WO2013109197A2

WO2013109197A2 - Airfoil device utilizing wind energy

Info

Publication number: WO2013109197A2
Application number: PCT/TR2012/000209
Authority: WO
Inventors: Bingol Oz
Original assignee: Bingol Oz
Priority date: 2011-12-08
Filing date: 2012-12-07
Publication date: 2013-07-25
Also published as: WO2013109197A3

Abstract

The present invention relates to an airfoil device developed for utilising wind energy, a sustainable energy source, by applying fluid mechanism principles on fixed structures.

Description

AIRFOIL DEVICE UTILIZING WIND ENERGY

Technical field of the Invention

The present invention is related to an airfoil device developed to utilize wind energy which is one of the sustainable energy sources by application of fluid mechanics principles on standing structures.

Prior Art

Most of the electrical energy today provided by conversion of heat power first to mechanical and then to electrical energy which is derived from burning of fossil fuels (petroleum, fuel oil, coal, natural gas, etc.). However energy losses during conversion of heat energy first to mechanical and then to electrical energy decreases efficiency of the process of energy production considerably by consuming of fossil fuels

Furthermore harmful gasses coming into atmosphere from fossil fuels give rise to many troubles of environmental pollution from air pollution to greenhouse effect.

Presently the trend is to use sustainable energy sources to eliminate harm by consuming of fossil fuels and use energy kinds not harmful to environment.

Hydro Electric power plants for conversion of water flow first to mechanical and then to electrical energy, solar plants by collecting solar energy and then converting to electrical energy, wind turbines and wind farms composed of many wind turbines first converting wind energy to mechanical and then to electrical energy are used

Hydro Electric power plants and solar plants are to be installed places where natural resources of water flow and sunlight are continuous. On the other hand large power plants are necessary to get high amount of electrical energy for both systems.

However wind energy depending on atmospheric air stream could be used easily in many locations at natural areas. System of conversion of wind energy first to mechanical and then to electrical energy by wind turbines took part as known technique by highest utilization of sustainable energy resources. Many kinds of wind turbines which are verified as efficient are used even for personal needs at home roofs by developing a lot of different types.

Such wide using of wind energy gave rise to development of different wind turbines which are as efficient as possible.

Considering known situation of technique, there are two basic methods for using wind energy.

1. Using drag force of wind

First method in history for utilizing wind energy is principle of converting drag effect of wind to mechanical energy as shown in fig 2. Samples of turbines working according to drag effect of wind are shown in figures from 2 to 7.

In this method turbine blade speed cannot be higher than wind speed. Correspondingly amount and continuity of electrical energy produced is limited to wind speed. Such limit for energy production decreases energy efficiency.

Most important technical problem for turbines working with drag force is to turn against wind at each half tour of turning, hence using some portion of energy gained from the wind. This technical problem decreases the efficiency of turbines which use drag force of air. 2. Using lift force of wind

Considering known situation of technique, device used at wind farms having high energy production capacity and at many other applications known as wind turbine. Wind turbines as placed on top of a high tower and having more than one blade basically work by conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy. Mechanical energy is produced by lift force which turns turbine by environmental wind depending on angle of attack of blades. This method depends on building different pressures between on upper and lower surfaces of blades by wind passage over these surfaces.

Blade structure of wind turbine as shown in fig 10 has a convex upper surface with decreased curved slope from head to tail and has flat bottom surface. Aerodynamic shape of this blade named as "airfoil" make it possible for wind to follow two different paths when passing the blade. Air flow passing over upper surface covers more distance. In this case air accelerates and the pressure decreases. On The other hand air flow over lower surface covers less distance and pressure increases. Speed difference between upper and lower surfaces of blade generates pressure difference and this pressure difference generates lift force on blade.

Airfoil blade structure is the same structure which creates lift force for planes to resist the gravity and to take off. Thrust force produced by engine creates air flow over blades and lift force created by airfoil structure makes it possible to take off. Forces on blade of plane and basic principles are shown in figure 5.

Today almost all wind turbines are devices that utilize aerodynamic lift force of air. Wind passage over turbine blade and generation of lift force is shown in fig. 8. Effect of lift force for rotation is shown in fig 10. Atmospheric wind comes from head side of blade of which cross section is given and then passes by sweeping flat front surface and convex rear surface. Aerodynamic lift and drag forces are created in the meantime. Blade cross section move on direction of rotation since vectorial effect of lift force is bigger on this direction. Rotation of blade generates also headwind by its rotation. Atmospheric wind and headwind due to rotation compose vectorial sum of total wind along direction of blade axis. Effect of this total wind is bigger than the atmospheric wind. This physical phenomenon gives very important specialty to turbines which use aerodynamic lift force. Turbines using aerodynamic lift could move with higher speed than the wind speed. This specialty is the most important technical advantage of turbines which use lift force against turbines which use drag force.

Considering technical problems of turbines which use lift force of air is; since the lift force is built up on turbine blades it is not possible to make maintenance and repairs on moving parts. Turbine should be stopped for the necessary operations. In this case energy production is interrupted and the efficiency is decreased

Another problem to be overcome is to adjust the angle of attack resulting between wind streamlines and longitudinal axis of blade. Angle of attack is very important factor for keeping wind streamlines generated on blades and to keep I lift and drag forces under control. For this reason lots of action necessary from stall control to angle of attack control (pitch control)

Two basic working principles are applicable for the turbines explained above by their basic working.

