WO2012133844A1 - 負極活物質、この負極活物質の製造方法、及びこの負極活物質を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
負極活物質、この負極活物質の製造方法、及びこの負極活物質を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012133844A1 WO2012133844A1 PCT/JP2012/058717 JP2012058717W WO2012133844A1 WO 2012133844 A1 WO2012133844 A1 WO 2012133844A1 JP 2012058717 W JP2012058717 W JP 2012058717W WO 2012133844 A1 WO2012133844 A1 WO 2012133844A1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material having a high reversible capacity and having a reduced initial irreversible capacity and capable of occluding and releasing lithium and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention also relates to a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries that use non-aqueous electrolytes with high energy density are widely used as the power source for information devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers.
- the performance of these information devices and the amount of information handled In order to cope with the increase in power consumption accompanying the increase in the battery capacity, it is desired to increase the discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- low-emission vehicles such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles that replace gasoline and teal vehicles.
- Expectations are increasing, and it is desired to develop a large-sized lithium ion secondary battery having high energy density and high output density and thus high capacity density as a motor drive power source for these low-pollution vehicles.
- lithium layered compounds such as lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ) as a positive electrode active material, graphite that absorbs and releases lithium as a negative electrode active material, and hexafluoride.
- the mainstream is a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt such as lithium phosphate (LiPF 6 ) in a non-aqueous solvent such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate.
- a lithium salt such as lithium phosphate (LiPF 6 )
- a non-aqueous solvent such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Journal of Power Sources 159 (2006) 345-348
- Non-Patent Document 2 CARBON 46 (2008) 35-40
- Tin dioxide occludes lithium by the reactions of the following formulas (I) and (II).
- conversion reaction reduction of tin dioxide of formula (I) and generation of lithium oxide occur
- alloy reaction alloy of tin and lithium of formula (II) is generated
- the conversion reaction represented by the above formula (I) is an irreversible reaction. Therefore, in the lithium ion secondary battery using tin dioxide as the negative electrode active material, only the alloying reaction region (range of 0V to about 1V with respect to the Li / Li + electrode) that is a reversible reaction region is used. When the potential range was expanded to the potential including the conversion reaction region and charge / discharge was performed, a large initial irreversible capacity due to the irreversibility of the conversion reaction was recognized.
- the negative electrode active material shown in WO2011 / 040022 is a negative electrode active material containing tin oxide powder and nano-sized conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state.
- conductive carbon powder having nano-size is used, the conversion reaction that has been considered to be an irreversible reaction in the past and caused a large initial irreversible capacity is allowed to proceed reversibly, and therefore, the lithium absorption and release is not promoted. Therefore, not only the alloying reaction region but also the conversion reaction region can be used.
- the reason why the conversion reaction has progressed reversibly is not clear at the present time, but is considered as follows.
- the conductive carbon powder having a nano size contains abundant oxygen atoms (oxygen of surface functional groups such as carbonyl group and hydroxyl group, adsorbed oxygen), and therefore Sn—O— mediated by this abundant oxygen. It is thought that C bond is likely to occur. And it is thought that the lithium oxide produced
- the negative electrode active material containing the tin oxide powder and the nano-sized conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state utilizes not only the alloying reaction region but also the conversion reaction region for lithium storage and release.
- an initial irreversible capacity which seems to be caused by electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the carbon powder, was observed.
- This initial irreversible capacity leads to the need for more positive electrode active material when the negative electrode active material is combined with the positive electrode active material to form a lithium ion secondary battery. This is not preferable because the amount of the split negative electrode active material is reduced and the capacity per cell is reduced.
- the reversible progress of the conversion reaction is maintained.
- the active sites on the surface of the conductive carbon powder that catalyze the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution are covered with a metal oxide other than tin oxide and / or a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer.
- the initial irreversible capacity is reduced, although this is thought to be due to the inhibition of chemical degradation.
- the surface state of the amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder is the same as that of the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- the amorphous carbon layer has low conductivity, Electrons necessary for chemical decomposition are hardly supplied to the surface of the amorphous carbon layer, and thus electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution on the surface of the amorphous carbon layer is suppressed. As a result, it is possible to reduce the initial irreversible capacity while maintaining the high reversible capacity of the negative electrode active material.
- the amount of the negative electrode active material can be increased correspondingly to increase the capacity per cell efficiently.
- the larger the discharge capacity of the negative electrode active material the better.
- an object of the present invention is to reversibly advance the conversion reaction of tin oxide based on a negative electrode active material containing the above-described tin oxide powder and nano-sized conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state. It is to provide a negative electrode active material in which the initial irreversible capacity, which is believed to be caused by electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the carbon powder, is reduced, and a method for producing the same, while maintaining a high reversible capacity.
- the present invention first comprises a composite containing nano-sized conductive carbon powder and tin oxide powder in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state, graphite and non-graphitized
- the present invention relates to a first negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, including an aggregate selected from a group consisting of carbon and an aggregate.
- powder is composed of a granular material having an unlimited shape, and is not limited to spherical particles, but is also composed of acicular, tubular, or string-shaped granular materials. Included in the range.
- the term “having nanosize” means that when the powder is a spherical particle, the mean particle size is 1 to 500 nm, preferably 1 to 50 nm, and the powder is needle-like, tubular or string-like.
- the mean diameter is 1 to 500 nm, preferably 1 to 50 nm.
- the “highly dispersed state” is generally 30% by mass or more, preferably 85% by mass or more, more preferably 95% by mass or more, and particularly preferably primary particles of the conductive carbon powder and tin oxide powder. It means that 98 mass% or more is not aggregated.
- the non-aggregation rate of the powder is a value calculated from the result of observing the state of the powder with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- graphite and non-graphitizable carbon used as an aggregate have grains larger than those of the composite, and are generally 1 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 5 to 30 ⁇ m. Having an average grain size of The average particle diameter of the aggregate is a value measured by a laser diffraction scattering method.
- the reversible progress of the conversion reaction is maintained by the reaction between lithium and the composite that can pass through the SEI, and a charge / discharge cycle in the range of 0 V to about 2 V is realized with respect to the Li / Li + electrode. be able to. Furthermore, since the contact area between the electrolyte and the carbon material can be reduced by the SEI formed on the outer surface of the granulated product, the initial irreversibility that may be caused by the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte on the surface of the carbon material The capacity can be significantly reduced.
- the reversible capacity of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon used as an aggregate is smaller than the reversible capacity of the composite, but the bulk density of the granulated product obtained by grinding is significantly higher than the bulk density of the composite alone. For this reason, when the granulated material is used as the negative electrode active material, the reduction in reversible capacity per unit volume is suppressed or rather increased.
- the tin oxide powder contained in the composite in the granulated product also preferably has a nanosize.
- the tin oxide powder is more preferably spherical particles having nano-size, and particularly preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm.
- the surface area of the tin oxide increases, so that Sn—O—C bonds are more likely to occur. It is because it becomes easier to form.
- Structural changes such as volume expansion and agglomeration when a composite of tin oxide and carbon is used as the negative electrode active material have conventionally been considered only in the alloying reaction region, but not in the conversion reaction region. This is because the conversion reaction is considered to be an irreversible reaction, and only the alloying reaction region, which is a reversible reaction region, has been used.
- a composite containing nano-sized conductive carbon powder and tin oxide powder in a highly dispersed state as a negative electrode active material, a charge / discharge cycle test in a potential range including a conversion reaction region is possible. It became possible to consider in the conversion reaction area.
- the volume in the alloying reaction region is It was found that it is important not only to suppress the stress due to change but also to suppress the aggregation of the complex occurring in the conversion reaction region (WO2011 published after the filing date of the application on which the priority of the present application is based). / 040022).
- the conductive carbon powder contained in the composite in the granulated product has voids, and the tin oxide powder is substantially present in the voids. This is because it has been found that the aggregation of the composite is induced by tin oxide powder supported on the outer surface of the carbon powder.
- the “void” includes not only pores of the porous carbon powder, but also ketchen black internal pores, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes, and intertube voids.
- the term “tin oxide is substantially present in the void” means that 95% by mass or more, preferably 98% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99% by mass or more of the entire tin oxide is present in the void.
- ketjen black having a hollow shell structure and having open cells connecting the inner surface and the outer surface of the shell.
- Ketjen Black has a large surface area and a large amount of oxygen (surface functional group oxygen, adsorbed oxygen) on the inner and outer surfaces and the edge surface, so abundant formation of Sn—O—C bonds and the above metastable states Is done.
- nano-sized tin oxide powder preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm, particularly preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm, are preferentially placed in the internal pores of the ketjen black.
- the composite in the above granulated product is a low-conductivity coating that covers the portion of the surface of the nano-sized tin oxide spherical particles that is not in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder. It is preferable that an amorphous carbon film be further included.
- the “low-conductivity amorphous carbon film” means 1/100 or less, preferably 1/1000 or less, particularly preferably 1/10000 of the electrical conductivity of the conductive carbon powder contained in the composite. It means an amorphous carbon film having the following electrical conductivity.
- the content of tin oxide in the composite can be increased, and Sn—O—C bonds can also be formed between the tin oxide spherical particles and the low-conductivity amorphous carbon film. Therefore, a negative electrode active material having an increased discharge capacity is obtained.
- the aggregation of the composite is inhibited by the low-conductive amorphous carbon film covering the tin oxide particles, so that the conversion reaction region is included.
- a negative electrode active material having excellent cycle characteristics in the potential range can be obtained.
- the amorphous carbon film covering the surface of the tin oxide spherical particles acts as a binder layer for the aggregate when forming the granulated product, a dense granulated product is obtained. Intrusion into the granulated product is effectively suppressed.
- the amorphous carbon film has low conductivity, it becomes difficult for electrons necessary for electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte to be supplied to the surface of the amorphous carbon film, and the electrolyte on the surface of the amorphous carbon film. Is inhibited from electrochemical decomposition. As a result, a negative electrode active material having a reduced initial irreversible capacity is obtained.
