosage forms are made of an erodible, hydrophilic polymer(s), they readily erode over a reasonable time period to allow passage from the stomach. The time period of expansion is such that this will not occur in the esophagus and if the dosage form passes into the intestine in a partially swollen state, the erodibility and elastic nature of the hydrated polymer will eliminate the chance of intestinal obstruction by the dosage form.
  • active ingredient dissolution dosage forms can comprise linear hydrophilic polymers.
  • these linear hydrophilic polymers which do not have a covalently cross-linked structure, can form a gelatinous layer on the surface of the dosage form.
  • the thickness and durability of this gelatinous layer depends on a number of factors such as the concentration, molecular weight and viscosity of the polymer(s) comprising the dosage form.
  • the linear polymer chains entangle to a greater degree. This can result in virtual cross-linking and the formation of a stronger gel layer.
  • the rate of dosage form erosion helps control the release rate of the active ingredient.
  • Cross-linked polymers such as polyacrylic acid polymer (PAA) may be used in the dosage form matrix.
  • dosage forms formulated with cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymers contain the active ingredient trapped within a glassy core. As the external surface of the tablet is hydrated, it forms a gelatinous layer. It is believed that this layer is different than traditional matrices because the hydrogels are not entangled chains of polymer, but discrete microgels made up of many polymer particles.
  • the crosslink network enables the entrapment of active ingredients in the hydrogel domains. Because these hydrogels are not water soluble, they do not dissolve or erode in the same manner as linear polymers. Instead, when the hydrogel is fully hydrated, osmotic pressure from within works to break up the structure by sloughing off discrete pieces of the hydrogel. The active ingredient is able to diffuse through the gel layer at a uniform rate.
  • the gel layer around the active ingredient core acts as a rate controlling membrane, which results in a linear release of the active ingredient.
  • active ingredient dissolution rates are affected by subtle differences in rates of hydration and swelling of the individual polymer hydrogels.
  • These properties of the polymer hydrogels are dependent on various factors such as the molecular structure of the polymers, including crosslink density, chain entanglement, and crystallinity of the polymer matrix.
  • the extent and rate of swelling is also dependent on pH and the dissolution medium.
  • the channels that form between the polymer hydro gels are also influenced by the concentration of the polymer and the degree of swelling. Increasing the amount of polymer or the swelling degree of the polymer decreases the size of the channels.
  • Cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymers provide rapid and efficient swelling characteristics in both simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and produce dosage forms of excellent hardness and low friability. Moreover, cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymers may also provide longer dissolution times at lower concentrations than other excipients.
  • Compound solubility is also important to active ingredient release from dosage forms comprising cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymers. Poorly soluble compounds tend to partition into the more hydrophobic domains of the system, such as the acrylic backbone of the polymer. Highly water soluble compounds undergo diffusion controlled-release due to the fast dissolution of the active ingredient through the water-filled interstitial spaces between the microgels.
  • the dosage forms described and useful in the present invention achieve gastric retention regardless of whether the subject is in the fed mode or the fasting mode.
  • One means of achieving a swellable particle is to disperse the active ingredient in a solid matrix formed of a substance that absorbs the gastric fluid and swells as a result of the absorbed fluid.
  • Polymer matrices are useful for achieving controlled release of the active ingredient over a prolonged period of time. Such sustained or controlled release is achieved either by limiting the rate by which the surrounding gastric fluid can diffuse through the matrix and reach the active ingredient, dissolve the active ingredient and diffuse out again with the dissolved active ingredient, or by using a matrix that slowly erodes. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,915,952, 5,328,942, 5,451,409, 5,783,212, 5,945,125, 6,090,411, 6,120,803, 6,210,710, 6,217,903, and WO 96/26718 and WO 97/18814).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,153 describes the use of a hydrogel matrix that imbibes fluid to swell to reach a size encouraging prolonged gastric retention.
  • This matrix surrounds a plurality of tiny pills consisting of active ingredient with a release rate controlling wall of fatty acid and wax surrounding each of the pills.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,007,790 and 5,582,837, and WO 93/18755 describe a swelling hydrogel polymer with active ingredient particles embedded within it. These particles dissolve once the hydrogel matrix is hydrated. The swollen matrix is of a size to encourage gastric retention but only dissolved active ingredient reaches the mucosa and this can be delivered in a sustained manner. Such a system thus does not insult the mucosa with solid particles of irritant active ingredient and is suitable for delivering active ingredient to the upper gastrointestinal tract. These systems only apply in case of active ingredients of limited water solubility.
  • the layered gastroretentive active ingredient delivery systems described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,962, can be used in the sustained release delivery methods described herein.
  • such delivery systems have an active agent or drug associated with a matrix that is affixed or attached to a membrane. The membrane prevents evacuation from the stomach thereby allowing the active agent/matrix to be retained in the stomach for 3-24 hours.
  • the matrix/membrane system can be a multilayer system, including but not limited to a bilayer system.
  • the matrix/membrane may be administered as a folded
  • the matrix of such delivery systems can be a single- or multi-layered and have a two- or three-dimensional geometric configuration.
  • the matrix can comprise a polymer selected from a degradable polymer, including but not limited to a hydrophilic polymer which is not instantly soluble in gastric fluids, an enteric polymer substantially insoluble at pH less than 5.5, a hydrophobic polymer; or any mixture thereof.
  • the matrix can comprise a non- degradable; or a mixture of at least one degradable polymer and at least one non-degradable polymer.
  • the hydrophilic polymers of such delivery systems may be any hydrophilic polymer, including but not limited to, a protein, a polysaccharide, a polyacrylate, a hydrogel or any derivative thereof.
  • proteins are proteins derived from connective tissues, such as gelatin and collagen, or an albumin such as serum albumin, milk albumin or soy albumin.
  • polysaccharides are sodium alginate or carboxymethylcellulose.
  • other hydrophilic polymers may be polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or polyacrylates, such as polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate.
  • the hydrophilic polymer may be cross-linked with a suitable cross-linking agent.
  • suitable cross-linking agents include, but are not limited to, aldehydes (e.g. formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde), alcohols, di-, tri- or tetravalent ions (e.g. aluminum, chromium, titanium or zirconium ions), acyl chlorides (e.g.
  • sebacoyl chloride tetraphthaloyl chloride
  • any other suitable cross-linking agent such as urea, bis-diazobenzidine, phenol-2,4- disulfonyl chloride, l,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 3,6-bis-(mercuromethyl)-dioxane urea, dimethyl adipimidate, N,N'-ethylene-bis-(iodoacetamide) or N-acetyl homocysteine thio lactone.
  • suitable hydrogels and their suitable cross-linking agents are listed, for example, in the Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers [A. J. Domb, J. Kost & D. M. Weisman, Eds. (1997) Harwood Academic Publishers].
  • the enteric polymer used in such layered delivery systems is a polymer that is substantially insoluble in a pH of less than 5.5.
  • enteric polymers include shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate or methylmethacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers.
  • non-degradable hydrophobic polymers used in such layered delivery systems include, but are not limited to, ethylcellulose, acrylic acid-methacrylic acid esters copolymer, polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl acetate and mixtures thereof.
  • the degradable hydrophobic polymers used in such layered delivery systems include, but are not limited to, poly(alpha-hydroxyacids), such as poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), copolymers and mixtures thereof.
  • the membranes used in such layered delivery systems have substantial mechanical strength and may be continuous or non-continuous.
  • Such membranes may comprise, by way of example only, cellulose ethers and other cellulose derivatives such as cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate or cellulose acetate propionate; polyesters, such as
  • polyethylene terephthalate polystyrene, including copolymers and blends of the same;
  • polylactides including copolymers thereof with p-dioxanone, polyglycolides,
  • polylactidglycolides polyolefins, including polyethylene, and polypropylene; fluoroplastics, such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, including copolymers of the same with hexafluoropropylene or ethylene; polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride copolymers, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, polyvinyl alcohols, ammonium-methacrylate copolymers and other polyacrylates and polymethacrylates; polyacrylonitriles; polyurethanes; polyphthalamides; polyamides; polyimides; polyamide-imides; polysulfones; polyether sulfones; polyethylene sulfides; polybutadiene; polymethyl pentene; polyphenylene oxide (which may be modified); polyetherimides; polyhydroxyalkanoates; tyrosine derived polyarylates and polycarbonates including polyester carbonates, polyanhydrides, poly
  • the active agent or compound associated with the matrix may be in a particulate form or may be in the form of raw powder, or soluted, dispersed or embedded in a suitable liquid, semisolid, micro- or nanoparticles, micro- or nanospheres, tablet, or capsule.
  • the compound, or mixtures of compounds, in any of such forms may be embedded in at least one layer of the matrix of the delivery system.
  • the active ingredient may be entrapped between any two layers, whether in free form or contained within a compound-containing means such as, by way of example only, in a tablet or a capsule.
  • microcapsules gastroretentive systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,022,562, 5,846,566 and 5,603,957 can be used in the sustained release delivery methods described herein.
  • Microparticles of an active agent or drug are coated by spraying with a material consisting of a mixture of a film-forming polymer derivative, a hydrophobic plasticizer, a functional agent and a nitrogen-containing polymer.
  • the resulting microcapsules are less than or equal to 1000 microns ( ⁇ ) in size, and in certain cases such microcapsules are between 100 and 500 microns. These microcapsules remain in the small intestine for at least 5 hours.
