WO2009113651A1 - 化合物半導体発光素子およびそれを用いる照明装置ならびに化合物半導体発光素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
化合物半導体発光素子およびそれを用いる照明装置ならびに化合物半導体発光素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02367—Substrates
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- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
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- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
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- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
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- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
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- H01L21/02647—Lateral overgrowth
- H01L21/0265—Pendeoepitaxy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- H10H20/80—Constructional details
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- H10H20/813—Bodies having a plurality of light-emitting regions, e.g. multi-junction LEDs or light-emitting devices having photoluminescent regions within the bodies
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- H10H20/80—Constructional details
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- H10H20/817—Bodies characterised by the crystal structures or orientations, e.g. polycrystalline, amorphous or porous
- H10H20/818—Bodies characterised by the crystal structures or orientations, e.g. polycrystalline, amorphous or porous within the light-emitting regions
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a compound semiconductor light-emitting element that emits light by combining electrons and holes in a compound semiconductor, a lighting device using the same, and a method for manufacturing the compound semiconductor light-emitting element.
- the present invention relates to a structure having a plurality of columnar crystal structures called nanorods.
- nitride nitride semiconductor
- an electric current is injected from the outside, and electrons and holes are combined in the light emitting layer to emit light.
- the development of the light emitting element to be made is remarkable.
- the phosphor is excited by a part of the light emitted from the light emitting element, and the white light obtained by mixing the light generated from the phosphor and the light from the light emitting element is used as a light source to be applied to the lighting device.
- the white light obtained by mixing the light generated from the phosphor and the light from the light emitting element is used as a light source to be applied to the lighting device.
- the excitation light emitted from the light emitting element and absorbed by the phosphor is wavelength-converted to light having energy lower than that of the light generated from the light emitting element, and is emitted to the outside again.
- a loss is caused by the difference in energy between the excitation light from the light emitting element and the emission light from the phosphor, and the efficiency is lowered.
- the second is a decrease in efficiency due to non-radiative recombination in the phosphor (decrease in internal quantum efficiency of the phosphor).
- the crystal defects present in the phosphor function as non-radiative recombination centers, and some of the carriers generated in the phosphor by the excitation light do not contribute to light emission and are captured by the crystal defects. This is because the luminous efficiency of the phosphor is lowered.
- the red phosphor when realizing high color rendering white light emission, the red phosphor emits light weakly at present, and the color rendering properties and the light emission efficiency are in a trade-off relationship.
- the method of exciting phosphors of three colors of RGB with an ultraviolet light emitting semiconductor a phosphor with high efficiency has not been obtained at present.
- a compound semiconductor light emitting device has been proposed. Specifically, the nuclei for crystal growth are grown on the substrate at a temperature lower than the normal growth temperature of the columnar crystal structure, and the nuclei are dispersed by raising the temperature to the normal growth temperature over time. To have. Thereafter, by growing columnar crystal structures as usual, the film thickness and composition of the light emitting layer are varied, and each columnar crystal structure is caused to emit light at different wavelengths. The growth of the columnar crystal structure is described in Patent Document 2 and the like.
- Patent Document 1 is an excellent technique for realizing a solid-state light source that enables multicolor emission easily on a single substrate and in a single growth process, and thus at low cost.
- multi-color light emission is made possible by using variation in growth, there is a problem that the accuracy in matching the light emission color of the individual light source with a desired color tone is low, such as for illumination.
- An object of the present invention is to produce a compound semiconductor light-emitting element that can realize a desired color at low cost and that can easily improve the color adjustment accuracy, a lighting device using the same, and a compound semiconductor light-emitting element Is to provide a method.
- a compound semiconductor light emitting device includes a substrate, a first electrode provided on one surface of the substrate, an n-type semiconductor layer, a light emitting layer, and a p-type on the other surface of the substrate.
- a plurality of nanoscale columnar crystal structures stacked in order with a semiconductor layer; a second electrode connected to the top of the plurality of columnar crystal structures; and a first region that is a partial region of the substrate
- a second region that is provided on the other surface side and includes a base layer that controls the growth of the columnar crystal structure, and is a second region that is at least a part of the remaining region of the substrate excluding the first region;
- a step is provided in the region on the other surface.
- the n-type semiconductor layer and the light emitting layer are provided on the substrate on which the first electrode is formed on one surface, for example, by providing the conductive buffer layer on the conductive substrate or the insulating substrate. And a p-type semiconductor layer are sequentially stacked, and a plurality of nanoscale columnar crystal structures called nanocolumns or nanorods are formed, and a second electrode is connected to the top of the columnar crystal structure.
- the underlayer for controlling the growth of the columnar crystal structure is provided in the first region, the growth rate of the columnar crystal structure can be changed between the first region and the second region.
