WO2009032653A1 - Inhibitors of akt activity - Google Patents

Abstract

Invented are novel substituted pyridine compounds, the use of such compounds as inhibitors of protein kinase B activity and in the treatment of cancer and arthritis.

Description

INHIBITORS OF Akt ACTIVITY

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to novel substituted pyridine compounds, the use of such compounds as inhibitors of protein kinase B (hereinafter PKB/Akt, PKB or Akt) activity and in the treatment of cancer and arthritis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to substituted pyridine compounds that are inhibitors of the activity of all three isoforms of the serine/threonine kinase, Akt (also known as protein kinase B). The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using the instant compounds in the treatment of cancer and arthritis (Liu et al. Current Opin. Pharmacology 3:317-22 (2003)).

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) plays essential roles in embryonic development and pathogenesis of various diseases, such as degenerative neuronal diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recent work has led to the identification of various pro- and anti-apoptotic gene products that are involved in the regulation or execution of programmed cell death. Expression of anti-apoptotic genes, such as Bcl2 or BCI-X_L, inhibits apoptotic cell death induced by various stimuli. On the other hand, expression of pro-apoptotic genes, such as Bax or Bad, leads to programmed cell death (Adams et al. Science, 281 :1322-1326 (1998)). The execution of programmed cell death is mediated by caspase -1 related proteinases, including caspase-3, caspase- 7, caspase-8 and caspase-9 etc (Thornberry et al. Science, 281 :1312-1316 (1998)).

The phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt/PKB pathway appears important for regulating cell survival/cell death (Kulik et al. MoI. Cell. Biol. 17:1595- 1606 (1997); Franke et al, Cell, 88:435-437 (1997); Kauffmann-Zeh et al. Nature 385:544-548 (1997) Hemmings Science, 275:628-630 (1997); Dudek et al.,

Science, 275:661-665 (1997)). Survival factors, such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), promote cell survival under various conditions by inducing the activity of PI3K (Kulik et al. 1997, Hemmings 1997). Activated PI3K leads to the production of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (Ptdlns (3,4,5)-P3), which in turn binds to, and promotes the activation of, the serine/ threonine kinase Akt, which contains a pleckstrin homology (PH)-domain (Franke et al Cell, 81 :727-736 (1995); Hemmings Science, 277:534 (1997); Downward, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10:262-267 (1998), Alessi et al., EMBO J. 15: 6541-6551 (1996)). Specific inhibitors of PI3K or dominant negative Akt/PKB mutants abolish survival-promoting activities of these growth factors or cytokines. It has been previously disclosed that inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002 or wortmannin) blocked the activation of Akt/PKB by upstream kinases. In addition, introduction of constitutively active PI3K or Akt/PKB mutants promotes cell survival under conditions in which cells normally undergo apoptotic cell death (Kulik et al. 1997, Dudek et al. 1997).

Analysis of Akt levels in human tumors showed that Akt2 is overexpressed in a significant number of ovarian (J. Q. Cheung et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:9267-9271 (1992)) and pancreatic cancers (J. Q. Cheung et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:3636-3641 (1996)). Similarly, Akt3 was found to be overexpressed in breast and prostate cancer cell lines (Nakatani et al. J. Biol.Chem. 274:21528- 21532 (1999). It was demonstrated that Akt-2 was over-expressed in 12% of ovarian carcinomas and that amplification of Akt was especially frequent in 50% of undifferentiated tumors, suggestion that Akt may also be associated with tumor aggressiveness (Bellacosa, et al., Int. J. Cancer, 64, pp. 280-285, 1995). Increased Akt1 kinase activity has been reported in breast, ovarian and prostate cancers (Sun et al. Am. J. Pathol. -/59: 431-7 (2001 )). The tumor suppressor PTEN, a protein and lipid phosphatase that specifically removes the 3' phosphate of Ptdlns(3,4,5)-P3, is a negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway (Li et al. Science 275:1943-1947 (1997), Stambolic et al. Cell 95:29-39 (1998), Sun et al. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:6199-6204 (1999)). Germline mutations of PTEN are responsible for human cancer syndromes such as Cowden disease (Liaw et al. Nature Genetics 16:64-67 (1997)). PTEN is deleted in a large percentage of human tumors and tumor cell lines without functional PTEN show elevated levels of activated Akt (Li et al. supra, Guldberg et al. Cancer Research 57:3660-3663 (1997), Risinger et al. Cancer Research 57:4736-4738 (1997)). These observations demonstrate that the PI3K/Akt pathway plays important roles for regulating cell survival or apoptosis in tumorigenesis.

Three members of the Akt/PKB subfamily of second-messenger regulated serine/threonine protein kinases have been identified and termed Akt1/ PKBα, Akt2/PKBβ, and Akt3/PKBγ respectively. The isoforms are homologous, particularly in regions encoding the catalytic domains. Akt/PKBs are activated by phosphorylation events occurring in response to PI3K signaling. PI3K phosphorylates membrane inositol phospholipids, generating the second messengers phosphatidyl- inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4- bisphosphate, which have been shown to bind to the PH domain of Akt/PKB. The current model of Akt/PKB activation proposes recruitment of the enzyme to the membrane by 3'-phosphorylated phosphoinositides, where phosphorylation of the regulatory sites of Akt/PKB by the upstream kinases occurs (B.A. Hemmings, Science 275:628-630 (1997); B.A. Hemmings, Science 276:534 (1997); J. Downward, Science 279:673-674 (1998)).

