WO2013080499A1 - 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法および抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置 - Google Patents
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法および抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
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- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
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- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
- G11C2013/0073—Write using bi-directional cell biasing
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- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
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- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
- G11C2013/0092—Write characterized by the shape, e.g. form, length, amplitude of the write pulse
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a resistance change nonvolatile memory element writing method and a resistance change nonvolatile memory device in which a resistance value reversibly changes based on an electrical signal.
- a memory cell including a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element (hereinafter also simply referred to as a “resistance variable element”) is used as a nonvolatile memory device capable of high-speed operation and suitable for increasing the storage capacity.
- a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device (hereinafter also simply referred to as “nonvolatile memory device”) has progressed.
- the resistance change element refers to an element having a property that the resistance value reversibly changes by an electrical signal and further capable of storing data corresponding to the resistance value in a nonvolatile manner.
- a so-called 1T1R type memory in which a transistor and a resistance change element are connected in series at a position in the vicinity of an intersection between a bit line and a word line arranged orthogonal to each other
- a nonvolatile memory device in which cells are arranged in a matrix is generally known.
- one end of the two-terminal variable resistance element is connected to the bit line or the source line, and the other end is connected to the drain or source of the transistor.
- the gate of the transistor is connected to the word line.
- the other end of the transistor is connected to a source line or a bit line to which one end of the variable resistance element is not connected.
- the source line is arranged in parallel with the bit line or the word line.
- Nonvolatile memory devices in which memory cells are arranged in a matrix are also generally known.
- Patent Document 1 a typical conventional variable resistance element will be described.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a variable resistance element including an ion conduction type resistance change element including an insulator film (specifically, amorphous Gd 2 O 3 ) and a conductor film (specifically, CuTe). Yes.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of the variable resistance element disclosed in Patent Document 1.
- the variable resistance element 5 has a structure having a laminated structure in which a conductor film 3 and an insulator film 4 are laminated between two electrodes 1 and 2.
- a material used for the conductor film 3 for example, a metal film containing one or more metal elements selected from Cu, Ag, and Zn, an alloy film (for example, a CuTe alloy film), a metal compound film, and the like are disclosed.
- an insulator such as amorphous Gd 2 O 3 or SiO 2 is disclosed.
- variable resistance element 5 For writing to the variable resistance element 5 shown in FIG. 14, when a voltage at which the potential of the electrode 1 is higher than the potential of the electrode 2 is applied, ions of the metal element are attracted to the electrode 2 and enter the insulator film 4. Enter. When the metal ions reach the electrode 2, the upper and lower electrodes 1 and 2 are brought into conduction to reduce resistance (LR). In this manner, data writing (LR conversion) to the variable resistance element 5 is performed. On the contrary, when a voltage at which the potential of the electrode 1 is lower than the potential of the electrode 2 is applied, the metal element is ionized and attracted to the electrode 1 and escapes from the insulator film 4. The insulation between the two increases and the resistance is increased (HR). In this way, data is erased (HR) from the variable resistance element 5.
- FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B are diagrams showing waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the variable resistance element 5 when one data recording is performed.
- FIG. 15A is a diagram showing a pulse waveform when writing (recording of “1” data) is performed.
- an erase voltage pulse PE is applied as a reverse polarity voltage pulse, and then a voltage pulse PW having a polarity corresponding to information to be recorded is applied. That is, a voltage pulse P1 for recording “1” data is constituted by a set of two voltage pulses PE and PW.
- FIG. 15B is a diagram showing a pulse waveform when erasure (recording of “0” data) is performed.
- a write voltage pulse PW is applied as a reverse polarity voltage pulse
- a voltage pulse PE having a polarity corresponding to information to be recorded is applied. That is, a voltage pulse P0 for recording “0” data is constituted by a set of two voltage pulses PW and PE.
- the number of consecutive voltage pulses PW or PE having the same polarity is limited to two times or less. .
- a change in the resistance value of the variable resistance element 5 due to the continuous application of the voltage pulse PW or PE having the same polarity (the LR state changes in the high resistance direction, the HR state changes in the low resistance direction). Fluctuating) and rewriting life is improved.
- Patent Document 1 before the voltage of one polarity corresponding to the information to be recorded is applied to the variable resistance element, the voltage of the other polarity is set.
- a data recording method for improving the rewrite life by applying to a variable resistance element is disclosed.
- a resistance change element as a memory cell, it can be expected that a high-speed memory can be configured as compared with a generally known non-volatile memory such as a flash memory.
- the retention characteristic that is, the data retention characteristic
- the operation window is the difference between the minimum resistance value that can be taken by the memory cell in the high resistance state and the maximum resistance value that can be taken by the memory cell in the low resistance state (resistance value margin in the resistance change operation).
- the retention characteristic refers to the ability (data retention characteristic) to retain data for a long time without being corrupted.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problem, and provides a resistance change type nonvolatile memory element writing method and a resistance change type nonvolatile memory device capable of achieving both improvement of retention characteristics and expansion of an operation window. It is intended to provide.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element writing method is a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element writing method, wherein the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element includes: When the pulse of the first voltage is applied, the first resistance state used for storing the first information changes to the second resistance state used for storing the second information, and the polarity of the first voltage is When a pulse of a different second voltage is applied, the write method has a characteristic of changing from the second resistance state to the first resistance state, and the writing method includes changing the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element to the first resistance.
- a step for changing from a state to the second resistance state includes a weak write step and a normal write step following the weak write step, wherein the resistance change type
- the resistance change nonvolatile memory element is changed to the second resistance state by applying a pulse of a third voltage having the same polarity as the first voltage and different absolute value to the volatile memory element, and then changing the resistance.
- the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is changed to a resistance value in the first resistance state and the resistance value Transition to an intermediate resistance state having a resistance value between the resistance value in the second resistance state, and in the normal writing step, the pulse of the first voltage is applied at least once to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is changed from the intermediate resistance state to the second resistance state, and the absolute value of the fourth voltage is smaller than the absolute value of the third voltage.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device is provided between a first electrode, a second electrode, and the first electrode and the second electrode.
- a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element having a variable resistance layer provided, and a write circuit for writing information to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, wherein the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element has a first voltage
- the first resistance state used for storing the first information changes to the second resistance state used for storing the second information, and the second voltage having a polarity different from that of the first voltage is applied.
- the write circuit When a pulse is applied, the write circuit has a characteristic of changing from the second resistance state to the first resistance state, and the write circuit changes the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element from the first resistance state to the second resistance state.
- Weak write to change to resistance state And a normal write step subsequent to the weak write step, and in the weak write step, a third voltage having the same polarity as the first voltage but having a different absolute value with respect to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- a fourth voltage having the same polarity as the second voltage and having a small absolute value with respect to the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element after the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element is brought into the second resistance state by applying a pulse.
- the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element is applied by applying a pulse of the first voltage at least once to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the practical significance of the present invention is extremely large in the present day when it is desired to provide a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device that can operate at high speed and is suitable for increasing the storage capacity.
- FIG. 1A is an HR write flow diagram for explaining the operation of high resistance (HR) verify write of the present invention.
- FIG. 1B is an LR write flow diagram illustrating an operation of low resistance (LR) verify write according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1C is a characteristic diagram showing the average HR resistance value and the dependency of the average LR resistance value on the HR voltage VH when all the bits of the memory cell array of the present invention are rewritten to the HR state and the LR state.
- FIG. 1D is a characteristic diagram showing the dependency of the average LR current change amount on the HR voltage VH in the retention for 66 hours at 150 ° C. when all the bits of the memory cell array of the present invention are set to the LR state.
- FIG. 1A is an HR write flow diagram for explaining the operation of high resistance (HR) verify write of the present invention.
- FIG. 1B is an LR write flow diagram illustrating an operation of low resistance (LR) verify write according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1C is a characteristic diagram showing the average
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the operating point of the rewrite voltage when the HR verify write and the LR verify write according to the present invention are repeatedly performed alternately.
- FIG. 3 is an LR write flow diagram illustrating the operation of LR verification write via weak HR reduction of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a diagram for explaining the effect of the operation window when the LR verification write via weak HR according to the present invention is performed.
- FIG. 4B is a diagram for explaining the effect of improving the LR retention characteristics when the LR verification write via weak HR according to the present invention is performed.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the operating point of the rewrite voltage when the LR verification write via weak HR of the present invention is performed.
- FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing the dependency of the decrease amount of the average LR current on the weak HR voltage VHw when the LR verification write via weak HR according to the present invention is performed.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the pulse VR characteristics of the memory cell in the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a configuration diagram of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of the sense amplifier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the determination level in the sense amplifier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining the set voltage in each operation according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12A is a diagram (timing chart of application of weak HR voltage pulse set in LR writing) showing the operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram showing operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention (application timing of the LR voltage pulse set in LR writing after application of the weak HR voltage pulse set). Chart).