- the columnar crystal structure formed in the first region and the columnar crystal structure formed in the second region differ in length by the level difference, and the ratio of length to thickness (diameter) is different.
- the wavelength of the emitted light is different. That is, at least two types of columnar crystal structures having different aspect ratios and different wavelengths indicating the maximum intensity of the spectrum of emitted light can be formed.
- the lighting device uses the above-described compound semiconductor light-emitting element.
- a step of forming a base layer for controlling the growth of the structure, and an n-type semiconductor layer, a light-emitting layer, and a p-type semiconductor layer are sequentially stacked on the bottom of the recess and the other surface of the second region.
- a plurality of nanoscale columnar crystal structures, a step of growing until substantially the same height is formed on the bottom of the recess and on the other surface of the second region; and Forming a second electrode connected to the top.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are diagrams for explaining a specific manufacturing process of the light-emitting diode shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- FIG. 7A, 7B, and 7C are views for explaining a manufacturing process of a light-emitting diode that is a compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- 8A, 8B, and 8C are diagrams for explaining a manufacturing process of a light-emitting diode that is a compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- 9A and 9B are diagrams for explaining a manufacturing process of a light-emitting diode which is a compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of a light-emitting diode 1 which is a compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- GaN is taken as an example of the material of the nanocolumn 2, but the present invention is not limited to this, and all compound semiconductors including oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, and the like can be targeted.
- MBE molecular beam epitaxy
- an n-type electrode 3 (first electrode) is formed on one surface (the bottom surface of the Si substrate 4 in FIG. 1) of the Si substrate 4, and the other surface (the upper surface of the Si substrate 4 in FIG. 1). ), A plurality of nanocolumns 2 are formed so as to extend in the vertical direction.
- the nanocolumn 2 is a columnar crystal structure having a nano-sized thickness, and is configured by sequentially laminating an n-type semiconductor layer 5, a light emitting layer 6, and a p-type semiconductor layer 7 from the Si substrate 4 side.
- the top part (p-type semiconductor layer 7) of several nanocolumn 2 group is covered with the transparent electrode 8, Furthermore, the p-type electrode 9 (2nd electrode) is formed on the surface of the transparent electrode 8, and it becomes GaN nanocolumn LED.
- a light emitting diode 1 is configured. It should be noted that in this embodiment, a trench 11 that is a recess is formed in a part of the region on the Si substrate 4, and the growth of the nanocolumn 2 is controlled (promoted) in the trench 11. It is to form the AlN layer 12 that is the underlayer.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a specific manufacturing process of the light-emitting diode 1 as described above.
- a plurality of trenches 11 are formed on an n-type Si substrate 4 having a plane orientation (111) by a RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) apparatus.
- FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 described above and the subsequent figures also differ from this scale due to the space on the page.
- a pattern is formed with a photoresist on the surface of the Si substrate 4 on which the trench 11 is formed, and the photoresist in each trench 11 is removed.
- 10 nm of Al is deposited on the entire surface by an EB (electron beam) deposition apparatus, and Al outside the trench 11 is removed by etching using photolithography and an RIE apparatus, as shown in FIG. 2B.
- the AlN is formed into the AlN layer 12 by nitriding at about 800 ° C. in an MBE apparatus.
- the Si substrate 4 is put into an MBE apparatus, and Al atoms and N radicals are irradiated onto the Si substrate 4 by an Al molecular beam and an N 2 plasma source at a temperature of 400 ° C.
- the SiN substrate 4 on which the AlN thin film is formed is taken out from the MBE apparatus, and the AlN thin film is left in each trench 11, whereby the AlN layer 12 can be formed.
- the surface of the Si substrate 4 on the side where the trench 11 is formed that is, on the surface of the AlN thin film in the trench 11 and on the surface of the wall 13 is perpendicular to the substrate.
- the nanocolumn 2 is grown so as to extend in the direction. Specifically, the degree of vacuum is 2e- 5 torr, the substrate temperature is 750 ° C., the plasma output is 450 W, the carrier gas is hydrogen gas (H 2 ), the Ga material is trimethylgallium (Ga (CH 3 ) 3 ), and the nitrogen material Is supplied with ammonia (NH 3 ).
- silane (SiH 4 ) is supplied in order to add Si having n-type conductivity as an impurity.
- Ga flux is supplied at a flow rate of 3.4 nm / min
- the n-type semiconductor layer 5 grows in a columnar shape on the AlN layer 11 at a rate twice or more on the wall 13 and grows for 1 hour.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 5 formed on the AlN layer 11 and the n-type semiconductor layer 5 formed on the wall 13 have substantially the same height.
- the substrate temperature is lowered to 650 ° C.
- the impurity gas is changed from the silane (SiH 4 ) to trimethylindium (In (CH 3 ) 3 ) as an In raw material, and the flow rate of the In flux is set to 10 nm / min.