Phosphorylation of Akt1/PKBα occurs on two regulatory sites, Thr³⁰⁸ in the catalytic domain activation loop and on Ser⁴⁷³ near the carboxy terminus (D. R. Alessi et al. EMBO J. 15:6541 -6551 (1996) and R. Meier et al. J. Biol. Chem. 272:30491-30497 (1997)). Equivalent regulatory phosphorylation sites occur in Akt2/PKBβ and Akt3/PKBγ. The upstream kinase, which phosphorylates Akt/PKB at the activation loop site has been cloned and termed 3 '-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1 ). PDK1 phosphorylates not only Akt/PKB, but also p70 ribosomal S6 kinase, p90RSK, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), and protein kinase C. It is demonstrated in vitro that rictor-mTOR complex phosphorylates AKT on Ser⁴⁷³ (Sabbatini et al. Science 309, 1098-1 101 (18 Feb 2005)).

Inhibition of Akt activation and activity can be achieved by inhibiting PI3K with inhibitors such as LY294002 and wortmannin. However, PI3K inhibition has the potential to indiscriminately affect not just all three Akt isozymes but also other PH domain-containing signaling molecules that are dependent on Pdtlns(3,4,5)- P3, such as the Tec family of tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, it has been disclosed that Akt can be activated by growth signals that are independent of PI3K. Alternatively, Akt activity can be inhibited by blocking the activity of the upstream kinase PDK1. The compound UCN-01 is a reported inhibitor of PDK1. Biochem. J. 375(2):255 (2003). Again, inhibition of PDK1 would result in inhibition of multiple protein kinases whose activities depend on PDK1 , such as atypical PKC isoforms, SGK, and S6 kinases (Williams et al. Curr. Biol. 10:439-448 (2000). Small molecule inhibitors of Akt are useful in the treatment of tumors, especially those with activated Akt (e.g. PTEN null tumors and tumors with ras mutations). PTEN is a critical negative regulator of Akt and its function is lost in many cancers, including breast and prostate carcinomas, glioblastomas, and several cancer syndromes including Bannayan-Zonana syndrome (Maehama, T. et al. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 70: 247 (2001 )), Cowden disease (Parsons, R.; Simpson, L. Methods in Molecular Biology (Totowa, NJ, United States), 222 (Tumor Suppressor Genes, Volume 1): 147 (2003)), and Lhermitte-Duclos disease (Backman, S. et al. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(5): 516 (2002)). Inhibition of Akt has also been implicated in the treatment of leukemias, (J. C. Byrd, S. Stilgenbauer and I.W. Flinn "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia." Hematology / the Education Program of the American Society of Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program (2004), 163-83). Akt3 is up-regulated in estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancers and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines and Akt2 is over-expressed in pancreatic and ovarian carcinomas. Akt1 is amplified in gastric cancers (Staal, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 5034-7 (1987) and upregulated in breast cancers (Stal et al. Breast Cancer Res. 5: R37-R44 (2003)). Activating pH-domain mutant of AKT 1 has been identified in 8% of breast cancer, 6% of colorectal cancer and 2% of ovarian cancer (Carpten et al. Nature 448, 439-444 (04 JuI 2007)). Therefore a small molecule Akt inhibitor is expected to be useful for the treatment of these types of cancer as well as other types of cancer. Akt inhibitors are also useful in combination with further chemotherapeutic agents.

It is an object of the instant invention to provide novel compounds that are inhibitors of Akt/PKB.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a pharmaceutical carrier and compounds useful in the methods of the invention.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for treating cancer that comprises administering such inhibitors of Akt/PKB activity.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for treating arthritis that comprises administering such inhibitors of Akt/PKB activity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel compounds of Formula (I):

wherein: R^ is selected from the group consisting of: 2-methyl-3-furanyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted with from one to three substituents selected from: hydroxyl and fluorine; and

R^ is selected from the group consisting of: indole, thiophene, phenyl and phenyl substituted with from one to three substituents selected from: chlorine, fluorine, and trifluoromethyl;

and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

This invention relates to a method of treating cancer, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an Akt/PKB inhibiting compound of Formula (I).

This invention relates to a method of treating arthritis, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an Akt/PKB inhibiting compound of Formula (I).

The present invention also relates to the discovery that the compounds of Formula (I) are active as inhibitors of Akt/PKB.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided novel processes useful in preparing the presently invented Akt/PKB inhibiting compounds.

Included in the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a pharmaceutical carrier and compounds useful in the methods of the invention.

Also included in the present invention are methods of co-administering the presently invented Akt/PKB inhibiting compounds with further active ingredients.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

International Application No. PCT/US2005/00671 1 , having an International filing date of March 2, 2005; International Publication Number WO 2005/085227 and an International Publication date of September 15, 2005, the schemes, processes and assays of which are hereby incorporated by reference, discloses and claims substituted pyridine compounds, along with pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates and pro-drugs thereof, as being useful as inhibitors of serine/threonine kinase, Akt (also known as protein kinase B), particularly in the treatment of cancer and arthritis. International Application No. PCT/US2005/006711 does not specifically disclose any of the compounds within the scope of this application.

It has now been found that the compounds of Formula (I) exhibit advantages over what is considered to be the most structurally related compounds disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US2005/00671 1.

While the compounds of International Application No. PCT/US2005/006711 are useful as inhibitors of serine/threonine kinase, AKT (also known as protein kinase B), the compounds of Formula (I) generally exhibit advantageous properties which overall render them advantageous over what is considered to be the most structurally related compounds disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US2005/006711. This invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) as described above.

The presently invented compounds of Formula (I) inhibit Akt/PKB activity. In particular, the compounds disclosed herein inhibit each of the three Akt/PKB isoforms.

