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WO2011014663A1 - Process of improving transplant plants - Google Patents

Process of improving transplant plants Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011014663A1
WO2011014663A1 PCT/US2010/043723 US2010043723W WO2011014663A1 WO 2011014663 A1 WO2011014663 A1 WO 2011014663A1 US 2010043723 W US2010043723 W US 2010043723W WO 2011014663 A1 WO2011014663 A1 WO 2011014663A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
plant
seed
growth media
planting
transplant
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2010/043723
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
John M. Haskell
Kiran Shetty
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Syngenta Participations Ag
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2011014663A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011014663A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests

Definitions

  • transplant plants are common when growing vegetable plants.
  • a transplant plant is generally a plant where the seed of a plant is first planted in plant growth facilities with, sometimes indoors or partially indoor, in a controlled environment or partially controlled environments , and then later moved to a production fields where the plant continues to grow and mature.
  • Transplant plants are common in vegetable plant for various reasons. One reason is the relatively high cost of vegetable seeds; planting seeds indoors increases germination rate, which in-turn conserves seed.
  • Another common reason for transplant use is to lengthen the growing season to achieve the maximum number of harvests, and also, as compared to a non-transplanted field plant, achieve a timed harvests.
  • farmers can prevent the loss the crops by postponing transplanting into the field due to weather, e.g. a frost, or other unpredictable event or circumstances.
  • the first stage of a transplant plant begins in a greenhouse, the seeds of transplant plants are planted in flats or cell packs containing a growing media. With proper care and environment control, the seeds germinate and grow in the greenhouse for a given amount of time.
  • the next step is hardening, which is discussed in detail below, followed by the actual transplanting when the plant moved to the field. Prior to moving the greenhouse plant to the field, the plant is put through a process to help protect the plant from the stress resulting in a change in environment. This process is commonly referred to as "hardening.” Hardening is a process of exposing the plant to an undesirable conditions.
  • undesirable conditions generally include inducing starvation of the plant by withholding water and/or nutrients from the plant, and/or exposing the plants to colder temperatures. Inducing starvation via water, nutrient, or temperature control slows the plant's growth and allows carbohydrates to accumulate, which are then available to the plant upon transplanting into the field. While hardening slows the growth of the plant, hardening generally helps protect the plant from temperature fluctuation (especially low temperatures), lodging, mechanical damage from handling, transplant shock (stresses resulting in a change in environment), and other environmental conditions, for example, wind and drought. The hardening process induces a changed morphology of the plants which is visually detectable: pale leaves and hard stems.
  • the amount of hardening of the plant at by commercial transplant farms/companies is generally considered “significant”. Significant hardening occurs when there is are visible signs to one of ordinary skill in the art of stress to the plant, for example, wilting or dry leaves or color change, such as pale leaves. Other visible signs will be well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • hardening has proved advantageous, and arguably necessary, in the transplant plant industry, hardening still presents the disadvantage of requiring that the plant's growth be slowed.
  • the present technology overcomes the disadvantage associated with hardening and allows a plant grower to forego or reduce the starvation-induced hardening process. This allows the plant grower to control water, nutrients, and temperature in the optimal manner so as to promote growth of the transplant plant.
  • a grower By continuing to promote growth throughout the period that would otherwise be used for hardening, a grower can produce a transplant plant that will be healthier, have a more aesthetically pleasing appearance, and allow for an earlier harvests upon maturity.
  • One reason that earlier harvests are advantageous to growers is because it reduces the inputs needed at the end of the growing season. For example, where the present technology can provide earlier harvests up to, for example, two weeks, this represents two weeks at the end of the growing season where the grower does not need to provide nutrients or water, or staff a labor force for that time. This will result in a cost savings to the grower.
  • the process of the present technology includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
  • the process of the present technology further includes: (a) planting a seed of a plant in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (b) treating the plant with at least one plant growth regulator; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
  • the process of the present technology further includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator and at least one fungicide; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
  • the process of the present technology further includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying at least one plant activator to the plant; (d) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (e) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
  • the process of the present technology further includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator and at least one plant activator; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
  • the process of the present technology includes that the first plant growth media is in a plant growth facility that is sometimes indoors or partially indoor, is a controlled environment or partially controlled environment, for example, a greenhouse.
  • Heat as defined herein is the transfer of energy from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. Therefore the application of heat could include either increasing the temperature of the plant or decreasing the temperature of the plant.
  • Plant growth regulators are generally any substances or mixtures of substances intended to accelerate, slow- down or retard the rate of growth or maturation or germination, or otherwise alter the development of plants or their produce. Some plant growth regulators provide protection against 85 abiotic stresses to a plant. Tolerance to temperature extremes, both high and low, drought, and salt are a few examples of abiotic stresses to which a plant may be subjected. PGRs enable a plant to fight the abiotic stresses by controlling the natural expression of hormones within the plant.
  • Plant growth regulators are known in the art of agricultural chemistry and are described in The Pesticide Manual (Twelfth Edition, CD. S. Tomlin, Ed.).
  • paclobutrazol (590) and cyproconazole (189) 90 are triazole fungicides that exhibit plant growth regulating activity, specifically as growth retardants.