- the composite in the granulated product further includes a low conductive amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- the “low conductivity amorphous carbon layer” means 1/100 or less, preferably 1/1000 or less, particularly preferably 1/10000 of the electrical conductivity of the conductive carbon powder contained in the composite. It means an amorphous carbon layer having the following electrical conductivity. This amorphous carbon layer acts as a binder layer for the aggregate when forming the granulated material, so that a dense granulated material is obtained and the penetration of the electrolyte into the granulated material is effectively suppressed. Is done.
- the amorphous carbon layer has low conductivity, it becomes difficult for electrons necessary for electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution to be supplied to the surface of the amorphous carbon layer, and the electrolytic solution on the surface of the amorphous carbon layer Is inhibited from electrochemical decomposition. As a result, a negative electrode active material having a significantly reduced initial irreversible capacity is obtained.
- the composite in the granulated product preferably further contains a metal oxide other than tin oxide covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- a metal oxide other than tin oxide covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- the range of “metal oxide” includes oxides of typical metals, transition metals and metalloids, but excludes tin oxide.
- the active points on the surface of the conductive carbon powder that catalyze the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution are coated with the metal oxide, and the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution is inhibited. The initial irreversible capacity due to the exposed complex is reduced.
- the granulated product in the first negative electrode active material contains at least one of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon as an aggregate.
- Graphite has a large reversible capacity and bulk density compared to non-graphitizable carbon. Since it is large, it is better as an aggregate.
- the first negative electrode active material includes a composite containing nano-sized conductive carbon powder and tin oxide powder in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state, graphite and non-graphite
- a mixing step of obtaining a mixture of the aggregate selected from the group consisting of carbonized carbon, and a granulation step of pulverizing the mixture to agglomerate the composite and the aggregate to obtain a granulated product , Can be produced by a method comprising. Therefore, this invention also relates to the manufacturing method of the 1st negative electrode active material including the said mixing process and the said granulation process.
- the pulverization in the granulation step is performed by a jet mill, since the pulverization efficiency is high, a granulated product having a dense and stable structure including fine aggregates can be efficiently obtained. As a result, the first negative electrode active material The initial irreversible capacity is significantly reduced, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics are also improved.
- the tin oxide powder is a spherical particle of tin oxide having a nano size, and the surface of the tin oxide spherical particle is coated with a portion that is not in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- a composite that further includes an amorphous carbon film is suitable as the negative electrode active material. Therefore, the present invention also includes a nanosized conductive carbon powder and nanosized tin oxide spherical particles in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state.
- the occlusion and release of lithium further includes a low-conductivity amorphous carbon film that covers a portion of the surface of the tin oxide spherical particles that is not in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder. It relates to a possible second negative electrode active material.
- the Sn—O—C bond is likely to occur due to the nano-sized conductive carbon powder present in a highly dispersed state and the nano-sized tin oxide spherical particles. Sn—O—C bond is likely to occur between the amorphous carbon film and the low conductivity amorphous carbon film, so that the metastable state shown in the above formula (III) is formed at many sites after the conversion reaction. It has become. As a result, the reversible progression of the conversion reaction is maintained, and a charge / discharge cycle in the range of 0 V to about 2 V can be realized with respect to the Li / Li + electrode.
- the aggregation of the negative electrode active material induced by the tin oxide particles does not occur in the amorphous carbon even if the tin oxide particles exist on the outer surface of the carbon powder. Since it is suppressed by the film, the amount of tin oxide particles can be increased. As a result, the discharge capacity per unit volume of the negative electrode active material can be increased, and good charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained. Furthermore, by increasing the amount of tin oxide particles, the active points on the surface of the conductive carbon powder that catalyze the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte can be covered with more tin oxide particles.
- the initial irreversible capacity resulting from the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution in the can be reduced.
- the amorphous carbon film has low conductivity, it is difficult to supply electrons necessary for electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution to the surface of the amorphous carbon film. Electrochemical decomposition of the liquid is suppressed. As a result, a negative electrode active material having a reduced initial irreversible capacity is obtained.
- This suitable second negative electrode active material includes a method of simultaneously performing a sol-gel method and dispersion in an ultracentrifugal force field, that is, a tin oxide precursor and nano-sized conductive carbon powder in a swirlable reactor.
- a reaction liquid and rotating the reactor to perform the sol-gel reaction of the tin oxide precursor and simultaneously supporting the reaction product of the sol-gel reaction on the conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state.
- tin oxide precursor means a compound that changes to tin oxide through the production process of the negative electrode active material.
- polyvinyl alcohol is not limited to a term indicating that the degree of saponification of polyvinyl acetate is 100%, but means that the degree of saponification is 80% or more.
- the present invention also provides an introduction step of introducing a reaction liquid in which a conductive carbon powder having nanosize is added to a solution in which a tin oxide precursor and polyvinyl alcohol are dissolved in a swirlable reactor, the above reaction While rotating the vessel, while applying a shear stress and a centrifugal force to the reaction solution to perform a hydrolysis reaction and a polycondensation reaction of the tin oxide precursor to obtain a spherical reaction product having a nanosize, A reaction step of supporting the reaction product on the conductive carbon powder and attaching polyvinyl alcohol to the surface of the reaction product, and drying the product obtained in the reaction step, pyrolyzing the polyvinyl alcohol. And a heat treatment step of forming a low-conductivity amorphous carbon film on the surface of the nano-sized tin oxide spherical particles. Law on.
- reaction step mechanical energy of both shear stress and centrifugal force is applied to the reaction solution at the same time, and this mechanical energy is considered to be converted into chemical energy, but at an unprecedented speed.
- a hydrolysis reaction and a polycondensation reaction of a tin oxide precursor can be performed, and a spherical reaction product having a nanosize can be obtained.
- the reaction product is highly dispersed in a conductive carbon powder. It can be supported.
- the polyvinyl alcohol adheres to the surface of the reaction product by a strong interaction between the tin oxide precursor and / or the reaction product and the hydroxyl group of polyvinyl alcohol and / or the oxygen ion from which the hydroxyl group is dissociated.
- the particle size of the reaction product is made finer than that of the reaction product obtained from the reaction solution that does not use polyvinyl alcohol.
- the product obtained in the reaction step is dried, and when polyvinyl alcohol is pyrolyzed (incomplete combustion) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, spherical particles of tin oxide having a nanosize, preferably 1
- a low-conductivity amorphous carbon film derived from polyvinyl alcohol is formed on the surface of spherical particles having an average particle diameter of ⁇ 10 nm, particularly preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm.
- the conductive carbon powder used in the reaction step is preferably ketjen black.
- the mass of the tin oxide precursor in the reaction solution can be in the range of 1.5 to 4 times the mass of ketjen black in terms of tin dioxide, and the high unit volume A negative electrode active material having a per unit discharge capacity can be obtained.
- the negative electrode active material in which spherical particles of tin oxide having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm, preferably 1 to 2 nm are in contact with the outer and inner surfaces of ketjen black It has a discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics.
- “Tin dioxide conversion” means that the mass is calculated on the assumption that all of the tin contained in the tin oxide precursor has changed to tin dioxide.
- the nano-sized conductive carbon powder present in a highly dispersed state and the tin oxide spherical particles are likely to generate Sn—O—C bonds. Therefore, after the conversion reaction, the above formula ( The metastable state shown in III) is formed at many sites.
- the reversible progression of the conversion reaction is maintained, and a charge / discharge cycle in the range of 0 V to about 2 V can be realized with respect to the Li / Li + electrode.
- the amorphous carbon layer has low conductivity, it becomes difficult for electrons necessary for the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution to be supplied to the surface of the amorphous carbon layer. Electrochemical decomposition of the liquid is suppressed. As a result, a negative electrode active material having a reduced initial irreversible capacity is obtained.
- a conductive carbon powder having nano-size and a tin oxide powder in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder are contained in a highly dispersed state, and the surface of the conductive carbon powder is covered with a low
- the third negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium is in contact with the nanosized conductive carbon powder and the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- a composite containing tin oxide powder in a highly dispersed state, and a formula (A) (Wherein n represents an integer of 1 to 4 and X represents a hydroxy group, an amino group or a carboxyl group) and a kneading step for obtaining a kneaded product with an amino acid represented by It can be suitably manufactured by a method including a heat treatment step of thermally decomposing the amino acid represented by the above formula (A) to form a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer by heat treatment.
- a layer of the amino acid is formed at least on the surface of the conductive carbon powder that is not in contact with the tin oxide powder. Further, when the kneaded material is heat-treated and the amino acid is thermally decomposed to be converted to amorphous carbon, at least a portion of the surface of the conductive carbon powder that is not in contact with the tin oxide powder has low conductive amorphous carbon. A layer is formed.
- the heat treatment step is preferably performed at a temperature in the range of 450 to 500 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- a dense low-conductive amorphous carbon layer is formed on the surface of the conductive carbon powder. It is considered that the initial irreversible capacity is effectively reduced because the dense low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer efficiently suppresses the electrolyte solution from reaching the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- the present invention further includes a negative electrode including the negative electrode active material of the present invention, a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a separator holding
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention can also be suitably used to form a hybrid capacitor in combination with a positive electrode active material such as activated carbon.
- the first negative electrode active material of the present invention including a granulated material in which the aggregate is aggregated is improved because the reversible progress of the conversion reaction is maintained and the bulk density of the negative electrode active material can be improved.
- the discharge capacity per unit volume is improved.
- the first negative electrode active material has a significantly reduced initial irreversible capacity because electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution is suppressed due to a decrease in the contact area between the carbon material and the electrolytic solution in the granulated product.
- the second negative electrode active material has an improved discharge capacity per unit volume because the reversible progress of the conversion reaction is maintained and the amount of tin oxide particles can be increased.