- the light emitting layer 6 made of an InGaN quantum well is grown on the n-type semiconductor layer 5.
- the growth time is 1 minute.
- the flow rate of Ga flux and the plasma output are the same as when the n-type semiconductor layer 5 is grown. What is important here is that the rate of In flux is much higher than that of Ga flux, and the rate of Ga flux is lower than the rate of N flux.
- the light emitting layer 6 may be formed in an InGaN / GaN multiple quantum well structure.
- a reflective film may be appropriately formed in the n-type semiconductor layer 5.
- the substrate temperature is raised to 750 ° C.
- the impurity gas is cyclopentadienyl magnesium (Mg (C 5 H 5 ) 2 ) containing Mg having p-type conductivity from trimethylindium (In (CH 3 ) 3 ).
- the p-type semiconductor layer 7 is grown on the light emitting layer 6 by changing the flow rate of Mg flux to 1 nm / min and the flow rate of Ga flux to 5 nm / min.
- the growth time is 4 minutes, and the plasma power is the same at 450 W throughout the growth of the nanocolumn 2.
- the diameter of the nanocolumn 2 is gradually increased by gradually changing the flow rate of ammonia (NH 3 ), the flow rate of the carrier gas H 2 , or the growth temperature.
- the planar p-type layer 14 is formed by combining the p-type semiconductor layers 7 of the nanocolumns 2.
- a Ni 3 nm / ITO 100 nm laminated p-type contact in which Ni of 3 nm thickness and ITO of 100 nm thickness are laminated on the surface of the p-type layer 14.
- a layer is formed as the transparent electrode 8
- a p-type pad electrode made of Au 500 nm is formed thereon as the p-type electrode 9.
- the n-type electrode 3 is formed to complete the light emitting diode 1.
- the trench 11 is formed in a partial region of the Si substrate 4, and the AlN layer 12 that is the compound seed crystal film of the nanocolumn 2 is further formed in the trench 11.
- the growth of the nanocolumn 2 is faster (for example, about twice) than the region on the wall 13 where the layer 12 is not present, and when grown for a predetermined time, the step between the trench 11 and the wall 13 is absorbed.
- the surface of the p-type layer 14 has substantially the same height. In this way, at least two types of nanocolumns 2 having different heights, that is, different aspect ratios (length / diameter) and different wavelengths indicating the maximum intensity of the spectrum of emitted light can be formed.
- the region sandwiched between the bottom surface of the trench 11 and the bottom surface of the Si substrate 4 corresponds to the first region A
- the remaining region excluding the first region A from the Si substrate 4 that is, A region sandwiched between the upper surface of the wall 13 and the bottom surface of the Si substrate 4 corresponds to the second region B.
- FIG. 3 shows the experiment results of the present inventors.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the height (length) and the peak wavelength when a 300 nm diameter nanocolumn 2 is grown with the above composition. It can be understood that the peak wavelength increases as the height of the nanocolumn 2 increases, that is, as the aspect ratio increases. The reason why the peak wavelength increases as the aspect ratio increases as described above is as follows. First, the supply of atoms related to the mechanism of GaN nanocolumn growth is determined by the adsorption desorption process and the surface diffusion process.
- the surface diffusion process is considered to be dominant for Ga atoms under the conditions of nanocolumn growth. That is, Ga atoms leave with a certain probability while diffusing from the base of the nanocolumn toward the tip. It can be assumed that the probability of leaving is proportional to the diffusion time.
- In atoms follow the normal crystal growth, and the adsorption / desorption process to the quantum well layer becomes dominant. For this reason, as the height of the nanocolumn increases, Ga atoms arriving at the quantum well layer decrease, while In atoms are incorporated into the quantum well layer at a constant rate regardless of the height of the nanocolumn. As a result, the In / Ga ratio of the quantum well layer increases in proportion to the height (length) of the nanocolumn, and as described above, the emission wavelength changes to the longer wavelength side as the nanocolumn increases.
- the number of In atoms taken into the quantum well layer is proportional to the square of the nanocolumn diameter.
- the number of Ga atoms is proportional to the diameter of the nanocolumn.
- the In / Ga ratio increases in proportion to the diameter. From the above, the In / Ga ratio that determines the wavelength depends on the aspect ratio (height / diameter) of the nanocolumn, and changes to the longer wavelength side as the aspect ratio increases.
- LED chips having different wavelengths can be formed on the same chip under the same growth conditions in a region where the AlN layer 12 is present and a region on the wall 13 where the AlN layer 12 is absent. . Then, the length of the nanocolumn 2 is set so that the light on the long wavelength side and the light on the short wavelength side of the straight line intersecting the white region in the CIE (Commission International de l'Eclairage) chromaticity diagram are emitted. Thus, white light can be created.