  • Plant growth regulators may be classified into subcategories including, but not limited to antiauxins (clofibric acid, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid), auxins (4-CPA, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEP, dichlorprop, fenoprop, IAA, IBA, naphthaleneacetamide, ⁇ -naphthaleneacetic acid, 1-naphthol, naphthoxyacetic acid, potassium naphthenate, sodium naphthenate, 2,4,5-T), cytokinins (2iP, benzyladenine, kinetin, zeatin), 95 defoliants (calcium cyanamide, dimethipin, endothal, ethephon, merphos, metoxuron,
  • ethylene inhibitors aviglycine, 1-methylcyclopropene
  • ethylene releasers ACC, et reviewingl, ethephon, glyoxime
  • gibberellins gibberellic acid, gibberellins, including non-cyclopropene compounds that show gibberellin-like activity, such as, for example, helminthosporic acid, phaseolic acid, kaurenoic acid, and steviol
  • growth inhibitors abcisic acid
  • prohydrojasmon propham 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid
  • morphactins chlorfluren, chlorflurenol, dichlorflurenol, flurenol
  • growth retardants/modifiers chlormequat, daminozide, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, cyproconazole, tetcyclacis, uniconazole, ancymidol, trinexapac-ethyl, and
  • progexadione-CA growth stimulators
  • growth stimulators brassinolide, forchlorfenuron, hymexazol, 2-amino-6-oxypurine derivatives, as described below, indolinone derivates, as described below, 3,4-disubstituted maleimide derivatives, as described below, and fused azepinone derivatives, as described below.
  • the term additionally includes other active ingredients such as benzofluor, buminafos, carvone, ciobutide, clofencet, cloxyfonac, cyclanilide, cycloheximide, epocholeone, ethychlozate, ethylene, fenridazon,
  • Preferred plant growth regulators include growth retardants, the class of gibberellins, including gibberellic acid, growth inhibitors, and growth stimulators.
  • Particularly preferred plant growth regulators include growth retardants, particularly paclobutrazol, cyproconazole, flurprimidol, trinexapac, and uniconazole and the class of gibberellins, including 115 gibberellic acid, especially GA 3 .
  • growth retardants particularly paclobutrazol, cyproconazole, uniconazole, trinexapac and gibberellic acid.
  • the present technology includes the treatment an individual seed of a plant with an amount from 0.01 to 20 ⁇ g/seed of the at least one plant growth regulator independently or in combination with an additional fungicides, insecticides, and/or plant activators.
  • the plant growth regulator(s) may be 125 delivered on the seed via pelleting, film coating, priming, micro-encapsulations or encrusting
  • the plant growth regulator(s) is (are) applied first onto the seed and the additional fungicides, insecticides, and/or plant activators are applied at a later stage, such as after germination during growth and development of the plant.
  • the treatment of an individual seed of a plant is in an amount from 0.01 to 20 130 ⁇ g/seed of a plant growth regulator, especially paclobutrazol , uniconazole, cyproconazole, trinexapac, gibberellic acid or cytokinins.
  • the seed treatment can be as a combined formulation of all active ingredients or as a sequential treatment of one or more of the active ingredients individually applied to the seed.
  • an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes a rate between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 135 20 ⁇ g/seed. More particularly, an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 5 ⁇ g/seed. Preferably, an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 2 ⁇ g/seed. Even more preferably, an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes between 0.1 ⁇ g/seed and 1 ⁇ g/seed.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment includes an effective amount of gibberellin or gibberellic acid 140 includes a rate between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 20 ⁇ g/seed. More particularly, an effective amount of
  • gibberellin or gibberellic acid includes between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 5 ⁇ g/seed.
  • an effective amount of gibberellin or gibberellic acid includes between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 2 ⁇ g/seed.
  • an effective amount of gibberellin or gibberellic acid includes between 0.1 ⁇ g/seed and 1 ⁇ g/seed.
  • Plant nutrients are compounds which promote the health and growth of plant. Common examples of plant nutrients include, but are not limited to, fertilizers. Fertilizers are generally chemical compounds which promote the growth of a plant. Fertilizers include both organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are typically referred to those that are naturally occurring
  • Inorganic fertilizers also known as mineral fertilizers, include macronutrients and micronutrients.
  • macronutrients found in fertilizers are commonly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
  • micronutrients include iron, manganese, boron, copper, molybdenum, nickel, chlorine, and zinc.
  • Fertilizers are generally applied to growing media and made available to the plant through uptake by the plant roots. Fertilizers can also be applied directly to
  • planting media is any material where a plant seed can be sown or a plant can grow.
  • This material can include, but is not limited to, soils, planting mixes, peat moss, vermiculate, plant extracts, seed hulls or husks, pulverized tree bark, natural clay materials, water, or any combination thereof.
  • Common planting mixes include those that are commercially available, such as those sold by 160 Conrad Fafard, Inc. of Agawam, Massachusetts.
  • Plant activators can be applied as a seed treatment, as a foliar application, or to the soil where the seed is sown or the plant is growing or to-be grown.
  • Plant activators are also described in The Pesticide Manual (Twelfth Edition, C.D.S. Tomlin, Ed.) as having activity for controlling biotic stresses of plants. For example, application of acibenzolar-S-methyl to 170 wheat shows fungal control, even though the compound itself possesses no fungicidal properties. By activating the natural disease-fighting responses of the plant, plant activators such as acibenzolor-S- methyl or Harpin are able to stimulate SAR against pests.