- the second negative electrode active material since the surface of the conductive carbon powder is covered with the increased amount of tin oxide particles, and the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution is suppressed, the second negative electrode active material has a reduced initial irreversible capacity. Furthermore, the second negative electrode active material exhibits good charge / discharge cycle characteristics because aggregation of the negative electrode active material is suppressed by the low-conductivity amorphous carbon film.
- the low-conductivity amorphous carbon film covering the portion of the surface of the tin oxide spherical particles that is not in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder can be formed by thermal decomposition of polyvinyl alcohol.
- a conductive carbon powder having a nanosize, which is preferably used in the production of the first negative electrode active material, and a tin oxide powder in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder are contained in a highly dispersed state.
- a composite that further includes a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder is suitable as a negative electrode active material.
- This third negative electrode active material has a high discharge capacity because the reversible progress of the conversion reaction is maintained, and further, since the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the conductive carbon powder is suppressed, the third negative electrode active material is reduced. With an initial irreversible capacity.
- the low conductive amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder can be densely formed by thermal decomposition of the amino acid represented by the formula (A).
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention is extremely promising as a negative electrode active material that can replace graphite in lithium ion secondary batteries and hybrid capacitors.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the capacity per unit weight and the graphite content in the negative electrode active material shown in FIG. 5.
- a composite including nano-sized conductive carbon powder and tin oxide powder in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state will be described, and then a structure including the composite will be described.
- the particles (first negative electrode active material) will be described.
- the tin oxide powder contained in the composite can be tin dioxide or a mixture of tin dioxide and tin monoxide.
- the tin oxide powder does not need to have a nano size, but if the tin oxide powder has a nano size, the surface area of the tin oxide increases and the contact point with the carbon powder having the nano size increases. Therefore, the Sn—O—C bond is formed at more sites, and therefore, the metastable state shown in the above formula (III) is easily formed after the conversion reaction, which is preferable.
- the tin oxide powder is fine, fine tin is dispersed in the lithium oxide matrix after the conversion reaction, and a large volume change of tin due to lithium occlusion and release in the alloying reaction that occurs reversibly occurs. It is effectively suppressed by the matrix. Further, when the tin oxide powder is fine, the reaction sites of the tin oxide powder increase, and the diffusion distance of lithium in the tin oxide powder is shortened.
- nano-sized tin oxide powder nano-sized spherical particles as well as nanowires and nanotubes can be used, but nano-sized spherical particles, preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm, particularly preferably It is preferable to use spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm.
- a charge / discharge cycle test in the range of 0V to about 2V with respect to the Li / Li + electrode with a high reversible capacity, a reduced initial irreversible capacity, and a spherical particle having an average particle size of A composite with very low cycle capacity and extremely good cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- carbon black such as ketjen black, acetylene black and channel black having nano-size, fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, amorphous carbon, carbon fiber
- examples thereof include natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized ketjen black, activated carbon, and mesoporous carbon.
- vapor grown carbon fiber can be used. These carbon powders may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the conversion reaction proceeds reversibly due to the formation of Sn—O—C bonds via oxygen of the conductive carbon powder. It is preferable that oxygen atoms are contained abundantly. Accordingly, a carbon powder having a large surface area is preferable, and a surface area per 1 g of the carbon powder is particularly preferably 1000 m 2 or more, preferably a fine carbon powder, and spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 10 to 50 nm. It is particularly preferred to use it. In terms of the amount of oxygen in the carbon powder, the amount of oxygen per gram of carbon powder is preferably 5.0 mmol or more.
- the “oxygen amount per gram of carbon powder” is determined by performing TG measurement on the carbon powder used for the negative electrode active material at a heating rate of 1 ° C./min in the range of 30 to 1000 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. , The oxygen amount calculated on the assumption that all the weight loss in the range of 150 to 1000 ° C. was desorbed as CO 2 . For example, if the weight loss of 1 g of carbon powder in the range of 150 to 1000 ° C. is 22 mg, the amount of oxygen per 1 g of carbon powder is calculated as 1 mmol. Examples of such carbon powder include nano-sized carbon black, preferably ketjen black.
- Ketjen Black has a large surface area and has a large amount of oxygen (surface functional group oxygen, adsorbed oxygen) on the inner and outer surfaces and the edge surface, so that Sn—O—C bonds are abundantly formed.
- the metastable state shown in (III) is abundantly formed.
- nano-sized tin oxide powder preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm, particularly preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm, are preferentially placed in the internal pores of the ketjen black. Since it can carry
- the composite can further contain a metal oxide other than tin oxide in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- This metal oxide is an amorphous or nano-sized microcrystal, and the active sites on the surface of the conductive carbon powder that catalyze the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution are covered with the metal oxide, so that the electrochemical reaction of the electrolytic solution is performed. Degradation is inhibited.
- the metal constituting the metal oxide Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Si, Ti, Zr, La, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ag, Sb, Pb, Bi etc. can be illustrated.
- the above-mentioned metal oxide is any oxide in the case where there are a plurality of oxides containing the same kind of metal such as diiron trioxide, triiron tetroxide, and iron monoxide but having different valences. It may be a composite oxide containing two or more metals.
- the metal oxide may be a single compound or a mixture of two or more compounds. In particular, iron oxide is preferable because it is easy to make fine particles.
- the composite may further include a low-conductivity amorphous carbon film covering a portion of the surface of the tin oxide powder that is not in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder. Due to the low-conductivity amorphous carbon film, aggregation of the complex is suppressed during repeated charge / discharge in the potential range including the conversion reaction region.
- the tin oxide powder coated on the low-conductivity amorphous carbon film is a spherical particle of tin oxide having a nanosize, the surface area of tin oxide increases, so that Sn—O—C bonds are more likely to occur. .
- the composite including the low-conductivity amorphous carbon film covering the spherical particles of tin oxide is also referred to as a second negative electrode active material.
- the composite can further include a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder.
- the composite including the low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer is also referred to as a third negative electrode active material.
- the low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer covers the active sites on the surface of the conductive carbon powder that catalyzes the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution, thereby inhibiting the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolytic solution.
- the method for producing the composite is not particularly limited as long as it is a method that realizes a highly dispersed state of tin oxide powder and conductive carbon powder.
- a conductive carbon powder is mixed with a tin oxide precursor in a dispersion medium, the tin oxide precursor is reacted with a surface functional group of the conductive carbon powder, and then heat-treated to convert the tin oxide precursor into tin oxide. Can be changed.
- the tin oxide precursor examples include inorganic metal compounds such as tin dichloride, tin tetrachloride, tin nitrate, and tin carbonate; organometallic compounds such as tin acetate, tin lactate, tetramethoxytin, tetraethoxytin, and tetraisopropoxytin; Alternatively, a mixture of these can be used.
- organometallic compounds such as tin acetate, tin lactate, tetramethoxytin, tetraethoxytin, and tetraisopropoxytin; Alternatively, a mixture of these can be used.
- a medium that can dissolve the tin oxide precursor and does not adversely affect the reaction is used as the dispersion medium, it is preferable because the tin oxide in the obtained negative electrode active material becomes fine particles.
- this composite is extremely preferably carried out by a method in which the sol-gel method and the dispersion are simultaneously performed in the following ultracentrifugal force field.
- a nano-sized carbon powder preferably a spherical particle having a particle size of 10 to 50 nm, particularly preferably ketjen black, a tin oxide powder having a nano-size, preferably an average particle size of 1 to 10 nm.
- the spherical particles having an average particle diameter of preferably 1 to 2 nm can be supported in a highly dispersed state, and Sn—O—C bonds can be formed at more sites.
- a nano-sized tin oxide powder preferably 1 to It is possible to effectively support spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 10 nm, particularly preferably spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm.
- the method of simultaneously performing the sol-gel method and the dispersion in the ultracentrifugal force field introduces a reaction solution in which a conductive carbon powder having nanosize is added to a solution in which a tin oxide precursor is dissolved in a swirlable reactor.
- the process and the reactor are swirled, and the hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction of the tin oxide precursor are performed while applying shear stress and centrifugal force to the reaction solution, and at the same time, the obtained reaction product is A step of supporting the conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state.
- the hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction of the precursor can be performed, and the reaction product obtained at the same time can be supported on the surface of the conductive carbon powder in a highly dispersed state.
- a method of simultaneously performing the sol-gel method and dispersion in this ultracentrifugal force field is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-160151 by the applicant by an example in which titanium oxide and ruthenium oxide are supported on carbon powder with high dispersion.
- the description of the swirlable reactor and the description of the sol-gel reaction using this reactor in this publication are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. It is extremely preferable not to add a reaction inhibitor for the hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction to the reaction solution containing the tin oxide precursor and the conductive carbon powder.
- a method of simultaneously performing the sol-gel method and dispersion in an ultracentrifugal force field is composed of a concentric cylinder of an outer cylinder and an inner cylinder shown in FIG. 1 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-160151. Can be carried out using a reactor in which a plate is arranged at the opening of the outer cylinder.
- the compound mentioned above can be used as a tin oxide precursor.
- a solvent for dissolving these precursors a solvent that can dissolve these precursors and does not adversely affect the reaction can be used without particular limitation, and water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and the like can be used. It can be preferably used.
- hydrolysis a solution obtained by dissolving NaOH, KOH, Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , NH 4 OH, or the like in the above-described solvent can be used. Water can also be used for hydrolysis of the tin oxide precursor.
- the thickness of the thin film is generally 5 mm or less, preferably 2.5 mm or less, and particularly preferably 1.0 mm or less.
- the thickness of the thin film can be set by the width of the reactor plate and the amount of the reaction liquid introduced into the reactor.
- the reaction is considered to be realized by the mechanical energy of shear stress and centrifugal force applied to the reaction solution, and this shear stress and centrifugal force are generated by the centrifugal force applied to the reaction solution by the rotation of the inner cylinder.
- the centrifugal force applied to the reaction solution in the inner cylinder is generally 1500 kgms ⁇ 2 or more, preferably 70000 kgms ⁇ 2 or more, particularly preferably 270000 kgms ⁇ 2 or more.