1. Bernoulli principle to state pressure difference creation on airfoil shaped blade structure and,

2. Coanda principle to state air (fluid) flow follows the surface at convex surfaces.

Samples of many wind turbines which use lift force of air are shown in figure from 11 till figure 30.

"Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention basically uses lift force of air. Furthermore it is entirely different from wind turbines which produce energy by rotational movement because of its standing structural characteristics.

Considering known situation of technique there are some studies for;

• Using of stationary structures,

• Using of ducts to be formed on these structures, and

• Utilization of pressure difference created on structure.

Samples of these studies are evaluated in detail as below.

WO 2009/048433 INTERNATIONAL PATENT APPLICATION

The said document is related to installing second roof over existing building roof, forming a duct between these roofs progressively narrowing and rising and installing an axial wind turbine at the end of this duct at uppermost point.

Wind entering to duct between the roofs accelerating in progressively narrowed section and turning the turbine located at uppermost point

Critical technical problems of the said invention and weakness to be encountered during application are explained as below.

• It is not clear how the air leaves environment which is entering from both side and accelerated and elevated through progressively narrowing duct. Air which could not leave such environment will lead to reverse flows, turbulence and eventual stall of the turbine. Thus efficiency of invention during application will close to zero level.

• Wind flowing over roofs exerts considerable forces on structure. It is necessary to take measures according to structural analysis and related public regulations.

• There is dominant wind of which has definite characteristics and direction depending on different geographical and topographic regions. However the said invention has no statement of technical characteristic or expression for efficient using of building roof according to dominant wind direction. This situation reveals that the said invention could not be improved technically considering its ambiguous situation under undefined loads.

• Furthermore wind facing efficiency is not flexible because of fixed design and slope of the roof. This deficiency indicates continuous change of efficiency and reveals that the said invention is not suitable for sustainable energy harvesting. · Considering basic principles, full cross sectional air passage is necessary for efficient working. However in figures of the said invention of previous art partial passage is observed. This application way also is a factor which reduces the efficiency of the said invention

• Ambiguous characteristics of the said invention of the previous art reveals distortion of streamlines (laminar flow) before and after turbine hence reducing turbine efficiency a lot.

The said design of previous art hosting many technical problems since it does not have complete aerodynamical maturity and efficiency.

WO 2011/062635 INTERNATIONAL PATENT APPLICATION

The said invention is related to divert the wind to inside a stationary tube and to use energy of air passing through the tube. The wind is directed by flaps inside the tube, accelerated and passing through turbines and exhausted again by flaps. The said invention also purposed to use air sweeping outside the tube by taking it to central section of tube by flaps. Critical technical problems of the said invention and weakness to be encountered during application is explained as below.

• Fluid is diverted to area where there is less resistant according to principles of fluid mechanics. Air tried to be drawn into tube when faced with tube structure and resistance of flaps naturally flows towards outside of the tube. This physical phenomenon avoids desired air flow efficiency inside the tube.

• Turbulence possible to occur during short distance of air flow especially depending on positions of flaps could decrease the turbine efficiency.

• System is much complicated compared with samples working in industry.

WO 2011/035415 INTERNATIONAL PATENT APPLICATION

The said invention of previous art has the similar technical characteristics of the invention WO 2001/062635 which is explained above. It is related to direct the wind inside a stationary tube and use the energy of the air passing through the tube. Wind is directed to inside of the tube by flaps, accelerated and then passed through turbines and then exhausted by flaps in the said invention too. Also the said invention purposed to draw air sweeping outside the tube at central section and try to use.

Technical characteristics and working principle of the said invention of previous art has the same technical problems of the invention no WO 2011/062635.

DE 10 2009 006 842 Al PATENT APPLICATION

It is aimed to use energy of the air passing through the duct which is installed between hills where the wind is more strong and the air pressure is lower and zones below where the air pressure id higher in the said design of previous art.

However the law of communicating vessels is violated in this application and static pressure inside the duct is not considered. It is not possible to get desired efficiency in this way.

"Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention uses improved technical characteristics to harness hill wind as shown in fig 40 and fig 41. Their descriptions will be given later which eliminates static pressure effect in the duct rising from bottom to top.

FR 2914371 Al PATENT APPLICATION

The wind is taken into a duct, passed through a turbine and accelerated by flaps located at outside using also lower pressure of the air sweeping outside.

The said invention of previous art has the same technical problems of the invention WO 2011/062635. For this reason suction effect desired to be get by outside sweeping air will be limited.

Considering all inventions of previous art as explained below and making general assessment;

• It is not possible to create high pressure difference between two close points in normal air flow. Since there is almost no pressure difference in such close distance, devices aimed to create such pressure difference could not be efficient. On the other hand air tries to pass over outer sides since there is less resistance than inside the duct. So it is not possible to take air inside the ducts in open air flow.

• Even there are many study, design and inventions in the field of wind harvesting; only one design could be used efficiently and commercially today. The pressure difference between two close points of air flow is not used; rather the pressure difference arising from sweeping of air over airfoil shaped turbine blade is used.

• "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention uses pressure difference created by air sweeping over flat and convex surfaces of the blade because of its airfoil blade structure . Basic design does not depend on assumption, depends on parameters which are acknowledged and suitable for application.