- CIE Commission International de l'Eclairage
- the step is made into three steps, and the wavelength indicating the maximum intensity of the spectrum of the light emitted from the nanocolumn 2 in each region is light having a wavelength at the apex of the triangle surrounding the white region in the CIE chromaticity diagram.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of a light-emitting diode 21 which is a compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the light emitting diode 21.
- the light-emitting diode 21 is similar to the light-emitting diode 1 described above, and corresponding portions are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted. The following points should be noted.
- the insulating region 22 is provided at the lower portion of the outer peripheral portion of the bottom of each trench 11, that is, at the boundary portion between the first region A and the second region B, and the trench 11 (the depth of FIG. It is continuously formed extending in a strip shape.
- comb-shaped n-type electrodes 24 first region electrodes
- Comb-type n-type electrode 23 second region electrode
- individual voltages and currents are applied to the n-type electrodes 23 and 24. Is applied.
- the n-type electrode 24 collectively supplies voltage and current for causing the long nanocolumns 2 formed in the trenches 11 to emit light, and the n-type electrode 24 allows the short nanocolumns 2 formed on the wall 13 to be Since the voltage and current for emitting light can be supplied all at once, the intensity of light emitted by the long nanocolumn 2 and the intensity of light emitted by the short nanocolumn 2 are individually adjusted to adjust the entire light emitting diode 21. The emission color (color) can be adjusted.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a specific manufacturing process of the light-emitting diode 21 as described above. Similar to FIG. 2A, a plurality of trenches 11 are formed as shown in FIG. 6A, and a Si oxide film 25 is formed to 100 nm on the Si substrate 4 as shown in FIG. Openings 26 are formed in the outer peripheral portion of the bottom of each trench 11 by lithography and etching using RIE or HF (hydrogen fluoride). Next, by using this Si oxide film 25 as a mask material, an O ion is implanted and annealed by an ion implantation apparatus as indicated by reference numeral 27 to form the insulating region 22 made of SiO 2. Can do.
- an AlN layer 12 is formed in each trench 11, and after the nanocolumn 2 is grown, the transparent electrode 8 and the p-type electrode 9 are formed, and the n-type electrode 23, 24 is formed, and the light emitting diode 21 is completed.
- the n-type electrode 3 composed of a laminated n-type contact layer of Ti 30 nm / Au 500 nm and an n-type pad electrode is formed on the entire bottom surface of the Si substrate 4.
- the region of the trench 11 (first region A) and the region of the wall 13 (second region B) are insulating regions 22. It is formed separately.
- n-type electrodes 23 and 24 are formed on the bottom surface of the Si substrate 4.
- the n-type electrodes 23 and 24 each have a comb shape.
- the n-type electrodes 23 and 24 are arranged to face each other on the bottom surface of the Si substrate 4 so that the comb teeth are engaged with each other, and the comb-tooth portions of the n-type electrode 24 are connected to the first region A, and the n-type electrodes
- the comb teeth of the electrode 23 are formed so as to be connected to the second region B.
- the n-type electrodes 23 and 24 separated from each other in this way can be realized simply by performing a normal photolithography process and an etching process after the formation of the Ti / Au layer.
- the regions of the trenches 11 are not discretely or dispersedly arranged in an island shape or the like on the Si substrate 4, but the trenches 11 are formed in a strip shape and collectively formed in the nanocolumns 2 formed in the trenches 11.
- the n-type electrode 24 for supplying voltage and current and the n-type electrode 23 for supplying voltage and current are formed separately on the nanocolumns 2 formed on the walls 13 to form each trench 11.
- a voltage adapted to each emission wavelength can be applied to the nanocolumns 2 formed and the nanocolumns 2 formed on the walls 13. Further, by changing the currents flowing through the n-type electrodes 23 and 24, the intensity of each spectrum can be adjusted and the color can be adjusted (one-chip multicolor light emission).
- the transparent electrode 8 and the p-type electrode 9 can be used in common as the electrodes paired with the n-type electrodes 23 and 24.
- the insulating region 22 below the outer peripheral portion of the bottom of the trench 11, it is possible to prevent current in each region from leaking to other regions and to control the one-chip multicolor light emission more easily. Can be done.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining a manufacturing process of the light-emitting diode 31 which is the compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the light-emitting diode 31 is similar to the light-emitting diode 1 described above, and corresponding portions are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted. It should be noted that in the light emitting diodes 1 and 21, the AlN layer 12 serving as the compound seed crystal film is formed as the underlayer in the trench 11, but in the light emitting diode 31, the nanocolumn 2 is grown.
- the Ni thin film 32 which is a catalyst (catalyst) material film that dissolves and takes in the compound semiconductor material such as Ga, N, In, and Al, and additive materials such as Mg and Si, and does not form a composite with itself. Is formed as a base layer.