- FIG. 12C is a diagram (timing chart of application of HR voltage pulse set) showing the operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12D is a diagram (timing chart of a data read cycle) showing an operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12A is a diagram (timing chart of application of weak HR voltage pulse set in LR writing) showing the operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram
- FIG. 13 is a write flow diagram in the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a cross section of a conventional variable resistance element.
- FIG. 15A is a diagram illustrating a pulse waveform when writing is performed on a conventional variable resistance element.
- FIG. 15B is a diagram showing a pulse waveform when erasing is performed on a conventional variable resistance element.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a 1T1R type memory cell using a conventional resistance change element.
- tantalum which is one of transition metals
- the oxygen-deficient oxide tantalum oxide
- the oxygen-deficient oxide refers to an oxide in which oxygen is insufficient from the stoichiometric composition.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a 1T1R type memory cell using a conventional resistance change element (configuration for one bit).
- the 1T1R type memory cell is generally composed of an NMOS transistor 104 and a resistance change element 100.
- the resistance change element 100 includes a lower electrode 100a, a first resistance change layer (here, a low resistance tantalum oxide layer (TaO x made of the oxygen-deficient Ta oxide). , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5)) 100b-1 and a second variable resistance layer (here, a high resistance tantalum oxide layer (TaO y , x ⁇ y)) 100b-2.
- the variable resistance layer 100b and the upper electrode 100c are stacked.
- a lower electrode terminal 105 is drawn from the lower electrode 100a, and an upper electrode terminal 102 is drawn from the upper electrode 100c.
- the NMOS transistor 104 that is a selection transistor (that is, an example of a switch element) includes a gate terminal 103.
- the lower electrode terminal 105 of the resistance change element 100 and the source or drain (N + diffusion) region of the NMOS transistor 104 are connected in series, and the other drain or source (N + diffusion) region not connected to the resistance change element 100 is It is drawn out as a terminal 101, and the substrate terminal is connected to the ground potential.
- the high resistance second resistance change layer 100 b-2 is disposed on the upper electrode terminal 102 side opposite to the NMOS transistor 104.
- Patent Document 3 As a material of the upper electrode 100c, for example, Pt (platinum), Ir (iridium), Pd (palladium), Ag (silver), Ni, as disclosed in the above-mentioned Patent Document 3 which is a related patent. (Nickel), W (tungsten) or Cu (copper) can be used. Further, in Patent Document 3, a resistance change is likely to occur near an interface between an electrode material having a higher standard electrode potential than Ta, which is a constituent element of the resistance change layer 100b, and the resistance change layer. With lower electrode materials, resistance change is less likely to occur, and furthermore, the greater the difference between the standard electrode potential of the electrode material and the metal that constitutes the resistance change layer, the easier the resistance change occurs.
- the standard electrode potential is one index of the degree of ease of oxidation. If this value is large, it means that it is difficult to oxidize, and if it is small, it means that it is easily oxidized. In particular, when Pt and Ir having a high standard electrode potential are used for the electrodes, a good resistance change operation is obtained, which is desirable.
- a voltage (low resistance voltage pulse) equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage (for example, the first threshold voltage) is applied to the lower terminal 101 with the upper electrode terminal 102 as a reference. In this case, reduction occurs near the interface of the upper electrode 100c, and the resistance change element 100 transitions to a low resistance state.
- another predetermined voltage for example, a second threshold value
- a voltage higher than (voltage) (high resistance voltage pulse) is applied, oxidation occurs near the interface of the upper electrode 100c, and the resistance change element 100 transitions to a high resistance state.
- the application direction of the low resistance voltage pulse is defined as a negative voltage direction
- the application direction of the high resistance voltage pulse is defined as a positive voltage direction.
- the retention characteristic that is, the data retention characteristic
- the resistance value in the high resistance state is reduced, resulting in a reduction in the operating window and reliability.
- the operation window is the difference between the minimum resistance value that can be taken by the memory cell in the high resistance state and the maximum resistance value that can be taken by the memory cell in the low resistance state (resistance value margin in the resistance change operation).
- the retention characteristic refers to the ability (data retention characteristic) to retain data for a long time without being corrupted.
- the upper electrode 100c is Ir (iridium)
- the lower electrode 100a is TaN (tantalum nitride)
- the first resistance change layer 100b-1 is a tantalum oxide layer (TaO x , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5)
- the 1T1R type memory cell including the resistance change element 100 in which the second resistance change layer 100b-2 is formed of a tantalum oxide layer (TaO y , x ⁇ y), the write characteristics and the retention The characteristics are shown and the problem is explained.
- x : x 1.54, film thickness: 30 nm
- the NMOS transistor 104 as a switch element has a gate width W of 0.44 ⁇ m, a gate length L of 0.18 ⁇ m, and a gate insulating film thickness Tox of 3.5 nm.
- the second resistance change layer 100b-2 (TaO 2.47 ) is formed on the first resistance change layer 100b-1 (TaO 1.54 ) formed by sputtering before the manufacturing process of the upper electrode 100c. It is formed by sputtering and has a higher oxygen content than the first resistance change layer 100b-1 (TaO 1.54 ), that is, has a very high resistance value and a structure close to an insulator. Therefore, in order to perform the resistance change operation, it is necessary to first apply a constant forming voltage for a predetermined time to form a conductive path in the second resistance change layer 100b-2.
- FIG. 1C is a characteristic diagram showing the average HR resistance value and the dependence of the average LR resistance value on the HR voltage VH when all the bits of the memory cell array are rewritten to the HR state and the LR state.
- 1D is a characteristic diagram showing the HR voltage VH dependency of the decrease in average LR current in the retention characteristic evaluation at 150 ° C. for 66 hours when the bit is set in the low resistance (LR) state.
- the amount of decrease in the average LR current is the degree to which the current flowing through the memory cell in the low resistance state under the application of a constant voltage decreases before and after the retention, in other words, the increase in the resistance value in the low resistance state.
- Degree This value indicates the degree of deterioration of the retention characteristic in the low resistance state.
- the nonvolatile memory device including the memory cell array in which the 1T1R type memory cells are arranged in a matrix is configured by a circuit that realizes these operations. The main part will be described later. Details are omitted. Further, in this specification, the increase in resistance (or reduction in resistance) of a memory cell strictly means that a resistance change element (that is, a resistance change nonvolatile memory element) included in the memory cell has a high resistance ( Or lower resistance).
- FIG. 1A is an HR write flow diagram for explaining the operation of arbitrary 1-bit HR verify write.
- a high resistance (HR) voltage pulse set 13 is applied, and then whether or not the cell current of the write target cell becomes lower than a predetermined HR cell current level (ie, HR Whether or not the write-in is completed) is determined (HR verification S1).
- HR verification S1 a predetermined HR cell current level
- the high resistance voltage pulse set 13 is applied again to the write target cell, and the determination of the HR verification S1 is performed. This operation is subsequently repeated until a pass is obtained in the determination of the HR verification S1.
- HR Positive voltage high resistance
- VH for example, + 1.8V to + 2.4V
- 16 pulses for example, + 1.8V to + 2.4V
- FIG. 1B is an LR write flow diagram for explaining the operation of arbitrary 1-bit LR verification write.
- a low resistance (LR) voltage pulse set 14 is applied, and then whether or not the cell current of the write target cell becomes higher than a predetermined LR cell current level (ie, LR Whether or not the write-in is completed) is determined (LR verification S2).
- LR verification S2 a predetermined LR cell current level
- the low resistance voltage pulse set 14 is again applied to the write target cell, and the determination of the LR verification S2 is performed. This operation is thereafter repeated until a pass is obtained in the determination of the LR verification S2.
- the vertical axis represents the resistance value of the memory cell.
- Ground potential was applied) and measured.
- the average HR resistance value when all the bits of the memory cell array are set to the HR state and the average LR resistance value when all the bits of the memory cell array are set to the LR state are plotted.
- the horizontal axis represents the HR voltage VH.
- the average HR resistance value and the average LR resistance value when the HR voltage VH is increased while the LR voltage VL is fixed are plotted.
- the vertical axis represents the amount of decrease in average LR current after standing at 150 ° C. for 66 hours, and the horizontal axis is the same as FIG. 1C.
- a gate voltage VG 1.8 V is applied to the gate terminal 103 of the memory cell in FIG. 16, and a read voltage of +0.4 V is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 (at this time, the lower terminal 101 has The measurement was performed by applying a ground potential (0 V). Further, the decrease amount of the average LR current when the HR voltage VH is increased while the LR voltage VL is fixed is plotted.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the operating point of the rewrite voltage when the HR verify write shown in FIG. 1A and the LR verify write shown in FIG. 1B are repeatedly performed alternately.
- the horizontal axis represents the absolute value of the applied negative voltage
- the vertical axis represents the absolute value of the applied positive voltage
- the point B corresponds to the point B in FIGS. 1C and 1D
- the pre-voltage Vph ( ⁇ 1.0 V) is first applied as the high-resistance voltage pulse set 13 and then the HR voltage VH (+2 .0V) is an operating point at the time of HR.