If it is necessary to explain this suggestion by simple calculation;

According to TSE (Turkish Standards Institution) no 498 of page 9 table 5, wind speed is accepted as 42m/sec at altitudes between 21 and 100 meters high. In this case suction is given as force (speed pressure) (q) is 1,1 ken/m2. Assuming % 35 pressure build up on flat surface of the blade structure which stated as suction or speed pressure and assuming %45 pressure build up on convex surface of the blade structure total pressure difference is calculated as (0,35 +0,45)xl,l= 0,9 kN/m2. Correspondence of this value for air flow machines is 90 mmWC (millimeters water column). Considering Blade Structure Inner Air Duct(6) as shown in fig 35 of which description will be made later, has 1 m2 cross section area and considering air passage through this cross section area, for radial flow turbine ;

Power = Pressure difference (mmWC) x flow (m³/sec) x rotation per minute rpm)/100

Pressure difference: 90 mmSS

Flow: 42 m³/sec

Rotational speed: 711 rpm corresponding to lm2 cross section and 42 m/sec air speed.

27 kW of power is derived by using these values.

Considering Blade Structure Inner Air Duct(6) as shown in fig 36 of which description will be made later, has 1 m2 cross section area and considering air passage through this cross section area, for axial flow turbine ;

Power = 0.5 x passage cross-section (m2) x density of air (kg/m3) x Cp (Betz constant = 0.59) x V3 (third power of wind speed)

27 kW of power is calculated.

It is seen that the same result is achieved.

Pressure difference is important for radial passage turbine while the wind speed is important for axial flow turbine. It is indicated that parameters used here show wind loads accepted in structural analysis are in consistent with corresponding wind speeds. In addition these values are verified by aerodynamical calculations. Aims of the Invention

Following subjects are purposed for the "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention;

• Increasing wind energy usage applications,

· Increasing fields for using wind energy,

• To go beyond technical problems of existing systems which use drag and lift forces of air,

• More common and more effective use of wind energy,

• More efficient use of wind energy,

· Increasing wind energy investments and decreasing energy costs,

• Building wind power plants which have higher performance and efficiency,

• To realize more robust and more substantial system by using stationary blade structure,

• To realize a device which has flexible design characteristics according to application place and application requirements,

• To realize a portable device,

• To use both type of turbines which work with air lift and/or air drag force in one device,

• To realize a device that enables maintenance/repair works on the body and moving parts even the wind is blowing.

• To realize a device that could adjust the position against the wind continuously.

Definitions of Figures Describing the Present Invention

For better explanation of the "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention, figures required and related descriptions are given as below:

Figure 1 : General view of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy

Figure 2 : Wind turbine working with drag force of air (prior art)

Figure 3 : Wind turbine using drag force of air. Half of the blades are shielded

(prior art) Figure 4 : Wind turbine using drag force of air. Blades have pivoted extensions (prior art)

Figure 5 : Wind turbine using drag force of air. Savonius type (prior art)

Figure 6 : Wind turbine using drag force of air. Anemometer type (prior art)

Figure 7 : Wind turbine using drag force of air. Savonius type (prior art)

Figure 8 : Lengthwise cross section of airfoil blade structure and general view of air flow and pressure directions (prior art)

Figure 9 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force (prior art)

Figure 10 : Cross sectional view of blades and general view of air flow in Wind turbine using air lift force (existing technique)

Figure 11 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Bicsycle type (prior art) Figure 12 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Low speed and multi blade type (prior art)

Figure 13 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Ring generator type

(prior art)

Figure 14 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Multi blade type (prior art)

Figure 15 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Flettner turbine type

(prior art)

Figure 16 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Double turbine around the axis (prior art)

Figure 17 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. High speed and multi blades (prior art)

Figure 18 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Sailboat type blade

(prior art)

Figure 19 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Towing rotors type

(prior art) Figure 20 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Enfield - Andreau type (prior art)

Figure 21 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Sunlight thermal tower type (prior art)

Figure 22 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Tornado type (prior art) Figure 23 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Unconfined vortex type (prior art)

Figure 24 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Tip wing type (prior art)

Figure 25 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Shrouded rotor type

(prior art)

Figure 26 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Magnus vehicle type

(prior art)

Figure 27 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Airfoil vehicle type

(prior art)

Figure 28 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Giromill type (prior art) Figure 29 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. Darrieus type (prior art)

Figure 30 : General view of wind turbine using air lift force. H/V Darrieus type

(prior art)

Figure 31 : Wind loads on stationary structures according to TSE (T urkish

Standards Institution) 498

Figure 32 : Cross sectional view of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy developed by this invention, on Carrying Columns without turbine Figure 33 : First view for formulation of working principle of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy developed by this invention

Figure 34 : Second view for formulation of working principle of Airfoil Device

Utilizing Wind Energy developed by this invention

Figure 35 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind

Energy developed by this invention. Horizontal axis radial flow turbine in plain field.

Figure 36 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind

Energy developed by this invention. Horizontal axis axial flow turbine in plain field.

Figure 37 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind

Energy developed by this invention. Vertical axis radial flow turbine in plain field.

Figure 38 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind

Figure 38 : Detailed cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing

Wind Energy Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy developed by this invention. Horizontal axis radial flow turbine in plain field and down force build up.

Figure 39 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind

Energy developed by this invention. Radial flow turbine on hillside field and down force build up.

Figure 40 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind

Energy developed by this invention. Radial flow turbine on hill field Figure 41 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy developed by this invention. Radial flow turbine on hill field and downforce build up.