- a tin oxide powder having a nanosize, preferably a spherical particle having an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm, particularly preferably A composite in which spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm are supported on the surface of the carbon powder in a highly dispersed state can be obtained.
- the ratio of tin dioxide and tin monoxide supported on the carbon powder varies depending on the type of conductive carbon powder used.
- carbon powder having a large surface area and rich in oxygen atoms surface functional group oxygen, adsorbed oxygen
- the proportion of tin dioxide increases.
- ketjen black suitable as a carbon powder even if a tin oxide precursor having a valence of tin of 2 is used as a raw material, only tin dioxide is used as far as it is judged from the X-ray powder diffraction pattern. Generate.
- fine spherical particles of tin dioxide are preferentially carried in the internal pores of ketjen black.
- the composite further comprising a metal oxide other than tin oxide in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder, for example, mixed the conductive carbon powder with a tin oxide precursor and a metal oxide precursor in a dispersion medium,
- the tin oxide precursor and the metal oxide precursor are reacted with the surface functional groups of the conductive carbon powder, and then heat-treated to change the tin oxide precursor and the metal oxide precursor into tin oxide and a metal oxide.
- Conductive carbon powder is mixed with a tin oxide precursor in a dispersion medium, and the tin oxide precursor and the surface functional group of the conductive carbon powder are reacted and heat-treated to change the tin oxide precursor to tin oxide.
- the obtained product and the metal oxide precursor are mixed in a dispersion medium, and the surface functional group of the product and the metal oxide precursor are reacted and heat-treated to obtain a metal oxide precursor.
- the body can also be changed to a metal oxide.
- the conductive carbon powder is mixed with the metal oxide precursor in the dispersion medium, and the metal oxide precursor and the surface functional group of the conductive carbon powder are reacted and heat-treated to thereby convert the metal oxide precursor.
- the obtained product and a tin oxide precursor are mixed in a dispersion medium, and the surface functional group of the product and the tin oxide precursor are reacted and heat-treated, It is also possible to change the tin oxide precursor to tin oxide.
- the “metal oxide precursor” means a compound that changes to a metal oxide through the production process of the negative electrode active material, and excludes a tin oxide precursor.
- the above-described compounds can be used as the tin oxide precursor.
- the metal oxide precursor include inorganic metal compounds such as chlorides, nitrates, and carbonates of various metals, organic metal compounds such as acetates, lactates, tetraethoxides, tetraisopropoxides, tetrabutoxides, or the like. Mixtures can be used.
- a medium that can dissolve the tin oxide precursor and the metal oxide precursor and does not adversely affect the reaction is used as the dispersion medium, it is preferable because the tin oxide and the metal oxide in the negative electrode active material to be obtained become fine particles.
- the composite further including a metal oxide other than tin oxide in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder is a metal oxide precursor together with the tin oxide precursor in the method of simultaneously performing the sol-gel method and the dispersion described above. It can obtain by using together.
- the hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction of the tin oxide precursor and the metal oxide precursor can be performed at an unprecedented rate, and the reaction product obtained at the same time is highly dispersed in the conductive carbon powder.
- the compound mentioned above can be used as a tin oxide precursor, and the compound mentioned above can be used as a metal oxide precursor.
- the composite (second negative electrode active material) further including a low-conductivity amorphous carbon film covering a portion of the surface of the tin oxide powder that is not in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder is described above.
- it can be obtained by using polyvinyl alcohol in combination with a tin oxide precursor and, if necessary, a metal oxide precursor.
- the hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction of the tin oxide precursor and the metal oxide precursor used as necessary can be performed, and a spherical tin oxide precursor having a nanosize and optionally
- the reaction product of the used metal oxide precursor can be obtained, and at the same time, the tin oxide precursor and, if necessary, the reaction product of the used metal oxide precursor are highly dispersed in the conductive carbon powder. It can be carried in a state.
- the strong interaction between the tin oxide precursor and / or the reaction product of the tin oxide precursor and the hydroxyl group of the polyvinyl alcohol and / or the oxygen ion from which the hydroxyl group is dissociated causes polyvinyl alcohol to react with the tin oxide precursor. It can be attached to the surface of the reaction product. Moreover, the particle size of the reaction product of the tin oxide precursor is made finer than that of the reaction product obtained from the reaction solution that does not use polyvinyl alcohol.
- the resulting product is then dried, and polyvinyl alcohol is thermally decomposed under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, at a temperature of about 500 ° C.
- spherical particles of tin oxide having a nanosize preferably spherical particles having an average particle size of 1 to 10 nm, particularly preferably spherical particles having an average particle size of 1 to 2 nm.
- the portion not in contact with the surface of the conductive carbon powder is covered with an amorphous carbon thin film derived from polyvinyl alcohol. Thermal decomposition (incomplete combustion) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere can be performed simultaneously with the formation of the low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder shown below.
- the amorphous carbon film derived from this polyvinyl alcohol suppresses the aggregation of the negative electrode active material in the charge / discharge cycle experience, even if the tin oxide particles are present on the outer surface of the conductive carbon powder, this form is good. Cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the composite can contain more tin oxide particles than can be accommodated in the inner cavities of the ketjen black, and the swirlable reaction Even if the mass of the tin oxide precursor in the reaction liquid introduced into the vessel is increased to a range of 1.5 to 4 times the mass of ketjen black in terms of tin dioxide, good cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the composite (third negative electrode active material) further including a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of the conductive carbon powder is the composite described above, preferably the ultracentrifugation described above.
- Conductive carbon powder carrying tin oxide particles obtained by a method of simultaneously performing sol-gel method and dispersion in a force field, conductive carbon powder further carrying a metal oxide other than tin oxide, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl alcohol A kneading step of kneading a conductive carbon powder carrying tin oxide particles coated with an amorphous carbon film derived from the above and an amorphous carbon precursor to obtain a kneaded product, and the kneaded product By heat-treating the amorphous carbon precursor to form a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer.
- amorphous carbon precursor means a compound that is thermally decomposed (incomplete combustion) and changes to amorphous carbon by heat treatment, and does not include a compound that volatilizes before thermal decomposition.
- Amorphous carbon precursors include amino acids such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid, monosaccharides such as glucose and mannose, oligosaccharides such as lactose and maltotriose, polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose and dextrin, malic acid, tartaric acid and citramalic acid Hydroxy acids such as, fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, polyols such as ethylene glycol, glycerin, erythritol, arabinitol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, and derivatives thereof such as carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl Examples thereof include cellulose, oleodistearin, oleo
- a composite, an amorphous carbon precursor, and an appropriate amount of a dispersion medium are combined, and a kneaded product is obtained by kneading while evaporating the dispersion medium as necessary.
- a dispersion medium for kneading a medium that does not adversely affect the composite can be used without particular limitation, and water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and the like can be preferably used.
- Use of a dispersion medium capable of dissolving the amorphous carbon precursor is preferable because a uniform amorphous carbon layer is easily formed, and an acidic dispersion or an alkaline dispersion can be used as necessary.
- the ratio of the composite to the amorphous carbon precursor is, in mass ratio, generally in the range of 3: 1 to 1: 3, and preferably in the range of 1.5: 1 to 1: 1.5.
- an amorphous carbon precursor layer is formed on at least a portion of the surface of the conductive carbon powder that is not in contact with the tin oxide and, if necessary, the supported metal oxide.
- the amorphous carbon precursor also enters a gap formed between adjacent grains of the composite.
- the obtained kneaded material is dried as necessary, and then heat treated, and the amorphous carbon precursor is thermally decomposed (incompletely combusted) to be changed to amorphous carbon having low conductivity.
- the heat treatment is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, at a temperature of about 500 ° C. or less, preferably 450 to 500 ° C.
- a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer is formed on at least a portion of the surface of the conductive carbon powder that is not in contact with the tin oxide and, if necessary, the supported metal oxide.
- a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer is also formed in a gap formed between adjacent grains of the composite. Accordingly, the specific surface area of the finally obtained negative electrode active material is generally lower than the specific surface area of the composite. This is also considered to contribute to a decrease in the initial irreversible capacity.
- the formula (A) As an amorphous carbon precursor, the formula (A) (Wherein n represents an integer of 1 to 4 and X represents a hydroxy group, an amino group or a carboxyl group).
- amino acids represented by the formula (A) include glutamic acid, aspartic acid, aminopimelic acid, homoserine, lysine, and serine.
- glutamic acid Aspartic acid, aminopimelic acid, homoserine, lysine, and serine.
- the initial irreversible capacity resulting from the conductive carbon powder is efficiently reduced. The reason for this is not clear at present, but when these amino acids are heat-treated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere in the heat treatment step, one of the amino group and carboxy group bonded to the asymmetric carbon atom and the group X are heated and heated.
- the first negative electrode active material includes a granulated product obtained by agglomerating the above composite and an aggregate selected from the group consisting of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon. .
- the negative electrode active material includes a mixing step of obtaining a mixture of the above composite and an aggregate selected from the group consisting of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon, and crushing the mixture, It can be obtained by carrying out a method including a granulation step of aggregating the aggregate and obtaining a granulated product.
- graphite and non-graphitizable carbon can be used. However, since these are used as aggregates, those having an average particle size larger than that of the composite particles are used.
- the average particle size of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon is generally in the range of 1 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 5 to 30 ⁇ m. Two or more types of graphite having different particle sizes and / or non-graphitizable carbon may be mixed and used. There are no strict restrictions on the shape of the graphite and non-graphitizable carbon grains.
- Graphite is more suitable as an aggregate because it has a larger reversible capacity and larger bulk density than non-graphitizable carbon. And it is preferable to use flake-like graphite because it is easy to be refined by pulverization in the granulation step and a dense granulated product is easily obtained as compared with the case of using spherical graphite.
- the composite and aggregate are generally mixed in a crusher.