  • Film-forming polymer derivatives used in such microcapsules include, but are not limited to, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, and non-hydrosoluble cellulose derivates.
  • the nitrogen-containing polymers include, but are not limited to, polyacrylamide, poly-N- vinylamide, poly-N- vinyl- lactam and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • the plasticizer used in such microcapsule include, but are not limited to, glycerol esters, phthalates, citrates, sebacates, cetylalcohol esters, castor oil and cutin.
  • the surface-active and/or lubricating agent used in such microcapsule include, but are not limited to, anionic surfactants, such as by way of example the alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal salts of fatty acids, stearic acid and/or oleic acid, nonionic surfactants, such as by way of example, polyoxyethylenated esters of sorbitan and/or
  • polyoxyethylenated esters of sorbitan and/or polyoxyethylenated derivatives of castor oil and/or lubricants such as stearates, such as by way of example, calcium, magnesium, aluminum stearate, zinc stearate, stearylfumarate, sodium stearylfimarate, and glyceryl behenate.
  • stearates such as by way of example, calcium, magnesium, aluminum stearate, zinc stearate, stearylfumarate, sodium stearylfimarate, and glyceryl behenate.
  • chitosan and mixtures of chitosan with carboxymethylcellulose sodium have been used as vehicles for the sustained release of active ingredients, as described by Inouye et al, Drug Design and Delivery 1 : 297-305, 1987.
  • CMC-Na carboxymethylcellulose sodium
  • the release profile can be changed by varying the ratios of chitosan, CMC-Na, and active agent(s).
  • the tablets can also contain other additives, including lactose, CaHP04 dihydrate, sucrose, crystalline cellulose, or croscarmellose sodium.
  • Baichwal in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,356, describes sustained release oral, solid dosage forms that includes agglomerated particles of a
  • the gelling agent can be a mixture of a xanthan gum and a locust bean gum capable of cross-linking with the xanthan gum when the gums are exposed to an environmental fluid.
  • the ionizable gel enhancing agent acts to enhance the strength of cross-linking between the xanthan gum and the locust bean gum and thereby prolonging the release of the medicament component of the formulation.
  • acceptable gelling agents include those gelling agents well known in the art. Examples include naturally occurring or modified naturally occurring gums such as alginates, carrageenan, pectin, guar gum, modified starch,
  • hydroxypropylmethylcellulose methylcellulose, and other cellulosic materials or polymers, such as, for example, sodium carboxymetfiylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures of the foregoing.
  • Baichwal and Staniforth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,757 describe a free-flowing slow release granulation for use as a pharmaceutical excipient that includes from about 20 to about 70 percent or more by weight of a hydrophilic material that includes a heteropolysaccharide (such as, for example, xanthan gum or a derivative thereof) and a polysaccharide material capable of cross- linking the heteropolysaccharide (such as, for example, galactomannans, and most preferably locust bean gum) in the presence of aqueous solutions, and from about 30 to about 80 percent by weight of an inert pharmaceutical- filler (such as, for example, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose or mixtures thereof).
  • an inert pharmaceutical- filler such as, for example, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose
  • the mixture is directly compressed into solid dosage forms such as tablets.
  • the tablets thus formed slowly release the medicament when ingested and exposed to gastric fluids.
  • a slow release profile can be attained.
  • Shell in U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,790, describes sustained-release oral drug-dosage forms that release a active ingredient in solution at a rate controlled by the solubility of the active ingredient.
  • the dosage form comprises a tablet or capsule that includes a plurality of particles of a dispersion of a limited solubility active ingredient in a hydrophilic, water-swellable, crosslinked polymer that maintains its physical integrity over the dosing lifetime but thereafter rapidly dissolves.
  • the particles swell to promote gastric retention and permit the gastric fluid to penetrate the particles, dissolve active ingredient and leach it from the particles, assuring that active ingredient reaches the stomach in the solution state which is less injurious to the stomach than solid-state active ingredient.
  • the programmed eventual dissolution of the polymer depends upon the nature of the polymer and the degree of crosslinking.
  • the polymer is nonfibrillar and substantially water soluble in its uncrosslinked state, and the degree of crosslinking is sufficient to enable the polymer to remain insoluble for the desired time period, normally at least from about 4 hours to 8 hours up to 12 hours, with the choice depending upon the active ingredient incorporated and the medical treatment involved.
  • crosslinked polymers examples include gelatin, albumin, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and chitin.
  • crosslinking may be achieved by thermal or radiation treatment or through the use of crosslinking agents such as aldehydes, polyamino acids, metal ions and the like.
  • Silicone microspheres for pH-controlled gastrointestinal drug delivery have been described by Carelli et al, Int. J. Pharmaceutics 179: 73- 83, 1999.
  • the microspheres are pH-sensitive semi-interpenetrating polymer hydrogels made of varying proportions of poly(methacrylic acid-co-methylmethacrylate) (Eudragit LI 00 or
  • the combinations of the invention can be spray-coated with a solution of a binder under continuously fluidizing conditions, such as describe by Kitamori et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,948.
  • water-soluble binders include pregelatinized starch (e.g., pregelatinized corn starch, pregelatinized white potato starch), pregelatinized modified starch, water-soluble celluloses (e.g. hydroxypropyl-cellulose, hydroxymethyl-cellulose,
  • hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose carboxymethyl-cellulose
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone polyvinyl alcohol
  • dextrin polyvinyl alcohol
  • gum arabicum and gelatin
  • organic solvent-soluble binders such as cellulose derivatives (e.g., cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose phthalate, ethylcellulose).
  • Combinations of the invention, or a component thereof, with sustained release properties can also be formulated by spray drying techniques.
  • Yet another form of sustained release combinations can be prepared by microencapsulation of combination agent particles in membranes which act as microdialysis cells. In such a formulation, gastric fluid permeates the microcapsule walls and swells the microcapsule, allowing the active agent(s) to dialyze out (see, for example, Tsuei et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,194).
  • One commercially available sustained-release system of this kind consists of microcapsules having membranes of acacia gum/gelatine/ethyl alcohol. This product is available from Eurand Limited (France) under the trade name
  • DiffucapsTM DiffucapsTM.
  • Microcapsules so formulated can be carried in a conventional gelatine capsule or tabletted.
  • a bilayer tablet can be formulated for a combination of the invention in which different custom granulations are made for each agent of the combination and the two agents are compressed on a bi-layer press to form a single tablet.
  • formulations can be prepared with enteric coatings adapted for sustained or controlled release administration of the active ingredient.
  • a common type of controlled-release formulation that may be used for the purposes of the present invention comprises an inert core, such as a sugar sphere, coated with an inner active ingredient - containing layer and an outer membrane layer controlling active ingredient release from the inner layer.
  • compositions for targeted release of compounds in the gastrointestinal tract are also known in the art and contemplated for use with the invention described herein.
  • exemplary systems for targeting delivery of a substance to the upper and/or lower gastrointestinal tract include the formulations of the TIMERx® system.
  • This controlled release formulation system provides for altered temporal release (SyncroDoseTM) as well as biphasic release (Geminex®).
  • SynchronizationTM synchronase
  • Gaminex® biphasic release
  • compositions can be created which target the upper gastrointestinal tract, the lower gastrointestinal tract, or both, in addition to temporally controlling the release of such
  • a lower GI delivery formulation comprises a tablet for lower GI delivery.
  • the inner composition of the tablet comprises about 0.01% weight to about 10.0%) by weight of a suitable active ingredient; about 50%> by weight to about 98%> by weight of a hydrocolloid gum obtainable from higher plants; and about 2% by weight to about 50% by weight of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as a binder.
  • Other optional materials may be present that will assist in establishing the desired characteristics of the pharmaceutical composition. These include materials that may enhance absorption of the active ingredient in the lower GI, may protect the active ingredient against degradation, may prevent dissolution, and the like.
  • a coating that is preferably of enteric polymeric material.
  • the inner composition of the tablet may be one of several designs: (a) it may be a matrix of a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient uniformly dispersed throughout in combination with a high percentage of the hydrocolloid and a generally lesser amount of other excipients; (b) it may have a core, in which the active ingredient is concentrated, surrounded by a layer of material that is free of the active ingredient and that has a high percentage of the hydrocolloid and a generally lesser amount of other excipients; (c) it may have a concentration gradient of the active ingredient such that there is a greater amount in the core of the tablet with lesser amounts in multiple layers surrounding the core and very little or no active ingredient in the outer layer.
  • the design of the tablet is that of (a), (b) or (c) above, the specificity for regional delivery to the lower GI
  • Hydrocolloids are obtainable from higher plants.
  • “higher plant” is meant an organism of the vegetable kingdom that lacks the power of locomotion, has cellulose cell walls, grows by synthesis of inorganic substances and includes the vascular plants (or tracheophytes) of the division Spermatophyta, particularly those of the class Angiospermae.
  • the gums may be extracted from the roots, legumes, pods, berries, bark, etc.
  • Representative hydrocolloid gums obtainable from higher plants include guar gum, gum tragacanth, karaya gum (also referred to as kadaya gum) and locust bean gum (also referred to as carob). Others may be readily apparent to one of skill in the art.
  • a particularly convenient and useful hydrocolloid is guar gum which is a neutral polysaccharide and consists of long galactomannan molecules with some side chain attachments.