Figure 42 : Cross section view showing application of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind

Energy developed by this invention. Mixed flow turbine, structure in vertical position.

Definition of Components and Parts of the Invention

For better explanation of the Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy developed by this invention, each part and section of figures prepared are given a separate number and described as below.

1. Blade Structure Body

2. Carrying Column

3. Carrying Column Height Adjustement Mechanism

4. Carrying Column Proceeding Mechanism

5. Stabilization Flap

6. Air Duct

7. Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)

8. Energy Conversion Unit

9. Air Duct Connection Bellow

10. Turbine Shaft Seal

11. Leveling Device for Turbine

12. Air Duct Regulation and Isolation Flap

13. Wind Facing Wall

14. Wind Facing Wall Seal

15. Turbine House(gas and/or wind turbine)

16. Air Intake Section

17. Pivoting Mechanism Detailed Description of the Invention

Wind loads are exerted on stationary structures depending on wind direction, These loads develop pressure force on surfaces facing the wind and suction force on surfaces which do not face the wind. Presentation of this Physical fact is shown in fig.31.

Wind loads are to be considered in statistical calculations because of loads formed as explained above. Presently there are many regulations and standards at many countries related to this subject. TSE (Turkish Standard Institution) standard no 498 defines criterion for wind loads. How these loads to be taken is shown in fig 31. "q" parameter defined as wind pressure by TSE is taken as (+) for surfaces facing wind and taken as (-) for surfaces which do not face the wind as can be seen. Physical fact accepted here is suction load is born at surfaces which do not face the wind.

It is possible to design a structure with airfoil blade shape and install on base with an angel on carrying columns. Naturally there will be wind loads too on this structure according physical rules.

Definitions for wind loads in statistical analysis and aerodynamical definitions are matched up as explained below.

• Suction load as described for structure matches with low pressure defined in aerodynamics. When "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention is considered, accelerated air flow passing over convex surface of airfoil shaped blade structure causes suction load on this surface.

• Pressure load as described for structure matches with high pressure defined in aerodynamics. When " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention is considered, air flow passing over flat surface of airfoil shaped blade structure with approaching air flow speed causes pressure load on this surface.

Aerodynamic principles in mechanics and wind loads used in statistical calculations of structures are matching as can be seen. Definitions and approach as stated here form the basis of Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy developed by this invention If an hole is opened in convex surface of the Blade Structure Body(l) as shown in fig 32 and pressure inside is measured at the same time, negative pressure will be read due to suction. Air inside the blade tried to be drawn outside by this suction force

Similarly if a hole is opened in flat surface of the Blade Structure Body (1) and pressure inside is measured at the same time positive pressure will be read. Here positive pressure will try to inflate the blade like a balloon

If holes are opened at he together on flat and convex surfaces of Blade Structure Body (1) pressure air entered inside from flat surface will be drawn from suction hole on the convex surface. Air flow will start in blade structure this way. If a fan (turbine system) 7 is installed through this air flow, there will be rotational movement on this turbine (7)

Physical phenomena explained above is the basic description of " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention and resultant pressure difference generated between flat and convex surfaces of Blade Structure Body(l) is utilized.

This principle is in force for airfoil shaped blades of turbines and blades.

Blades of planes use air lift force generated by wind which is originally generated by thrust force of the engine. Wind turbine blades utilize lift force generated by wind for rotational movement around the axis on which they are fastened. Forces on wind turbine blade and force on "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention are the same at the beginning in reality. Considering loads accepted and pressures generated on blades, working principles of the both devices are the same.

High and low pressures are generated on blade structure depending on wind force. Target here is to utilize pressure difference in most efficient way. Wind turbine working with drag force of air (existing technique) as shown in fig 2 is installed in blade structure is such a way half of the turbine is inside the blade as shown in fig 33. Half section of turbine is covered by a casing inside the Blade Structure Body (1). Air coming on bottom side of blade structure turns the turbine in arrow direction. At this point the turbine is at the same position as in historical samples.

Looking at " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention as shown in fig 34, front section of casing which is inside the Blade Structure Body(l) is opened and connected to upper section of blade structure by an Air duct(6) where the surface is convex . Suction is produced due to low pressure and this suction creates an additional force in the direction of rotation. Halfly closed turbine section to avoid power loss when turning against the wind is subjected to a rotational force in the direction of rotation by the result of same wind as shown in fig 34. This force affects not as pressure force as at the bottom of turbine in contrary affects as suction force...

Wind turbine is forced to turn by a couple forces of pressure and suction in the direction of wind. Wind turbine does not loss power at covered half section, on the contrary it gains power. Thereby the problem of existing technique is solved. Air transfers energy to turbine when flowing from high pressurized bottom section to low pressurized upper section

Wind turbine model is used to describe the working principle of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention.

This system Works with drag force of air and instantly pass over apparent wind speed by fluctuations on bottom and top section pressures.

Wind turbine working with drag force of air (existing technique) model is simple model and has limited aerodynamical efficiency. Considering specifically, short circuit may happen at front side of intersection point of turbine halves between open and closed section and turbulence may happen at back side due to vortex of low pressure. These effects decrease smooth and efficient working of turbine.

Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) is used to utilize maximum efficiency of air flow from high pressure flat surface section to low pressure convex surface section in ^λ Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention.