- the mass ratio of the composite to the aggregate is preferably in the range of 4: 1 to 1: 4 when graphite is used as the aggregate, and 4: 1 to 1 when non-graphitizable carbon is used as the aggregate.
- a range of 1: 1 is preferred.
- a pulverizer for fine pulverization or ultrafine pulverization is preferably used.
- examples include a likai machine, a ball mill, a bead mill, a rod mill, a roller mill, a stirring mill, a planetary mill, a hybridizer, a mechanochemical compounding device, and a jet mill.
- a jet mill since the grinding efficiency is high, a granulated product having a dense and stable structure including fine aggregate can be obtained efficiently.
- the pulverization time varies depending on the type of pulverizer, the amount of composite and aggregate charged into the pulverizer, and is generally in the range of 5 minutes to 10 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 2 hours. Although wet pulverization or dry pulverization may be used, dry pulverization is preferable from the viewpoint of easily obtaining a dense granulated product.
- the reversible capacity of graphite and non-graphitizable carbon used as an aggregate is smaller than the reversible capacity of the composite, but the bulk density of the granulated product obtained by grinding is significantly higher than the bulk density of the composite alone. For this reason, when the granulated material is used as the negative electrode active material, the reduction in reversible capacity per unit volume is suppressed or rather increased.
- the first, second and third negative electrode active materials of the present invention are suitable for a lithium ion secondary battery. Therefore, the present invention also provides a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a negative electrode including the negative electrode active material of the present invention, a positive electrode, and a separator holding a non-aqueous electrolyte disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. To do.
- the negative electrode in the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention can be formed by providing an active material layer containing the negative electrode active material of the present invention on a current collector.
- a conductive material such as platinum, gold, nickel, aluminum, titanium, steel, or carbon can be used.
- shape of the current collector any shape such as a film shape, a foil shape, a plate shape, a net shape, an expanded metal shape, and a cylindrical shape can be adopted.
- the active material layer is formed using a mixed material obtained by adding a binder, a conductive material, or the like to the negative electrode active material of the present invention as necessary.
- binder known binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, and carboxymethyl cellulose are used.
- the binder content is preferably 1 to 30% by mass with respect to the total amount of the mixed material. If it is 1% by mass or less, the strength of the active material layer is not sufficient, and if it is 30% by mass or more, disadvantages such as a decrease in the discharge capacity of the negative electrode and an excessive internal resistance occur.
- the conductive material carbon powder such as carbon black, natural graphite, and artificial graphite can be used.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention and other additives as necessary are dispersed in a solvent in which a binder is dissolved, and the obtained dispersion is applied onto a current collector by a doctor blade method or the like. It can be created by coating and drying. Moreover, a solvent may be added to the obtained mixed material as necessary to form into a predetermined shape, and may be pressure-bonded on the current collector.
- a polyolefin fiber nonwoven fabric or a glass fiber nonwoven fabric is preferably used.
- an electrolytic solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent is used, and a known non-aqueous electrolytic solution can be used without any particular limitation.
- Examples of the solvent for the non-aqueous electrolyte include electrochemically stable ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, sulfolane, 3-methyl sulfolane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, acetonitrile, and dimethoxyethane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide or a mixture thereof can be preferably used.
- a salt that generates lithium ions when dissolved in an organic electrolytic solution can be used without any particular limitation.
- LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiClO 4, LiN (CF 3 SO 2) 2, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiC (SO 2 CF 3) 3, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5) 2, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6 Or a mixture thereof can be preferably used.
- a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt having a quaternary ammonium cation or a quaternary phosphonium cation can be used as a solute of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- a known positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium can be used without particular limitation.
- composite oxides of lithium and transition metals such as LiMn 2 O 4 , LiMnO 2 , LiV 3 O 5 , LiNiO 2 and LiCoO 2 , sulfides such as TiS 2 and MoS 2 , selenides such as NbSe 3 , Cr Transition metal oxides such as 3 O 8 , V 2 O 5 , V 5 O 13 , VO 2 , Cr 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , TiO 2 , MoV 2 O 8 , polyfluorene, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyparaphenylene Conductive polymers such as can be used.
- the active material layer for the positive electrode can be formed using a mixed material obtained by adding a binder, a conductive material, and the like exemplified for the negative electrode to the positive electrode active material as necessary.
- the positive electrode active material and other additives as necessary are dispersed in a solvent in which a binder is dissolved, and the obtained dispersion is applied to the negative electrode by a doctor blade method or the like. It can be made by coating and drying.
- a solvent may be added to the obtained mixed material as necessary to form into a predetermined shape, and may be pressure-bonded on the current collector.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention is suitable as a negative electrode active material for a hybrid capacitor in addition to a lithium ion secondary battery.
- activated carbon, carbon nanotube, mesoporous carbon, etc. are used as the positive electrode active material, and lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 are dissolved in non-aqueous solvents such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and the like.
- non-aqueous solvents such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and the like.
- the electrolyte is used.
- Example 1 As shown in FIG. 1 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-160151, it is composed of a concentric cylinder of an outer cylinder and an inner cylinder. A solution prepared by dissolving 5.64 g of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O in 120 mL of water is introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor, and 0.56 g of polyvinyl alcohol, 3.2 mL of 2M hydrochloric acid and 1.61 g are added.
- the turning of the inner cylinder was once stopped, 56.4 mL of 1 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into the inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution again. During this time, a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, and shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and SnCl 2 hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction proceeded.
- ketjen black was filtered and collected, and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours.
- the dried ketjen black was heat-treated in nitrogen at 500 ° C. for 1 hour to thermally decompose polyvinyl alcohol, whereby a negative electrode active material in which the surface of tin oxide particles was coated with a thermally decomposed product of polyvinyl alcohol was obtained.
- the obtained negative electrode active material was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction, tin dioxide was produced (see FIG. 2). The diffraction peak of the thermal decomposition product of polyvinyl alcohol was not confirmed, and amorphous carbon was generated.
- Comparative Example 1 A solution prepared by dissolving 5.64 g of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O in 120 mL of water was introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor used in Example 1, and further 3.2 mL of 2M hydrochloric acid and 2.50 g of kettle were added.
- Chain black (trade name Ketjen Black EC600J, manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., primary particle size 34 nm, pore size 4 nm, specific surface area 1520 m 2 / g, oxygen content 6.1 mmol / g) was introduced, and 70000 kgms ⁇
- the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 2 was applied to the reaction solution, and SnCl 2 .2H 2 O and ketjen black were dispersed.
- the turning of the inner cylinder was once stopped, 56.4 mL of 1 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into the inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution again. During this time, a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, and shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and SnCl 2 hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction proceeded. After the inner cylinder stopped rotating, the ketjen black was filtered and collected, and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain a negative electrode active material. When the obtained negative electrode active material was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction, tin dioxide was produced (see FIG. 2).
- Comparative Example 2 A solution prepared by dissolving 5.64 g of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O in 120 mL of water was introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor used in Example 1, and then 3.2 mL of 2M hydrochloric acid and 1.61 g of kettle were added.
- Chain black (trade name Ketjen Black EC600J, manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., primary particle size 34 nm, pore size 4 nm, specific surface area 1520 m 2 / g, oxygen content 6.1 mmol / g) was introduced, and 70000 kgms ⁇
- the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 2 was applied to the reaction solution, and SnCl 2 .2H 2 O and ketjen black were dispersed.
- the turning of the inner cylinder was once stopped, 56.4 mL of 1 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into the inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution again. During this time, a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, and shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and SnCl 2 hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction proceeded. After the inner cylinder stopped rotating, the ketjen black was filtered and collected, and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain a negative electrode active material. When the obtained negative electrode active material was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction, tin dioxide was produced (see FIG. 2).
- Comparative Example 3 A solution prepared by dissolving 5.64 g of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O in 120 mL of water was introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor used in Example 1, and then 0.56 g of polyethylene oxide and 2M hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 2 M were added.
- ketjen black trade name ketjen black EC600J, manufactured by ketjen black international, primary particle size 34 nm, pore size 4 nm, specific surface area 1520 m 2 / g, oxygen content 6.1 mmol / g
- the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution, and SnCl 2 .2H 2 O, polyethylene oxide and ketjen black were dispersed.
- the turning of the inner cylinder was once stopped, 56.4 mL of 1 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into the inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution again. During this time, a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, and shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and SnCl 2 hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction proceeded.
- ketjen black was filtered and collected, and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours. Next, the dried ketjen black was heat treated in nitrogen at 500 ° C. for 1 hour to thermally decompose the polyethylene oxide to obtain a negative electrode active material.
- Comparative Example 4 A liquid prepared by dissolving 5.64 g of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O in 120 mL of water was introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor used in Example 1, and 0.56 g of sodium polyacrylate and hydrochloric acid having a concentration of 2M were further introduced.
- ketjen black (trade name ketjen black EC600J, manufactured by ketjen black international, primary particle size 34 nm, pore size 4 nm, specific surface area 1520 m 2 / g, oxygen content 6.1 mmol / g) and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution, and SnCl 2 .2H 2 O, polyacrylic acid and ketjen black were dispersed.
- the turning of the inner cylinder was once stopped, 56.4 mL of 1 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into the inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution again. During this time, a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, and shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and SnCl 2 hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction proceeded.
- ketjen black was filtered and collected, and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours. Next, the dried ketjen black was heat treated in nitrogen at 500 ° C. for 1 hour to thermally decompose the polyacrylic acid to obtain a negative electrode active material.
- TG measurement in the temperature range from room temperature to 900 ° C. was performed in an air atmosphere at a temperature rising rate of 1 ° C./min.
- the composition ratio of tin dioxide and carbon was calculated using the decrease amount as the carbon content.
- the difference between the weight reduction amount of the negative electrode active material of Example 1 and the weight reduction amount of the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 2 at 900 ° C. was defined as the carbon content derived from polyvinyl alcohol.