Included among the presently invented compounds of Formula (I) are those wherein:

R^ is selected from the group consisting of: 2-methyl-3-furanyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from: hydroxyl and fluorine; and

R2 is selected from the group consisting of: 3-indole, 3-thiophene, phenyl and phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from: chlorine, fluorine and trifluoromethyl;

and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Included among the presently invented compounds of Formula (I) are those wherein:

R^ is selected from the group consisting of: 2-methyl-3-furanyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from: hydroxyl and fluorine; and R^ is selected from the group consisting of: 3-indole, 3-thiophene, phenyl and phenyl substituted at the 2 position with one substituent selected from: chlorine, fluorine and trifluoromethyl;

and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Included among the presently invented compounds of Formula (I) are:

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1 H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-thienyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-

1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5- (3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

2-[6-amino-5-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-3-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyl]phenol;

3-({(2S)-2-amino-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl}oxy)-6-(2-methyl-3- furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

2-[6-amino-5-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-fluorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-3-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyl]phenol; and

2-[6-amino-5-({(2S)-2-amino-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl}oxy)-3-(3- methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyl]-6-fluorophenol;

and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Compounds of Formula (I) are included in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention and used in the methods of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, the compounds disclosed herein also include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.

By the term "treating" and derivatives thereof as used herein, is meant prophylatic and therapeutic therapy. Prophylactic therapy is appropriate, for example, when a subject is considered at high risk for developing cancer, or when a subject has been exposed to a carcinogen. As used herein, the term "effective amount" and derivatives thereof means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician. Furthermore, the term "therapeutically effective amount" and derivatives thereof means any amount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in improved treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder. The term also includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normal physiological function. The novel compounds of Formula I are prepared as shown in Scheme 1 below, or by analogous methods. All of the starting materials are commercially available or are readily made from commercially available starting materials by those of skill in the art.

Scheme 1

1c 1b 1d

NaH₁TrCI

1i

Pyrazine 1b can be prepared by either hydrolysis of ethoxyvinylpyrazine 1c, which can be prepared by a Stille coupling reaction of 2,3-dichloropyrazine and 1- (ethoxyvinyl)tributyl tin catalyzed by Pd (O) such as Pd₂dba3, or from dithiane 1a, which can be prepared from a nucleophilic tele-substitution of 2,6-dichloropyrazine by a metalated dithiane. (Torr, Jane E.; Large, Jonathan M.; Horton, Peter N.; Hursthouse, Michael B.; McDonald, Edward. Tetrahedron Letters (2005), 47(1 ), 31- 34). Treatment of 1b with hydrazine can afford pyrazolopyrazine 1d, which can be protected with a bulky group such as Trityl chloride using a base such as NaH. Intermediate 1e can be selectively oxidized to N-oxide 1f, which can be converted to bromopyazolopyrazine 1g with POBr₃. Trityl protecting group falls off during this reaction and 1g can be protected with BOC₂O or benzenesulfonyl chloride to be suitable for the subsequent Suzuki coupling reactions. Pyridine N-oxide 1j can be prepared from oxidation of 2-chloro-3-bromo-5- hydroxy-pyridine (ref. Synthesis 1990, 499-501 ) using urea hydrogen peroxide complex and trifluoroacetic anhydride. Ethers such as 1 k can be prepared by Mitsunobu coupling with hydroxy-pyridines such as 1j and alcohols such as 1 ,1- dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-hydroxy-1-(1 H-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (Scheme 1 ). An amino group can be introduced to the 2-position of the pyridine core by ethanolamine breaking down the 2-pyridinium intermediate, which can be prepared from N-oxide 1k using TsCI and pyridine as the solvent. The regioisomer, 4-amino by-product can be separated. An aryl moiety such as a 6-(3-methyl- pyrazolopyrazine) can be selectively introduced by stoichiometric use of the Suzuki reaction (Pd-mediated cross coupling between aryl boronic acids or aryl boronic esters, some of which can be prepared from aryl halides using Pd (0) catalysts and biborinanes such as 4,4,4',4'-tetramethyl-1 ,1 '-biborinane, to aryl halides or triflates, Chem Rev, 1995, 95(7), 2457-83) or a Stille reaction (Pd-mediated cross coupling between aryltrialkylstannanes and aryl halides or triflates, (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 2004, 43(36), 4704-4734) to produce intermediates such as 1m (Scheme 1 ). A second aryl moiety such as a methylfuran group can be introduced at the adjacent position on the pyridine by a second Suzuki or Stille reaction forming trisubstituted pyridines such as 1p (Scheme 1 ), followed by deprotection steps. Aryboronic esters such as 1n can be prepared by quenching lithiated methylfuran with borolanes such as 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-[(1- methylethyl)oxy]-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane.

On the other hand, 2-amino group can be introduced from region selective nitration of 2-chloro-3-bromo-5-hydroxy-pyridine followed by reduction of nitro group to afford 1r. 2-Amino group can be protected using BOC₂O. Subsequent Mitsunobu coupling, and two Suzuki coupling followed by deprotection steps can also provide final compounds such as 1 p.