Air drawn into Air duct(6) by higher pressure on flat surface of Blade Structure Body(l) as the Air Duct(6)installed between flat and convex surfaces. Than air flow inside the Air Duct (6) hits the turbine wheel and turns the Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7). Air inside the air Duct (6) then flows out by lower pressure generated on convex surface.

Radial flow, axial flow, and mixed flow turbines could be used one by one as well as in multiple order together in " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention to get maximum utilization of air through the Air Duct(6).

Detailed technical properties and components are described bellow for "Airfoil

Device Utilizing Wind Energy" as general description stated above. l. Properties of " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" for facing and utilizing of wind pressure

· An airfoil shaped Blade Structure Body (1). This body is consist of ;

o Main casing structure,

o Outside surfaces on which the wind sweeps, and

o Connection members to join these sections.

Blade Structure Body (1) could be manufactured from each type solid phase material and could be of desired size depending on geographical and topographical characteristics of the region for wind energy harvesting.

• At least two Carrying Column (2) on which the Blade Structure Body (1) carried.

Carrying Column (2) could be manufactured from each type solid state materials and transverse cross section could be of any geometrical shape.

· Carrying Column Height Adjustment Mechanism (3). Installed at least on one of the Carrying Column(2) to keep angle of attack(a) resulted between blade structure and the wind in optimum values by adjusting the length of Carrying Column(2)

Carrying Column Height Adjustment Mechanism (3) could be mechanically, pneumatically or hydraulically driven. All these drive systems could be manual or motorized.

• Pivoting mechanism(17) in case to use Blade Structure Body(l) in vertical position

Pivoting mechanism (17) could be mechanically, pneumatically or hydraulically drive. All these drive systems could be manual or motorized. Carrying Column Proceeding Mechanism (4). Installed at least on one of the Carrying Column (2) for moving Carrying column (2) and Blade Structure Body (1) together to face the wind always from head side.

Carrying Column Proceeding Mechanism (4) could be manual or motorized.

Stabilization Flap (5), two units at least. Fastened to Blade Structure Body(l) and adjustable, used to avoid turbulence and other disharmonies and to improve the aerodynamics of Blade Structure Body(l)

Stabilization Flap(5) could be made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

Connection of Stabilization Flap (5) to Blade Structure Body (1) could be hinged, slide guided or mechanism type.

Stabilization Flap (5) controlled by manual, mechanic, motorized or hydraulic means to get decided flap position.

Wind facing wall(13) in case to use " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention at hill fields to allow wind blow only over convex surface of Blade Structure Body(l).

Wind facing wall (13) is composed of two or more telescopic plates sliding one inside the other to allow expanding and narrowing due to change of angle of attack of blade structure.

Wind facing wall (13) could be made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

Wind facing wall seal (14) to maintain function of Wind facing wall (13) in case the change in angle of attack of blade structure. This member avoids air passage between Wind facing wall (13) and Blade Structure Body (1). At the same time it secures sealing of telescopic plates of Wind facing wall (13) which are sliding one inside the other

It is prevented to draw air from bottom side not to decrease the efficiency in this way. Seals used in civil industry for different purposes are enough for this operating. Sliding door seal is for example.

Wind facing wall seal (14) could be of any elastic material used for this function.

• Turbine House(15) and Air Intake Section(16) in case to use " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention at hill fields to install the

Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) in closed room and to take air into Air Duct(6) and to harvest and to avoid diffusion of wind at lower elevation

Turbine House (15) and Air Intake Section (16) could be made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials. Properties of " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" for energy conversion section

• Air Duct(6) at least one to connect convex surface with low pressure of Blade Structure Body(l) to flat surface with higher pressure from inside the Blade

Structure Body(l) and opening to outside of the body by holes opened at each side surfaces.

Air Duct (6) could be made of all solid state materials and more than one Air Duct (6) could be installed inside a single Blade Structure Body (1).

· Air Duct Regulation and Isolation flap(12), at least two units installed at inlet and outlet openings of Air Duct(6) on the Blade Structure Body(l) to regulate and if necessary to stop air flow through Air Duct(6).

Air Duct Regulation and Isolation flap (12) could be made of all solid state materials and could be actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or motorized means. Number of Air Duct Regulation and Isolation flap (12) is twice the number of Air

Duct (6).

• Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7), at least one, installed properly inside the Air Duct (6), radial, axial or mixed flow type.

Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) could be wind turbine or gas turbine. Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) could be fixed on a shaft with vertical, horizontal or angular position.

• Energy conversion unit(8) to convert rotational energy of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) to electrical and/or mechanical energy.

Number of Energy conversion unit (8) is equal to number of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7).

• Air duct connection bellow (9) for flexible connection of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) with Air Duct (6).

Air duct connection bellow (9) is made from each kind of elastic material.

• Turbine shaft seal(10) at least one, to avoid air suction from inner volume of Blade Structure Body(l).

Turbine shaft seal (10) could be from known type seal applications or all kind of material used for sealing.

• Leveling device for turbine(ll) to keep Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) vertically or horizontally at same angle in case of working of Blade Structure Body (1) at different angle of attack.

Leveling device for turbine (11) could be manual or motorized as well as fully automatic controlled by advanced electronic system.

Use of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy"

"Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention could be used at any place where wind blows. Plain grounds, hillsides, hills, coasts and top sections of stationary structures are appropriate places for this purpose.

Number of blade structures, their dimensions and positions are depending on conditions of use.