- FIG. 1 is a TEM photograph of the negative electrode active materials of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 in (B) no spherical particles of tin oxide were observed on the outer surface of the ketjen black, and there were spherical particles of tin oxide in the inner pores of the ketjen black.
- the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 2 in (C) coarse particles of tin oxide were generated on the outer surface of the ketjen black as indicated by arrows.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray powder diffractogram for the negative electrode active materials of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the crystallinity of the spherical particles of tin oxide was low, but the crystallites of the tin oxide particles in the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 2 were relatively large, and the oxidation in the negative electrode active material of Example 1 Tin crystallites were relatively small. Therefore, in the manufacturing method of the negative electrode active material of this invention, it turns out that refinement
- Example 1 The interaction between the polyvinyl alcohol used in Example 1, the polyethylene oxide used in Comparative Example 3, and the polymer of sodium polyacrylate used in Comparative Example 4 and SnCl 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O was investigated by TG analysis.
- One of the above polymers, SnCl 2 .2H 2 O and hydrochloric acid is added to water, heated at 80 ° C. for 1 hour, and then dried to obtain a powder obtained in a temperature range from room temperature to 600 ° C.
- the TG measurement was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere under a temperature rising rate of 10 ° C./min.
- FIG. 3 (A) shows the measurement results for the powder containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
- FIG. 3 (B) shows the measurement results for the powder containing polyacrylic acid (PAA).
- the measurement results for the powder containing polyethylene oxide were the same as in FIG.
- Thermal decomposition behavior of a powder comprising polyvinyl alcohol is greatly affected by the coexistence of SnCl 2, to the high temperature side than 100 ° C.
- the thermal decomposition behavior of the powder containing polyacrylic acid is not greatly affected by the coexistence of SnCl 2 .
- polyvinyl alcohol is caused by a strong interaction between tin salt and / or a reaction product of a sol-gel reaction of tin salt and a hydroxyl group of polyvinyl alcohol and / or an oxygen ion from which the hydroxyl group is dissociated.
- tin salt and / or a reaction product of a sol-gel reaction of tin salt and a hydroxyl group of polyvinyl alcohol and / or an oxygen ion from which the hydroxyl group is dissociated.
- Table 1 summarizes the initial values of discharge capacity per unit volume. All of the negative electrode active materials showed a capacity significantly increased from the conventional graphite discharge capacity of 595 mAh / cc. In addition, by comparing the half-cells using the negative electrode active material of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, it can be seen that an increase in discharge capacity per unit volume is achieved by increasing the tin oxide content in the negative electrode active material. .
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the capacity maintenance rate.
- the half battery using the negative electrode active material of Example 1 was discharged in the same manner as the half battery using the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 in which spherical particles of tin oxide were present in the internal pores of Ketjen Black. After the capacity was stabilized, there was almost no decrease in the discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics were exhibited. On the other hand, in the half cells using the negative electrode active materials of Comparative Examples 2, 3, and 4, the discharge capacity decreased with repeated charge and discharge. This phenomenon is due to the aggregation of the negative electrode active material induced by the tin oxide particles in contact with the outer surface of the ketjen black.
- the second negative electrode active material of the present invention was a negative electrode active material having a high discharge capacity per unit volume and excellent cycle characteristics.
- Example 2 A solution prepared by dissolving 5.64 g of SnCl 2 .2H 2 O and 0.56 g of polyvinyl alcohol in 120 mL of water was introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor used in Example 1, and further 3.2 mL of hydrochloric acid having a concentration of 2 M was introduced.
- ketjen black (trade name ketjen black EC600J, manufactured by ketjen black international, primary particle size 34 nm, pore size 4 nm, specific surface area 1520 m 2 / g, oxygen content 6.1 mmol / g)
- the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution, and SnCl 2 .2H 2 O, polyvinyl alcohol and ketjen black were dispersed.
- the turning of the inner cylinder was once stopped, 56.4 mL of 1 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into the inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution again. During this time, a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, and shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and SnCl 2 hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction proceeded. After the inner cylinder stopped rotating, the ketjen black was collected by filtration and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours.
- the dried ketjen black, water, and glutamic acid were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 0.5: 1 and kneaded to obtain a kneaded product.
- the polyvinyl alcohol and glutamic acid are thermally decomposed by heat treatment at 500 ° C. for 1 hour in nitrogen, and the surface of the tin oxide particles and the surface of the ketjen black are thermally decomposed products of polyvinyl alcohol, respectively.
- spherical particles of tin dioxide having a particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm are supported on the inner surface and the outer surface of Ketjen Black, and 96% by mass of the primary particles are present in a non-aggregated state. confirmed.
- Example 3 The procedure of Example 2 was repeated except that aspartic acid was used in the same amount as glutamic acid instead of glutamic acid.
- Example 4 The procedure of Example 2 was repeated except that aminopimelic acid was used in the same amount as glutamic acid instead of glutamic acid.
- Example 5 The procedure of Example 2 was repeated except that homoserine was used in the same amount as glutamic acid instead of glutamic acid.
- any of the negative electrode active materials has a reversible capacity significantly increased from the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh / g of conventional graphite.
- the negative electrode active materials of Examples 2 to 5 that is, the negative electrode active material having a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of ketjen black, Slightly reduced compared to the negative electrode active material, that is, the negative electrode active material that does not have a low-conductivity amorphous carbon layer covering the surface of ketjen black and has the same tin content Had a reversible capacity and a greatly reduced irreversible capacity. Therefore, it can be seen that the negative electrode active materials of Examples 2 to 5 achieve a reduction in reversible capacity and a significant reduction in irreversible capacity.
- Negative electrode active material containing the granulated product (third negative electrode active material)
- Ketjen Black (trade name Ketjen Black EC600J, manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., primary particle size 34 nm, pore size 4 nm, specific surface area 1520 m 2 / g, oxygen amount 6.1 mmol / g), and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution, and SnCl 2 .2H 2 O, Fe (CH 3 COO) 2, polyvinyl alcohol and ketjen black were dispersed.
- Ketjen Black trade name Ketjen Black EC600J, manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., primary particle size 34 nm, pore size 4 nm, specific surface area 1520 m 2 / g, oxygen amount 6.1 mmol / g
- the turning of the inner cylinder was once stopped, 56.4 mL of 1 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into the inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder was swirled for 300 seconds so that a centrifugal force of 70000 kgms- 2 was applied to the reaction solution again. During this time, a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction of SnCl 2 and Fe (CH 3 COO) 2 proceeded. After the inner cylinder stopped rotating, the ketjen black was collected by filtration and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours.
- the dried ketjen black, water, and glucose were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 0.5: 1 and kneaded to obtain a kneaded product.
- the polyvinyl alcohol and glucose are thermally decomposed by heat treatment at 500 ° C. for 1 hour in nitrogen, and the surfaces of the tin oxide particles and ketjen black are thermally decomposed products of polyvinyl alcohol and glucose.
- a coated composite A was obtained.
- a thin film was formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder, shear stress and centrifugal force were applied to the thin film, and hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction of SnCl 2 and Fe (CH 3 COO) 2 proceeded.
- the inner cylinder stopped rotating the ketjen black was collected by filtration and dried in vacuum at 180 ° C. for 12 hours.
- the dried ketjen black, water, and glucose were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 0.5: 1 and kneaded to obtain a kneaded product.
- glucose was thermally decomposed by heat treatment at 500 ° C. for 1 hour in nitrogen to obtain a composite B in which at least the surface of ketjen black was coated with the pyrolyzate of glucose. .
- Complex D Except that glutamic acid was used in the same amount as glucose instead of glucose, the production procedure of complex B was repeated to obtain complex D in which at least the surface of ketjen black was coated with a pyrolyzate of glutamic acid.
- Experiment 2 Granulated product of composite and graphite-pulverization by jet mill Composite B, graphite (trade name J-CPB, Nippon Graphite) using a jet mill (device name: JOM-mini, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) Kogyo Co., Ltd. average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m) or a mixture of these was pulverized, and the pulverized product was collected.
- Experiment 3 Granulated product of composite and graphite-pulverization with a lykai device Using a lykai device, composite A and graphite (trade name: J-CPB, manufactured by Nippon Graphite Industry Co., Ltd., average particle size: 5 ⁇ m) The mixture mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1 or 1: 1 was pulverized, and the pulverized material was collected.
- composite A and graphite trade name: J-CPB, manufactured by Nippon Graphite Industry Co., Ltd., average particle size: 5 ⁇ m
- Experiment 4 Granule of composite and non-graphitizable carbon-grinding by jet mill Composite A, non-graphitizable carbon (pitch system) using a jet mill (device name: JOM-mini, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) Hard carbon, average particle size 10 ⁇ m), or a mixture thereof was pulverized and the pulverized material was collected.
- Experiment 5 Granulated product of composite and graphite-pulverization by jet mill Composite C, graphite (trade name J-CPB, Nippon Graphite) using a jet mill (device name: JOM-mini, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) Kogyo Co., Ltd. average particle size of 5 ⁇ m) or a mixture of these was pulverized and the pulverized product was collected.
- Experiment 6 Granulated product of composite and graphite-pulverization by jet mill Composite D, graphite (trade name J-CPB, Nippon Graphite) using a jet mill (device name: JOM-mini, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) Kogyo Co., Ltd. average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m) or a mixture of these was pulverized, and the pulverized product was collected.
- FIG. 5 is an evaluation of the negative electrode active material obtained by the pulverization process of Experiment 1
- FIG. 6 is an evaluation of the negative electrode active material obtained by the pulverization process of Experiment 4.
- the dotted lines in FIGS. 5 and 6 indicate the density a (g / cc) and the ratio (100-x) (mass%) of the composite, and the density b (g / cc) and the ratio of graphite or non-graphitizable carbon.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention has a density higher than the calculated value, and it can be seen that a dense granulated product having a large bulk density was formed in the pulverization process.