  • an effective amount of plant activator includes a rate between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 20 ⁇ g/seed. More particularly, an effective amount of plant activator includes between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 5 175 ⁇ g/seed. Preferably, an effective amount of plant activator includes between 0.01 ⁇ g/seed and 2
  • an effective amount of plant activator includes between 0.1 ⁇ g/seed and 1 ⁇ g/seed.
  • the methods of the present invention may contain varying proportions of the plant growth regulator(s) and plant activator(s) active ingredients.
  • a ratio of total plant growth regulator to total plant activator of from 99:1, 98:2, 97:3, 96:4, 95:5, 94:6, 93:7, 92:8, 91:9, 90:10, 89:11, 88:12, 87:13, 86:14, 85:15, 84:16, 83:17, 82:18, 81:19, 80:20, 79:21, 78:22, 77:23, 76:24, 75:25, 74:26, 73:27, 72:28, 71:29, 70:30, 69:31, 68:32, 67:33, 66:34, 65:45, 64:46, 63:47, 62:48, 61:49, 60:40, 59:41, 58:42, 57:43, 56:44, 55:45, 54:46,
  • the combinations of the present invention may further comprise additional active ingredient pesticides.
  • pesticides include those selected from, for example and not for limitation, insecticides, acaricides, bactericides, fungicides, nematicides and molluscicides.
  • Suitable additions of insecticidally, acaricidally, nematicidally, or molluscicidally active ingredients are, for example and not for limitation, representatives of the following classes of active ingredients:
  • organophosphorus compounds nitrophenols and derivatives, formamidines, triazine derivatives,
  • nitroenamine derivatives nitro- and cyanoguanidine derivatives, ureas, benzoylureas, carbamates, pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons and Bacillus thuringiensis products.
  • Especially preferred components in mixtures are abamectin, cyanoimine, acetamiprid, thiodicarb, nitromethylene, nitenpyram, clothianidin, dinotefuran, fipronil, lufenuron, pyripfoxyfen, thiacloprid, fluxofenime;
  • fungicidally active ingredients are, for example and not for limitation,
  • strobilurins representatives of the following classes of active ingredients: strobilurins, triazoles, ortho-cyclopropyl- carboxanilide derivatives, phenylpyrroles, and systemic fungicides.
  • suitable additions of fungicidally active ingredients include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: azoxystrobin; bitertanol; carboxin; Cu 2 O; cymoxanil; cyproconazole; cyprodinil; dichlofluamid; difenoconazole;
  • fungicidally active agents include azoxystrobin, sedaxane, difenoconazole, fludioxonil, thiabendazole, tebuconazole, metalaxyl, mefenoxam (metalaxyl-M), myclobutanil, fluoxastrobin, tritaxonazole, and trifloxystrobin.
  • Treating a seed or other plant propagation materials includes any process by which an active ingredient 220 is made to adhere to the seed or material.
  • Such treatment includes, but is not limited to, dressing, including liquid dressing, dust dressing, and slurrying, encrusting, coating (particularly film coating), conditioning, layering, encapusulation, soaking, pelleting, washing, kerneling, injecting, and other methods known in the art.
  • Loading active ingredients onto a seed is an imperfect process.
  • the amount of active ingredient 225 contained on an individual seed varies according to the treatment process and type. The present
  • invention provides for loading onto an individual seed an amount from 0.01 to 20 ⁇ g/seed, more particularly from 0.01 to 15 ⁇ g/seed, 0.1 to 10 ⁇ g/seed, or 0.1 to 5 ⁇ g/seed.
  • loading onto an individual seed ranges from 0.01 to 10 ⁇ g/seed; more preferably, from 0.01 to 5 ⁇ g/seed of total plant growth regulator.
  • the loading process of the present invention comprises direct seed slurry treatments using a spin disc applicator (e.g., Hege treater), batch or continiuos flow treaters, fluidized bed applicators, rotostatic applicators, film coaters, pan coaters, bag treaters, and any other seed treatment process known in the art.
  • a spin disc applicator e.g., Hege treater
  • batch or continiuos flow treaters e.g., Hege treater
  • fluidized bed applicators e.g., rotostatic applicators
  • film coaters e.g., pan coaters, bag treaters, and any other seed treatment process known in the art.
  • the formulation can be 235 applied to the seeds using conventional treating techniques and machines, such as fluidized bed
  • the seeds may be presized before coating. After coating, the seeds are typically dried and then transferred to a sizing machine for sizing. Such procedures are known in the art.
  • Seed treatment may be useful on primed and unprimed seeds.
  • Priming is a water-based process known in the art that is performed on seeds to increase uniformity of germination and emergence from a growing medium or soil, thus enhancing plant stand establishment.
  • enhanced transplant health is indicated by improvements in one or more observed plant traits as compared to untreated plants.
  • Examples of enhanced plant traits include, but are not limited
  • Synchronized flowering is indicated by blooms materializing within 0.5 to 1 days of one another throughout the entire crop.
  • synchronized flowering is indicated by at least 75% of the crops having blooms appear within 0.5 to 1 days of one another.
  • synchronized flowering is indicated by crop and flower harvesting of 90% of the crop within 0.5 to 1 days of one another.