- the point C corresponds to the point C in FIG. 1C and FIG. 1D, and the pre-voltage Vph ( ⁇ 1.0 V) is first applied as the high-resistance voltage pulse set 13, and then the HR voltage VH (+2.4 V) is applied.
- the operating point at the time of HR application to which is applied is shown.
- Point A shows the operating point at the time of LR application where the pre-voltage Vpl (+1.1 V) is first applied as the low-resistance voltage pulse set 14 and then the LR voltage VL ( ⁇ 2.4 V) is applied. Yes.
- the LR retention characteristic is good because the amount of decrease of the average LR current is relatively small, but the HR voltage VH (2.0 V). ) Is slightly lower, so the operation window becomes narrower.
- the operation window and the LR retention characteristic are in a trade-off relationship with respect to the HR voltage VH, and are uniquely combined with an appropriate combination of the HR voltage VH and the LR voltage VL (that is, two operating points). ) was found to be very difficult to find.
- the inventors of the present application have reduced the resistance of the resistance change element in the high resistance state when the resistance change element in the high resistance state is transitioned to the low resistance state.
- Retention by applying a weak high resistance voltage pulse set that goes through a weak high resistance (weak HR) state (ie, a new operating point) once before applying a voltage pulse to transition to a low resistance state A new method of writing a resistance variable nonvolatile memory element that can achieve both improvement in characteristics and expansion of the operation window was studied.
- the weak high resistance (weak HR) state is a resistance variable nonvolatile memory element that reversibly transits between two resistance states (first resistance state and second resistance state). An intermediate resistance state having a resistance value between the value and the resistance value in the second resistance state.
- one form of the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element write method is a resistance change type nonvolatile memory element write method, wherein the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element has a first voltage. Is applied, the first resistance state used for storing the first information changes to the second resistance state used for storing the second information, and the second voltage is different in polarity from the first voltage.
- the write method has a characteristic of changing from the second resistance state to the first resistance state, and the writing method includes changing the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element from the first resistance state to the first resistance state.
- the step for changing to the two-resistance state includes a weak write step and a normal write step following the weak write step.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory After the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element is brought into the second resistance state by applying a pulse of a third voltage having the same polarity as the first voltage and different absolute value to the child, the resistance variable nonvolatile memory By applying a pulse of a fourth voltage having the same polarity as the second voltage and a small absolute value to the memory element, the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is made to have the resistance value and the second resistance in the first resistance state. Transition to an intermediate resistance state having a resistance value between the resistance value in the state and applying the pulse of the first voltage to the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element at least once in the normal writing step. The variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is transited from the intermediate resistance state to the second resistance state, and an absolute value of the fourth voltage is smaller than an absolute value of the third voltage.
- the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element when changing the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element from the first resistance state to the second resistance state, the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is temporarily not used in the normal write step but temporarily in the weak write step. Is set to the intermediate resistance state, and then transitioned to the second resistance state in the normal write step. Therefore, the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element does not transit from the first resistance state to the second resistance state, but transits from the intermediate resistance state closer to the second resistance state to the second resistance state than the first resistance state. Therefore, the transition is made to the deeper second resistance state. As a result, the retention characteristic in the second resistance state is improved while maintaining the operation window.
- weak HR writing is performed once before LR writing.
- the LR performance can be improved relatively, and the retention characteristics are improved.
- writing can be performed with a sufficiently high HR voltage, the resistance value at HR increases, and the operation window can be expanded at the same time. As a result, the operation window can be enlarged and the retention characteristics can be compatible, and the reliability of the nonvolatile memory device is greatly improved.
- the absolute value of the third voltage may be smaller than the absolute value of the first voltage.
- a voltage (third voltage) whose absolute value is smaller than the voltage (first voltage) in the normal write step is used, so the weak write step is performed with a current consumption smaller than that in the normal write step. Is called.
- a pulse of a fifth voltage having the same polarity as the second voltage and having an absolute value smaller than the fourth voltage is applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element. Later, the pulse of the first voltage may be applied.
- the normal writing step further includes a determination step for determining whether writing to the second resistance state is completed after the normal writing step.
- the normal writing step and the determination step include the first step and the determination step. It may be repeated until it is determined that writing to the two-resistance state is completed.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device is provided between a first electrode, a second electrode, and the first electrode and the second electrode.
- a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element having a variable resistance layer provided, and a write circuit for writing information to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, wherein the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element has a first voltage
- the first resistance state used for storing the first information changes to the second resistance state used for storing the second information, and the second voltage having a polarity different from that of the first voltage is applied.
- the write circuit When a pulse is applied, the write circuit has a characteristic of changing from the second resistance state to the first resistance state, and the write circuit changes the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element from the first resistance state to the second resistance state.
- Weak write to change to resistance state And a normal write step subsequent to the weak write step, and in the weak write step, a third voltage having the same polarity as the first voltage but having a different absolute value with respect to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- a fourth voltage having the same polarity as the second voltage and having a small absolute value with respect to the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element after the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element is brought into the second resistance state by applying a pulse.
- the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element is applied by applying a pulse of the first voltage at least once to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element when the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is changed from the first resistance state to the second resistance state, the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is once set to the intermediate resistance state in the weak write step and then the normal write step. To transit to the second resistance state. Therefore, the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element does not transit from the first resistance state to the second resistance state, but transits from the intermediate resistance state closer to the second resistance state to the second resistance state than the first resistance state. Therefore, the transition is made to the deeper second resistance state. As a result, the retention characteristic in the second resistance state is improved while maintaining the operation window.
- the absolute value of the third voltage may be smaller than the absolute value of the first voltage.
- a voltage (third voltage) whose absolute value is smaller than the voltage (first voltage) in the normal write step is used, so the weak write step is performed with a current consumption smaller than that in the normal write step. Is called.
- a pulse of a fifth voltage having the same polarity as the second voltage and having an absolute value smaller than the fourth voltage is applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element. Later, the pulse of the first voltage may be applied.
- the read circuit for reading information of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, the write circuit, and the read circuit are controlled, and the write is performed by referring to the information read by the read circuit.
- a control circuit for determining whether or not writing to the second resistance state is completed after the normal writing step by the circuit, and the control circuit can determine that writing to the second resistance state is completed. Until the write circuit and the read circuit are controlled to repeat the write from the first resistance state to the second resistance state of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element by the write circuit and the determination. May be.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is connected in series with the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to form a memory cell together with a selection element that is in a conductive state or a nonconductive state, and the write circuit includes the memory cell
- the weak write step and the normal write step may be performed on the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in the.
- the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element constituting the memory cell is written to achieve both improvement in retention characteristics and expansion of the operation window.
- the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element may have a higher resistance value in the first resistance state than in the second resistance state.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element in the present embodiment may have the same configuration as the variable resistance element 100 shown in FIG. That is, the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element in this embodiment may have the following characteristics.
- the resistance change layer 100b is a layer that is interposed between the lower electrode 100a and the upper electrode 100c, and whose resistance value reversibly changes based on an electrical signal provided between the lower electrode 100a and the upper electrode 100c. .
- it is a layer that reversibly transitions between a high resistance state and a low resistance state in accordance with the polarity of the voltage applied between the lower electrode 100a and the upper electrode 100c.
- the resistance change layer 100b is configured by stacking at least two layers, a first resistance change layer 100b-1 connected to the lower electrode 100a and a second resistance change layer 100b-2 connected to the upper electrode 100c.
- the first resistance change layer 100b-1 is made of an oxygen-deficient first metal oxide
- the second resistance change layer 100b-2 has a lower oxygen deficiency than the first metal oxide. 2 metal oxides.
- a minute local region in which the degree of oxygen deficiency reversibly changes according to the application of the electric pulse is formed.
- the local region is considered to include a filament composed of oxygen defect sites.
- Oxygen deficiency refers to an oxide having a stoichiometric composition (the stoichiometric composition having the highest resistance value in the case where there are a plurality of stoichiometric compositions) in a metal oxide. Is the ratio of oxygen deficiency to the amount of oxygen constituting. A metal oxide having a stoichiometric composition is more stable and has a higher resistance value than a metal oxide having another composition.
- the oxide having the stoichiometric composition according to the above definition is Ta 2 O 5 , and can be expressed as TaO 2.5 .
- the oxygen excess metal oxide has a negative oxygen deficiency.
- the oxygen deficiency is described as including a positive value, 0, and a negative value.
- An oxide with a low degree of oxygen deficiency has a high resistance value because it is closer to a stoichiometric oxide, and an oxide with a high degree of oxygen deficiency has a low resistance value because it is closer to the metal constituting the oxide.
- Oxygen content is the ratio of oxygen atoms to the total number of atoms.