When doing general classification it could be summarized as;

• Personal(House type)

• Campus, and

• Industrial Basic implementation of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" and principle of working:

A Blade Structure Body (1) having airfoil shape is used to face the wind for basic implementation of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention

This structure positioned in such a way to face the wind from head side. When the wind blows over blade structure, the pressure on flat surface does not change (high pressure) whereas the pressure on convex surface decreases relatively according to pressure on flat surface due to acceleration of air (low pressure).

Here the object is to utilize wind energy by using pressure difference generated between two surfaces of blade structure.

Different materials could be used for exterior of Blade Structure Body (1) which faces the wind. These material could be of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

Main construction of Blade Structure Body(l) similarly could be of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

Considering blades of turbines for existing technique, it is not possible to make any modification on blades so new turbine blade manufacturing is necessary instead of any blade to be repaired. However it is possible make any modification on Blade Structure Body (1) of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention. This convenience brings considerable benefits especially for large cross sectioned blade structures.

There is Stabilization Flap (5) on flat and convex surfaces of Blade Structure

Body (1) of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention. This Stabilization Flap (5) is installed at decided position and angle against the wind. Stabilization Flap (5) could be manually actuated or motorized and could be brought to required angle and position with Blade Structure Body (1) and with air flow direction.

Basic function of Stabilization Flaps(5) is to reduce the effects of irregularities resulted on Blade Structure Body(l), to divert air flow slightly on Blade Structure Body(l) and to secure most efficient facing of wind angle for Blade Structure Body(l).

There is an Air Duct(6) connecting high pressure flat surface of Blade Structure Body(l) to low pressure convex surface of Blade Structure Body(l). Air duct (6) is inside the Blade Structure Body (1) and connects openings internally which are on flat and convex surfaces of Blade Structure Body (1). Air passing on flat surface where the pressure is higher drawn into Air duct (6) and flows out from convex surface where the pressure is lower in this way.

Air Duct Regulation and Isolation flaps (12) are installed at openings of Air duct (6) on.

Blade Structure Body (1) Air duct (6) to regulate air flow passage and to stop air flow when necessary. This Air Duct Regulation and Isolation flaps (12) could be actuated by mechanical, motorized or by hydraulic means.

Air Duct Regulation and Isolation flaps (12) could be of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

Similar to Blade Structure Body(l) , Air duct(6) could be of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

There is no air passage between Air duct (6) and Blade Structure Body (1) to enable regular air flow. There is atmospheric pressure inside Blade Structure Body (1) and no air flow happens. It is possible to access inside the Blade Structure Body (1) for equipment monitoring and maintenance during operation in big blade structures.

Air taken by Air duct(6) from high pressure air flow section (flat section) pass over Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) and later drawn and flows out from low pressure air flow section(convex section) in " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention.

Air flow energy is converted to mechanic rotational energy by Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) during this passage. Then mechanic rotational energy taken from Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) is converted to electrical and/or mechanical energy by Energy conversion unit (8) again. Necessary drive train and generator system are used in by Energy conversion unit (8) for conversion to electrical energy. Only drive train is used for conversion to mechanical energy.

Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) could be of many type. It is possible to use radial, axial or mixed flow type turbines, furthermore it is possible to use wind turbines which have turbine design to use drag or lift force of air

Position of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) could be horizontal, vertical or angular. These properties enable to use turbine types in wide range. For this reason, use and application way of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention affords choice flexibility comparing with applications of existing technique.

Air flow should be only in Air Duct(6) to prevent inefficient working of (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) in the " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention. Seal is applied between Air Duct (6) and inner volume of Blade Structure Body (1) for this reason and air passage is blocked. Turbine shaft seal (10) is used at intersection point of connection of turbine shaft and air duct to get the mentioned seal.

For big ones blade Structure Body (1) allows personnel to work inside in comfort since there is no air flow. It is possible to do maintenance of Energy conversion unit (8) and other units in comfort.

"Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention Blade Structure Body (1) stands on Carrying Columns (2). These Carrying Columns (2) carry the blade structure and facilities inside as well as withstand loads coming from the wind. Similar to Blade Structure Body (1) , Carrying Column(2) could be of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

It is possible to use reinforced concrete for Carrying Column (2) when the wind direction is mostly the same and there is no intention to change the direction of Blade Structure Body (1)

It is possible to change the elevation of Blade Structure Body(l) by changing the length of Carrying Columns(2) in " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention hence it is possible to change the angle of attack (a) between of blade structure and wind streamlines.

This operation is done by Carrying Column Height Adjustment Mechanism (3) installed on Carrying Column (2)

It is possible to increase energy production efficiency by changing angular position of Blade Structure Body (1) because of this property.

It is necessary to adjust position of the Blade Structure Body(l) against wind to face it always from head side for the most efficient use in in the " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention. This operation is done by Carrying Column Proceeding Mechanism (4) installed on Carrying Column (2)

It is possible to realize operational optimization by moving Carrying Column (2) by Carrying Column Proceeding Mechanism(4) to bring the Blade Structure Body(l) to required wind facing position

Leveling device for turbine(ll) is used for big bodies to keep the smooth running of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) and Energy conversion unit(8) when the angle of attack (a) between Blade Structure Body(l) and wind streamlines changes

Leveling device for turbine(ll) which keeps Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) axis precisely at horizontal or vertical position enables operation security functions of Turbine(gas and/or wind turbine)(7) and Energy conversion unit(8) like balancing, lubrication etc.