By the term "co-administering" and derivatives thereof as used herein is meant either simultaneous administration or any manner of separate sequential administration of an AKT inhibiting compound, as described herein, and a further active ingredient or ingredients, known to be useful in the treatment of cancer, including chemotherapy and radiation treatment, or to be useful in the treatment of arthritis. The term further active ingredient or ingredients, as used herein, includes any compound or therapeutic agent known to or that demonstrates advantageous properties when administered to a patient in need of treatment for cancer or arthritis. Preferably, if the administration is not simultaneous, the compounds are administered in a close time proximity to each other. Furthermore, it does not matter if the compounds are administered in the same dosage form, e.g. one compound may be administered topically and another compound may be administered orally. Typically, any anti-neoplastic agent that has activity versus a susceptible tumor being treated may be co-administered in the treatment of cancer in the present invention. Examples of such agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology by VT. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6^th edition (February 15, 2001 ), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. A person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agents would be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs and the cancer involved. Typical antineoplastic agents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, anti- microtubule agents such as diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids; platinum coordination complexes; alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, oxazaphosphorines, alkylsulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazenes; antibiotic agents such as anthracyclins, actinomycins and bleomycins; topoisomerase Il inhibitors such as epipodophyllotoxins; antimetabolites such as purine and pyrimidine analogues and anti-folate compounds; topoisomerase I inhibitors such as camptothecins; hormones and hormonal analogues; signal transduction pathway inhibitors; non- receptor tyrosine kinase angiogenesis inhibitors; immunotherapeutic agents; proapoptotic agents; and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.

Examples of a further active ingredient or ingredients (anti-neoplastic agent) for use in combination or co-administered with the presently invented AKT inhibiting compounds are chemotherapeutic agents. Anti-microtubule or anti-mitotic agents are phase specific agents active against the microtubules of tumor cells during M or the mitosis phase of the cell cycle. Examples of anti-microtubule agents include, but are not limited to, diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids.

Diterpenoids, which are derived from natural sources, are phase specific anti -cancer agents that operate at the G₂/M phases of the cell cycle. It is believed that the diterpenoids stabilize the β-tubulin subunit of the microtubules, by binding with this protein. Disassembly of the protein appears then to be inhibited with mitosis being arrested and cell death following. Examples of diterpenoids include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel and its analog docetaxel. Paclitaxel, 5β,20-epoxy-1 ,2α,4,7β,10β,13α-hexa-hydroxytax-1 1-en-9-one

4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2R,3S)-N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine; is a natural diterpene product isolated from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia and is commercially available as an injectable solution TAXOL®. It is a member of the taxane family of terpenes. It was first isolated in 1971 by Wani et al. J. Am. Chem, Soc, 93:2325. 1971 ), who characterized its structure by chemical and X-ray crystallographic methods. One mechanism for its activity relates to paclitaxel's capacity to bind tubulin, thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth. Schiff et al., Proc. Natl, Acad, Sci. USA, 77:1561-1565 (1980); Schiff et al., Nature, 277:665-667 (1979); Kumar, J. Biol, Chem, 256: 10435-10441 (1981 ). For a review of synthesis and anticancer activity of some paclitaxel derivatives see: D. G. I. Kingston et al., Studies in Organic Chemistry vol. 26, entitled "New trends in Natural Products Chemistry 1986", Attaur-Rahman, P. W. Le Quesne, Eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986) pp 219-235.

Paclitaxel has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer in the United States (Markman et al., Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 64:583, 1991 ; McGuire et al., Ann. Intern, Med., 11 1 :273,1989) and for the treatment of breast cancer (Holmes et al., J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 83:1797,1991.) It is a potential candidate for treatment of neoplasms in the skin (Einzig et. al., Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 20:46) and head and neck carcinomas (Forastire et. al., Sem. Oncol., 20:56, 1990). The compound also shows potential for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease (Woo et. al., Nature, 368:750. 1994), lung cancer and malaria. Treatment of patients with paclitaxel results in bone marrow suppression (multiple cell lineages, Ignoff, RJ. et. al, Cancer Chemotherapy Pocket Guidβj. 1998) related to the duration of dosing above a threshold concentration (5OnM) (Kearns, CM. et. al., Seminars in Oncology, 3(6) p.16-23, 1995).

Docetaxel, (2R,3S)- N-carboxy-3-phenylisoserine,N-terf-butyl ester, 13-ester with 5β-20-epoxy-1 ,2α,4,7β,10β,13α-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4-acetate 2- benzoate, trihydrate; is commercially available as an injectable solution as TAXOTERE®. Docetaxel is indicated for the treatment of breast cancer. Docetaxel is a semisynthetic derivative of paclitaxel q.v., prepared using a natural precursor, 10-deacetyl-baccatin III, extracted from the needle of the European Yew tree. The dose limiting toxicity of docetaxel is neutropenia.

Vinca alkaloids are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the periwinkle plant. Vinca alkaloids act at the M phase (mitosis) of the cell cycle by binding specifically to tubulin. Consequently, the bound tubulin molecule is unable to polymerize into microtubules. Mitosis is believed to be arrested in metaphase with cell death following. Examples of vinca alkaloids include, but are not limited to, vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. Vinblastine, vincaleukoblastine sulfate, is commercially available as VELBAN® as an injectable solution. Although, it has possible indication as a second line therapy of various solid tumors, it is primarily indicated in the treatment of testicular cancer and various lymphomas including Hodgkin's Disease; and lymphocytic and histiocytic lymphomas. Myelosuppression is the dose limiting side effect of vinblastine.

Vincristine, vincaleukoblastine, 22-oxo-, sulfate, is commercially available as ONCOVIN® as an injectable solution. Vincristine is indicated for the treatment of acute leukemias and has also found use in treatment regimens for Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Alopecia and neurologic effects are the most common side effect of vincristine and to a lesser extent myelosupression and gastrointestinal mucositis effects occur.

Vinorelbine, 3',4'-didehydro -4'-deoxy-C'-norvincaleukoblastine [R-(R^*, R^*)- 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1 :2)(salt)], commercially available as an injectable solution of vinorelbine tartrate (NAVELBINE®), is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid. Vinorelbine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, in the treatment of various solid tumors, particularly non-small cell lung, advanced breast, and hormone refractory prostate cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of vinorelbine.