  • the hydrocolloids used in the subject invention generally have high viscosity exhibited upon hydration, are normally linear (at least about 50% by weight of the compound is the backbone chain), and will normally have high molecular weight, usually about 3x 10 5 daltons, more usually greater than about 1 x10 6 daltons.
  • the hydrocolloid comes as a powdered hydrocolloid gum and exhibits a viscosity at a 1% concentration in a neutral aqueous solution of at least about 75 centipoise per second (cps) at 25° C. after 24 hours, using a Brookfield viscometer (model LDF) with a number 3 spindle at 90 rpms, preferably at least 1 x 10 3 cps and most preferably at least about 2x 10 3 cps.
  • cps centipoise per second
  • Brookfield viscometer model LDF
  • the viscosity increases with increasing molecular weight. See Meer Corporation, "An Introduction to
  • Hydrocolloid gums most useful are those where the hydrocolloid is a polysaccharide hydrocolloid which is chemically designated as galactomannan.
  • Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of long chains of (1 ⁇ 4) - ⁇ -D-mannopyranosyl units to which single unit side chains of a-D-galactopyranosyl are joined by (1 ⁇ 6) linkages.
  • Galactomannans are found in a variety of plants but differ in molecular size and the number of D-galactosyl side chains.
  • the galactomannans useful in this invention are commonly found in the endosperms of the leguminosae.
  • Galactomannan can be obtained, for example, from the cyamopsis tetragonolobus, commonly referred to as guar. This exhibits a percentage mannose residue of about 64% with a percent galactose residue of about 36%.
  • Commercially available guar gum is about 66-82%> galactomannan polysaccharide with impurities making up the remainder of the composition. According to the National Formulary (NF) standards the guar gum may contain up to 15% w water, up to 10%> w protein, up to 7% w acid insoluble material and up to about 1.5% ash.
  • guar gum Sources of commercially available guar gum are Aqualon Company, Wilmington, Del; Meer Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio; Stein Hall & Company and TIC Gums, Inc., Belcamp, Md.
  • hydrocolloids are known in the art. See for example "The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Mucilages" by Smith and Montgomery from the A.C.S. Monograph series, #141, 1959, Reinhold Publishing Co. and the Eighteenth Edition of The Merck Index.
  • the amount of the hydrocolloid that will be used is an amount that allows the composition to traverse the upper GI tract without significant disintegration and without releasing significant amounts of active ingredient in the upper GI tract, i.e. to provide a delayed-release profile. Generally, that amount of hydrocolloid will be more than about 50% but less than about 98%.
  • a tablet will traverse the stomach and upper intestinal tract in about 3 to 6 hours. During this time, little active ingredient (less than 20%, preferably less than 10%) is released from the tablet of this invention. Once the tablet reaches the lower GI, the release of the active ingredient is triggered by enzymatic degradation of the galactomannan gum.
  • a formulation for upper gastrointestinal delivery comprises a free-flowing slow release granulation for use as a pharmaceutical excipient that includes from about 20 to about 70 percent or more by weight of a hydrophilic material that includes a heteropolysaccharide (such as, for example, xanthan gum or a derivative thereof) and a polysaccharide material capable of cross-linking the heteropolysaccharide (such as, for example, galactomannans, and most preferably locust bean gum) in the presence of aqueous solutions, and from about 30 to about 80 percent by weight of an inert pharmaceutical- filler (such as, for example, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose or mixtures thereof).
  • an inert pharmaceutical- filler such as, for example, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose or mixtures thereof.
  • the mixture After mixing the excipient with the compounds of the invention, the mixture is directly compressed into solid dosage forms such as tablets.
  • the tablets thus formed slowly release the medicament when ingested and exposed to gastric fluids.
  • a slow release profile can be attained.
  • a sustained gastrointestinal delivery formulation comprises a plurality of particles of a dispersion of a limited solubility active ingredient in a hydrophilic, water-swellable, crosslinked polymer that maintains its physical integrity over the dosing lifetime but thereafter rapidly dissolves. Once ingested, the particles swell to promote gastric retention and permit the gastric fluid to penetrate the particles, dissolve active ingredient and leach it from the particles, assuring that active ingredient reaches the stomach in the solution state which is less injurious to the stomach than solid-state active ingredient. The programmed eventual dissolution of the polymer depends upon the nature of the polymer and the degree of crosslinking.
  • the polymer is nonfibrillar and substantially water soluble in its uncrosslinked state, and the degree of crosslinking is sufficient to enable the polymer to remain insoluble for the desired time period.
  • suitable crosslinked polymers that may be used in the invention are gelatin, albumin, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and chitin.
  • crosslinking may be achieved by thermal or radiation treatment or through the use of crosslinking agents such as aldehydes, polyamino acids, metal ions and the like.
  • Villa et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,773,720, describes a modified-release system containing an inner lipophilic matrix where an active ingredient is inglobated and an outer hydrophilic matrix in which the lipophilic matrix is dispersed.
  • An active ingredient such as a chemosensory receptor antagonist(s) is first inglobated in a low melting lipophlilic excipient or mixture of excipients while heating to soften and/or melt the excipient itself, which thereby incorporates the active ingredient by simple dispersion. After cooling at room temperature, an inert matrix forms, which can be reduced in size to obtain matrix granules containing the active ingredient particles.
  • the inert matrix granules are subsequently mixed together with one or more hydrophilic water-swellable excipients.
  • a high viscosity swollen layer is formed, which coordinates the solvent molecules and acts as a barrier to penetration of the aqueous fluid itself inside the new structure.
  • Said barrier antagonizes the staring "burst effect" caused by dissolution of the active ingredient inglobated inside the inert matrix, which is in its turn inside the hydrophilic matrix.
  • One commercially available system of this type is from Cosmo
  • lipophilic/hydrophilic matrices can be further enterically coated for pH specific delivery.
  • a single composition comprises a first formulation for delivery of at least one chemo sensory receptor ligand to the upper gastrointestinal tract and a second formulation for delivery of at least one chemo sensory receptor ligand to the lower gastrointestinal tract.
  • a single composition can provide for delivery of chemosensory receptor ligands to the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Additional non-limiting examples include compositions having formulations for delivery of at least one chemosensory receptor ligand to the upper
  • compositions having formulations for delivery of at least one chemosensory receptor ligand to the lower gastrointestinal tract can be formulated for treatment of specific conditions and for delivery to specific locations in the intestinal tract.
  • the active agent(s) is in a formulation that achieves multiple releases in the gastrointestinal locations following administration. In certain embodiments, the active agent(s) is in a multiple release formulation that releases at an onset of about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 180 minutes, about 240 minutes, or combinations thereof following administration. In certain embodiments, the active agent(s) is in a multiple release formulation that releases at an onset of about 5 to about 45 minutes, about 105 to about 135 minutes, about 165 to about 195 minutes, about 225 to about 255 minutes, or combinations thereof following administration.
  • the active agent(s) is in a multiple release formulation that releases in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, lower intestine or combinations thereof following administration. In yet other embodiments, the active agent(s) is in a multiple release formulation that releases at an onset of about pH 5.5, about pH 6.0, at about pH 6.5, about pH 7.0, or combinations thereof following administration. In yet other embodiments, the active agent(s) is in a multiple release formulation that releases in ranges at about pH 5.0 to about pH 6.0, about pH 6.0 to about pH 7.0, about pH 7.0 to about pH 8.0, or combinations thereof following administration. In yet other embodiments, the active agent(s) is in a multiple release formulation that releases a fraction or portion of the active agent(s) as an immediate release with the rest of the active agent(s) released by a modified manner described herein.
  • compositions or formulations described herein include any commonly used excipients in pharmaceutics and are selected on the basis of compatibility with the active agent(s) and release profile properties of the desired dosage form.
  • Excipients include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, flow aids/glidents, disintegrants, lubricants, stabilizers, surfactants, and the like.
  • a summary of excipients described herein, may be found, for example in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteeth Ed (Easton, PA: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, (Easton, PA: Mack Publishing Co 1975); Liberman, H.A.
  • Binders impart cohesive qualities and include, e.g., alginic acid and salts thereof; cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose (e.g., Methocel®), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (e.g., Klucel®), ethylcellulose (e.g., Ethocel®), and micro crystalline cellulose (e.g., Avicel®); micro crystalline dextrose; amylose; magnesium aluminum silicate; polysaccharide acids; bentonites; gelatin; polyvinylpyrrolidone/ vinyl acetate copolymer; crospovidone; povidone; starch; pregelatinized starch; tragacanth, dextrin, a sugar, such as sucrose (e.g., Dipac®), glucose, dextrose, molasses, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol (e.g.
  • Disintegrants facilitate breakup or disintegration of oral solid dosage forms after administration.
  • examples of disintegrants include a starch, e.g., a natural starch such as corn starch or potato starch, a pregelatinized starch such as National 1551 or Amijel®, or sodium starch glycolate such as Promogel® or Explotab®; a cellulose such as a wood product, methylcrystalline cellulose, e.g., Avicel®, Avicel® PH101, Avicel® PH102, Avicel® PH105, Elcema® PI 00, Emcocel®, Vivacel®, Ming Tia®, and Solka-Floc®, methylcellulose, croscarmellose, or a cross-linked cellulose, such as cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Ac-Di-Sol®), cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, or cross-linked croscarmellose; a cross- linked starch such as sodium starch glycolate; a cross-linked poly(
  • Lubricants are compounds which prevent, reduce or inhibit adhesion or friction of materials.