- the oxygen content of Ta 2 O 5 is the ratio of oxygen atoms to the total number of atoms (O / (Ta + O)), which is 71.4 atm%. Therefore, the oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide has an oxygen content greater than 0 and less than 71.4 atm%.
- the oxygen content has a corresponding relationship with the degree of oxygen deficiency. That is, when the oxygen content of the second metal oxide is greater than the oxygen content of the first metal oxide, the oxygen deficiency of the second metal oxide is greater than the oxygen deficiency of the first metal oxide. small.
- the metal constituting the resistance change layer 100b may be a metal other than tantalum.
- a transition metal or aluminum (Al) can be used as the metal constituting the resistance change layer 100b.
- As the metal, tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), or the like can be used. Since transition metals can take a plurality of oxidation states, different resistance states can be realized by oxidation-reduction reactions.
- the composition of the first metal oxide when used, when the composition of the first metal oxide is HfO x , x is 0.9 or more and 1.6 or less, and the composition of the second metal oxide is HfO y When y is larger than the value of x, the resistance value of the resistance change layer 100b can be stably changed at high speed.
- the thickness of the second metal oxide may be 3 to 4 nm.
- the composition of the first metal oxide is ZrO x
- x is 0.9 or more and 1.4 or less
- the composition of the second metal oxide is ZrO y
- the resistance value of the resistance change layer 100b can be stably changed at high speed.
- the thickness of the second metal oxide may be 1 to 5 nm.
- a different metal may be used for the first metal constituting the first metal oxide and the second metal constituting the second metal oxide.
- the second metal oxide may have a lower degree of oxygen deficiency than the first metal oxide, that is, may have a higher resistance.
- the standard electrode potential of the second metal may be lower than the standard electrode potential of the first metal.
- the standard electrode potential represents a characteristic that the higher the value is, the more difficult it is to oxidize. Thereby, an oxidation-reduction reaction easily occurs in the second metal oxide having a relatively low standard electrode potential.
- the resistance change phenomenon is caused by a change in the filament (conducting path) caused by an oxidation-reduction reaction in a minute local region formed in the second metal oxide having a high resistance. Degree) is considered to change.
- metal oxide Al 2 O 3
- Al 2 O 3 aluminum oxide
- oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide (TaO x ) may be used for the first metal oxide
- aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) may be used for the second metal oxide.
- the resistance change phenomenon in the resistance change layer 100b having the stacked structure is caused by a redox reaction in a minute local region formed in the second metal oxide having a high resistance, and a filament (conducting path) in the local region. ) Changes, the resistance value is considered to change.
- the upper electrode 100c connected to the second metal oxide having a smaller oxygen deficiency is a metal constituting the second metal oxide, such as platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), or the like.
- the standard electrode potential is higher than that of the material forming the lower electrode 100a.
- the lower electrode 100a connected to the first metal oxide having a higher degree of oxygen deficiency is, for example, tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al).
- Tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN), and the like may be made of a material having a lower standard electrode potential than the metal constituting the first metal oxide.
- the standard electrode potential represents a characteristic that the higher the value is, the more difficult it is to oxidize.
- the standard electrode potential V2 of the second electrode, the standard electrode potential Vr2 of the metal constituting the second metal oxide, the standard electrode potential Vr1 of the metal constituting the first metal oxide, the standard of the first electrode between the electrode potential V1, V r2 ⁇ V 2, and may satisfy V 1 ⁇ V 2 the relationship. Furthermore, V2> Vr2 and Vr1 ⁇ V1 may be satisfied.
- FIG. 3 shows the operation of a new LR verification write via weak HR (that is, a low resistance write accompanied by verification via a weak HR (high resistance) state) of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 the same components as those in FIG. 1B are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted.
- the difference from the LR write flow shown in FIG. 1B is that a weak HR (high resistance) voltage pulse set 19 is applied once before application of the LR voltage pulse set 14.
- weak HR weak resistance increase
- the absolute value of the weak HR voltage may be larger than the absolute value of the HR threshold voltage (voltage at which transition from the LR state to the HR state starts), and may be smaller than the absolute value of the normal HR voltage.
- the weak HR voltage pulse set 19 is a voltage pulse set for weak HR.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element starts from a first resistance state (for example, a high resistance state HR) used for storing first information.
- the second voltage changes to the second resistance state (for example, the low resistance state LR) used for storing the second information, while the second voltage (for example, HR) has a polarity different from that of the first voltage (for example, the LR voltage VL).
- the pulse of the voltage VH is applied, the second resistance state (for example, the low resistance state LR) is changed to the first resistance state (for example, the high resistance state HR).
- the LR voltage pulse 20 for weak HR is a weak write step and a normal write step, which are two steps for changing the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element from the first resistance state to the second resistance state.
- the voltage pulse for the first half process in the weak writing step (that is, the process of setting the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to the second resistance state).
- the voltage of the HR voltage pulse 20 for weak HR (LR voltage VLw for weak HR) is a voltage (third voltage) having the same polarity and different absolute value as the first voltage (here, LR voltage VL). is there.
- the absolute value of the third voltage here, the weak HR reduction LR voltage VLw
- the weak HR voltage pulse 21 is a second half process in the weak write step (that is, the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element has a resistance value between the resistance value in the first resistance state and the resistance value in the second resistance state). Voltage pulse for the transition to the intermediate resistance state.
- the voltage of the weak HR voltage pulse 21 (weak HR voltage VHw) is a voltage (fourth voltage) having the same polarity as the second voltage (for example, voltage VH) and a small absolute value.
- the absolute value of the fourth voltage here, the weak HR voltage VHw
- the fourth voltage (here, the weak HR voltage VHw) is a voltage that sets the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to the intermediate resistance state
- the third voltage (here, This is because the weak HR LR voltage VLw) is a voltage that sets the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to the second resistance state (one of the stable resistance states that is not the intermediate resistance state).
- FIG. 4A is a characteristic diagram showing the dependency of the average HR resistance value and the average LR resistance value on the HR voltage VH as in FIG. 1C, in the case where LR verification via weak HR shown in FIG. 3 of the present invention is performed.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram in which an average HR resistance value (black triangle mark) and an average LR resistance value (white triangle mark) are added, that is, a diagram for explaining the effect of an operation window.
- FIG. 4B is a characteristic diagram showing the HR voltage VH dependency of the decrease amount of the average LR current in the retention for 66 hours at 150 ° C. similar to FIG. 1D.
- FIG. 4B shows the LR verification via weak HR shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram in which an amount of decrease in average LR current (white circles) when writing is performed, that is, a diagram for explaining an effect of improving LR retention characteristics.
- the average HR resistance value (black triangle mark) and the average LR resistance value (white triangle mark) in the case of performing LR verification write via weak HR are the HR voltage VH described in FIG. 1C. Is the same value as the result of 2.4V (the average HR resistance value and the average LR resistance value at point C).
- the HR voltage VH is set as high as 2.4 V, the average HR resistance value can be increased by the effect, and as a result, the operation window can be expanded.
- the decrease amount of the average LR current (white circle mark) in the case of performing LR verification write via weak HR is a decrease in average LR current equivalent to HR conversion voltage VH of 1.8V. Even the amount (that is, the LR retention characteristic) is remarkably improved.
- the retention characteristic in the LR state can be drastically improved while maintaining the operation window when the HR voltage VH is 2.4V. it can. Therefore, it is possible to achieve both improvement in retention characteristics and expansion of the operation window.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the operating point of the rewrite voltage when the HR verification write shown in FIG. 1A and the weak HR via LR verification write shown in FIG. 3 are repeatedly performed alternately.
- the point D indicates that the weak HR voltage VLw (for example, ⁇ 1.7 V) is first applied as the weak HR voltage pulse set 19 to the HR state, and then the sufficiently low HR state.
- the operating point at the time of weak HR that is, weak HR state
- the weak HR voltage VHw (+1.6 V) sufficiently lower than the normal HR voltage VH (2.4 V) is applied is shown.
- the normal low resistance voltage pulse set 14 to the HR state lower than the normal HR state (that is, the weak HR state)
- the voltage balance is shifted in the LR direction
- Transition to the LR state (operation point A) where the retention characteristic can be improved.
- the operation point A is changed to the operation point C, that is, writing is performed with a sufficiently high HR voltage, thereby expanding the operation window, while at the time of LR conversion from the operation point C to the operation point.
- the write voltage balance becomes LR. Shifting in the direction, the LR capacity can be relatively improved. Therefore, the retention characteristic can be improved at the same time, and both the expansion of the operation window and the improvement of the LR retention characteristic can be achieved.
- FIG. 6 shows the dependency of retention characteristics on weak HR voltage VHw.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram in which the decrease amount of the average LR current in the case of performing the LR verification write via weak HR described with reference to FIG. 3 is plotted on the vertical axis and the weak HR voltage VHw is plotted on the horizontal axis, that is, the average LR It is a characteristic view which shows the dependence of the decreasing amount of an electric current on the weak HR voltage VHw.