Platinum coordination complexes are non-phase specific anti-cancer agents, which are interactive with DNA. The platinum complexes enter tumor cells, undergo, aquation and form intra- and interstrand crosslinks with DNA causing adverse biological effects to the tumor. Examples of platinum coordination complexes include, but are not limited to, cisplatin and carboplatin.

Cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, is commercially available as PLATINOL® as an injectable solution. Cisplatin is primarily indicated in the treatment of metastatic testicular and ovarian cancer and advanced bladder cancer. The primary dose limiting side effects of cisplatin are nephrotoxicity, which may be controlled by hydration and diuresis, and ototoxicity.

Carboplatin, platinum, diammine [1 ,1-cyclobutane-dicarboxylate(2-)-O,O'], is commercially available as PARAPLATIN® as an injectable solution. Carboplatin is primarily indicated in the first and second line treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma. Bone marrow suppression is the dose limiting toxicity of carboplatin. Alkylating agents are non-phase anti-cancer specific agents and strong electrophiles. Typically, alkylating agents form covalent linkages, by alkylation, to DNA through nucleophilic moieties of the DNA molecule such as phosphate, amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and imidazole groups. Such alkylation disrupts nucleic acid function leading to cell death. Examples of alkylating agents include, but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan; nitrosoureas such as carmustine; and triazenes such as dacarbazine.

Cyclophosphamide, 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1 ,3,2- oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide monohydrate, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as CYTOXAN®. Cyclophosphamide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in the treatment of malignant lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and leukemias. Alopecia, nausea, vomiting and leukopenia are the most common dose limiting side effects of cyclophosphamide.

Melphalan, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as ALKERAN®. Melphalan is indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of melphalan.

Chlorambucil, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzenebutanoic acid, is commercially available as LEUKERAN® tablets. Chlorambucil is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia, and malignant lymphomas such as lymphosarcoma, giant follicular lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of chlorambucil. Busulfan, 1 ,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate, is commercially available as

MYLERAN® TABLETS. Busulfan is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effects of busulfan.

Carmustine, 1 ,3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)-1 -nitrosourea, is commercially available as single vials of lyophilized material as BiCNU®. Carmustine is indicated for the palliative treatment as a single agent or in combination with other agents for brain tumors, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Delayed myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effects of carmustine.

Dacarbazine, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1 -triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide, is commercially available as single vials of material as DTIC-Dome®. Dacarbazine is indicated for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma and in combination with other agents for the second line treatment of Hodgkin's Disease. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are the most common dose limiting side effects of dacarbazine.

Antibiotic anti-neoplasties are non-phase specific agents, which bind or intercalate with DNA. Typically, such action results in stable DNA complexes or strand breakage, which disrupts ordinary function of the nucleic acids leading to cell death. Examples of antibiotic anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, actinomycins such as dactinomycin, anthrocyclins such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin; and bleomycins.

Dactinomycin, also know as Actinomycin D, is commercially available in injectable form as COSMEGEN®. Dactinomycin is indicated for the treatment of

Wilm's tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are the most common dose limiting side effects of dactinomycin.

Daunorubicin, (8S-cis-)-8-acetyl-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo- hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9, 10-tetrahydro-6,8, 11 -trihydroxy-1 -methoxy-5, 12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as a liposomal injectable form as DAUNOXOME® or as an injectable as CERUBIDINE®.

Daunorubicin is indicated for remission induction in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and advanced HIV associated Kaposi's sarcoma.

Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of daunorubicin. Doxorubicin, (8S, 10S)-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo- hexopyranosyl)oxy]-8-glycoloyl, 7,8,9, 10-tetrahydro-6,8, 11 -trihydroxy-1 -methoxy-

5,12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as an injectable form as RUBEX® or ADRIAMYCI N RDF®. Doxorubicin is primarily indicated for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloblasts leukemia, but is also a useful component in the treatment of some solid tumors and lymphomas.

Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of doxorubicin. Bleomycin, a mixture of cytotoxic glycopeptide antibiotics isolated from a strain of Streptomyces verticillus, is commercially available as BLENOXANE®.

Bleomycin is indicated as a palliative treatment, as a single agent or in combination with other agents, of squamous cell carcinoma, lymphomas, and testicular carcinomas. Pulmonary and cutaneous toxicities are the most common dose limiting side effects of bleomycin.

Topoisomerase Il inhibitors include, but are not limited to, epipodophyllotoxins. Epipodophyllotoxins are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the mandrake plant. Epipodophyllotoxins typically affect cells in the S and G₂ phases of the cell cycle by forming a ternary complex with topoisomerase Il and DNA causing DNA strand breaks. The strand breaks accumulate and cell death follows. Examples of epipodophyllotoxins include, but are not limited to, etoposide and teniposide.

Etoposide, 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R )-ethylidene-β-D- glucopyranoside], is commercially available as an injectable solution or capsules as VePESID® and is commonly known as VP-16. Etoposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of testicular and non-small cell lung cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common side effect of etoposide. The incidence of leucopenia tends to be more severe than thrombocytopenia.

Teniposide, 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R )-thenylidene-β-D- glucopyranoside], is commercially available as an injectable solution as VUMON® and is commonly known as VM-26. Teniposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia in children. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of teniposide. Teniposide can induce both leucopenia and thrombocytopenia.

Antimetabolite neoplastic agents are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents that act at S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cell cycle by inhibiting DNA synthesis or by inhibiting purine or pyrimidine base synthesis and thereby limiting DNA synthesis. Consequently, S phase does not proceed and cell death follows.

Examples of antimetabolite anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytarabine, mecaptopurine, thioguanine, and gemcitabine.