  • Exemplary lubricants include, e.g., stearic acid; calcium hydroxide; talc; sodium stearyl fumerate; a hydrocarbon such as mineral oil, hydrogenated castor oil or hydrogenated vegetable oil such as hydrogenated soybean oil (Sterotex®); higher fatty acids and their alkali- metal and alkaline earth metal salts, such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc; stearic acid, sodium stearates, magnesium stearates, glycerol, talc, waxes, Stearowet® boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, a polyethylene glycol or a
  • methoxypolyethylene glycol such as CarbowaxTM, ethylene oxide polymers, sodium oleate, glyceryl behenate (E.g. Compritol 888 Ato), glyceryl disterate (Precirol Ato 5), polyethylene glycol, magnesium or sodium lauryl sulfate, colloidal silica such as SyloidTM, Carb-O-Sil®, DL- leucine, a starch such as corn starch, silicone oil, a surfactant, and the like.
  • CarbowaxTM ethylene oxide polymers
  • sodium oleate sodium oleate
  • glyceryl behenate E.g. Compritol 888 Ato
  • glyceryl disterate Precirol Ato 5
  • colloidal silica such as SyloidTM, Carb-O-Sil®, DL- leucine
  • a starch such as corn starch, silicone oil, a surfactant, and the like.
  • Flow-aids or glidants improve the flow characteristics of powder mixtures.
  • Such compounds include, e.g., colloidal silicon dioxide such as Cab-o-sil®; tribasic calcium phosphate, talc, corn starch, DL-leucine, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearate, kaolin, and micronized amorphous silicon dioxide (Syloid®)and the like.
  • Plasticizers aid in coating of oral solid dosage forms.
  • Exemplary plasticizers include, but are not limited to, triethyl citrate, triacetin (glyceryl triacetate), acetyl triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycols (PEG 4000, PEG 6000, PEG 8000), Carbowax 400 (polyethylene glycol 400), diethyl phthalate, diethyl sebacate, acetyltriethylcitrate, oleic acid, glyceralmonosterate, tributyl citrate, acetylated monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acid esters, propylene glycol, and dibutyl phthalate and the like.
  • excipients are given as examples only and are not meant to include all possible choices.
  • suitable excipient classes include coloring agents, granulating agents, preservatives, anti- foaming agents, solubulizers and the like. Additionally, many excipients can have more than one role or function, or can be classified in more than one group; the classifications are descriptive only, and are not intended to limit any use of a particular excipient.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand composition(s) provided herein modulates hormone concentrations and/or concentrations of hormones including, but not limited to, GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY, CCK, glycentin, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, amylin, C-peptide and uroguanylin. Sampling of hormones can be performed frequently during the administration of ligands. Test animals and subjects can be studied with and without systemic inhibition of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) to augment the circulating half-life of the relevant hormones that can be degraded by DPP-IV.
  • DPP-IV dipeptidyl-peptidase IV
  • certain embodiments of the methods described herein provide for glucose lowering, wherein hormonal profiles suited for treating elevated blood glucose are composed of, but not limited to: 1) GLP-1 with circulating concentrations over 1.5-fold basal concentrations; 2) GIP with circulating concentrations over 1.5-fold basal concentrations and 3) PYY 3-36 circulating concentrations over 1.5-fold basal concentrations.
  • certain embodiments of the methods described herein provide for weight loss, wherein hormonal profiles suited for weight loss are composed of, but not limited to: 1) PYY with circulating concentrations over 3 -fold basal concentrations; 2) Oxyntomodulin with circulating concentrations over 2-fold basal concentrations; 3) GPL-1 with circulating concentrations over 3-fold basal concentrations; and 4) CCK with circulating concentrations over 2-fold basal concentrations.
  • hormonal profiles include: 1) PYY (total) with circulating concentrations over 3 -fold basal concentrations; and 2) GLP-1 (active) with circulating concentrations over 3-fold basal concentrations.
  • methods for modulating hormone concentrations in a subject comprising the administration of a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor ligand, said composition being adapted to deliver said ligand to one or more regions of the intestine of said subject.
  • administration of chemosensory receptor ligand composition(s) as provided herein modulates circulating hormone concentrations of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, at least twelve, or at least thirteen hormones.
  • administration of chemosensory receptor ligand composition(s) as provided herein increases circulating hormone concentrations of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, at least twelve, or at least thirteen hormones.
  • administration of chemosensory receptor ligand composition(s) as provided herein decreases circulating hormone concentrations of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least at least seven hormones.
  • administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates GLP-1.
  • administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates GLP-2. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates GIP. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates oxyntomodulin. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates PYY. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates CCK. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates glycentin. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates insulin.
  • administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates glucagon. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates, ghrelin. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates amylin. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates insulin. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates C-peptide. In some embodiments, administration of chemosensory receptor ligand compositions modulates uroguanylin.
  • the levels of hormones assayed in association with the methods of the invention including, but not limited to, GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY, CCK, glycentin, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, amylin, uroguanylin, C-peptide and/or combinations thereof are detected according to standard methods described in the literature.
  • proteins can be measured by immunological assays, and transcription products by nucleic acid amplification techniques.
  • Functional assays described in the art can also be used as appropriate.
  • samples assayed comprise cultured cells, patient cell or tissue samples, patient body fluids, e.g., blood or plasma, etc.
  • the levels of analytes e.g., glucose, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, apoB and the like
  • analytes assayed in association with the methods of the invention are detected according to any known method.
  • immunofluorescence can be used to assay for GLP-1.
  • Cells can be grown on matrigel-coated cover slips to confluent monolayers in 12-well plates at 37°C, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with primary antiserum (e.g., rabbit anti-alpha gustducin, 1 : 150; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, and rabbit anti-GLP-1, Phoenix) overnight at 4°C following permeabilization with 0.4% Triton-X in PBS for 10 minutes and blocking for 1 hour at room temperature. Following three washing steps with blocking buffer, the appropriate secondary antibody is applied (AlexaFluor 488 anti-rabbit
  • GLP-1 RNA isolated from cells can be assayed using RT-PCR.
  • RT-PCR RNA isolation from cells can be performed using standard methodology.
  • the RT-PCR reaction can be performed in a volume of 50 ⁇ in a Peltier thermal cycler (PTC-225 DNA Engine Tetrad Cycler; MJ Research), using published primer sequences (Integrated DNA Technologies).
  • Reverse transcription can be performed at 50°C for 30 minutes; after an initial activation step at 95 °C for 15 minutes.
  • PCR can be performed by denaturing at 94°C for 1 minute, annealing at 55°C for 1 minute and extension at 72°C for 1 minute for 40 cycles, followed by a final extension step at 72°C for 10 minutes.
  • Negative controls can be included as appropriate, for example, by substituting water for the omitted reverse transcriptase or template.
  • the control can be RNA isolated from, e.g., rat lingual epithelium. PCR products can be separated in 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide, and visualized under UV light.
  • Radioimmunoassay (RIA) for total GLP-1 in patient blood samples can be performed as described in the art, e.g., by Laferrere, et al, 2007, "Incretin Levels and Effect are Markedly Enhanced 1 Month after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care 30(7): 1709-1716 (using commercially available materials obtained from Phoenix Pharmaceutical, Belmont, CA). The authors describe measuring the effect of GIP and GLP-1 on secretion of insulin by measuring the difference in insulin secretion (area under the curve, or AUC) in response to an oral glucose tolerance test and to an isoglycemic intravenous glucose test.
  • AUC insulin secretion
  • GLP-1 and PYY can be directly assayed in the supernatant from venous effluents as described by, e.g., Claustre, et al. (1999, "Stimulatory effect of ⁇ -adrenergic agonists on ileal L cell secretion and modulation by a-adrenergic activation, J. Endocrin. 162:271-8). (See also Plaisancie ' et al, 1994, "Regulation of glucagon-like peptide- 1 -(7-36) amide secretion by intestinal neurotransmitters and hormones in the isolated vascularly perfused rat colon,"
  • the 199D anti-GLP-1 antibody is used at a 1 :250 000 dilution.
  • This antibody reacts 100% with GLP-l-(7-36) amide, 84% with GLP-1- (1-36) amide, and less than 0- 1% with GLP-l-(l-37), GLP-l-(7-37), GLP-2, and glucagon.
  • PYY is assayed with the A4D anti-porcine PYY antiserum at a 1 :800 000 dilution.
  • PYY can also be assayed in blood using a radioimmunoassay as described by, e.g., Weickert, et al, 2006, "Soy isoflavones increase preprandial peptide YY (PYY), but have no effect on ghrelin and body weight in healthy postmenopausal women" Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine, 5: 11. Blood is collected in ice-chilled EDTA tubes for the analysis of glucose, ghrelin, and PYY. Following centrifugation at 1600 g for 10 minutes at 4°C, aliquots were immediately frozen at -20°C until assayed. All samples from individual subjects were measured in the same assay.
  • Immunoreactive total human PYY is measured by a commercially available radioimmunoassay (LINCO Research, Missouri, USA), using 125 I-labeled bioactive PYY as tracer and a PYY antiserum to determine the level of active PYY by the double antibody/PEG technique.
  • the PYY antibody is raised in guinea pigs and recognizes both the PYY 1-36 and PYY 3-36 (active) forms of human PYY.
  • SGLT-1 the intestinal sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1
  • T1R3 the intestinal sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1
  • Expression of SGLT-1 can be detected as described, e.g., by Margolskee, et al, for example, using quantitative PCR and Western Blotting methods known in the art.