  • flowering is indicated by blooms materializing at a time earlier than untreated plants and/or plant materials, and/or starvation-induced hardened plants. More specifically, early flowering is indicated by blooms and/or flowers materializing in at least 75% of the crop more than 2-7 days sooner than untreated plants and/or plant materials, and/or starvation-induced hardened plants. 260
  • the significance of early, timed and synchronized flowering lends the crop to set fruits, pods or cobs from those flowers at a preferred time to meet marketing needs. This advantage is particularly useful in commercial crop production, weather direct seeded or transplanted, because a larger percentage (>75 to 90%) of the harvestable yields are rendered acceptable in the markets. Synchronized flowering and pod or fruit set also pre-dispose plants to uniform maturity and time to harvest. This induced advantage
  • 265 is useful in commercial crop production, whereby producers are able to maximize marketable yields from the crop.
  • Transportability is used herein to describe the ability to move and/or transplant plants from one location to another without causing damage to the plants. For instance, and not for limitation, transportability is used to describe the ability to stack, ship, store, and transplant pre-transplanted
  • Improved transportability refers to the ability to minimize lodging and snapping and reduce mortality and other damage to plants occurring during the moving process. Generally, improved transportability refers to plants having less damage from the moving process than plants not treated with the composition of the present invention. Damage is measured by overall appearance of the plants, stem appearance, snap counts, plant vigor, leaf color, shape and health of seedling, and plant life
  • Inputting requirements are considered to be any care and attention required to be given to the crop. These requirements include, for example and not for limitation, amount, frequency, and type of fertilizers, nutrients, including micronutrients, and/or pesticides applied, frequency of weeding, pruning, or tilling, and frequency and quantity of watering. Labor costs are included.
  • the present technology reduces the inputting requirements of a plant. Reduction of inputting
  • Reduction may be obtained on a single inputting function or it may be a measure of the overall inputting to the plant, or both. Quantifying the reduction is measured relative to untreated plants and/or hardened plants.
  • the present technology is suitable for use on any transplant plant, including but not limited to the
  • Suitable target crops also include transgenic crop plants of the foregoing types.
  • the transgenic crop plants used according to the invention are plants, or propagation material thereof, which are 290 transformed by means of recombinant DNA technology in such a way that they are - for instance - capable of synthesizing selectively acting toxins as are known, for example, from toxin-producing invertebrates, especially of the phylum Arthropoda, as can be obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis strains; or as are known from plants, such as lectins; or in the alternative capable of expressing a herbicidal or fungicidal resistance. Examples of such toxins, or transgenic plants which are capable of

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

A method for improving transplant plants by treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator; planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent visual signs of stress to the plant; and planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.

Description

TITLE
Process of Improving Transplant Plants
DESCRIPTION
The use of transplant plants is common when growing vegetable plants. A transplant plant is generally a plant where the seed of a plant is first planted in plant growth facilities with, sometimes indoors or partially indoor, in a controlled environment or partially controlled environments , and then later moved to a production fields where the plant continues to grow and mature. Transplant plants are common in vegetable plant for various reasons. One reason is the relatively high cost of vegetable seeds; planting seeds indoors increases germination rate, which in-turn conserves seed. Another common reason for transplant use is to lengthen the growing season to achieve the maximum number of harvests, and also, as compared to a non-transplanted field plant, achieve a timed harvests. Furthermore, using transplants, farmers can prevent the loss the crops by postponing transplanting into the field due to weather, e.g. a frost, or other unpredictable event or circumstances.
Industry practice of transplanting plants is common with the general techniques varying little between plant producers. Commonly, the first stage of a transplant plant begins in a greenhouse, the seeds of transplant plants are planted in flats or cell packs containing a growing media. With proper care and environment control, the seeds germinate and grow in the greenhouse for a given amount of time. The next step is hardening, which is discussed in detail below, followed by the actual transplanting when the plant moved to the field. Prior to moving the greenhouse plant to the field, the plant is put through a process to help protect the plant from the stress resulting in a change in environment. This process is commonly referred to as "hardening." Hardening is a process of exposing the plant to an undesirable conditions. These undesirable conditions generally include inducing starvation of the plant by withholding water and/or nutrients from the plant, and/or exposing the plants to colder temperatures. Inducing starvation via water, nutrient, or temperature control slows the plant's growth and allows carbohydrates to accumulate, which are then available to the plant upon transplanting into the field. While hardening slows the growth of the plant, hardening generally helps protect the plant from temperature fluctuation (especially low temperatures), lodging, mechanical damage from handling, transplant shock (stresses resulting in a change in environment), and other environmental conditions, for example, wind and drought. The hardening process induces a changed morphology of the plants which is visually detectable: pale leaves and hard stems.
The amount of hardening of the plant at by commercial transplant farms/companies is generally considered "significant". Significant hardening occurs when there is are visible signs to one of ordinary skill in the art of stress to the plant, for example, wilting or dry leaves or color change, such as pale leaves. Other visible signs will be well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Although hardening has proved advantageous, and arguably necessary, in the transplant plant industry, hardening still presents the disadvantage of requiring that the plant's growth be slowed.
Therefore, there remains a need for an improved quality transplant plant. The present technology overcomes the disadvantage associated with hardening and allows a plant grower to forego or reduce the starvation-induced hardening process. This allows the plant grower to control water, nutrients, and temperature in the optimal manner so as to promote growth of the transplant plant.