- the weak HR voltage VHw is lowered to 1.4 V, that is, when the weak HR voltage VHw is set to the LR state via the weaker HR state, the weak HR voltage VHw is 1.
- the LR retention characteristic is further improved compared with 6V.
- the weak HR voltage VHw is increased to 1.8 V, the effect of LR verification write via weak HR is reduced, and the retention characteristics in the LR state shift in a worsening direction.
- the weak HR voltage VHw voltage pulse voltage for causing the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to transition to the intermediate resistance state when the resistance is lowered
- the voltage that can transition from the LR state to the HR state In order to form an HR state that is as weak as possible within a range (that is, higher than a threshold voltage that causes the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element in the LR state to transition to the HR state), the normal HR voltage VH The voltage may be sufficiently lower than that.
- the transition from the HR state to the LR state occurs when the applied pulse voltage VP is ⁇ 1.6 V. Further, when the applied pulse voltage VP is further decreased, it tends to be saturated (about 8 k ⁇ ) at ⁇ 1.8V. This is because, since the NMOS transistor 104 operates as a source follower, only the voltage (1.8 V) lower than the gate voltage VG (2.4 V) by the threshold voltage (about 0.6 V) of the NMOS transistor 104 is the lower electrode terminal. This is because the absolute value of the inter-terminal voltage applied to the resistance change element 100 is saturated at 1.8V.
- the resistance value of the memory cell gradually increases from the time when the voltage exceeds 1.2 V and starts to increase in resistance, and is weak when the VP is about 1.4 V to 1.6 V.
- the applied pulse voltage VP is further increased to 2.4 V, it reaches about 670 k ⁇ .
- the weak HR voltage pulse set 19 of the present invention shown in FIG. The condition may be satisfied.
- the absolute value of the LR voltage VLw (an example of the third voltage) for weak HR needs to be equal to or higher than a threshold voltage (here, 1.6 V) that can change the resistance from the HR state to the LR state.
- the weak HR voltage VHw (an example of the fourth voltage) has a threshold value for making a transition from the LR state to the HR state in a voltage range that can transition from the LR state to the HR state in order to form the weak HR state.
- the voltage may be sufficiently lower than the normal HR voltage VH (for example, about 1.4 V to 1.6 V).
- the pulse VR characteristics when the voltage applied to the resistance change nonvolatile memory element in the LR state is gradually increased, the resistance change nonvolatile memory element when the applied voltage exceeds the voltage Vth.
- the weak HR voltage VHw (an example of the fourth voltage) may be larger than the voltage Vth and smaller than the voltage VH (an example of the second voltage). Further, the weak HR voltage VHw (an example of the fourth voltage) may be a voltage sufficiently lower (close to the voltage Vth) than the voltage VH (an example of the second voltage).
- the weak HR voltage VHw (an example of the fourth voltage) is smaller than the absolute value of the LR voltage VLw for weak HR (an example of the third voltage).
- the weak HR voltage VHw (an example of the fourth voltage) is a voltage that sets the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to an intermediate resistance state
- the weak HR voltage VLw (third voltage) Since an example of the voltage is a voltage that sets the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to a low resistance state (one of stable resistance states that are not intermediate resistance states), such a relationship (weak HR voltage VHw) (An example of the fourth voltage) is a weak HR reduction LR voltage VLw (an absolute value of the third voltage).
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element writing method uses the first information stored when the pulse of the first voltage (here, the LR voltage VL) is applied.
- the state changes from the one resistance state (here, HR state) to the second resistance state (here, LR state) used for storing the second information, while the first voltage (here, LR voltage VL) Changes from a second resistance state (here, LR state) to a first resistance state (here, HR state) when a pulse of a second voltage (here, HR voltage VH) having a different polarity is applied.
- a weak programming step comprises a
- Normal writing step here, LR of
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is placed in the second resistance state (here, the LR state) by the weak HR voltage LR voltage pulse 20.
- the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is made to have a resistance value in the first resistance state (here, HR state) and a resistance value in the second resistance state (here, LR state) by the weak HR voltage pulse 21. Transition to an intermediate resistance state (here, weak HR state) having a resistance value between.
- the pre-voltage pulse 17 is applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element (here, the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element in the weak HR state).
- the LR voltage pulse 18 is applied to make a transition to the second resistance state (here, the LR state).
- the determination step it is determined whether or not writing to the second resistance state (here, LR state) is completed.
- the normal writing step and the determination step are repeated until it is determined in the determination step that the writing to the second resistance state (here, the LR state) is completed.
- the first voltage here, the LR voltage VL
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is brought into the second resistance state (here, the LR state), and then the second voltage
- a pulse of a fourth voltage here, weak HR voltage VHw
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is in an intermediate resistance state (here Then, the transition is made to a weak HR state.
- the absolute value of the fourth voltage (here, the weak HR voltage VHw) is larger than the threshold voltage (here, the HR threshold voltage), and the third voltage (here, the weak HR LR). May be smaller than the absolute value of the voltage (VLw).
- the pulse of the first voltage (here, the LR voltage VL) is applied at least once to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element has the same polarity as the second voltage and is higher than the fourth voltage.
- a pulse of a fifth voltage (here, pre-voltage Vpl) having a small absolute value
- a pulse of the first voltage (here, LR voltage VL) is applied.
- Such a writing method makes it possible to achieve both expansion of the operation window and improvement of the LR retention characteristics.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 includes (1) a first electrode, a second electrode, and a variable resistance layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode as main components.
- a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element here, variable resistance elements R11, R12, R13, R14, etc.
- a writing circuit that writes information to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element (here, write Circuit 206)
- a read circuit in this case, sense amplifier 204) that reads out information from the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element
- a control circuit (in this case, the control circuit) that determines whether or not writing to the second resistance state is completed after the normal writing step by the writing circuit by referring to the written information It includes a 10), a.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is connected to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element in series, and a memory cell together with a selection element (here, NMOS transistors N11, N21, N31%) That is turned on or off. (Here, the memory cells M11, M12,%) Are configured.
- the write circuit (here, the write circuit 206) follows the weak write step and the weak write step as described above in order to change the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element from the first resistance state to the second resistance state.
- the readout circuit (here, the sense amplifier 204) is a circuit that reads out information from the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the control circuit controls the writing circuit and the reading circuit and refers to the information read by the reading circuit, so that the normal resistance step is performed after the normal writing step by the writing circuit. This is a circuit for determining whether or not the writing is completed.
- the control circuit repeats the writing from the first resistance state to the second resistance state of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element by the writing circuit and the determination until it can be determined that the writing to the second resistance state is completed.
- the writing circuit and the reading circuit are controlled.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 details of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 will be described.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 includes a memory main body 201 on a semiconductor substrate, and the memory main body 201 includes the 1T1R shown in FIG.
- Memory cell array 202 composed of type memory cells, a row selection circuit 208, a row driver 207 composed of a word line driver WLD and a source line driver SLD, a column selection circuit 203, and a writing circuit for writing data 206, by detecting the amount of current flowing through the selected bit line, the high resistance state is determined to be data “0”, and the low resistance state is determined to be data “1”.
- a data input / output circuit 205 that performs output data input / output processing and a write power supply 211 are provided.
- an address input circuit 209 that receives an address signal input from the outside, and a control circuit 210 that controls the operation of the memory body 201 based on a control signal input from the outside are provided.
- the memory cell array 202 includes a plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2, WL3,... And a plurality of bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,.
- a plurality of NMOS transistors N11, N12, N13 provided corresponding to the intersections of these word lines WL0, WL1, WL2, WL3,... And bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,. , N14, ..., N21, N22, N23, N24, ..., N31, N32, N33, N34, ... (hereinafter referred to as "transistors N11, N12, ") and a transistor N11 , N12,...
- resistance change elements R11, R12, R13, R14,..., R21, R22, R23 connected in series in a one-to-one relationship.
- R24,..., R31, R32, R33, R34,... (Hereinafter referred to as “resistance change elements R11, R12,...”)
- memory cells M11, M12, M13 correspond to individual memory cells M11, M12, M13.
- M14, ..., M21, M22, M23, M24, ... M31, M32, M33, M34, ... (hereinafter referred to as "memory cells M11, M12, "). )
- the gates of the transistors N11, N21, N31,... are connected to the word line WL0, and the gates of the transistors N12, N22, N32,.
- the gates of N23, N33,... are connected to the word line WL2, and the gates of the transistors N14, N24, N34,.
- the transistors N11, N21, N31,... And the transistors N12, N22, N32,... are connected in common to the source line SL0, and the transistors N13, N23, N33,.
- the source lines SL0, SL2,... are parallel to the word lines WL0, WL1, WL2, WL3,... And intersect the bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,. In the form of (3), they are arranged so as to intersect vertically.
- the source line is arranged parallel to the word line, but may be arranged parallel to the bit line.
- the source line is configured to apply a common potential to the transistors connected as plate lines.