Proper Air duct connection bellow (9) are used at inlet and outlet Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) to Air Duct (6) for smooth leveling.

Air duct connection bellows(9) are used in case of change in angle of attack (a) between Blade Structure Body(l) and wind streamlines and/or in case of insulation of Blade Structure Body(l) from vibrations generated by Turbine(gas and/or wind turbine)(7) and Energy conversion unit(8) in " Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention

Furthermore when the wind load on Blade Structure Body(l) considered, in case the loads are excessive to withstand, it is possible to turn the blade structure geometry symmetrical to get composite forces downwards(downforce). This application is shown in fig. 38. By this flexible use of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention it is significantly advantageous for structural cost and operation security.

Blade structure is used on slopes ground as shown in fig. 39. This application could be made easily where hillside wind is abundant. Case of composite force direction to be upwards or downwards could be determined according to application requirements.

Case of downwards composite force (to gerund) is as shown in fig 39.

Application and working principle on hill for Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy:

It is possible to use another type of application of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention to harvest wind of hills.

Such an application is shown in fig 40.

Basic function of blade structure here is reducing the pressure. Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) is installed in Turbine house (gas and/or wind turbine) (15) which is at lower elevation according to blade structure.

It is possible to collect the wind efficiently and to prevent diffusion of wind at lower elevations by this application.

Air intake section (16) which is at most bottom of Turbine house (gas and/or wind turbine) (15) is utilized to divert air flow to Air Duct (6) efficiently. Air harvested efficiently directed to Air Duct (6) and generates mechanic energy when passing through rotor of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) and this energy is converted to electrical and/or mechanical energy by Energy conversion unit (8). Air exhausted from lower pressure section of Blade Structure Body (1) where the surface is convex. There is no need to transport basic operational equipment to hill hence it is possible to do control, maintenance and operational facilities easily and efficiently by this application.

There is Wind facing wall (13) at head side of Blade Structure Body (1) which faces the wind for efficient working of invention. Wind facing wall (13) allows wind blow only over convex surface of Blade Structure Body (1) and prevent air flow over flat surface of Blade Structure Body (1).

Air passage to flat section at bottom is prevented by Wind Facing Wall Seal (14) even if the angle of attack of Blade Structure Body (1) is changed. Wind Facing Wall Seal (14) prevents air passage between Blade Structure Body (1) and Wind facing wall (13) and also between sliding plates of Wind facing wall (13).

It is prevented to reduce efficiency by drawing air from bottom at different angle of attack (a) positions. Seals used in civil industry for different purposes are enough for this operating. Such as sliding door seal, etc.. Wind facing wall seal (14) could be of any elastic material used for this function.

Application of the invention as shown in fig 41 depends on the same principles of application as shown in fig 40.

Flat surface of Blade Structure Body (1) with higher pressure is at top side and convex surface of Blade Structure Body (1) with lower pressure is at bottom side by this application since composite force is downwards. Air drawn through Air intake section(16) to Air Duct(6) pass through Turbine(gas and/or wind turbine)(7) and exhausted from convex surface of Blade Structure Body(l) where the pressure is lower. Application and working principle Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy As the body is in vertical position:

Another type of application of "Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy" developed by this invention is shown in fig 42.

Blade Structure Body (1) is installed vertically in this application of invention. To face wind from head side angle of attack of Blade Structure Body (1) is adjusted by Carrying Column proceeding Mechanism (4) which is at tail side. Head side is pivoted around itself by Pivoting Mechanism (17).

Working principle of wind energy conversion section is the same by this application.

It is possible to develop wide range of applications of "Airfoil Device Utilizing

Wind Energy" around this basic concept and the invention could not be limited by the examples described here as it is as described in the claims essentially.

Claims

1. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy to convert wind energy to mechanical or electrical energy of which basic characteristic; enables to use standing structure to harvest wind energy and comprising;

• Blade Structure Body(l) having airfoil shaped geometry, comprising main carrying structure, outer surfaces swept by wind and connecting elements for fixing these components

• Carrying Column(2) at least two on which Blade Structure Body(l) stands

• Carrying Column Height Adjustment Mechanism(3) installed at least on one Carrying Column(2) keeping angle of attack (a) in optimum values which is formed between blade structure and wind by adjusting the lengths of Carrying Column(2)

• Carrying Column Proceeding Mechanism(4) installed at least on one Carrying Column(2) to move Blade Structure Body(l) and Carrying Column(2) together for facing wind always from head side of Blade Structure Body(l) according to changing wind direction.

• Stabilization Flap(5) at least two , fastened on Blade Structure Body(l) to prevent possible turbulences generated by wind passage on surfaces of Blade Structure Body(l) and to prevent other disharmonies and to improve aerodynamics of Blade Structure Body(l)

• Air Duct(6) at least one, connecting high pressure section on flat surface of Blade Structure Body(l) to low pressure section on convex surface of Blade Structure Body(l) from inside and opened to outside of Blade Structure Body(l) by openings at both surfaces of Blade Structure Body(l) .

• Air Duct Regulation and Isolation Flap(12) at least two, installed on inlet and outlet openings of Air Duct(6) on Blade Structure Body(l) to regulate air flow inside Air Duct(6) and to stop air flow if necessary.

• Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) at least one, radial, axial or mixed airflow type, properly installed inside Air Duct (6). • Energy Conversion Unit (8) for converting rotational energy generated by Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) to electrical and or mechanical energy.