  • Measurement of glucose transport has been described in the literature, e.g., by Dyer, et al, 1997, Gut 41 :56-9 and Dyer, et al, 2003, Eur. J. Biochem 270:3377-88.
  • Measurement of glucose transport in brush border membrane vesicles can be made, e.g., by initiating D-glucose uptake by the addition of 100 ⁇ of incubation medium containing 100 mM NaSCN (or KSCN), 100 mM mannitol, 20 mM Hepes/Tris (pH 7.4), 0.1 mM MgS04, 0.02% (wt/vol) NaN3, and 0.1 mM D-[U 14 C]glucose to BBMV (100 ⁇ g of protein).
  • the reaction is stopped after 3 sec by addition of 1 ml of ice-cold stop buffer, containing 150 mM KSCN, 20 mM Hepes/Tris (pH 7.4), 0.1 mM MgS04, 0.02% (wt/vol) NaN3, and 0.1 mM phlorizin.
  • a 0.9-ml portion of the reaction mixture is removed and filtered under vacuum through a 0.22- ⁇ pore cellulose acetate/nitrate filter (GSTF02500; Millipore, Bedford, MA). The filter is washed five times with 1 ml of stop buffer, and the radioactivity retained on the filter is measured by liquid scintillation counting.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand treatment of the invention on aspects of diabetic disease can be evaluated according to methods known in the art and common practiced by physicians treating diabetic subjects.
  • Efficacy of treatment of diabetes/metabolic syndrome and diabetes-associated conditions with the compositions and methods described herein can be assessed using assays and methodologies known in the art.
  • quantitative assessment of renal function and parameters of renal dysfunction are well known in the art.
  • assays for the determination of renal function/dys function include serum creatinine level; creatinine clearance rate; cystatin C clearance rate, 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance, 24-hour urinary protein secretion; Glomerular filtration rate (GFR); urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR); albumin excretion rate (AER); and renal biopsy.
  • pancreatic function and parameters of pancreatic dysfunction or insufficiency are also well known in the art.
  • assays for the determination of pancreas function/dys function include evaluating pancreatic functions using biological and/or physiological parameters such as assessment of islets of Langerhans size, growth and/or secreting activity, beta-cells size, growth and/or secreting activity, insulin secretion and circulating blood levels, glucose blood levels, imaging of the pancreas, and pancreas biopsy, glucose uptake studies by oral glucose challenge, assessment of cytokine profiles, blood-gas analysis, extent of blood-perfusion of tissues, and angiogenesis within tissues.
  • weight and/or fat is reduced in a subject.
  • reducing weight it is meant that the subject loses a portion of his/her total body weight over the course of treatment (whether the course of treatment be days, weeks, months or years).
  • reducing weight can be defined as a decrease in proportion of fat mass to lean mass (in other words, the subject has lost fat mass, but maintained or gained lean mass, without necessarily a corresponding loss in total body weight).
  • An effective amount of a chemosensory receptor ligand treatment administered in this embodiment is an amount effective to reduce a subject's body weight over the course of the treatment, or alternatively an amount effective to reduce the subject's percentage of fat mass over the course of the treatment.
  • the subject's body weight is reduced, over the course of treatment, by at least about 1%, by at least about 5%, by at least about 10%, by at least about 15%, or by at least about 20%).
  • the subject's percentage of fat mass is reduced, over the course of treatment, by at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25%.
  • Total body weight and fat content can be measured at the end of the dietary period.
  • a frequently used method to determine total body fat is to surgically remove and weigh the retroperitoneal fat pad, a body of fat located in the retroperitoneum, the area between the posterior abdominal wall and the posterior parietal peritoneum.
  • the pad weight is considered to be directly related to percent body fat of the animal. Since the relationship between body weight and body fat in rats is linear, obese animals have a correspondingly higher percent of body fat and retroperitoneal fat pad weight.
  • food cravings can be measured by using a questionnaire, whether known in the art or created by the person studying the food cravings.
  • a questionnaire would preferably rank the level of food cravings on a numerical scale, with the subject marking 0 if they have no food cravings, and marking (if on a scale of 1-10) 10 if the subject has severe food cravings.
  • the questionnaire would preferably also include questions as to what types of food the subject is craving.
  • Binge eating can be determined or measured using a questionnaire and a Binge Eating Scale (BES).
  • Binge eating severity can be divided into three categories (mild, moderate, and severe) based on the total BES score (calculated by summing the scores for each individual item).
  • methods are provided for reducing the BES score of a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a chemosensory receptor ligand treatment in an amount effective to reduce the BES score of the subject.
  • administration of a chemosensory receptor ligand treatment changes the BES category of the subject, for example, from severe to moderate, from severe to mild, or from moderate to mild.
  • patients are pre-evaluated for expression of metabolic hormones using methods described herein.
  • the therapy provided to the individual can thus be targeted to his or her specific needs.
  • a patient's hormonal profile is pre- evaluated and depending on the changes that the physician desires to affect, a certain
  • chemosensory receptor ligand/metabolite combination is administered.
  • the evaluation process can be repeated and the treatment adjusted accordingly at any time during or following treatment.
  • Chemosensory receptor includes, e.g., the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject.
  • GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors
  • Chemosensory receptors include the taste receptor family and are further categorized according to their taste characteristics. They include sweet receptors, umami receptors (also known as savory receptors), bitter receptors, fat receptors, bile acid receptors, salty receptors, and sour receptors.
  • a chemosensory receptor can be any receptor associated with chemosensory sensation or chemosensory ligand triggered signal transduction, e.g., via taste receptors or taste related receptors present in taste bud, gastrointestinal tract, etc.
  • chemosensory receptors include TIR's (e.g., T1R1, T1R2, T1R3), T2R's, fat receptors, bile acid receptors, sweet receptors, salty receptors, variants, alleles, mutants, orthologs and chimeras thereof which specifically bind and/or respond to sweet, umami, bitter, bile acid, sour, salty, fat, or any other chemosensory related ligands including activators, inhibitors and enhancers.
  • TIR's e.g., T1R1, T1R2, T1R3
  • T2R's fat receptors
  • bile acid receptors e.g., bile acid receptors
  • sweet receptors e.g., salty receptors
  • salty receptors e.g., variants, alleles, mutants, orthologs and chimeras thereof which specifically bind and/or respond to sweet, umami, bitter, bile acid, sour
  • Chemosensory receptors also include taste receptors expressed in humans or other mammals (interspecies homo logs), e.g., cells associated with taste and/or part of gastrointestinal system including without any limitation, esophagus, stomach, intestine (small and large), colon, liver, biliary tract, pancreas, gallbladder, etc.
  • T1R polypeptides include chimeric sequences derived from portions of a particular T1R polypeptide such as T1R1, T1R2 or T1R3 of different species or by combining portions of different TIRs wherein such chimeric T1R sequences are combined to produce a functional sweet or umami taste receptor.
  • chimeric TIRs may comprise the extracellular region of one T1R, i.e., T1R1 or T1R2 and the transmembrane region of another T1R, either T1R1 or T1R2.
  • extracellular domains a “transmembrane domain” comprising seven transmembrane regions, and corresponding cytoplasmic and extracellular loops, "cytoplasmic regions,” and a “C-terminal region”
  • cytoplasmic regions a "C-terminal region”
  • sequence analysis programs that identify hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains (see, e.g., Stryer, Biochemistry, (3rd ed. 1988); see also any of a number of Internet based sequence analysis programs, such as those found at dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu).
  • sequence analysis programs that identify hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains (see, e.g., Stryer, Biochemistry, (3rd ed. 1988); see also any of a number of Internet based sequence analysis programs, such as those found at dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu).
  • These regions are useful for making chimeric proteins and for in vitro assays of the invention, e.g.,
  • Extracellular domains therefore refers to the domains of chemosensory receptors, e.g., T1R polypeptides that protrude from the cellular membrane and are exposed to the extracellular face of the cell. Such regions would include the "N-terminal domain” that is exposed to the extracellular face of the cell, as well as the extracellular loops of the
  • transmembrane domain that are exposed to the extracellular face of the cell, i.e., the extracellular loops between transmembrane regions 2 and 3, transmembrane regions 4 and 5, and
  • the "N-terminal domain" starts at the N-terminus and extends to a region close to the start of the transmembrane region.
  • These extracellular regions are useful for in vitro ligand binding assays, both soluble and solid phase.
  • transmembrane regions, described below, can also be involved in ligand binding, either in combination with the extracellular region or alone, and are therefore also useful for in vitro ligand binding assays.
  • Transmembrane domain which comprises the seven transmembrane “regions,” refers to the domains of certain chemosensory receptors, e.g., T1R or T2R polypeptides that lie within the plasma membrane, and may also include the corresponding cytoplasmic (intracellular) and extracellular loops, also referred to as transmembrane "regions.”
  • Cytoplasmic domains refers to the domains of chemosensory receptors, e.g., T1R or T2R proteins that face the inside of the cell, e.g., the "C-terminal domain” and the intracellular loops of the transmembrane domain, e.g., the intracellular loops between transmembrane regions 1 and 2, transmembrane regions 3 and 4, and transmembrane regions 5 and 6.
  • C-terminal domain refers to the region that spans from the end of the last transmembrane region to the C- terminus
  • 7-transmembrane receptor includes polypeptides belonging to a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that have seven regions that span the plasma membrane seven times (thus, the seven regions are called “transmembrane” or "TM" domains TM I to TM VII).