By continuing to promote growth throughout the period that would otherwise be used for hardening, a grower can produce a transplant plant that will be healthier, have a more aesthetically pleasing appearance, and allow for an earlier harvests upon maturity. One reason that earlier harvests are advantageous to growers is because it reduces the inputs needed at the end of the growing season. For example, where the present technology can provide earlier harvests up to, for example, two weeks, this represents two weeks at the end of the growing season where the grower does not need to provide nutrients or water, or staff a labor force for that time. This will result in a cost savings to the grower.
The process of the present technology includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
The process of the present technology further includes: (a) planting a seed of a plant in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (b) treating the plant with at least one plant growth regulator; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
The process of the present technology further includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator and at least one fungicide; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
The process of the present technology further includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying at least one plant activator to the plant; (d) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (e) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
The process of the present technology further includes: (a) treating a seed of plant with at least one plant growth regulator and at least one plant activator; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and (d) planting the transplant plant in a second growth media.
The process of the present technology includes that the first plant growth media is in a plant growth facility that is sometimes indoors or partially indoor, is a controlled environment or partially controlled environment, for example, a greenhouse.
Heat as defined herein is the transfer of energy from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. Therefore the application of heat could include either increasing the temperature of the plant or decreasing the temperature of the plant.
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are generally any substances or mixtures of substances intended to accelerate, slow- down or retard the rate of growth or maturation or germination, or otherwise alter the development of plants or their produce. Some plant growth regulators provide protection against 85 abiotic stresses to a plant. Tolerance to temperature extremes, both high and low, drought, and salt are a few examples of abiotic stresses to which a plant may be subjected. PGRs enable a plant to fight the abiotic stresses by controlling the natural expression of hormones within the plant.
Plant growth regulators are known in the art of agricultural chemistry and are described in The Pesticide Manual (Twelfth Edition, CD. S. Tomlin, Ed.). For example, paclobutrazol (590) and cyproconazole (189) 90 are triazole fungicides that exhibit plant growth regulating activity, specifically as growth retardants.
Plant growth regulators may be classified into subcategories including, but not limited to antiauxins (clofibric acid, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid), auxins (4-CPA, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEP, dichlorprop, fenoprop, IAA, IBA, naphthaleneacetamide, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, 1-naphthol, naphthoxyacetic acid, potassium naphthenate, sodium naphthenate, 2,4,5-T), cytokinins (2iP, benzyladenine, kinetin, zeatin), 95 defoliants (calcium cyanamide, dimethipin, endothal, ethephon, merphos, metoxuron,
pentachlorophenol, thidiazuron, tribufos), ethylene inhibitors (aviglycine, 1-methylcyclopropene), ethylene releasers (ACC, etacelasil, ethephon, glyoxime), gibberellins (gibberellic acid, gibberellins, including non-cyclopropene compounds that show gibberellin-like activity, such as, for example, helminthosporic acid, phaseolic acid, kaurenoic acid, and steviol), growth inhibitors (abscisic acid,
100 ancymidol, butralin, carbaryl, chlorphonium, chlorpropham, dikegulac, flumetralin, fluoridamid,
fosamine, glyphosine, isopyrimol, jasmonic acid, maleic hydrazide, mepiquat, piproctanyl,
prohydrojasmon, propham 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid), morphactins (chlorfluren, chlorflurenol, dichlorflurenol, flurenol), growth retardants/modifiers (chlormequat, daminozide, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, cyproconazole, tetcyclacis, uniconazole, ancymidol, trinexapac-ethyl, and
105 progexadione-CA), growth stimulators (brassinolide, forchlorfenuron, hymexazol, 2-amino-6-oxypurine derivatives, as described below, indolinone derivates, as described below, 3,4-disubstituted maleimide derivatives, as described below, and fused azepinone derivatives, as described below). The term additionally includes other active ingredients such as benzofluor, buminafos, carvone, ciobutide, clofencet, cloxyfonac, cyclanilide, cycloheximide, epocholeone, ethychlozate, ethylene, fenridazon,
110 heptopargil, holosulf, inabenfide, karetazan, lead arsenate, methasulfocarb, prohexadione, pydanon, sintofen, triapenthenol, and trinexapac. Preferred plant growth regulators include growth retardants, the class of gibberellins, including gibberellic acid, growth inhibitors, and growth stimulators.
Particularly preferred plant growth regulators include growth retardants, particularly paclobutrazol, cyproconazole, flurprimidol, trinexapac, and uniconazole and the class of gibberellins, including 115 gibberellic acid, especially GA3. Particularly preferred are paclobutrazol, cyproconazole, uniconazole, trinexapac and gibberellic acid.
Several characteristics can be used to assess a seedling's durability for transplant. For example, shorter, stockier plants would be more desirable than taller, thinner plants since the potential for lodging and stem damage is less. Additionally, shorter plants can be stacked and packaged more efficiently than 120 taller plants, making their transportability easier. By controlling growth of the plants so that desirability for transplantation is optimized, a grower can optimize crop productivity.
The present technology includes the treatment an individual seed of a plant with an amount from 0.01 to 20 μg/seed of the at least one plant growth regulator independently or in combination with an additional fungicides, insecticides, and/or plant activators. The plant growth regulator(s) may be 125 delivered on the seed via pelleting, film coating, priming, micro-encapsulations or encrusting
procedures. Additionally, as an alternative, the plant growth regulator(s) is (are) applied first onto the seed and the additional fungicides, insecticides, and/or plant activators are applied at a later stage, such as after germination during growth and development of the plant.