• Air Duct Connection Bellow (9) at least two, enabling flexible connection between Air Duct (6) and Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7).

• Turbine Shaft Seal(lO) at least one, to prevent air suction from inner volume of Blade Structure Body(l)

• Leveling Device for Turbine (11) to keep horizontal and vertical position of turbine shaft at the same angle in case of working of Blade Structure Body (1) at different angle of attack.

2. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 having following process characteristics;

• Higher pressure generation on flat surface relative to convex surface due to acceleration of wind over convex surface during wind blow over blade structure and using resultant pressure difference generated by lower pressure on convex surface relative to flat surface.

• Suction of air sweeping Blade Structure Body (1) from flat surface section into Air Duct (6) by this pressure difference.

• Rotation of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) rotor by air drawn into Air Duct(6) and by flowing through Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7)

• Converting mechanical energy generated by turning of Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) rotor into electrical energy and /or mechanical energy by Energy Conversion Unit(8)

• Harvesting wind power to electrical or mechanical energy by enabling air to be drawn from lower pressure section and by enabling air to blow out from Blade Structure Body(l)

3. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Blade Structure Body (1) is made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

4. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Blade Structure Body(l) could be as large as required depending on geographical and topographical properties of region where wind to be harvested and depending on required magnitude of energy to be produced.

5. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Carrying Columns(2) is made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

6. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Transverse cross section geometry Carrying Columns (2) could be of any geometrical shape.

7. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Carrying Column Height Adjustment Mechanism (3) is mechanic, pneumatic or hydraulic system.

8. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Carrying Column Height Adjustment Mechanism (3) is mechanic, pneumatic or hydraulic system.

9. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Carrying Column Proceeding Mechanism (4) is mechanic, pneumatic or hydraulic system or motorized.

10. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein connection of Stabilization Flap (5) to Blade Structure Body (1) is hinged, slide guide type or mechanism type.

11. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Stabilization Flap(5) is made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

12. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein control of Stabilization Flap(5) is manual, mechanic, motorized or hydraulic to bring it to required position

13. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Air Duct(6) is made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

14. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein it is possible to use more than one Air Duct(6) in single Blade Structure Body(l).

15. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Air Duct Regulation and Isolation Flap(12) is made from all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

16. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein actuation of Air Duct Regulation and Isolation Flap (12) is mechanic, motorized or hydraulic.

17. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein number of Regulation and Isolation Flap (12) is twice the number of Air Duct (6).

18. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) is wind org as turbine.

19. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7) is fastened on a shaft having vertical, horizontal or angular position.

20. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein the number of Energy Conversion Unit (8) is the same as Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine) (7).

21. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Air Duct Connection Bellow (9) is made of all types of elastic material.

22. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Turbine Shaft Seal (10) is the same type of known applications.

23. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Turbine Shaft Seal (10) is made from all kinds of material used for sealing purpose.

24. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein Leveling Device for Turbine (11) is manual or motorized control system.

25. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein control system of Leveling Device for Turbine(ll) is advanced electronic circuit automated system.

26. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein considering hill application enabling wind harvest by utilizing standing structure and in addition to technical components described in claim 1 comprising ;

• Wind Facing Wall(13) composed of two or more telescopic plates for expanding and narrowing to allow wind blow only over convex surface of Blade Structure Body(l) and preventing air flow over flat surface of Blade Structure Body(l)

• Wind facing wall seal(14) to maintain function of Wind Facing Wall(13) when angle of attack (a ) of Blade Structure Body(l) is changed and to prevent air passage between Blade Structure Body(l) and Wind facing wall seal(14) and also to prevent air passage between plates of Wind facing wall seal(14)

• Turbine House(15) to harvest wind more efficient and to prevent wind diffusion and to keep Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) in closed room, and

• Air Intake Section(16) to divert wind efficiently into Air Duct(6) placed in Turbine House(15)

27. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 26 to harvest wind energy and to convert it to electrical or mechanical energy of which process characters;

• Getting wind from Air Intake Section(16) at bottom section of Turbine House(15) and directing to Air Duct(6) placed in Turbine House(15)

• Enabling air flow inside Air Duct(6) to pass over Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7)

• Converting rotational mechanical energy generated on Turbine (gas and/or wind turbine)(7) rotor during air passage to mechanical or electrical energy by Energy Conversion Unit(8), and • Exhausting of air from lower pressure section of Blade Structure Body (1) where pressure lower is.

28. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 26 wherein Wind Facing Wall(13) Wind Facing Wall(13) is made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

29. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 26 wherein Wind facing wall seal (14) is made from all materials used for sealing purpose.

30. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 26 wherein Turbine House (15) is made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

31. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 26 wherein Air Intake Section (16) is made of all solid state materials such as metal, plastic, petroleum derived materials, composite materials, textile products and wood derived materials.

32. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 1 wherein considering vertical application to enable wind harvest by utilizing standing structure and in addition to technical components described in claim 1 comprising;

• Pivoting Mechanism (17) to enable pivoting of head side of Blade Structure Body (1) around itself for keeping angle of attack (a) in optimum values.

33. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 33 wherein Pivoting Mechanism(17) is mechanic, pneumatic or manual system.

34. Airfoil Device Utilizing Wind Energy according to claim 33 wherein Pivoting Mechanism(17) is mechanic, pneumatic or manual system