  • gastrointestinal tract and “gut,” as used herein, refer to the stomach and intestine.
  • the "small” or “upper” intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and the “large” or “lower” intestine includes the caecum, colon and rectum.
  • activity in the context of the disclosed ligands and assays for testing compounds that modulate a chemosensory receptor, e.g., enhance a chemosensory receptor family member mediated signal transduction such as sweet, umami, bitter, fat, bile acid, sour or salty receptor functional effects or activity, includes the determination of any parameter that is indirectly or directly under the influence of the particular chemosensory receptor.
  • ligand binding changes in ion flux, membrane potential, current flow, transcription, G protein binding, GPCR phosphorylation or dephosphorylation, signal transduction, receptor-ligand interactions, second messenger concentrations (e.g., cAMP, cGMP, IP3, or intracellular Ca 2+ ), in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo and also includes other physiologic effects such as increases or decreases of neurotransmitter or hormone release and the
  • determining the functional effect or receptor "activity” means assays for a compound that increases or decreases a parameter that is indirectly or directly under the influence of a chemosensory receptor, e.g., functional, physical and chemical effects. Such parameters also include secretion of hormones such as GIP, GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, insulin, glucagon, insulin peptide C, peptide YY, and CCK.
  • hormones such as GIP, GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, insulin, glucagon, insulin peptide C, peptide YY, and CCK.
  • Such functional effects can be measured by any means known to those skilled in the art, e.g., changes in spectroscopic characteristics (e.g., fluorescence, absorbance, refractive index), hydrodynamic (e.g., shape), chromatographic, or solubility properties, patch clamping, voltage-sensitive dyes, whole cell currents, radioisotope efflux, inducible markers, oocyte chemosensory receptor, e.g., TIR gene expression; tissue culture cell chemosensory receptor, e.g., TIR expression; transcriptional activation of chemosensory receptor, e.g., TIR genes; ligand binding assays; voltage, membrane potential and conductance changes; ion flux assays; changes in intracellular second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, and inositol triphosphate (IP3); changes in intracellular calcium levels; neurotransmitter release, and the like.
  • spectroscopic characteristics e.g., fluorescence, absorbance, ref
  • assays to determine increases or decreases in hormone or neurotransmitter secretion and/or activity are also included. Changes in hormone or neurotransmitter secretion and/or activity can also be determined indirectly by the physiological effects caused by changes in the secretion of hormone or neurotransmitter.
  • Functional and physical parameters that can be used to determine the functional effect or receptor activity include, but is not limited to, appetite suppression and weight loss.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands include metabolized chemosensory receptor ligands that can be metabolized as an energy source, e.g. food or metabolites, as well as nonmetabolized chemosensory receptor ligands that are not metabolized as an energy source, e.g. tastants.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands include agonists, antagonists, modifiers, and enhancers as well as other compounds that modulate chemosensory receptors. Many
  • chemosensory receptor ligands are known in the art and have been reported in the literature.
  • Tastants refers to any ligand that induces a flavor or taste in a subject, including sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami and others. Tastants are also generally
  • Methodabolites as used herein are metabolized chemosensory receptor ligands such as, for example, glucose, glutamate salts, fatty acids and bile acids. In certain aspects, metabolites can be derived from a food source. Metabolites can be administered as part of a chemosensory receptor ligand composition or separately.
  • Antagonists/inhibitors are compounds that, e.g., bind to, partially or totally block stimulation, decrease, prevent, delay activation, inactivate, desensitize, or down -regulate chemosensory receptor and/or taste transduction.
  • Agonists/activators are compounds that, e.g., bind to, stimulate, increase, open, activate, facilitate, enhance activation, sensitize, or up regulate chemo sensory receptor signal transduction.
  • Modifiers include compounds that, e.g., alter, directly or indirectly, the activity of a receptor or the interaction of a receptor with its ligands, e.g., receptor ligands, and optionally bind to or interact with activators or inhibitors; G Proteins; kinases (e.g., homo logs of rhodopsin kinase and beta adrenergic receptor kinases that are involved in deactivation and desensitization of a receptor); and arresting, which also deactivate and desensitize receptors.
  • G Proteins e.g., G Proteins
  • kinases e.g., homo logs of rhodopsin kinase and beta adrenergic receptor kinases that are involved in deactivation and desensitization of a receptor
  • arresting which also deactivate and desensitize receptors.
  • Modifiers include genetically modified versions of chemo sensory receptors, e.g., T1R family members, e.g., with altered activity, as well as naturally occurring and synthetic ligands, antagonists, agonists, small chemical molecules and the like. In the present invention this includes, without any limitation, sweet receptor ligands, umami receptor ligands, bitter receptor ligands, fatty acid ligands, bile receptor ligands, (agonists or antagonists). Modifiers also include compounds that allosterically bind to a receptor and change receptor activity. Modifiers also include enhancers. Depending on the structure, functional and activity properties, modifiers can enhance, potentiate, induce and/or block the physiological activity other chemosensory receptor ligands.
  • chemo sensory receptors e.g., T1R family members, e.g., with altered activity, as well as naturally occurring and synthetic ligands, antagonists, agonists, small chemical molecules and the like. In the present invention this
  • Enhancers as used herein are a type of modifier and refer to chemosensory receptor ligands that enhance, potentiate or multiply the effect of another chemosensory receptor ligand.
  • a sweet receptor enhancer can increase or multiply the sweetness of a
  • chemosensory receptor ligand composition when used in combination with a sweet receptor ligand (e.g., a sweetener, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, saccharine, aspartame, sucralose, etc.).
  • a sweet receptor ligand e.g., a sweetener, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, saccharine, aspartame, sucralose, etc.
  • sweet receptor enhancement occurs when the sweet receptor enhancer is used in combination with another sweet receptor ligand with the result that the resulting sweetness perceived in a subject is greater than the additive effects attributable to the sweet receptor enhancer's own sweet properties (if any), plus the sweetness attributable to the presence of the sweet receptor ligand.
  • Treating" or “treatment” of any condition, disease or disorder refers, in some embodiments, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof). In other embodiments "treating” or “treatment” refers to ameliorating at least one physical parameter, which may not be discernible by the patient. In yet other embodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers to inhibiting the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter) or both. In yet other embodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers preventing or to delaying the onset of the disease or disorder.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” means the amount of a composition, compound, therapy, or course of treatment that, when administered to an individual for treating a disorder or disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disorder or disease.
  • the “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the composition, the compound, the therapy, the course of treatment, the disorder or disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the individual to be treated.
  • the stereochemistry of such chiral centers can independently be in the R or S configuration, or a mixture of the two.
  • the chiral centers can be further designated as R or S or R,S or d,D, 1,L or d,l, D,L.
  • the amide compounds of the invention if they can be present in optically active form, can actually be present in the form of a racemic mixture of enantiomers, or in the form of either of the separate enantiomers in substantially isolated and purified form, or as a mixture comprising any relative proportions of the enantiomers.
  • Alkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, butyl (including all isomeric forms), pentyl
  • Me means ethyl
  • Et means ethyl
  • iPr means isopropyl
  • Aryl means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 10 ring atoms e.g., phenyl or naphthyl.
  • Alkylaryl means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is aryl as defined above.
  • Cycloalkyl means a cyclic saturated or partially saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical (or an alicyclic radical) of three to ten carbon atoms wherein one or two carbon atoms may be replaced by an oxo group, e.g., admantanyl, cyclopropyl, eye lo butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, indanyl and the like.
  • Alkylcycloalkyl means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is cycloalkyl as defined above; e.g., cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl, and the like.
  • Heterocyclyl or “heterocycloalkyl” means a saturated or unsaturated monovalent monocyclic group of 4 to 8 ring atoms in which one or two ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S(0) n , where n is an integer from 0 to 2, the remaining ring atoms being C.
  • the heterocyclyl ring is optionally fused to a (one) aryl or heteroaryl ring as defined herein provided the aryl and heteroaryl rings are monocyclic.
  • the heterocyclyl ring fused to monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl ring is also referred to in this Application as "bicyclic heterocyclyl" ring.
  • heterocyclyl includes, but is not limited to, pyrrolidino, piperidino, homopiperidino, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, morpholino, piperazino, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholino, and the like.
  • heterocyclyl ring is unsaturated it can contain one or two ring double bonds provided that the ring is not aromatic.
  • heterocyclyl group contains at least one nitrogen atom, it is also referred to herein as heterocycloamino and is a subset of the heterocyclyl group.
  • heterocyclyl group is a saturated ring and is not fused to aryl or heteroaryl ring as stated above, it is also referred to herein as saturated monocyclic heterocyclyl.
  • Alkylheterocycloalkyl means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is heterocyclyl ring as defined above e.g., tetraydrofuranylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl, morpholinylethyl, and the like.
  • Heteroaryl means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic radical of 5 to
  • ring atoms where one or more, preferably one, two, or three, ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being carbon.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, diazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, benzo thiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, tetrazolyl, and the like.
  • Heteroalkyl means an alkyl radical where one, two or three carbons in the alkyl chain is replaced by -0-, N(H, alkyl, or substituted alkyl), S, SO, S0 2 , Si or CO.
  • substituted groups are substituted with one, two or three of the preceding groups.
  • substituted groups are substituted with one of the preceding groups.