5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2,4- (1 H,3H) pyrimidinedione, is commercially available as fluorouracil. Administration of 5-fluorouracil leads to inhibition of thymidylate synthesis and is also incorporated into both RNA and DNA. The result typically is cell death. 5-fluorouracil is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, colon, rectum, stomach and pancreas. Myelosuppression and mucositis are dose limiting side effects of 5-fluorouracil. Other fluoropyrimidine analogs include 5-fluoro deoxyuridine (floxuridine) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate.

Cytarabine, 4-amino-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-2 (I H)-pyrimidinone, is commercially available as CYTOSAR-U® and is commonly known as Ara-C. It is believed that cytarabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA chain elongation by terminal incorporation of cytarabine into the growing DNA chain. Cytarabine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Other cytidine analogs include 5-azacytidine and 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine). Cytarabine induces leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis.

Mercaptopurine, 1 ,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione monohydrate, is commercially available as PURINETHOL®. Mercaptopurine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism. Mercaptopurine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Myelosuppression and gastrointestinal mucositis are expected side effects of mercaptopurine at high doses. A useful mercaptopurine analog is azathioprine. Thioguanine, 2-amino-1 ,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, is commercially available as TABLOID®. Thioguanine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism. Thioguanine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Myelosuppression, including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of thioguanine administration. However, gastrointestinal side effects occur and can be dose limiting. Other purine analogs include pentostatin, erythrohydroxynonyladenine, fludarabine phosphate, and cladribine.

Gemcitabine, 2'-deoxy-2', 2'-difluorocytidine monohydrochloride (β-isomer), is commercially available as GEMZAR®. Gemcitabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase and by blocking progression of cells through the G1/S boundary. Gemcitabine is indicated in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer and alone in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Myelosuppression, including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of gemcitabine administration.

Methotrexate, N-[4[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl]methylamino] benzoyl]- L-glutamic acid, is commercially available as methotrexate sodium. Methotrexate exhibits cell phase effects specifically at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis, repair and/or replication through the inhibition of dyhydrofolic acid reductase which is required for synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate. Methotrexate is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of choriocarcinoma, meningeal leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and carcinomas of the breast, head, neck, ovary and bladder. Myelosuppression (leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia) and mucositis are expected side effect of methotrexate administration. Camptothecins, including, camptothecin and camptothecin derivatives are available or under development as Topoisomerase I inhibitors. Camptothecins cytotoxic activity is believed to be related to its Topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. Examples of camptothecins include, but are not limited to irinotecan, topotecan, and the various optical forms of 7-(4-methylpiperazino-methylene)-10,1 1-ethylenedioxy- 20-camptothecin described below.

Irinotecan HCI, (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-9-[(4-piperidinopiperidino) carbonyloxy]-1 H-pyrano[3',4',6,7]indolizino[1 ,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione hydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution CAMPTOSAR®. Irinotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds, along with its active metabolite SN-38, to the topoisomerase I - DNA complex. It is believed that cytotoxicity occurs as a result of irreparable double strand breaks caused by interaction of the topoisomerase I: DNA : irintecan or SN-38 ternary complex with replication enzymes. Irinotecan is indicated for treatment of metastatic cancer of the colon or rectum. The dose limiting side effects of irinotecan HCI are myelosuppression, including neutropenia, and Gl effects, including diarrhea.

Topotecan HCI, (S)-10-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4-ethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1 H- pyrano[3',4',6,7]indolizino[1 ,2-b]quinoline-3,14-(4H,12H)-dione monohydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution HYCAMTI N®. Topotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds to the topoisomerase I - DNA complex and prevents religation of singles strand breaks caused by Topoisomerase I in response to torsional strain of the DNA molecule. Topotecan is indicated for second line treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the ovary and small cell lung cancer. The dose limiting side effect of topotecan HCI is myelosuppression, primarily neutropenia.

Also of interest, is the camptothecin derivative of formula A following, currently under development, including the racemic mixture (R, S) form as well as the R and S enantiomers:

known by the chemical name "7-(4-methylpiperazino-methylene)-10,1 1- ethylenedioxy-20(R,S)-camptothecin (racemic mixture) or "7-(4-methylpiperazino- methylene)-10,11-ethylenedioxy-20(R)-camptothecin (R enantiomer) or "7-(4- methylpiperazino-methylene)-10,1 1-ethylenedioxy-20(S)-camptothecin (S enantiomer). Such compound as well as related compounds are described, including methods of making, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,063,923; 5,342,947; 5,559,235; 5,491 ,237 and pending U.S. patent Application No. 08/977,217 filed November 24, 1997.

Hormones and hormonal analogues are useful compounds for treating cancers in which there is a relationship between the hormone(s) and growth and/or lack of growth of the cancer. Examples of hormones and hormonal analogues useful in cancer treatment include, but are not limited to, adrenocorticosteroids such as prednisone and prednisolone which are useful in the treatment of malignant lymphoma and acute leukemia in children; aminoglutethimide and other aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole, letrazole, vorazole, and exemestane useful in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and hormone dependent breast carcinoma containing estrogen receptors; progestrins such as megestrol acetate useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer and endometrial carcinoma; estrogens, androgens, and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate and 5α-reductases such as finasteride and dutasteride, useful in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy; anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene, iodoxyfene, as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) such those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,681 ,835, 5,877,219, and 6,207,716, useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast carcinoma and other susceptible cancers; and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and analogues thereof which stimulate the release of leutinizing hormone (LH) and/or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for the treatment prostatic carcinoma, for instance, LHRH agonists and antagagonists such as goserelin acetate and luprolide. Signal transduction pathway inhibitors are those inhibitors, which block or inhibit a chemical process which evokes an intracellular change. As used herein this change is cell proliferation or differentiation. Signal tranduction inhibitors useful in the present invention include inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, SH2/SH3domain blockers, serine/threonine kinases, phosphotidyl inositol-3 kinases, myo-inositol signaling, and Ras oncogenes.