- the source line includes a source line selection circuit / driver having a configuration similar to that of the row selection circuit / driver.
- the non-selected source line may be driven with a different voltage (including polarity).
- the resistance change elements R11, R12, R13, R14,... are connected to the bit line BL0, while the resistance change elements R21, R22, R23, R24,.
- the resistance change elements R31, R32, R33, R34,... are connected to the bit line BL2.
- the resistance change elements R11, R21, R31,... Do not pass through the NMOS transistors N11, N21, N31. It is configured to be directly connected to BL2,.
- control circuit 210 In the data write cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a write signal instructing application of a write voltage to the write circuit 206 in accordance with the input data Din input to the data input / output circuit 205. On the other hand, in the data read cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a read signal instructing a read operation to the sense amplifier 204.
- the row selection circuit 208 has a function of selecting one of a plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2, WL3,... In order to specify a memory cell to be written and read.
- a row address signal output from the input circuit 209 is received, and a word corresponding to one of a plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2, WL3,...
- a predetermined voltage is applied from the line driver circuit WLD to the selected word line.
- the row selection circuit 208 has a function of selecting one of a plurality of source lines SL0, SL2,... In order to specify a memory cell to be written and read.
- a row address signal output from the input circuit 209 is received, and a source line driver circuit SLD corresponding to one of the plurality of source lines SL0, SL2,... Thus, a predetermined voltage is applied to the selected source line.
- the column selection circuit 203 is a circuit that selects any one of a plurality of bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,... To specify a memory cell to be written and read.
- the write circuit 206 When the write circuit 206 receives the write signal output from the control circuit 210, the write circuit 206 applies a write voltage to the bit line selected by the column selection circuit 203.
- the write power supply 211 supplies the word line voltage Vw and the source line voltage Vs to the row driver 207, and supplies the bit line voltage Vb to the write circuit 206.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a detailed configuration of the sense amplifier 204 in FIG.
- the sense amplifier 204 includes a current mirror circuit 218 having a mirror ratio of 1: 1, clamp transistors 219 and 220 having the same size, a reference circuit 221, and a differential amplifier 224.
- the reference circuit 221 includes a read reference current generation circuit 702, an LR conversion reference current generation circuit 703, and an HR conversion reference current generation circuit 705.
- one end of the branch in which the selection transistor 222 and the read reference resistor Rref are connected in series is connected to the ground potential, and the other terminal is connected to the source terminal of the clamp transistor 219.
- a read enable signal C1 is input to the gate terminal of the selection transistor 222, and the selection transistor 222 is switched between a conductive state and a nonconductive state by the read enable signal C1.
- the selection transistor 223 and the LR verification reference resistor RL (RL ⁇ Rref) are connected in series is connected to the ground potential, and the other terminal is connected A source terminal of the clamp transistor 219 is connected.
- the LR verification enable signal C2 is input to the gate terminal of the selection transistor 223, and the selection transistor 223 is switched between a conductive state and a nonconductive state by the LR verification enable signal C2.
- the HR reference current generation circuit 705 one end of the branch in which the selection transistor 227 and the HR verification reference resistor RH (RH> Rref) are connected in series is connected to the ground potential, and the other terminal is connected A source terminal of the clamp transistor 219 is connected. Further, the HR verification enable signal C3 is input to the gate terminal of the selection transistor 227, and the selection transistor 227 is switched between a conductive state and a nonconductive state by the HR verification enable signal C3.
- the clamp transistors VC219 (VCLP ⁇ VDD) are input to the gate terminals of the clamp transistors 219 and 220, and the source terminal of the clamp transistor 220 is connected to the memory cell via the column selection circuit 203 and the bit line.
- the drain terminals of transistors 219 and 220 are connected to the drain terminals of transistors 225 and 226 forming current mirror circuit 218, respectively.
- the drain terminal potential of the clamp transistor 220 is compared with the reference voltage VREF (1.1V as an example) by the differential amplifier 224, and it is detected and determined whether it is higher or lower than the reference voltage VREF, and the determination result is used as the sense amplifier output SAO. This is transmitted to the data input / output circuit 205.
- VREF 1.1V as an example
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the determination level of the sense amplifier 204.
- the sense amplifier 204 has a read reference resistance Rref between the resistance value of the memory cell in the HR state and the resistance value of the memory cell in the LR state, and a smaller LR verification verify voltage.
- the LR verification reference resistor RL is used to determine whether or not the LR writing of the variable resistance element has been completed.
- the HR verification reference resistor RH has completed the HR writing of the variable resistance element.
- the read reference resistance Rref is used to determine whether the variable resistance element is in a high resistance state or a low resistance state.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 configured as described above, first, operations of main circuit blocks will be described, and then a read operation and a write operation of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 will be described.
- the sense amplifier 204 applies the weak HR voltage pulse set 19 to the resistance change element, and then applies the LR voltage pulse set 14 to the resistance change element.
- the memory cell is connected to the target memory cell via the selection circuit 203 and the bit line.
- the memory cell is configured not to be applied with a voltage greater than the voltage (VCLP ⁇ Vth) which is lower than the clamp voltage VCLP by the threshold voltage (Vth) of the clamp transistors 219 and 220.
- the selection transistor 223 is activated and becomes conductive by the LR verification enable signal C2, and the LR reference resistance RL is selected.
- the other selection transistors 222 and 227 are deactivated by the read enable signal C1 and the HR verification enable signal C3, respectively, and are made non-conductive, and the reference current Iref ( ⁇ (VCLP ⁇ Vth) / RL) flows.
- the magnitude relationship between the load current IL and the memory cell current Ic is compared by the clamp transistor 220. Depending on the comparison result, whether the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 is higher or lower than the reference voltage VREF (1.1 V as an example) is detected by the differential amplifier 224. The detection result is output as output SAO.
- load current IL> memory cell current Ic the drain terminal voltage of clamp transistor 220 becomes higher than reference voltage VREF after a predetermined time, and sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level. That is, when the memory cell (selected memory cell) selected by the row selection circuit 208 and the column selection circuit 203 is in a resistance state higher than the LR conversion reference resistance RL, the sense amplifier 204 outputs “0”. That is, it is determined as a failure.
- the sense amplifier 204 determines “1” as an output, that is, a pass, and the LR writing of the target memory cell is completed.
- the sense amplifier 204 is connected to the target memory cell via the column selection circuit 203 and the bit line after the write circuit 206 applies the HR voltage pulse set 13 to the variable resistance element.
- the memory cell is configured such that a voltage higher than the voltage (VCLP ⁇ Vth) which is lower than the clamp voltage VCLP by the threshold voltage (Vth) of the clamp transistors 219 and 220 is not applied. .
- the selection transistor 227 is activated by the HR verification enable signal C3 and becomes conductive, the HR reference resistor RH is selected, and the other selection transistors 222 and 223 are read enable signals.
- C1 and LR verification enable signal C2 are inactivated and rendered non-conductive, and reference current Iref ( ⁇ (VCLP ⁇ Vth) / RH) flows.
- the magnitude relationship between the load current IL and the memory cell current Ic is determined by the clamp transistor 220. To be compared.
- load current IL (VCLP ⁇ Vth) / RHt) flows.
- load current IL (VCLP ⁇ Vth) / RHt) flows.
- load current IL (VCLP ⁇ Vth) / RHt) flows.
- load current IL (VCLP ⁇ Vth) / RHt) flows.
- load current IL ⁇ memory cell current Ic
- the drain terminal voltage of clamp transistor 220 becomes lower than reference voltage VREF after a predetermined time, and sense amplifier output SAO outputs H level.
- the sense amplifier 204 determines “1” as an output, that is, a failure.
- the sense amplifier 204 outputs “0”, that is, determines that the path is a pass, and the HR writing of the target memory cell is completed.
- the reference circuit 221 activates the selection transistor 222 by the read enable signal C1 to be in a conductive state, and selects the read reference resistor Rref.
- the magnitude relationship between the load current IL and the memory cell current Ic is compared by the clamp transistor 220. Depending on the comparison result, it is detected whether the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 is higher or lower than the reference voltage VREF, and the differential amplifier 224 outputs a sense amplifier output SAO.
- the load current IL > the memory cell current Ic
- the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 becomes higher than the reference voltage VREF
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level. That is, when the selected memory cell is in a high resistance state (Rhr) higher than the read reference resistance Rref, the sense amplifier 204 determines “0” data.
- the load current IL the memory cell current Ic
- the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 becomes lower than the reference voltage VREF
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs the H level. That is, when the selected memory cell is in a low resistance state (Rlr) lower than the read reference resistance Rref, the sense amplifier 204 determines that the data is “1”.
- the word line voltage Vw is applied from the word line driver circuit WLD to the word line
- the source line voltage Vs is applied from the source line driver circuit SLD to the source line
- the bit line voltage Vb is written.
- the voltage is applied to the bit line via the circuit 206 and the column selection circuit 203.