  • a chemosensory receptor ligand compound e.g., a compound of formulae I to XV and XV
  • a composition as a salt.
  • salts are obtained by reacting a chemosensory receptor ligand compound with acids.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a chemosensory receptor ligand compound with a base.
  • the therapeutic agents are used as free-acid or free-base form in the manufacture of the compositions described herein.
  • the type of salts include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoro acetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1 ,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenes
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compounds described herein are reacted with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine,
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compounds described herein form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.
  • amino acid includes any one of the twenty naturally-occurring amino acids or the D-form of any one of the naturally-occurring amino acids.
  • amino acid also includes other non-naturally occurring amino acids besides the D-amino acids, which are functional equivalents of the naturally-occurring amino acids.
  • non-naturally-occurring amino acids include, for example, norleucine ("Nle”), norvaline (“Nva”), L- or D-naphthalanine, ornithine (“Orn”), homoarginine (homoArg) and others well known in the peptide art, such as those described in M.
  • compounds described herein include further forms of the compounds such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates (including hydrates), amorphous phases, partially crystalline and crystalline forms (including all polymorphs), prodrugs, metabolites, N-oxides, isotopically- labeled, epimers, pure epimers, epimer mixtures, enantiomers including but not limited to single enantiomers and enantiomeric diastereomers, meso compounds, stereoisomers, racemic mixtures and diasteroisomeric mixtures.
  • Compounds described herein having one or more double bonds include cis/trans isomers, E/Z isomers and geometric isomers.
  • Compounds described herein can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, for example an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base.
  • the salt forms of the disclosed compounds can be prepared using salts of the starting materials or intermediates.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand compounds described herein include solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol.
  • the chemosensory receptor ligand compounds described herein possess one or more stereocenters and each center exists independently in either the R or S configuration.
  • the compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • sites on chemosensory receptor ligand compounds disclosed herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions. Therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents at the places of metabolic reactions will reduce, minimize or eliminate the metabolic pathways.
  • the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, deuterium or an alkyl group.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand compounds described herein are isotopically-labeled, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium.
  • metabolic sites on the compounds described herein are deuterated.
  • substitution with deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • the starting material used for the synthesis of compounds described herein can be obtained from commercial sources, such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.), or the starting materials can be synthesized.
  • the compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents can be synthesized using techniques and materials known to those of skill in the art, such as described, for example, in March, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4th Ed., Vols.
  • preparation of compound as disclosed herein may be derived from known reactions in the field, and the reactions may be modified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions, as would be recognized by the skilled person, for the introduction of the various moieties found in the formulae as provided herein.
  • Example la Upper GI administration of one chemosensory receptor ligand in diabetic rats.
  • a single chemosensory receptor ligand e.g., sweet
  • a single chemosensory receptor ligand can be assayed for the treatment of diabetes in this established diabetic rat model as detailed in the example below.
  • Diabetic rats and Wistar rats are selected for administration of the chemosensory receptor ligand (e.g., sucralose) for the treatment of diabetes.
  • Animals are grouped according to dosage, and increasing dosages (range of 0.01 -100 mg/kg) are utilized.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands are instilled into the animals via silastic tubing inserted into the duodenum through the mouths of the lightly anesthetized animals.
  • DPP IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
  • test animals are administered in designated groups, or all, of the test animals to prevent degradation of the target hormones by endogenous peptidases.
  • DPP IV inhibition is accomplished via co-administration of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) at least one hour prior to chemosensory receptor ligand instillation.
  • Blood samples are collected via cannulation of the tail vein, and samples are withdrawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-instillation. Blood samples are collected in collection tubes containing standard cocktails of peptidase inhibitors and preservatives, and samples are stored at -25° C until assayed. Blood samples are assayed for the presence of hormones related to insulin regulation, including CCK, GIP, GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, amylin, ghrelin, and GLP- 2. Assays for the hormones are performed using standard ELISA methodologies.
  • Results are analyzed for efficacy of chemosensory receptor ligand administration for the treatment of diabetic rats. Metabolites and other analyte concentrations, including glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphate, are also assessed. Circulating concentrations of at least one of the measured GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, CCK, amylin and insulinogenic index are expected to increase.
  • the experimental protocol is performed for five chemosensory receptor ligand types (Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid) according the above protocol.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand types Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid
  • Exemplary ligands and respective dose ranges are as follows:
  • MSG 0.01 - 100 mg/kg
  • Fatty acid emulsion 10% solution at 0.5-10 ml/min over ranges of 10 sec. - to 5 min.
  • Example lb Alternatively, the chemosensory receptor ligand, if not metabolized, is administered with a cognate metabolite in the experimental protocol above.
  • sucralose is administered along with glucose.
  • the ligand may be administered in increasing doses with respect to a fixed dose of the cognate metabolite and vice versa.
  • Example lc Alternatively, the experimental protocol above is performed with industry standard Diet Induced Obese rats and applicable controls (healthy rats). Parameters unique to the obesity systems are modified based on known standard assay conditions. Samples are collected and hormone assays performed as described above. Additional hormones, such as glycentin and uroguanylin may be measured.
  • Example 2a Lower GI administration of one chemosensory receptor ligand in diabetic rats.
  • a single chemosensory receptor ligand e.g., sweet
  • a single chemosensory receptor ligand can be assayed for the treatment of diabetes in this established diabetic rat model as detailed in the example below.
  • Diabetic rats and Wistar rats are selected for administration of the chemosensory receptor ligand (e.g., sucralose) for the treatment of diabetes.
  • Animals are grouped according to dosage, and increasing dosages (sucralose range of 0.01 -100 mg/kg) are utilized.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands are instilled into the animals via silastic tubing inserted midway up the descending colon through the rectum of the lightly anesthetized animals.
  • DPP IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
  • test animals are administered in designated groups, or all, of the test animals to prevent degradation of the target hormones by endogenous peptidases.
  • DPP IV inhibition is accomplished via co-administration of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) at least one hour prior to chemosensory receptor ligand instillation.
  • Blood samples are collected via cannulation of the tail vein, and samples are withdrawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-instillation. Blood samples are collected in collection tubes containing standard cocktails of peptidase inhibitors and preservatives, and samples are stored at -25° C until assayed. Blood samples are assayed for the presence of hormones related to insulin regulation, including CCK, GIP, GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, ghrelin, amylin and GLP- 2. Assays for the hormones are performed using standard ELISA methodologies.
  • Results are analyzed for efficacy of chemosensory receptor ligand administration for the treatment of diabetic rats. Metabolites and other analyte concentrations, including glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphate, are also assessed. Circulating concentrations of at least one of the measured GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, CCK, amylin and insulinogenic index are expected to increase.
  • the experimental protocol is performed for five chemosensory receptor ligand types (Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid) according the above protocol.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand types Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid
  • Exemplary ligands and respective dose ranges are as follows:
  • Fatty acid emulsion 10% solution at 0.5-10 ml/min over ranges of 10 sec. - to 5 min.
  • Example 2b Alternatively, the chemosensory receptor ligand, if not metabolized, is administered with a cognate metabolite in the experimental protocol above.
  • sucralose is administered along with glucose.
  • the ligand may be administered in increasing doses with respect to a fixed dose of the cognate metabolite and vice versa.
  • Example 2c Alternatively, the experimental protocol above is performed with industry standard Diet Induced Obese rats and applicable controls (healthy rats). Parameters unique to the obesity systems are modified based on known standard assay conditions. Samples are collected and hormone assays performed as described above. Additional hormones, such as glycentin and uroguanylin may be measured.
  • Example 3a Upper GI administration of two chemosensory receptor ligands in diabetic rats.
  • Diabetic rats and Wistar rats are selected for administration of the chemosensory receptor ligands for the treatment of diabetes and appropriate control perturbations (one ligand alone, saline alone). Animals are grouped according to dosage, and increasing dosages are utilized (increasing dose of one ligand with fixed doses of another ligand). Chemosensory receptor ligands are instilled into the animals via silastic tubing inserted into the duodenum through the mouths of the lightly anesthetized animals.
  • DPP IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
  • test animals are administered in designated groups, or all, of the test animals to prevent degradation of the target hormones by endogenous peptidases.
  • DPP IV inhibition is accomplished via co-administration of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) at least one hour prior to chemosensory receptor ligand instillation.
  • Blood samples are collected via cannulation of the tail vein, and samples are withdrawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-instillation. Blood samples are collected in collection tubes containing standard cocktails of peptidase inhibitors and preservatives, and samples are stored at -25° C until assayed. Blood samples are assayed for the presence of hormones related to insulin regulation, including CCK, GIP, GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, amylin, ghrelin, and GLP- 2. Assays for the hormones are performed using standard ELISA methodologies.
  • Results are analyzed for efficacy of chemosensory receptor ligand administration for the treatment of diabetic rats. Metabolites and other analyte concentrations, including glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphate, are also assessed. Circulating concentrations of at least one of the measured GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, CCK, amylin and insulinogenic index are expected to increase.
  • the experimental protocol is performed for combinations of two chemosensory receptor ligands including chemosensory receptor ligand types Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid according the above protocol.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand types Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid according the above protocol.
  • Exemplary ligands and respective dose ranges are as follows:
  • MSG 0.01 - 100 mg/kg
  • Fatty acid emulsion 10% solution at 0.5-10 ml/min over ranges of 10 sec. - to 5 min.