- the trench 11 is formed on the GaN substrate 34 by an RIE apparatus as shown in FIG. 7A.
- a Ni thin film 32 is deposited to a thickness of 5 nm by an EB vapor deposition apparatus, and etching is performed using a photolithography and RIE apparatus, as shown in FIG. 11, the excess Ni thin film is removed, and the Ni thin film 32 is left only in the portion where the nanocolumn 2 will be formed in the future.
- the nanocolumn 2 is grown by the MBE apparatus using such a substrate 34 as a growth substrate, mainly due to the difference in the adsorption probability and diffusion rate of Ga, N, In atoms forming the nanocolumn to the Ni thin film 32,
- the growth rate of the portion where the Ni thin film 32 is present is about five times faster than the portion where the Ni thin film 32 is present, for example, and as shown in FIG. 7C, the step between the trench 11 and the wall 13 is absorbed.
- the surface can be approximately the same height.
- the growth rate can be changed depending on the adsorption probability and diffusion rate of each atom.
- the nanocolumn 2 can change the diameter (thickness), that is, the aspect ratio, even at the same height. Even if comprised in this way, while being able to implement
- FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining a manufacturing process of the light-emitting diode 41 which is the compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- the light-emitting diode 41 is similar to the light-emitting diode 31 described above, and corresponding portions are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- the Ni thin film 32 that is a catalyst material film is provided only in the trench 11
- the Ni thin film 43 is also formed on the wall 13. It is provided and the thickness is formed thicker than the Ni thin film 42 in the trench 11.
- the Ni thin film 43 is deposited on the GaN substrate 34 by 3 nm by an MBE apparatus. Thereafter, the trench 11 is formed by etching using photolithography and an RIE apparatus.
- the Ni thin film 43 on the wall 13 becomes 5 nm
- the Ni thin film 42 in the trench 11 becomes 2 nm.
- the Ni thin films 42 and 43 are shrunk and separated into islands, as shown in FIG. 8B.
- the Ni thin films 43 on the walls 13 become large islands and scattered at high density, and the Ni thin films 42 in the trench 11 become small islands and scattered at low density.
- the same catalyst material is used in the trench 11 portion and the wall 13 portion. Therefore, the Ga, N, and In forming the nanocolumn are formed.
- the adsorption probability and diffusion rate of atoms to the Ni thin films 42 and 43 are the same, but when the density of catalyst islands is somewhat high in this way, the difference in the number of supplied atoms with a long surface diffusion length as in the nanocolumn 2 As a result, the growth rate is increased in the low-density trench 11 portion, and as shown in FIG. 8C, the step between the trench 11 and the wall 13 is absorbed to make the surface of the p-type layer 14 substantially the same height. Can do. Even if comprised in this way, while being able to implement
- the formation of the films 42 and 43 having different conditions on the trench 11 and the wall 13 to change the growth rate of the nanocolumn 2 is not limited to the catalyst material films that are the films 42 and 43, but the above-described compounds. Needless to say, the present invention can be similarly applied to the seed crystal film.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining a manufacturing process of the light-emitting diode 51 which is the compound semiconductor light-emitting element according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- the light-emitting diode 51 is similar to the light-emitting diode 1 described above, and corresponding portions are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- the aspect ratio of a specific nanocolumn 2a is changed by post-processing.
- a specific nanocolumn 2a is irradiated with a laser beam 53 from a laser source 52 as shown in FIG. 9A in an oxygen atmosphere.
- the process for changing the aspect ratio the same effect can be obtained by post-processing such as inactivation by oxidation or sulfuration.
- the aspect ratio of the entire nanocolumn 2 is to be increased, the whole may be heated with an electric furnace or the like instead of local heating.
- a compound semiconductor light emitting device includes a substrate, a first electrode provided on one surface of the substrate, an n-type semiconductor layer, a light emitting layer, and a p-type on the other surface of the substrate.
- a plurality of nanoscale columnar crystal structures stacked in order with a semiconductor layer; a second electrode connected to the top of the plurality of columnar crystal structures; and a first region that is a partial region of the substrate
- a second region that is provided on the other surface side and includes a base layer that controls the growth of the columnar crystal structure, and is a second region that is at least a part of the remaining region of the substrate excluding the first region;
- a step is provided in the region on the other surface.
- the n-type semiconductor layer and the light emitting layer are provided on the substrate on which the first electrode is formed on one surface, for example, by providing the conductive buffer layer on the conductive substrate or the insulating substrate. And a p-type semiconductor layer are sequentially stacked, and a plurality of nanoscale columnar crystal structures called nanocolumns or nanorods are formed, and a second electrode is connected to the top of the columnar crystal structure.