- the bit line BL voltage in the application of the weak HR voltage pulse 20 (negative pulse) has an amplitude Vb (here, 1.7 V).
- the bit line BL voltage in the subsequent application of the weak HR voltage pulse 21 (positive pulse) represents a voltage pulse with an amplitude Vb (here, 1.6 V).
- bit line BL voltage represents a voltage pulse having an amplitude Vb in the application of the LR voltage pulse set 14 for LR writing and also in the application of the positive pulse and the negative pulse in the application of the HR voltage pulse set 13.
- the amplitude of the weak HR voltage pulse 21 may be larger than the HR threshold voltage
- the positive pulse voltage of the LR voltage pulse set 14 may be smaller than the HR threshold voltage
- the amplitude of the weak HR LR voltage pulse 20 may be smaller than the amplitude of a normal LR pulse in order to reduce current consumption.
- the reading voltage Vread is a reading voltage clamped by the sense amplifier 204, and reading disturbance does not occur (that is, the resistance state of the resistance change element is changed). This corresponds to the voltage value adjusted so as not to change (here, 0.4 V).
- VDD corresponds to the power supply voltage supplied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 configured as described above
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIGS. 12A to 12D and FIG. This will be described with reference to the block diagram 200.
- FIG. 12A to 12D are examples of timing charts showing an operation example of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the voltage As the voltage, the value of the application example shown in FIG. 11 is used.
- data is written to and read from one memory cell (for example, memory cell M11).
- FIG. 12A shows a timing chart of application of a weak HR voltage pulse set in LR writing to the memory cell M11.
- the weak HR voltage pulse set that is, the weak write step
- the weak HR voltage LR voltage pulse 20 and the weak HR voltage pulse 21 are applied to the memory cell M11.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V, respectively.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage Vs (here, 1.7 V) and a voltage Vb (here, 1.7 V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to the voltage Vw (here, 2.4V).
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 8 is still in the off state.
- the drain terminal and the source terminal of the NMOS transistor N11 in FIG. 8 are at the same potential, and no current flows regardless of whether the transistor is on or off.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V for a time tlw (here, 50 ns), and then a pulse waveform having a voltage Vb (here, 1.7 V) is applied again.
- the negative voltage pulse of the LR voltage VLw for weak HR (here, -1.7 V) is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. 8, and the resistance value of the memory cell M11 is decreased from a high resistance value to a low resistance value. Transition to resistance value.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the application of the LR voltage pulse for weak HR is completed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are each set to a voltage of 0V.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to the voltage Vw (in this case, 2.4V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 8 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage Vb (here, 1.6V) for the time thw, and then a pulse waveform having the voltage of 0V is applied again.
- Vb the voltage
- VHw a weak HR voltage
- Writing is performed so that (in the intermediate resistance state) is achieved.
- it is not necessarily limited to this method.
- FIG. 12B shows a timing chart of application of the LR voltage pulse set in the LR write after applying the weak HR voltage pulse set to the memory cell M11 (that is, the normal write step for LR conversion).
- a positive pre-voltage pulse 17 and an LR voltage pulse 18 are applied to the memory cell M11.
- the application cycle of the positive pre-voltage pulse 17 differs from the weak HR voltage pulse application cycle only in the voltage Vb applied to the bit line, and operates in the same circuit. Even if a voltage pulse of positive pre-voltage Vpl (here, +1.1 V) is applied to the eight memory cells M11, as is inferred from the pulse VR characteristics of FIG. It does not change and remains in the weak HR state of the previous state.
- Vpl positive pre-voltage
- the subsequent LR voltage pulse 18 application cycle is the same as the weak HR voltage pulse application cycle except that the voltage Vb applied to the bit line and the voltage Vs applied to the source line are different. Therefore, although detailed description is omitted here, the memory cell M11 in FIG. 8 has an LR voltage VL (in this example, ⁇ 2.4 V) with respect to the weak HR state (that is, the intermediate resistance state).
- VL in this example, ⁇ 2.4 V
- the voltage balance can be shifted in the LR direction in terms of retention characteristics, and the resistance value of the memory cell M11 is deep and low (an LR state in which the retention characteristics can be improved). Transition to.
- FIG. 12C shows a timing chart of application of the HR voltage pulse set to the memory cell M11.
- the negative pre voltage pulse 15 and the HR voltage pulse 16 are applied to the memory cell M11.
- the negative voltage pre-voltage pulse 15 application cycle is the same as the weak HR reduction LR voltage pulse application cycle shown in FIG. 12A except that the voltage Vb applied to the bit line and the voltage Vs applied to the source line are different. Although detailed description is omitted here for the circuit operation, even if a voltage pulse of a negative pre-voltage Vph (here, -1.0 V) is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. As is inferred from the pulse VR characteristics, the resistance value hardly changes and the LR state of the previous state remains unchanged.
- Vph negative pre-voltage
- the subsequent application cycle of HR voltage pulse 16 is the same as the weak HR voltage pulse application cycle except that the voltage Vb applied to the bit line is the same. Therefore, detailed description is omitted here. 8 is applied with a positive voltage pulse of the HR voltage VH (here, +2.4 V) with respect to the LR state, the resistance value of the memory cell M11 has a predetermined high resistance. Transition to value.
- FIG. 12D shows a timing chart of a data read cycle for the memory cell M11.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected bit line BL0 is precharged to the read voltage Vread.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (VDD> Vread), the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on, and the selected bit line BL0 is discharged. By detecting the value of the current flowing through the selected memory cell M11, the stored data is determined as data “0” or data “1”. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the data read operation is completed.
- the sense amplifier 204 uses the read reference resistor Rref, the LR verification reference resistor RL is used during the LR verification read, and the HR verification reference resistor RH is used during the HR verification read. Except for the point used, the reading method shown in FIG. 12D is the same for the LR verification read and the HR verification read.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 Next, an example of a write operation in the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to this embodiment will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 selects a memory cell (for example, M11) at an initial address in an address space in which data is written as shown in FIG. 8 (S1). ).
- HR write processing for applying the HR voltage pulse set 13 is executed (S3), while for “1” data (LR conversion) write ( No in S2), the weak HR write processing for applying the weak HR voltage pulse set 19 (weak write step S60) is first executed, and then the LR write processing for applying the LR voltage pulse set 14 is executed (normally) Write step S6).
- the selected memory cell is connected to the sense amplifier 204 and subjected to HR or LR verification read processing (determination step S4 or S7), and in the case of HR writing, the resistance value of the memory cell is set for HR verification.
- HR writing on the other hand, the resistance value of the memory cell becomes lower than the LR verification reference resistance RL, and the verification determination result is passed until the verification resistance becomes higher than the reference resistance RH.
- the HR writing process (S3) or the LR writing process (S6) is repeated (NO in S5 or S8).
- the upper limit of the number of additional writings is set (here, five times) because the writing operation can be continued without limit.
- the process proceeds to the writing process of the next address (S10). (Yes in S9), the process ends (S11).
- HR writing the resistance state is higher than that of the HR verification reference resistor RH
- LR writing the resistance state is lower than that of the LR verification reference resistor RL, and a predetermined operation window is secured. Writing becomes possible.
- Step S4 and Step S7 correspond to the timing chart of FIG. 12D
- Step S3 corresponds to the timing chart of FIG. 12C
- Step S60 corresponds to the timing chart of FIG. 12A
- Step S6 This corresponds to the timing chart of 12B.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element writing method and variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the present invention have been described based on the embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments.
- the HR voltage pulse set 13 and the LR voltage pulse set 14 are composed of two pulses.
- the HR voltage pulse 16 Alternatively, a one-pulse configuration with only the LR voltage pulse 18 may be used.
- 1T1R type memory cell in which one resistance change element is connected to an NMOS transistor which is a switch element. It is not limited to 1T1R type memory cells.
- the present invention may be applied to a 1D1R type memory cell using a bidirectional diode as a switch element.
- variable resistance element or the type of material changes, the preferred range of weak HR voltage VHw may change, but the optimum voltage condition may be re-searched as appropriate.