- FIG. 7 the irreversible capacity
- FIG. 9 the irreversible capacity
- the reversible capacity of the negative electrode active material of the present invention including the granulated product of the composite A and the aggregate almost coincides with the calculated value, but the irreversible capacity is the calculated value. It can be seen that it is significantly smaller.
- the electrolytic decomposition of the electrolyte occurs on the outer surface of the granulated material constituting the negative electrode active material, and SEI is formed on the outer surface of the granulated material. Conceivable.
- the contact area of electrolyte solution and a carbon material can be reduced by granulation, As a result, carbon material surface It is considered that the initial irreversible capacity, which seems to be caused by the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte solution at 1, is significantly reduced. Further, since the reversible capacity of the negative electrode active material of the present invention substantially matches the calculated value, the structure of the composite A is stably maintained without being affected by pulverization, and the reversibility of the conversion reaction is also maintained. It was judged.
- the ratio of graphite in the granulated material although the reversible capacity per unit volume of the negative electrode active material composed solely of graphite is smaller than the reversible capacity per unit volume of the negative electrode active material composed solely of the composite A.
- the value of the reversible capacity per unit volume of the negative electrode active material containing the granulated product of the composite A and graphite is the reversible capacity of the negative electrode active material consisting of the composite A alone. It can be seen that the value is higher than the value. This is a result reflecting that a granulated product having a high density and a high bulk density was obtained by pulverization.
- FIGS. 11, 12, and 13 are diagrams corresponding to FIGS. 5, 7, and 8 for the pulverized material (negative electrode active material) of Experiment 2 in which the composite B is used instead of the composite A.
- FIGS. 14, 15, and 16 are diagrams corresponding to FIGS. 5, 7, and 8 for the pulverized material (negative electrode active material) of Experiment 5 using the composite C
- FIGS. FIG. 9 is a view corresponding to FIGS. 5, 7, and 8 for a pulverized product (negative electrode active material) of Experiment 6 using D. 15 and 18, the reversible capacity per unit weight of the negative electrode active material including the granulated product in which the composite C or the composite D and graphite are aggregated substantially agrees with the calculated value, but the irreversible capacity is calculated. It can be seen that it is significantly smaller than the value.
- the amorphous carbon layer covering at least the surface of the conductive carbon powder in the complex A and the complex B is derived from glucose, but at least the surface of the conductive carbon powder in the complex C and the complex D is covered.
- the covering amorphous carbon layer is derived from glutamic acid. It is considered that the amorphous carbon layer derived from glutamic acid is denser than the amorphous carbon layer derived from glucose and efficiently covers the active sites of the conductive carbon film.
- the irreversible capacity of the composite C or the composite D alone graphite 0 mass%) is significantly lower than the irreversible capacity of the composite A or the composite B alone.
- the composite C or composite D including an amorphous carbon layer derived from glutamic acid is used. Is more preferable than the complex A or the complex B including the amorphous carbon layer derived from glucose. Further, as can be understood from FIGS. 16 and 19, the reversible capacity per unit volume of the negative electrode active material made only of graphite is larger than the reversible capacity per unit volume of the negative electrode active material made only of the composite C or the composite D.
- the negative electrode active material containing the granulated product of the composite C or the composite D and graphite per unit volume is used. It can be seen that the value of the reversible capacity is equivalent to the value of the reversible capacity of the negative electrode active material composed only of the composite C or the composite D. This is a result reflecting that a granulated product having a high density and a high bulk density was obtained by pulverization.
- 1 is a SEM photograph of a granulated product obtained by pulverizing a mixture of 1 by a jet mill.
- the granulated product obtained by using a jet mill has a smaller aggregate particle size compared to the granulated product obtained by using a laika device, and the presence of fine particles adhering to the surface of coarse particles. The amount is also small.
- the pulverization efficiency of the jet mill is high, the aggregate is easy to be miniaturized, and the relatively small pulverized aggregate particles agglomerated while effectively supplementing the fine particles generated by the pulverization and the composite A, It is considered that the spheroidization progressed and a granulated product with higher density and higher bulk density was formed.
- Charge / discharge cycle test in a potential range of 0 to 2 V (including the conversion reaction region) under a constant current condition of 0.5 C with a half-cell using a granulated product obtained by grinding with a mill as a negative electrode active material The result of having performed is shown.
- the half battery using the granulated material pulverized by the jet mill as the negative electrode active material showed stable cycle characteristics. This is considered to reflect that a granulated product having a stable structure was obtained because of the high grinding efficiency of the jet mill.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention has a reduced initial irreversible capacity and a high reversible capacity, it is promising as a negative electrode active material replacing graphite, and is suitably used for the next-generation lithium ion secondary battery. And is also suitable as a negative electrode active material for a hybrid capacitor.
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Abstract
Description
複合体に含まれる酸化スズ粉末は、二酸化スズ或いは二酸化スズと一酸化スズとの混合物であることができる。酸化スズ粉末は、ナノサイズを有している必要はないが、酸化スズ粉末がナノサイズを有していると、酸化スズの表面積が増加し、ナノサイズを有する炭素粉末との接触点が増加するため、Sn-O-C結合がより多くのサイトで形成されるようになり、したがってコンバージョン反応後に上記式(III)に示す準安定状態が形成されやすくなるため好ましい。また、酸化スズ粉末が微細であると、コンバージョン反応後に、酸化リチウムマトリックス中に微細なスズが分散することになり、可逆的に生じる合金化反応におけるリチウム吸蔵放出に伴うスズの大きな体積変化がこのマトリックスにより効果的に抑制される。また、酸化スズ粉末が微細であると、酸化スズ粉末の反応サイトが増大し、酸化スズ粉末内のリチウムの拡散距離が短縮する。
第1の負極活物質は、上述の複合体と、黒鉛及び難黒鉛化炭素からなる群から選択された骨材と、が凝集した造粒物を含む。この負極活物質は、上述の複合体と、黒鉛及び難黒鉛化炭素からなる群から選択された骨材との混合物を得る混合工程、及び、上記混合物を粉砕することにより、上記複合体と上記骨材とを凝集させて造粒物を得る造粒工程、を含む方法を実施することにより得ることができる。
本発明の第1、第2及び第3の負極活物質は、リチウムイオン二次電池のために好適である。したがって、本発明はまた、本発明の負極活物質を含む負極と、正極と、負極と正極との間に配置された非水系電解液を保持したセパレータとを備えたリチウムイオン二次電池を提供する。
(a)負極活物質の製造
実施例1:
特開2007-160151号公報の図1に示されている、外筒と内筒の同心円筒からなり、内筒の側面に貫通孔が設けられ、外筒の開口部にせき板が配置されている反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2Oを水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに、0.56gのポリビニルアルコールと濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと1.61gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O、ポリビニルアルコール及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。反応時におけるSnCl2・2H2Oとケッチェンブラックとの仕込み量は、質量比で、SnO2:ケッチェンブラック=70:30である。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。
実施例1において用いた反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2Oを水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに、濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと2.50gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。反応時におけるSnCl2・2H2Oとケッチェンブラックとの仕込み量は、質量比で、SnO2:ケッチェンブラック=60:40である。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。内筒の旋回停止後に、ケッチェンブラックをろ過して回収し、真空中180℃で12時間乾燥し、負極活物質を得た。得られた負極活物質をX線粉末回折により確認したところ、二酸化スズが生成していた(図2参照)。