- the underlayer for controlling the growth of the columnar crystal structure is provided in the first region, the growth rate of the columnar crystal structure can be changed between the first region and the second region.
- the columnar crystal structure formed in the first region and the columnar crystal structure formed in the second region differ in length by the level difference, and the ratio of length to thickness (diameter) is different.
- the wavelength of the emitted light is different. That is, at least two types of columnar crystal structures having different aspect ratios and different wavelengths indicating the maximum intensity of the spectrum of emitted light can be formed.
- the columnar crystal structure in each region is set to a desired length corresponding to a plurality of colors by setting the step between the first region and the second region and the condition of the underlying layer without depending on the growth variation. Therefore, it is easy to improve the color adjustment accuracy. Furthermore, since the color can be changed by changing the area ratio between the first region and the second region, the degree of freedom in adjusting the color increases and it is easy to adjust the color according to user needs. It is.
- a base layer having a condition different from that of the base layer of the first region is formed on the other surface of the second region.
- the difference in the growth rate of the columnar crystal structures in the first and second regions can be reduced by setting conditions separately for the base layer in the first region and the base layer in the second region.
- adjustment of the length of the columnar crystal structure in the first and second regions that is, fine adjustment of the color of the luminescent color is facilitated.
- the base layer in the first region and the base layer in the second region have different conditions in at least one of layer thickness and material.
- the columnar crystal structures in the first and second regions are formed.
- the growth rate can be varied.
- the underlayer is formed by being separated into a plurality of islands, and the size of the island constituting the underlayer of the first region is different from the size of the island constituting the underlayer of the second region. It may be made to be.
- the thickness (diameter) of the columnar crystal structure varies depending on the size of the island of the underlayer, the columnar crystal structure in the first region and the columnar crystal structure in the second region By changing the diameter and changing the ratio of the length and the diameter, light of a plurality of wavelengths can be emitted.
- the wavelength indicating the maximum intensity of the spectrum of the light emitted from the columnar crystal structures provided in the first and second regions is a wavelength of a color located at both ends of a straight line intersecting the white region in the CIE chromaticity diagram. It is preferable that the ratio between the length and thickness of each columnar crystal structure provided in the first and second regions is set.
- the substrate includes at least a part of a remaining region excluding the first and second regions, and a third region having a step with the first and second regions on the other surface of the substrate.
- Each of the columnar crystal structures provided in the first, second, and third regions is provided with an underlayer for controlling the growth of the columnar crystal structure on the other surface in the third region.
- the first, second, and third regions so that the wavelength indicating the maximum intensity of the spectrum of light emitted by the body is the wavelength of the color located at the apex of the triangle that surrounds the white region in the CIE chromaticity diagram
- the ratio between the length and the thickness of each columnar crystal structure may be set.
- the underlayer is preferably a compound seed crystal film.
- a columnar crystal structure is obtained by using a compound seed crystal film such as AlN as an underlayer for a compound semiconductor material such as Ga, N, In, or Al or an additive material such as Mg or Si. Can promote growth.
- a compound seed crystal film such as AlN as an underlayer for a compound semiconductor material such as Ga, N, In, or Al or an additive material such as Mg or Si. Can promote growth.
- the base layer may be a catalyst material film.
- Ni is a compound semiconductor material such as Ga, N, In, and Al and an additive material such as Mg and Si that dissolves and takes in these materials and does not form a composite with itself.
- a catalyst (catalyst) material film such as Cu, Fe, Au or the like as the underlayer, the growth of the columnar crystal structure can be promoted.
- a plurality of the first regions are provided in a strip shape with a space between each other, the region that is the space is used as the second region, and the first electrode is collectively in the plurality of first regions.
- the first region electrode for supplying a voltage and the second region electrode for supplying a voltage to the second region are separated from the first region electrode.
- the columnar crystal structure formed in the first region is different from the columnar crystal structure formed in the second region by using the first region electrode and the second region electrode. Since a voltage can be supplied, a voltage suitable for the emission wavelength can be applied to the columnar crystal structure in each region. In addition, by changing the current flowing through each electrode, the intensity of each spectrum can be adjusted and the color can be adjusted (single-chip multicolor light emission).
- the first region electrode is formed in a comb shape on the one surface of the substrate, and comb teeth in the comb shape are arranged and connected along the band-shaped first region, and the second region electrode is connected to the second region electrode.
- the region electrode is formed in a comb shape on the one surface of the substrate, and is opposed to the first region electrode so that the teeth of the comb engage with each other and connected to the second region.
- the first region electrode for supplying a voltage to the plurality of first regions at once and the first region electrode are separated, and the voltage for supplying the voltage to the second region is provided. It is easy to form the second region electrode.
- an insulating region is provided at the boundary between the first region and the second region.