  • Example 3b Alternatively, the chemosensory receptor ligands, if not metabolized, are administered with a cognate metabolite in the experimental protocol above.
  • sucralose is administered along with glucose.
  • the ligands may be administered in increasing doses with respect to a fixed dose of the cognate metabolite and vice versa.
  • Example 3c Alternatively, the experimental protocol above is performed with industry standard Diet Induced Obese rats and applicable controls (healthy rats). Parameters unique to the obesity systems are modified based on known standard assay conditions. Samples are collected and hormone assays performed as described above. Additional hormones, such as glycentin and uroguanylin may be measured.
  • Example 4 Example 4a: Lower GI administration of two chemosensory receptor ligand in diabetic rats.
  • Diabetic rats and Wistar rats are selected for administration of two chemosensory receptor ligands for the treatment of diabetes. Animals are grouped according to dosage, and increasing dosages. Chemosensory receptor ligands are instilled into the animals via silastic tubing inserted midway up the descending colon through the rectum of the lightly anesthetized animals.
  • DPP IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
  • test animals are administered in designated groups, or all, of the test animals to prevent degradation of the target hormones by endogenous peptidases.
  • DPP IV inhibition is accomplished via co-administration of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) at least one hour prior to chemosensory receptor ligand instillation.
  • Blood samples are collected via cannulation of the tail vein, and samples are withdrawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-instillation. Blood samples are collected in collection tubes containing standard cocktails of peptidase inhibitors and preservatives, and samples are stored at -25° C until assayed. Blood samples are assayed for the presence of hormones related to insulin regulation, including CCK, GIP, GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, amylin, ghrelin, and GLP- 2. Assays for the hormones are performed using standard ELISA methodologies.
  • Results are analyzed for efficacy of chemosensory receptor ligand administration for the treatment of diabetic rats. Metabolites and other analyte concentrations, including glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphate, are also assessed. Circulating concentrations of at least one of the measured GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, CCK, amylin and insulinogenic index are expected to increase.
  • the experimental protocol is performed for combinations of two chemosensory receptor ligands including chemosensory receptor ligand types Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid according the above protocol.
  • chemosensory receptor ligand types Sweet, Umami, Fat, Bitter, and Bile Acid according the above protocol.
  • Exemplary ligands and respective dose ranges are as follows:
  • Sucralose 0.01 - 100 mg/kg
  • MSG 0.01 - 100 mg/kg
  • Fatty acid emulsion 10% solution at 0.5-10 ml/min over ranges of 10 sec. - to 5 min.
  • Example 4b Alternatively, the chemosensory receptor ligands, if not metabolized, are administered with a cognate metabolite in the experimental protocol above.
  • sucralose is administered along with glucose.
  • the ligands may be administered in increasing doses with respect to a fixed dose of the cognate metabolite and vice versa.
  • Example 4c Alternatively, the experimental protocol above is performed with industry standard Diet Induced Obese rats and applicable controls (healthy rats). Parameters unique to the obesity systems are modified based on known standard assay conditions. Samples are collected and hormone assays performed as described above. Additional hormones, such as glycentin and uroguanylin may be measured.
  • Example 5a Upper GI administration of three chemosensory receptor ligands (Sweet, Umami, and Fat) in diabetic rats.
  • Diabetic rats and Wistar rats are selected for administration of the ligands sucralose, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and a fatty acid emulsion for the treatment of diabetes.
  • Animals are grouped according to dosage, and increasing dosages (sucralose range of 0.01 -100 mg/kg; MSG range of 0.01 - 100 mg/.kg; fatty acid emulsion (e.g., Intralipid®) of 10% solution at 0.5- 10 ml/min over ranges of 10 sec. - to 5 min.) are utilized.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands are instilled into the animals via silastic tubing inserted into the duodenum through the mouths of the lightly anesthetized animals.
  • DPP IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
  • designated groups, or all, of the test animals to prevent degradation of the target hormones by endogenous peptidases.
  • DPP IV inhibition is accomplished via co-administration of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) at least one hour prior to chemo sensory receptor ligand instillation.
  • Blood samples are collected via cannulation of the tail vein, and samples are withdrawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-instillation. Blood samples are collected in collection tubes containing standard cocktails of peptidase inhibitors and preservatives, and samples are stored at -25° C until assayed. Blood samples are assayed for the presence of hormones related to insulin regulation, including CCK, GIP, GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, amylin, ghrelin, and GLP- 2. Assays for the hormones are performed using standard ELISA methodologies.
  • Results are analyzed for efficacy of chemosensory receptor ligand administration for the treatment of diabetic rats. Metabolites and other analyte concentrations, including glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphate, are also assessed. Circulating concentrations of at least one of the measured GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, CCK, amylin and insulinogenic index are expected to increase.
  • Example 5b Alternatively, the chemosensory receptor ligands, if not metabolized, are administered with a cognate metabolite in the experimental protocol above.
  • sucralose is administered along with glucose.
  • the ligands may be administered in increasing doses with respect to a fixed dose of the cognate metabolite and vice versa.
  • Example 5c Alternatively, the experimental protocol above is performed with industry standard Diet Induced Obese rats and applicable controls (healthy rats). Parameters unique to the obesity systems are modified based on known standard assay conditions. Samples are collected and hormone assays performed as described above. Additional hormones, such as glycentin and uroguanylin may be measured.
  • Example 6a Lower GI administration of three chemosensory receptor ligands (Sweet, Umami, and Fat) in diabetic rats.
  • Diabetic rats and Wistar rats are selected for administration of the chemosensory receptor ligands sucralose, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and a fatty acid emulsion.
  • Animals are grouped according to dosage, and increasing dosages (sucralose range of 0.01 -100 mg/kg; MSG range of 0.01 - 100 mg/kg; fatty acid emulsion (e.g., Intralipid®) of 10% solution at 0.5- 10 ml/min over ranges of 10 sec. - to 5 min.) are utilized.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands are instilled into the animals via silastic tubing inserted midway up the descending colon through the rectum of the lightly anesthetized animals.
  • DPP IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
  • designated groups or all of the test animals to prevent degradation of the target hormones by endogenous peptidases.
  • DPP IV inhibition is accomplished via co-administration of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) at least one hour prior to chemosensory receptor ligand instillation.
  • Blood samples are collected via cannulation of the tail vein, and samples are withdrawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-instillation. Blood samples are collected in collection tubes containing standard cocktails of peptidase inhibitors and preservatives, and samples are stored at -25° C until assayed. Blood samples are assayed for the presence of hormones related to insulin regulation, including CCK, GIP, GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, amylin, ghrelin, and GLP- 2. Assays for the hormones are performed using standard ELISA methodologies.
  • Results are analyzed for efficacy of chemosensory receptor ligand administration for the treatment of diabetic rats. Metabolites and other analyte concentrations, including glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphate, are also assessed. Circulating concentrations of at least one of the measured GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-2, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, CCK, amylin and insulinogenic index are expected to increase.
  • Example 6b Alternatively, the chemosensory receptor ligands, if not metabolized, are administered with a cognate metabolite in the experimental protocol above.
  • sucralose is administered along with glucose.
  • the ligands may be administered in increasing doses with respect to a fixed dose of the cognate metabolite and vice versa.
  • Example 6c Alternatively, the experimental protocol above is performed with industry standard Diet Induced Obese rats and applicable controls (healthy rats). Parameters unique to the obesity systems are modified based on known standard assay conditions. Samples are collected and hormone assays performed as described above. Additional hormones, such as glycentin and uroguanylin may be measured.
  • Example 7a Upper GI administration of three chemosensory receptor ligands (Sweet, Umami, and Bitter) in diabetic rats.
  • Diabetic rats and Wistar rats are selected for administration of the ligands sucralose, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and Quinine for the treatment of diabetes.
  • Animals are grouped according to dosage, and increasing dosages (sucralose range of 0.01 -100 mg/kg; MSG range of 0.01 - 100 mg/.kg; Quinine range of 0.01 - 100 mg/kg) are utilized.
  • Chemosensory receptor ligands are instilled into the animals via silastic tubing inserted into the duodenum through the mouths of the lightly anesthetized animals.
  • DPP IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
  • test animals are administered in designated groups, or all, of the test animals to prevent degradation of the target hormones by endogenous peptidases.
  • DPP IV inhibition is accomplished via co-administration of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) at least one hour prior to chemo sensory receptor ligand instillation.
  • Blood samples are collected via cannulation of the tail vein, and samples are withdrawn at baseline, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-instillation. Blood samples are collected in collection tubes containing standard cocktails of peptidase inhibitors and preservatives, and samples are stored at -25° C until assayed. Blood samples are assayed for the presence of hormones related to insulin regulation, including CCK, GIP, GLP-1 (total), GLP-1 (active), oxyntomodulin, PYY (total), PYY 3-36, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, amylin, ghrelin, and GLP- 2. Assays for the hormones are performed using standard ELISA methodologies.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés pour traiter des affections associées à un récepteur chimiosensoriel, comprenant le diabète, l'obésité, et d'autres maladies, troubles ou affections métaboliques par administration d'une composition comprenant un ligand de récepteur chimiosensoriel. La présente invention concerne en outre des compositions de ligand de récepteur chimiosensoriel et des procédés pour la préparation de celles-ci pour utilisation dans les procédés de la présente invention.
PCT/US2013/037246 2012-04-18 2013-04-18 Thérapies à base de ligand de récepteur chimiosensoriels WO2013158928A2 (fr)

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