実施例1において用いた反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2Oを水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに、濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと1.61gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。反応時におけるSnCl2・2H2Oとケッチェンブラックとの仕込み量は、質量比で、SnO2:ケッチェンブラック=70:30である。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。内筒の旋回停止後に、ケッチェンブラックをろ過して回収し、真空中180℃で12時間乾燥し、負極活物質を得た。得られた負極活物質をX線粉末回折により確認したところ、二酸化スズが生成していた(図2参照)。
実施例1において用いた反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2Oを水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに、0.56gのポリエチレンオキサイドと濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと1.61gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O、ポリエチレンオキサイド及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。反応時におけるSnCl2・2H2Oとケッチェンブラックとの仕込み量は、質量比で、SnO2:ケッチェンブラック=70:30である。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。
実施例1において用いた反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2Oを水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに、0.56gのポリアクリル酸ナトリウムと濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと1.61gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O、ポリアクリル酸及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。反応時におけるSnCl2・2H2Oとケッチェンブラックとの仕込み量は、質量比で、SnO2:ケッチェンブラック=70:30である。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。
実施例1及び比較例1~4の各負極活物質0.7mgにポリフッ化ビニリデンを全体の30質量%加えて成形したものを負極とし、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとした半電池を作成した。
実施例1及び比較例1~4の各負極活物質を使用した半電池について、レート0.5Cの定電流条件で0~2Vの電位範囲(コンバージョン反応領域を含む範囲)で充放電特性を評価した。この評価は半電池としての評価であるが、正極を用いた全電池においても同様の効果が期待できる。
(a)負極活物質の製造
実施例2:
実施例1において用いた反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2O及び0.56gのポリビニルアルコールを水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと1.62gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O、ポリビニルアルコール及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。内筒の旋回停止後に、ケッチェンブラックをろ過して回収し、真空中180℃で12時間乾燥した。次いで、乾燥後のケッチェンブラックと、水と、グルタミン酸とを1:0.5:1の質量比で混合し、混錬して混錬物を得た。混錬物から水を蒸発させた後、窒素中500℃で1時間熱処理することによりポリビニルアルコール及びグルタミン酸を熱分解し、酸化スズ粒子の表面及びケッチェンブラックの表面がそれぞれポリビニルアルコールの熱分解物及びグルタミン酸の熱分解物(低導電性の無定形炭素膜及び低導電性の無定形炭素層)で被覆された負極活物質を得た。
グルタミン酸の代わりにアスパラギン酸をグルタミン酸と同量で使用した点を除いて、実施例2の手順を繰り返した。
グルタミン酸の代わりにアミノピメリン酸をグルタミン酸と同量で使用した点を除いて、実施例2の手順を繰り返した。
グルタミン酸の代わりにホモセリンをグルタミン酸と同量で使用した点を除いて、実施例2の手順を繰り返した。
実施例1~5の各負極活物質0.7mgにポリフッ化ビニリデンを全体の30質量%加えて成形したものを負極とし、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとした半電池を作成した。
実施例1~5の各負極活物質を使用した半電池について、レート0.2C(298mA/g)の定電流条件で0~2Vの電位範囲(コンバージョン反応領域を含む範囲)で充放電特性を評価した。この評価は半電池としての評価であるが、正極を用いた全電池においても同様の効果が期待できる。表2に、1回目の充放電における不可逆容量と可逆容量とをまとめた。
(a)複合体の製造
複合体A:
実施例1で使用した反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2O、0.435gのFe(CH3COO)2及び0.56gのポリビニルアルコールを水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと1.62gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O、Fe(CH3COO)2、ポリビニルアルコール及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2及びFe(CH3COO)2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。内筒の旋回停止後に、ケッチェンブラックをろ過して回収し、真空中180℃で12時間乾燥した。次いで、乾燥後のケッチェンブラックと、水と、グルコースとを1:0.5:1の質量比で混合し、混錬して混錬物を得た。混錬物から水を蒸発させた後、窒素中500℃で1時間熱処理することによりポリビニルアルコール及びグルコースを熱分解し、酸化スズ粒子及びケッチェンブラックの表面がポリビニルアルコール及びグルコースの熱分解物で被覆された複合体Aを得た。
実施例1で使用した反応器の内筒に、5.64gのSnCl2・2H2O、及び0.435gのFe(CH3COO)2を水120mLに溶解させた液を導入し、さらに濃度2Mの塩酸3.2mLと1.62gのケッチェンブラック(商品名ケッチェンブラックEC600J、ケッチェンブラック・インターナショナル社製、一次粒子径34nm、細孔径4nm、比表面積1520m2/g、酸素量6.1ミリモル/g)とを導入し、70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させ、SnCl2・2H2O、Fe(CH3COO)2及びケッチェンブラックを分散させた。一旦内筒の旋回を停止し、内筒内に濃度1MのNaOH水溶液56.4mLを添加し、再び70000kgms-2の遠心力が反応液に印加されるように内筒を300秒間旋回させた。この間に、外筒の内壁に薄膜が形成され、この薄膜にずり応力と遠心力が印加され、SnCl2及びFe(CH3COO)2の加水分解と重縮合反応が進行した。内筒の旋回停止後に、ケッチェンブラックをろ過して回収し、真空中180℃で12時間乾燥した。次いで、乾燥後のケッチェンブラックと、水と、グルコースとを1:0.5:1の質量比で混合し、混錬して混錬物を得た。混錬物から水を蒸発させた後、窒素中500℃で1時間熱処理することによりグルコースを熱分解し、少なくともケッチェンブラックの表面がグルコースの熱分解物で被覆された複合体Bを得た。
グルコースの代わりにグルタミン酸をグルコースと同量で使用した点を除いて、複合体Aの製造手順を繰り返し、酸化スズ粒子及びケッチェンブラックの表面がポリビニルアルコール及びグルタミン酸の熱分解物で被覆された複合体Cを得た。
グルコースの代わりにグルタミン酸をグルコースと同量で使用した点を除いて、複合体Bの製造手順を繰り返し、少なくともケッチェンブラックの表面がグルタミン酸の熱分解物で被覆された複合体Dを得た。
実験1:複合体と黒鉛との造粒物-ジェットミルによる粉砕
ジェットミル(装置名JOM-mini、株式会社セイシン企業製)を用いて、複合体A、黒鉛(商品名J-CPB、日本黒鉛工業株式会社製、平均粒径5μm)、又はこれらを混合した混合物を粉砕し、粉砕物を採集した。
ジェットミル(装置名JOM-mini、株式会社セイシン企業製)を用いて、複合体B、黒鉛(商品名J-CPB、日本黒鉛工業株式会社製、平均粒径5μm)、又はこれらを混合した混合物を粉砕し、粉砕物を採集した。
ライカイ器を用いて、複合体Aと黒鉛(商品名J-CPB、日本黒鉛工業株式会社製、平均粒径5μm)とを4:1又は1:1の質量比で混合した混合物を粉砕し、粉砕物を採集した。
ジェットミル(装置名JOM-mini、株式会社セイシン企業製)を用いて、複合体A、難黒鉛化炭素(ピッチ系ハードカーボン、平均粒径10μm)、又はこれらの混合物を粉砕し、粉砕物を採集した。
ジェットミル(装置名JOM-mini、株式会社セイシン企業製)を用いて、複合体C、黒鉛(商品名J-CPB、日本黒鉛工業株式会社製、平均粒径5μm)、又はこれらを混合した混合物を粉砕し、粉砕物を採集した。
ジェットミル(装置名JOM-mini、株式会社セイシン企業製)を用いて、複合体D、黒鉛(商品名J-CPB、日本黒鉛工業株式会社製、平均粒径5μm)、又はこれらを混合した混合物を粉砕し、粉砕物を採集した。
実験1~6で得られた粉砕物(負極活物質)0.7mgにポリフッ化ビニリデンを全体の30質量%加えて成形したものを負極とし、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとした半電池を作成した。
X(g/cc)={a×(100-x)+b×x}/100
を示している。
Y(mAh/g)={c×(100-x)+d×x}/100
を示している。
Claims (15)
- ナノサイズを有する導電性炭素粉末と、該導電性炭素粉末の表面に接触している酸化スズ粉末と、が高分散状態で含まれている複合体と、
黒鉛及び難黒鉛化炭素からなる群から選択された骨材と、
が凝集した造粒物を含む、リチウムの吸蔵及び放出が可能な負極活物質。 - 前記複合体における前記酸化スズ粉末がナノサイズを有する球状粒子である、請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記複合体に、前記ナノサイズを有する酸化スズの球状粒子の表面のうちの前記導電性炭素粉末の表面と接触していない部分を被覆している低導電性の無定形炭素膜がさらに含まれている、請求項2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記複合体に、前記導電性炭素粉末の表面を被覆している低導電性の無定形炭素層がさらに含まれている、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記複合体に、前記導電性炭素粉末の表面を被覆している酸化スズ以外の金属酸化物がさらに含まれている、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記複合体における前記導電性炭素粉末がケッチェンブラックである、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記骨材が黒鉛である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質の製造方法であって、
ナノサイズを有する導電性炭素粉末と、該導電性炭素粉末の表面に接触している酸化スズ粉末と、が高分散状態で含まれている複合体と、
黒鉛及び難黒鉛化炭素からなる群から選択された骨材と、
の混合物を得る混合工程、及び、
前記混合物を粉砕することにより、前記複合体と前記骨材とを凝集させて造粒物を得る造粒工程、
を含むことを特徴とする負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記造粒工程において、粉砕をジェットミルにより行う、請求項8に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- ナノサイズを有する導電性炭素粉末と、該導電性炭素粉末の表面に接触しているナノサイズを有する酸化スズの球状粒子と、が高分散状態で含まれており、前記酸化スズの球状粒子の表面のうちの前記導電性炭素粉末の表面と接触していない部分を被覆している低導電性の無定形炭素膜がさらに含まれている、リチウムの吸蔵及び放出が可能な負極活物質。
- 請求項10に記載の負極活物質の製造方法であって、
旋回可能な反応器内に、酸化スズ前駆体とポリビニルアルコールとを溶解させた溶液にナノサイズを有する導電性炭素粉末を添加した反応液を導入する導入工程、
前記反応器を旋回させて、前記反応液にずり応力と遠心力とを加えながら前記酸化スズ前駆体の加水分解反応と重縮合反応とを行ってナノサイズを有する球状の反応生成物を得ると同時に、前記反応生成物を前記導電性炭素粉末に担持させ且つ前記反応生成物の表面にポリビニルアルコールを付着させる反応工程、及び、
前記反応工程で得られた生成物を乾燥後、ポリビニルアルコールを熱分解して、ナノサイズを有する酸化スズの球状粒子の表面に低導電性の無定形炭素膜を形成する熱処理工程
を含むことを特徴とする負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記導電性炭素粉末がケッチェンブラックであり、前記反応液における前記酸化スズ前駆体の質量が二酸化スズ換算でケッチェンブラックの質量の1.5~4倍の範囲である、請求項11に記載の複合体の製造方法。
- ナノサイズを有する導電性炭素粉末と、該導電性炭素粉末の表面に接触している酸化スズ粉末と、が高分散状態で含まれており、前記導電性炭素粉末の表面を被覆している低導電性の無定形炭素層がさらに含まれている、リチウムの吸蔵及び放出が可能な負極活物質の製造方法であって、
ナノサイズを有する導電性炭素粉末と、該導電性炭素粉末の表面に接触している酸化スズ粉末と、が高分散状態で含まれている複合体と、式(A)
及び、
前記混錬物を熱処理することにより前記式(A)で表されるアミノ酸を熱分解して低導電性の無定形炭素層を形成する熱処理工程
を含むことを特徴とする負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記熱処理工程を、非酸化雰囲気下で450~500℃の範囲の温度で行う、請求項13に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1~7及び10のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質を含む負極と、
リチウムの吸蔵及び放出が可能な正極活物質を含む正極と、
前記負極と前記正極との間に配置された非水系電解液を保持したセパレータと、
を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池。
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JP2013507824A JP6124786B2 (ja) | 2011-03-30 | 2012-03-30 | 負極活物質、この負極活物質の製造方法、及びこの負極活物質を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池 |
US14/008,329 US9496556B2 (en) | 2011-03-30 | 2012-03-30 | Negative electrode active material having nanosize tin oxide particle disperded on surface of nanosize conductive carbon powder, method for producing the same, and lithium ion secondary battery using the same |
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JP2011076780 | 2011-03-30 | ||
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US9496556B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 |
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