- weak HR writing is performed at the time of LR writing, but on the contrary, weak LR writing may be inserted at the time of HR writing as necessary. That is, the writing method according to the present invention (the weak writing step and the subsequent normal writing step) is not limited to the LR conversion, but may be applied to the HR conversion. In that case, the polarity of the voltage applied in each step may be reversed.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element realized by making various modifications conceived by those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the present invention or by arbitrarily combining the components in the embodiment, It is included in the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a resistance change nonvolatile memory element writing method and a resistance change nonvolatile memory device, in particular, a resistance change element whose resistance value reversibly changes based on an electrical signal, and a switch element such as a transistor,
- a resistance change element whose resistance value reversibly changes based on an electrical signal
- a switch element such as a transistor
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Abstract
Description
本願発明者らは、上記開示内容を踏まえ、抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置の1つとして、遷移金属の一つであるタンタル(Ta)を用い、その酸素不足型の酸化物(酸化タンタル)の抵抗変化層とスイッチ素子とでメモリセルを構成した抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置を検討している。
次に、本発明に係る抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法および抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置の実施の形態について図面を用いて詳細に説明する。なお、以下で説明する実施の形態は、いずれも本発明の好ましい一具体例を示すものである。以下の実施の形態で示される数値、形状、材料、構成要素、構成要素の配置位置及び接続形態、ステップ、ステップの順序などは、一例であり、本発明を限定する主旨ではない。本発明は、請求の範囲だけによって限定される。よって、以下の実施の形態における構成要素のうち、本発明の最上位概念を示す独立請求項に記載されていない構成要素については、本発明の課題を達成するのに必ずしも必要ではないが、より好ましい形態を構成するものとして説明される。
次に、リテンション特性の弱HR化電圧VHwへの依存性を図6に示す。
次に、図16に示すメモリセルのパルスVR特性(パルス電圧の印加による抵抗値の変化を示す電圧・抵抗特性)を図7に例示する。図7は、横軸に上部電極端子102と下部端子101間に印加されるパルス(パルス幅50ns、ゲート端子103にゲート電圧VG=2.4Vを印加)の電圧VPを示し、縦軸にパルスを印加した後の上部電極端子102と下部端子101間のメモリセルの抵抗値(測定電圧は0.4V、ゲート端子103にゲート電圧VG=1.8Vを印加)を示している。図中のスタートの位置(HR状態)から、負電圧方向に電圧レベルを徐々に低下させて行くと、印加パルス電圧VPが-1.6Vの時に、HR状態からLR状態(10kΩ程度)に遷移し、さらに印加パルス電圧VPを低下させて行くと、-1.8Vで飽和(8kΩ程度)傾向となる。これは、NMOSトランジスタ104がソースフォロワで動作するため、ゲート電圧VG(2.4V)からNMOSトランジスタ104のしきい値電圧(約0.6V)分低下した電圧(1.8V)しか下部電極端子105に供給できなくなり、抵抗変化素子100に印加される端子間電圧の絶対値が1.8Vで飽和するためである。引き続き、印加パルス電圧VPを増加させて行くと、1.2Vを超えたときから徐々にメモリセルの抵抗値が上昇し、高抵抗化し始め、VPが1.4Vから1.6V程度では、弱い(低い)HR状態(破線丸E:約28kΩ~約51kΩ)に遷移し、さらに印加パルス電圧VPを2.4Vまで増加させると、約670kΩに達する。その後、引き続き、印加パルス電圧VPを低下させて行くと、ほぼ測定開始時のHR状態に復帰する。
本願発明者らは、上述した基礎データから得られた知見に基づき、動作ウィンドウの拡大とリテンション特性の向上の両立を可能とする書き込み(つまり、弱HR化経由LR化書き込み)を実施する不揮発性記憶装置を考案した。以下、本発明の実施の形態として、図16に示された抵抗変化素子を用いた1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置について説明する。
以上のように構成された抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置200について、まず、主要な回路ブロックの動作を説明し、その後、抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置200の読み出し動作および書き込み動作を説明する。
3 導体膜
4 絶縁体膜
5 可変抵抗素子
13 高抵抗(HR)化電圧パルスセット
14 低抵抗(LR)化電圧パルスセット
15 負電圧のプレ電圧パルス
16 高抵抗(HR)化電圧パルス
17 正電圧のプレ電圧パルス
18 低抵抗(LR)化電圧パルス
19 弱高抵抗(HR)化電圧パルスセット
20 弱HR化用LR化電圧パルス
21 弱HR化電圧パルス
100 抵抗変化素子
100a 下部電極
100b 抵抗変化層
100b-1 第1の抵抗変化層
100b-2 第2の抵抗変化層
100c 上部電極
101 下部端子
102 上部電極端子
103 ゲート端子
104 NMOSトランジスタ
105 下部電極端子
200 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置
201 メモリ本体部
202 メモリセルアレイ
203 列選択回路
204 センスアンプ
205 データ入出力回路
206 書き込み回路
207 行ドライバ
208 行選択回路
209 アドレス入力回路
210 制御回路
211 書き込み用電源
218 カレントミラー回路
219、220 クランプトランジスタ
221 基準回路
222、223、227 選択トランジスタ
224 差動アンプ
225、226 トランジスタ
702 読み出し用基準電流生成回路
703 LR化用基準電流生成回路
705 HR化用基準電流生成回路
Claims (10)
- 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法であって、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、第1電圧のパルスが印加されると、第1情報の記憶に用いられる第1抵抗状態から第2情報の記憶に用いられる第2抵抗状態へと変化し、前記第1電圧とは極性が異なる第2電圧のパルスが印加されると、前記第2抵抗状態から前記第1抵抗状態へと変化する特性を有し、
前記書き込み方法は、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記第1抵抗状態から前記第2抵抗状態に変化せしめるためのステップとして、弱書き込みステップと、前記弱書き込みステップに続く通常書き込みステップとを含み、
前記弱書き込みステップでは、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記第1電圧と同極性で絶対値が異なる第3電圧のパルスを印加することによって前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記第2抵抗状態にした後に、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記第2電圧と同極性で絶対値が小さい第4電圧のパルスを印加することによって前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を、前記第1抵抗状態における抵抗値と前記第2抵抗状態における抵抗値との間の抵抗値をもつ中間抵抗状態に遷移させ、
前記通常書き込みステップでは、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記第1電圧のパルスを少なくとも1回印加することによって前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記中間抵抗状態から前記第2抵抗状態に遷移させ、
前記第4電圧の絶対値は、前記第3電圧の絶対値よりも小さい
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法。 - 前記第3電圧の絶対値は、前記第1電圧の絶対値より小さい
請求項1記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法。 - 前記通常書き込みステップでは、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して、前記第2電圧と極性が同じで、かつ、前記第4電圧よりも絶対値が小さい第5電圧のパルスを印加した後に、前記第1電圧のパルスを印加する
請求項1または2に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法。 - さらに、前記通常書き込みステップの後に、前記第2抵抗状態への書き込みが完了したか否かを判定する判定ステップを含み、
前記通常書き込みステップと前記判定ステップとは、前記判定ステップで前記第2抵抗状態への書き込みが完了したと判定されるまで、繰り返される
請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の書き込み方法。 - 第1電極と、第2電極と、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間に配設された抵抗変化層とを有する抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子と、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に情報を書き込む書き込み回路と、を備え、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、第1電圧のパルスが印加されると、第1情報の記憶に用いられる第1抵抗状態から第2情報の記憶に用いられる第2抵抗状態へと変化し、前記第1電圧とは極性が異なる第2電圧のパルスが印加されると、前記第2抵抗状態から前記第1抵抗状態へと変化する特性を有し、
前記書き込み回路は、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記第1抵抗状態から前記第2抵抗状態に変化せしめるために、弱書き込みステップと、前記弱書き込みステップに続く通常書き込みステップとを実行し、
前記弱書き込みステップでは、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記第1電圧と同極性で絶対値が異なる第3電圧のパルスを印加することによって前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記第2抵抗状態にした後に、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記第2電圧と同極性で絶対値が小さい第4電圧のパルスを印加することによって前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を、前記第1抵抗状態における抵抗値と前記第2抵抗状態における抵抗値との間の抵抗値をもつ中間抵抗状態に遷移させ、
前記通常書き込みステップでは、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記第1電圧のパルスを少なくとも1回印加することによって前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記中間抵抗状態から前記第2抵抗状態に遷移させ、
前記第4電圧の絶対値は、前記第3電圧の絶対値よりも小さい
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記第3電圧の絶対値は、前記第1電圧の絶対値より小さい
請求項5記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記書き込み回路は、前記通常書き込みステップでは、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して、前記第2電圧と極性が同じで、かつ、前記第4電圧よりも絶対値が小さい第5電圧のパルスを印加した後に、前記第1電圧のパルスを印加する
請求項5または6に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - さらに、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の情報を読み出す読み出し回路と、
前記書き込み回路と前記読み出し回路とを制御するとともに、前記読み出し回路によって読み出された情報を参照することで、前記書き込み回路による前記通常書き込みステップの後に前記第2抵抗状態への書き込みが完了したか否かを判定する制御回路とを備え、
前記制御回路は、前記第2抵抗状態への書き込みが完了したと判定できるまで、前記書き込み回路による前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の前記第1抵抗状態から前記第2抵抗状態への書き込みと、前記判定とを繰り返すように、前記書き込み回路と前記読み出し回路とを制御する
請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、当該抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子と直列接続され、導通状態または非導通状態になる選択素子とともにメモリセルを構成し、
前記書き込み回路は、前記メモリセルに含まれる前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して、前記弱書き込みステップおよび前記通常書き込みステップを実行する
請求項5~8のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、前記第1抵抗状態では、前記第2抵抗状態よりも高い抵抗値をもつ
請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。
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