- the current leaking from each region to another region can be reduced by setting the boundary between the first region and the second region as an insulating region. As a result, it is easy to control multicolor light emission with one chip.
- the lighting device uses the above-described compound semiconductor light-emitting element.
- a step of forming a base layer for controlling the growth of the structure, and an n-type semiconductor layer, a light-emitting layer, and a p-type semiconductor layer are sequentially stacked on the bottom of the recess and the other surface of the second region.
- a plurality of nanoscale columnar crystal structures, a step of growing until substantially the same height is formed on the bottom of the recess and on the other surface of the second region; and Forming a second electrode connected to the top.
- the method further includes a step of forming and a step of removing the mask.
- the method further includes a step of selectively reducing the effective diameter of each columnar crystal structure by post-processing after the growth of the plurality of columnar crystal structures.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の第1の実施形態に係る化合物半導体発光素子である発光ダイオード1の構造を模式的に示す断面図である。本実施の形態では、ナノコラム2の材料としてGaNを例にとるが、これに限定されるものではなく、酸化物、窒化物、酸窒化物などを含む化合物半導体総てを対象とすることができる。また、ナノコラム2の成長は、分子線エピタキシー(MBE)装置によって行うことを前提としているが、有機金属気相成長(MOCVD)装置やハイドライド気相成長(HVPE)装置等を用いても、ナノコラム2が作成可能であることは公知である。以下、特に断らない限り、MBE装置を用いるものとする。
図4は本発明の第2の実施形態に係る化合物半導体発光素子である発光ダイオード21の構造を模式的に示す断面図である。図5はその発光ダイオード21の底面図である。この発光ダイオード21は、前述の発光ダイオード1に類似し、対応する部分には同一の参照符号を付して示し、その説明を省略する。注目すべきは、下記の点である。すなわち、本実施の形態では、各トレンチ11の底部の外周部分の下部、すなわち第1領域Aと第2領域Bとの境界部分に絶縁領域22を有するとともに、前記トレンチ11が(図4の奥行き方向に)帯状に延びて連続して形成されている。そして、それらに対応して、図5に示すように各トレンチ11の領域(各第1領域A)を連続させるように接続する櫛形のn型電極24(第1領域用電極)と、各壁13の領域(各第2領域B)を連続させるように接続する櫛型のn型電極23(第2領域用電極)とが形成されて、n型電極23,24に、個別の電圧および電流が印加されるようになっている。
図7は、本発明の第3の実施形態に係る化合物半導体発光素子である発光ダイオード31の製造工程を説明するための図である。この発光ダイオード31は、前述の発光ダイオード1に類似し、対応する部分には同一の参照符号を付して示し、その説明を省略する。注目すべきは、前述の発光ダイオード1,21では、トレンチ11内には、下地層として、化合物種結晶膜となるAlN層12を形成したけれども、この発光ダイオード31では、ナノコラム2の成長にあたって、前記のGa,N,In,Alなどの化合物半導体材料や、Mg,Siなどの添加物材料を溶解して取込み、かつ自身とは合成物を作らないカタリスト(触媒)材料膜であるNi薄膜32を下地層として形成することである。
図8は、本発明の第4の実施形態に係る化合物半導体発光素子である発光ダイオード41の製造工程を説明するための図である。この発光ダイオード41は、前述の発光ダイオード31に類似し、対応する部分には同一の参照符号を付して示し、その説明を省略する。注目すべきは、前述の発光ダイオード31では、カタリスト材料膜であるNi薄膜32がトレンチ11内のみに設けられていたのに対して、この発光ダイオード41では、壁13上にもNi薄膜43が設けられ、その厚さが、トレンチ11内のNi薄膜42よりも厚く形成されることである。
図9は、本発明の第5の実施形態に係る化合物半導体発光素子である発光ダイオード51の製造工程を説明するための図である。この発光ダイオード51は、前述の発光ダイオード1に類似し、対応する部分には同一の参照符号を付して示し、その説明を省略する。注目すべきは、この発光ダイオード51では、特定のナノコラム2aのアスペクト比を、後処理によって変更することである。この図9に示す例では、酸素雰囲気中で、その特定のナノコラム2aに、図9Aで示すように、レーザ源52からレーザ光53を照射している。なお、前記アスペクト比を変更する処理としては、他にも酸化や硫化による不活性化等の後処理によっても同等の効果を得ることができる。
Claims (15)
- 基板と、
前記基板の一方の面に設けられた第1電極と、
前記基板における他方の面上にn型半導体層と発光層とp型半導体層とが順に積層されたナノスケールの複数の柱状結晶構造体と、
前記複数の柱状結晶構造体の頂部に接続された第2電極と、
前記基板の一部の領域である第1領域における前記他方の面側に設けられ、前記柱状結晶構造体の成長を制御する下地層とを備え、
前記基板における前記第1領域を除く残余の領域の少なくとも一部である第2領域と当該第1領域とには、前記他方の面において段差が設けられていること
を特徴とする化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記第2領域の前記他方の面には、前記第1領域の下地層とは条件の異なる下地層が形成されていること
を特徴とする請求項1記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記第1領域の下地層と前記第2領域の下地層とは、