In a specific embodiment the treatment of an individual seed of a plant is in an amount from 0.01 to 20 130 μg/seed of a plant growth regulator, especially paclobutrazol , uniconazole, cyproconazole, trinexapac, gibberellic acid or cytokinins. The seed treatment can be as a combined formulation of all active ingredients or as a sequential treatment of one or more of the active ingredients individually applied to the seed.
As used herein, an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes a rate between 0.01 μg/seed and 135 20 μg/seed. More particularly, an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes between 0.01 μg/seed and 5 μg/seed. Preferably, an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes between 0.01 μg/seed and 2 μg/seed. Even more preferably, an effective amount of plant growth regulator includes between 0.1 μg/seed and 1 μg/seed.
A particularly preferred embodiment includes an effective amount of gibberellin or gibberellic acid 140 includes a rate between 0.01 μg/seed and 20 μg/seed. More particularly, an effective amount of
gibberellin or gibberellic acid includes between 0.01 μg/seed and 5 μg/seed. Preferably, an effective amount of gibberellin or gibberellic acid includes between 0.01 μg/seed and 2 μg/seed. Even more preferably, an effective amount of gibberellin or gibberellic acid includes between 0.1 μg/seed and 1 μg/seed. 145 Plant Nutrients & Growing Media
Plant nutrients, as defined herein, are compounds which promote the health and growth of plant. Common examples of plant nutrients include, but are not limited to, fertilizers. Fertilizers are generally chemical compounds which promote the growth of a plant. Fertilizers include both organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are typically referred to those that are naturally occurring
150 such as manure, peat, seaweed, sewage, and composts. Inorganic fertilizers, also known as mineral fertilizers, include macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients found in fertilizers are commonly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Examples of micronutrients include iron, manganese, boron, copper, molybdenum, nickel, chlorine, and zinc. Fertilizers are generally applied to growing media and made available to the plant through uptake by the plant roots. Fertilizers can also be applied directly to
155 the plant foliage where uptake occurs through the plant leaves.
The term "growing media" as used herein is any material where a plant seed can be sown or a plant can grow. This material can include, but is not limited to, soils, planting mixes, peat moss, vermiculate, plant extracts, seed hulls or husks, pulverized tree bark, natural clay materials, water, or any combination thereof. Common planting mixes include those that are commercially available, such as those sold by 160 Conrad Fafard, Inc. of Agawam, Massachusetts.
It is also known in the art that plants, like humans, possess a variety of natural defenses that can be expressed in response to biotic stresses such as diseases and parasites. Controlling these natural defensive responses is a process known as systemic activated resistance (SAR). Plant activators (PA) are used to control these responses, resulting in the plant either coping or succumbing to the disease or 165 parasite.
Plant activators can be applied as a seed treatment, as a foliar application, or to the soil where the seed is sown or the plant is growing or to-be grown.
Plant activators are also described in The Pesticide Manual (Twelfth Edition, C.D.S. Tomlin, Ed.) as having activity for controlling biotic stresses of plants. For example, application of acibenzolar-S-methyl to 170 wheat shows fungal control, even though the compound itself possesses no fungicidal properties. By activating the natural disease-fighting responses of the plant, plant activators such as acibenzolor-S- methyl or Harpin are able to stimulate SAR against pests. As used herein, an effective amount of plant activator includes a rate between 0.01 μg/seed and 20 μg/seed. More particularly, an effective amount of plant activator includes between 0.01 μg/seed and 5 175 μg/seed. Preferably, an effective amount of plant activator includes between 0.01 μg/seed and 2
μg/seed. Even more preferably, an effective amount of plant activator includes between 0.1 μg/seed and 1 μg/seed.
The methods of the present invention may contain varying proportions of the plant growth regulator(s) and plant activator(s) active ingredients. A ratio, by weight, of from 99:1 total plant growth regulator to
180 total plant activator to 99:1 total plant activator to total plant growth regulator is contemplated by the present invention. More particularly, a ratio of total plant growth regulator to total plant activator of from 99:1, 98:2, 97:3, 96:4, 95:5, 94:6, 93:7, 92:8, 91:9, 90:10, 89:11, 88:12, 87:13, 86:14, 85:15, 84:16, 83:17, 82:18, 81:19, 80:20, 79:21, 78:22, 77:23, 76:24, 75:25, 74:26, 73:27, 72:28, 71:29, 70:30, 69:31, 68:32, 67:33, 66:34, 65:45, 64:46, 63:47, 62:48, 61:49, 60:40, 59:41, 58:42, 57:43, 56:44, 55:45, 54:46,
185 53:47, 52:48, 51:49, 50:50, 49:51, 48:52, 47:53, 46:54, 45:55, 44:56, 43:57, 42:58, 41:59, 40:60, 39:61, 38:62, 37:63, 36:64, 35:65, 34:66, 33:67, 32:68, 31:69, 30:70, 29:71, 28:72, 27:73, 26:74, 25:75, 24:76, 23:77, 22:78, 21:79, 20:80, 19:81, 18:82, 17:83, 16:84, 15:85, 14:86, 13:87, 12:88, 11:89, 10:90, 9:91, 8:92, 7:93, 6:94, 5:95, 4:96, 3:97, 2:98, 1:99 is included in the scope of the present invention.