Several protein tyrosine kinases catalyse the phosphorylation of specific tyrosyl residues in various proteins involved in the regulation of cell growth. Such protein tyrosine kinases can be broadly classified as receptor or non-receptor kinases.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins having an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain. Receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in the regulation of cell growth and are generally termed growth factor receptors. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of many of these kinases, i.e. aberrant kinase growth factor receptor activity, for example by over-expression or mutation, has been shown to result in uncontrolled cell growth. Accordingly, the aberrant activity of such kinases has been linked to malignant tissue growth. Consequently, inhibitors of such kinases could provide cancer treatment methods. Growth factor receptors include, for example, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFr), erbB2, erbB4, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFr), tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and epidermal growth factor homology domains (TIE-2), insulin growth factor -I (IGFI) receptor, macrophage colony stimulating factor (cfms), BTK, ckit, cmet, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, Trk receptors (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC), ephrin (eph) receptors, and the RET protooncogene. Several inhibitors of growth receptors are under development and include ligand antagonists, antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-sense oligonucleotides. Growth factor receptors and agents that inhibit growth factor receptor function are described, for instance, in Kath, John C, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2000) 10(6):803-818; Shawver et al DDT VoI 2, No. 2 February 1997; and Lofts, F. J. et al, "Growth factor receptors as targets", New Molecular Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy, ed. Workman, Paul and Kerr, David, CRC press 1994, London.

"EGFR", also known as "erbB-1 ", and "erbB-2" are protein tyrosine kinase transmembrane growth factor receptors of the erbB family. Protein tyrosine kinases catalyse the phosphorylation of specific tyrosyl residues in various proteins involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation (A.F. Wilks, Progress in Growth Factor Research, 1990, 2, 97-1 11 ; S.A. Courtneidge, Dev. Supp.l, 1993, 57-64; J.A. Cooper, Semin. Cell Biol., 1994, 5(6), 377-387; R.F. Paulson, Semin. Immunol., 1995, 7(4), 267-277; A.C. Chan, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 1996, 8(3), 394-401 ). The ErbB family of type I receptor tyrosine kinases includes ErbB1 (also known as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER1 )), erbB2 (also known as Her2), erbB3, and erbB4. These receptor tyrosine kinases are widely expressed in epithelial, mesenchymal, and neuronal tissues where they play a role in regulating cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation (Sibilia and Wagner, Science, 269: 234 (1995); Threadgill et al., Science, 269: 230 (1995)). Increased expression of wild- type erbB2 or EGFR, or expression of constitutively activated receptor mutants, transforms cells in vitro (Di Fiore et al., 1987; DiMarco et al, Oncogene, 4: 831 (1989); Hudziak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 84:7159 (1987); Qian et al., Oncogene, 10:211 (1995)). Increased expression of erbB2 or EGFR has been correlated with a poorer clinical outcome in some breast cancers and a variety of other malignancies (Slamon et al., Science, 235: 177 (1987); Slamon et al., Science, 244:707 (1989); Bacus et al, Am. J. Clin. Path, 102:S13 (1994)). N-{3-chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl) ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine, the active compound known as lapatanib and Tykerb®, is an inhibitor of both erbB-1 and erbB-2. Suitably, N-{3- chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl) ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine is used in combination with a compound of the present invention.

Tyrosine kinases, which are not growth factor receptor kinases are termed non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases for use in the present invention, which are targets or potential targets of anti-cancer drugs, include cSrc, Lck, Fyn, Yes, Jak, cAbl, FAK (Focal adhesion kinase), Brutons tyrosine kinase, and Bcr-Abl. Such non-receptor kinases and agents which inhibit non-receptor tyrosine kinase function are described in Sinh, S. and Corey, SJ. , (1999) Journal of Hematotherapy and Stem Cell Research 8 (5): 465 - 80; and Bolen, J. B., Brugge, J. S., (1997) Annual review of Immunology. 15: 371-404. SH2/SH3 domain blockers are agents that disrupt SH2 or SH3 domain binding in a variety of enzymes or adaptor proteins including, PI3-K p85 subunit, Src family kinases, adaptor molecules (She, Crk, Nek, Grb2) and Ras-GAP. SH2/SH3 domains as targets for anti-cancer drugs are discussed in Smithgall, T. E. (1995), Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 34(3) 125-32. Inhibitors of Serine/Threonine Kinases including MAP kinase cascade blockers which include blockers of Raf kinases (rafk), Mitogen or Extracellular Regulated Kinase (MEKs), and Extracellular Regulated Kinases (ERKs); and Protein kinase C family member blockers including blockers of PKCs (alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon, mu, lambda, iota, zeta). IkB kinase family (IKKa, IKKb), PKB family kinases, akt kinase family members, and TGF beta receptor kinases. Such Serine/Threonine kinases and inhibitors thereof are described in Yamamoto, T., Taya, S., Kaibuchi, K., (1999), Journal of Biochemistry. 126 (5) 799-803; Brodt, P, Samani, A., and Navab, R. (2000), Biochemical Pharmacology, 60. 1101-1107; Massague, J., Weis-Garcia, F. (1996) Cancer Surveys. 27:41-64; Philip, P.A., and Harris, A.L. (1995), Cancer Treatment and Research. 78: 3-27, Lackey, K. et al Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, (10), 2000, 223-226; U.S. Patent No. 6,268,391 ; and Martinez-lacaci, L., et al, Int. J. Cancer (2000), 88(1 ), 44-52. Inhibitors of Phosphotidyl inositol-3 Kinase family members including blockers of PI3-kinase, ATM, DNA-PK, and Ku may also be useful in the present invention. Such kinases are discussed in Abraham, R. T. (1996), Current Opinion in Immunology. 8 (3) 412-8; Canman, C. E., Lim, D.S. (1998), Oncogene 17 (25) 3301- 3308; Jackson, S. P. (1997), International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 29 (7):935-8; and Zhong, H. et al, Cancer res, (2000) 60(6), 1541-1545.