層の厚さ、及び材料のうち少なくとも一つが互いに異なる条件にされていること
を特徴とする請求項2記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記下地層は、複数の島に分離されて形成され、
前記第1領域の下地層を構成する島の大きさと、前記第2領域の下地層を構成する島の大きさとが互いに異なる条件にされていること
を特徴とする請求項2又は3記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記第1及び第2領域において設けられた柱状結晶構造体が放射する光のスペクトルの最大強度を示す波長は、CIE色度図における白色領域と交差する直線の両端に位置する色の波長となるように、前記第1及び第2領域において設けられた各柱状結晶構造体の長さと太さとの比がそれぞれ設定されていること
を特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記基板には、前記第1及び第2領域を除く残余の領域の少なくとも一部であり、前記基板の前記他方の面において、前記第1及び第2領域と段差を有する第3領域が設けられ、
前記第3領域における前記他方の面には、前記柱状結晶構造体の成長を制御する下地層が設けられ、
前記第1、第2、及び第3領域において設けられた各柱状結晶構造体が放射する光のスペクトルの最大強度を示す波長は、CIE色度図における白色領域を包囲する三角形の頂点に位置する色の波長となるように、前記第1、第2、及び第3領域における各柱状結晶構造体の長さと太さとの比がそれぞれ設定されていること
を特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記下地層は、化合物種結晶膜であること
を特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記下地層は、カタリスト材料膜であること
を特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記第1領域は、複数、互いに間隔を空けて帯状に設けられ、
前記間隔となる領域が、前記第2領域として用いられ、
前記第1電極は、
前記複数の第1領域に一括して電圧を供給するための第1領域用電極と、
当該第1領域用電極とは分離され、前記第2領域に電圧を供給するための第2領域用電極とを含むこと
を特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記第1領域用電極は、
前記基板の前記一方の面に櫛形に形成され、当該櫛形における櫛の歯が前記帯状の第1領域に沿うように配設されて接続され、
前記第2領域用電極は、
前記基板の前記一方の面に櫛形に形成され、前記第1領域用電極と互いに櫛の歯がかみ合うように対向配置されて前記第2領域に接続されていること
を特徴とする請求項9記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記第1領域と前記第2領域との境界部に、絶縁領域を有すること
を特徴とする請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体発光素子。 - 前記請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の化合物半導体発光素子を用いること
を特徴とする照明装置。 - 基板の一方の面に第1電極を設ける工程と、
前記基板の一部の領域である第1領域における他方の面側に、凹所を形成することで、前記第1領域を除く残余の領域の少なくとも一部である第2領域と当該第1領域との間に段差を形成する工程と、
前記凹所の底部に柱状結晶構造体の成長を制御する下地層を形成する工程と、
前記凹所の底部、及び前記第2領域における前記他方の面上に、n型半導体層と発光層とp型半導体層とを順に積層してナノスケールの柱状結晶構造体を複数、前記凹所の底部と前記第2領域における前記他方の面上とで略同じ高さになるまで成長させる工程と、
前記複数の柱状結晶構造体の頂部に接続される第2電極を形成する工程と
を含むことを特徴とする化合物半導体発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記凹所を形成した後、該凹所の底部の外周部分が開口されたマスクを形成する工程と、
前記開口部分から前記第1領域にイオン注入することによって絶縁層を形成する工程と、
前記マスクを除去する工程とをさらに含むこと
を特徴とする請求項13記載の化合物半導体発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記複数の柱状結晶構造体の成長後に、後処理によって、選択的に、当該各柱状結晶構造体の有効径を細くする工程をさらに含むこと
を特徴とする請求項13又は14記載の化合物半導体発光素子の製造方法。
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US12/920,972 US8263990B2 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2009-03-13 | Compound semiconductor light-emitting element and illumination device using the same, and method for manufacturing compound semiconductor light-emitting element |
EP09719384A EP2254164B1 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2009-03-13 | Compound semiconductor light-emitting element and illumination device using the same, and method for manufacturing compound semiconductor light-emitting element |
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EP (1) | EP2254164B1 (ja) |
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EP2254164A1 (en) | 2010-11-24 |
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EP2254164A4 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
EP2254164B1 (en) | 2012-05-16 |
JP2010010657A (ja) | 2010-01-14 |
KR101396679B1 (ko) | 2014-05-16 |
US20110012168A1 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
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