The combinations of the present invention may further comprise additional active ingredient pesticides. 190 Examples of pesticides include those selected from, for example and not for limitation, insecticides, acaricides, bactericides, fungicides, nematicides and molluscicides.
Suitable additions of insecticidally, acaricidally, nematicidally, or molluscicidally active ingredients are, for example and not for limitation, representatives of the following classes of active ingredients:
organophosphorus compounds, nitrophenols and derivatives, formamidines, triazine derivatives,
195 nitroenamine derivatives, nitro- and cyanoguanidine derivatives, ureas, benzoylureas, carbamates, pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons and Bacillus thuringiensis products. Especially preferred components in mixtures are abamectin, cyanoimine, acetamiprid, thiodicarb, nitromethylene, nitenpyram, clothianidin, dinotefuran, fipronil, lufenuron, pyripfoxyfen, thiacloprid, fluxofenime;
imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, Chloranthraniliprole, beta cyfluthrin, lambda cyhalothrin, fenoxycarb,
200 diafenthiuron, pymetrozine, diazinon, disulphoton; profenofos, furathiocarb, cyromazin, cypermethrin, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin or Bacillus thuringiensis products, very especially abamectin, thiodicarb, cyanoimine, acetamiprid, nitromethylene, nitenpyram, clothianidin, dinotefuran,, fipronil, thiacloprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, Chloranthraniliprole, beta cyfluthrin, lambda cyhalothrin, sulfloxaflor, spinosad, spinetoram, and tefluthrin.
205 Suitable additions of fungicidally active ingredients are, for example and not for limitation,
representatives of the following classes of active ingredients: strobilurins, triazoles, ortho-cyclopropyl- carboxanilide derivatives, phenylpyrroles, and systemic fungicides. Examples of suitable additions of fungicidally active ingredients include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: azoxystrobin; bitertanol; carboxin; Cu2O; cymoxanil; cyproconazole; cyprodinil; dichlofluamid; difenoconazole;
210 diniconazole; epoxiconazole; fenpiclonil; fludioxonil; fluoxastrobin, fluquiconazole; flusilazole; flutriafol; furalaxyl; guazatin; hexaconazole; hymexazol; imazalil; imibenconazole; ipconazole; kresoxim-methyl; mancozeb; metalaxyl; mefenoxam; metconazole; myclobutanil, oxadixyl, pefurazoate; penconazole; pencycuron; prochloraz; propiconazole; pyroquilone; (±)-αs-l-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(l/-/-l,2,4-triazol-l- yl)cycloheptanol; spiroxamin; tebuconazole; thiabendazole; tolifluamide; triazoxide; triadimefon;
215 triadimenol; trifloxystrobin, triflumizole; triticonazole and uniconazole. Particularly preferred
fungicidally active agents include azoxystrobin, sedaxane, difenoconazole, fludioxonil, thiabendazole, tebuconazole, metalaxyl, mefenoxam (metalaxyl-M), myclobutanil, fluoxastrobin, tritaxonazole, and trifloxystrobin.
Treating a seed or other plant propagation materials includes any process by which an active ingredient 220 is made to adhere to the seed or material. Such treatment includes, but is not limited to, dressing, including liquid dressing, dust dressing, and slurrying, encrusting, coating (particularly film coating), conditioning, layering, encapusulation, soaking, pelleting, washing, kerneling, injecting, and other methods known in the art.
Loading active ingredients onto a seed is an imperfect process. The amount of active ingredient 225 contained on an individual seed varies according to the treatment process and type. The present
invention provides for loading onto an individual seed an amount from 0.01 to 20 μg/seed, more particularly from 0.01 to 15 μg/seed, 0.1 to 10 μg/seed, or 0.1 to 5 μg/seed. Preferably, loading onto an individual seed ranges from 0.01 to 10 μg/seed; more preferably, from 0.01 to 5 μg/seed of total plant growth regulator.
230 The loading process of the present invention comprises direct seed slurry treatments using a spin disc applicator (e.g., Hege treater), batch or continiuos flow treaters, fluidized bed applicators, rotostatic applicators, film coaters, pan coaters, bag treaters, and any other seed treatment process known in the art.
When unconcerned about the amount of active ingredient on a per seed basis, the formulation can be 235 applied to the seeds using conventional treating techniques and machines, such as fluidized bed
techniques, the roller mill method, rotostatic seed treaters, and drum coaters. Other methods, such as spouted beds may also be useful. The seeds may be presized before coating. After coating, the seeds are typically dried and then transferred to a sizing machine for sizing. Such procedures are known in the art.
240 Seed treatment may be useful on primed and unprimed seeds. Priming is a water-based process known in the art that is performed on seeds to increase uniformity of germination and emergence from a growing medium or soil, thus enhancing plant stand establishment.
As used herein, enhanced transplant health is indicated by improvements in one or more observed plant traits as compared to untreated plants. Examples of enhanced plant traits include, but are not limited
245 to, increased stem girth, change in leaf color, early flowering, synchronized flowering, decreased
lodging, delaying or eliminating tie-up of crops, increased disease resistance, enhanced water utilization/improved water use efficiency, including but not limited to decreased watering and/or less frequent watering (demonstrated by less wilting of the plant, the ability of the plant to rejuvenate following a suspension in watering), higher yield, higher quality/healthier plant appearance, greater
250 transportability, decreased insect damage, and smaller plant canopies.
Synchronized flowering is indicated by blooms materializing within 0.5 to 1 days of one another throughout the entire crop. Preferably, synchronized flowering is indicated by at least 75% of the crops having blooms appear within 0.5 to 1 days of one another. Preferably, synchronized flowering is indicated by crop and flower harvesting of 90% of the crop within 0.5 to 1 days of one another.
255 Early flowering is considered to be blooms appearing within 1-4 weeks after transplanting. Early
flowering is indicated by blooms materializing at a time earlier than untreated plants and/or plant materials, and/or starvation-induced hardened plants. More specifically, early flowering is indicated by blooms and/or flowers materializing in at least 75% of the crop more than 2-7 days sooner than untreated plants and/or plant materials, and/or starvation-induced hardened plants. 260 The significance of early, timed and synchronized flowering lends the crop to set fruits, pods or cobs from those flowers at a preferred time to meet marketing needs. This advantage is particularly useful in commercial crop production, weather direct seeded or transplanted, because a larger percentage (>75 to 90%) of the harvestable yields are rendered acceptable in the markets. Synchronized flowering and pod or fruit set also pre-dispose plants to uniform maturity and time to harvest. This induced advantage
265 is useful in commercial crop production, whereby producers are able to maximize marketable yields from the crop.
Transportability is used herein to describe the ability to move and/or transplant plants from one location to another without causing damage to the plants. For instance, and not for limitation, transportability is used to describe the ability to stack, ship, store, and transplant pre-transplanted
270 plants. Improved transportability refers to the ability to minimize lodging and snapping and reduce mortality and other damage to plants occurring during the moving process. Generally, improved transportability refers to plants having less damage from the moving process than plants not treated with the composition of the present invention. Damage is measured by overall appearance of the plants, stem appearance, snap counts, plant vigor, leaf color, shape and health of seedling, and plant life
275 itself.
Inputting requirements are considered to be any care and attention required to be given to the crop. These requirements include, for example and not for limitation, amount, frequency, and type of fertilizers, nutrients, including micronutrients, and/or pesticides applied, frequency of weeding, pruning, or tilling, and frequency and quantity of watering. Labor costs are included.
280 The present technology reduces the inputting requirements of a plant. Reduction of inputting
requirements is considered to be a reduction in one or more of the inputting requirements described above. Reduction may be obtained on a single inputting function or it may be a measure of the overall inputting to the plant, or both. Quantifying the reduction is measured relative to untreated plants and/or hardened plants.
285 The present technology is suitable for use on any transplant plant, including but not limited to the
following vegetable crops, such as, spinach, lettuce, peppers, asparagus, cabbages, celery, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, all cucurbits, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, and paprika.
Suitable target crops also include transgenic crop plants of the foregoing types. The transgenic crop plants used according to the invention are plants, or propagation material thereof, which are 290 transformed by means of recombinant DNA technology in such a way that they are - for instance - capable of synthesizing selectively acting toxins as are known, for example, from toxin-producing invertebrates, especially of the phylum Arthropoda, as can be obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis strains; or as are known from plants, such as lectins; or in the alternative capable of expressing a herbicidal or fungicidal resistance. Examples of such toxins, or transgenic plants which are capable of
295 synthesizing such toxins, have been disclosed, for example, in EP-A-O 374 753, WO 93/07278, U.S.
Patent 5,530,195, EP-A-O 427 529 and EP-A-451 878.

Claims

300 CLAIMS
1. A process for improving the health of a transplant plant, the process comprising:
(a) treating a seed of a plant with at least one plant growth regulator;
(b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant;
(c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount 305 effective to prevent significant starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and
(d) planting said plant in a second growth media.
2. A process for improving the health of a transplant plant, the process comprising:
(a) planting a seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; 310 (a) treating the plant with at least one plant growth regulator;
(c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent visual signs of stress to the plant; and
(d) planting said plant in a second growth media.
315 3. A process for improving the health of a transplant plant, the process comprising:
(a) treating a seed of a plant with at least one plant growth regulator;
(b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant, and wherein said germination into a plant occurs under a controlled or partially controlled environment ;
320 (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to maintain growth of the plant; and
(d) planting said plant in a second growth media.
4. The process of claim 3, further comprising treating said seed with at least one plant activator. 325
5. The process of claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprising treating said seed with an insecticide or fungicide.
6. A process for improving the health of a transplant plant, the process comprising:
(a) planting a plant seed treated with at least one plant growth regulator in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant;
(b) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount 330 effective to prevent significant starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and
(c) planting said plant in a second growth media.
7. A process for improving the health of a transplant plant, the process comprising:
(a) treating a seed of a plant with at least one plant growth regulator; 335 (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant;
(c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent visual signs of stress to the plant; and
(d) planting said plant in a second growth media.
340 8. A process for improving the health of a transplant plant, the process comprising:
(a) treating a seed of a plant with at least one plant growth regulator;
(b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant;
(c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent visual signs of starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and
345 (d) planting said plant in a second growth media.
9. A process for improving the health of a transplant plant, the process comprising: (a) treating a seed of a plant with at least one plant growth regulator; (b) planting the seed in a first plant growth media, whereby the seed germinates into a plant; (c) applying heat, nutrients and/or water to the plant or first plant growth media in an amount effective to prevent starvation-induced hardening of the plant; and
(d) planting said plant in a second growth media.
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