Also of interest in the present invention are Myo-inositol signaling inhibitors such as phospholipase C blockers and Myoinositol analogues. Such signal inhibitors are described in Powis, G., and Kozikowski A., (1994) New Molecular Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy ed., Paul Workman and David Kerr, CRC press 1994, London.

Another group of signal transduction pathway inhibitors are inhibitors of Ras Oncogene. Such inhibitors include inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, geranyl-geranyl transferase, and CAAX proteases as well as anti-sense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and immunotherapy. Such inhibitors have been shown to block ras activation in cells containing wild type mutant ras, thereby acting as antiproliferation agents. Ras oncogene inhibition is discussed in Scharovsky, O. G., Rozados, V. R., Gervasoni, S.I. Matar, P. (2000), Journal of Biomedical Science. 7(4) 292-8; Ashby, M.N. (1998), Current Opinion in Lipidology. 9 (2) 99 - 102; and BioChim. Biophys. Acta, (19899) 1423(3):19-30.

As mentioned above, antibody antagonists to receptor kinase ligand binding may also serve as signal transduction inhibitors. This group of signal transduction pathway inhibitors includes the use of humanized antibodies to the extracellular ligand binding domain of receptor tyrosine kinases. For example lmclone C225 EGFR specific antibody (see Green, M. C. et al, Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Solid Tumors, Cancer Treat. Rev., (2000), 26(4), 269-286); Herceptin ® erbB2 antibody (see Tyrosine Kinase Signalling in Breast canceπerbB Family Receptor Tyrosine Kniases, Breast cancer Res., 2000, 2(3), 176-183); and 2CB VEGFR2 specific antibody (see Brekken, R.A. et al, Selective Inhibition of VEGFR2 Activity by a monoclonal Anti-VEGF antibody blocks tumor growth in mice, Cancer Res. (2000) 60, 51 17-5124). Non-receptor kinase angiogenesis inhibitors may also be useful in the present invention. Inhibitors of angiogenesis related VEGFR and TIE2 are discussed above in regard to signal transduction inhibitors (both receptors are receptor tyrosine kinases). Angiogenesis in general is linked to erbB2/EGFR signaling since inhibitors of erbB2 and EGFR have been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, primarily VEGF expression. Accordingly, non-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention. For example, anti-VEGF antibodies, which do not recognize VEGFR (the receptor tyrosine kinase), but bind to the ligand; small molecule inhibitors of integrin (alpha_v beta₃) that will inhibit angiogenesis; endostatin and angiostatin (non-RTK) may also prove useful in combination with the disclosed compounds. (See Bruns CJ et al (2000), Cancer Res., 60: 2926-2935; Schreiber AB, Winkler ME, and Derynck R. (1986), Science, 232: 1250-1253; Yen L et al. (2000), Oncogene 19: 3460-3469). Agents used in immunotherapeutic regimens may also be useful in combination with the compounds of formula (I). There are a number of immunologic strategies to generate an immune response. These strategies are generally in the realm of tumor vaccinations. The efficacy of immunologic approaches may be greatly enhanced through combined inhibition of signaling pathways using a small molecule inhibitor. Discussion of the immunologic/tumor vaccine approach against erbB2/EGFR are found in Reilly RT et al. (2000), Cancer Res. 60: 3569-3576; and Chen Y, Hu D, Eling DJ, Robbins J, and Kipps TJ. (1998), Cancer Res. 58: 1965-1971.

Agents used in proapoptotic regimens (e.g., bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides) may also be used in the combination of the present invention. Members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins block apoptosis. Upregulation of bcl-2 has therefore been linked to chemoresistance. Studies have shown that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates anti-apoptotic members of the bcl-2 family (i.e., mcl- 1 ). Therefore, strategies designed to downregulate the expression of bcl-2 in tumors have demonstrated clinical benefit and are now in Phase I I/I 11 trials, namely Genta's G3139 bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. Such proapoptotic strategies using the antisense oligonucleotide strategy for bcl-2 are discussed in Water JS et al. (2000), J. Clin. Oncol. 18: 1812-1823; and Kitada S et al. (1994), Antisense Res. Dev. 4: 71-79. Cell cycle signalling inhibitors inhibit molecules involved in the control of the cell cycle. A family of protein kinases called cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and their interaction with a family of proteins termed cyclins controls progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. The coordinate activation and inactivation of different cyclin/CDK complexes is necessary for normal progression through the cell cycle. Several inhibitors of cell cycle signalling are under development. For instance, examples of cyclin dependent kinases, including CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 and inhibitors for the same are described in, for instance, Rosania et al, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2000) 10(2):215-230.

In one embodiment, the cancer treatment method of the claimed invention includes the co-administration a compound of Formula I and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one anti-neoplastic agent, such as one selected from the group consisting of anti-microtubule agents, platinum coordination complexes, alkylating agents, antibiotic agents, topoisomerase Il inhibitors, antimetabolites, topoisomerase I inhibitors, hormones and hormonal analogues, signal transduction pathway inhibitors, non-receptor tyrosine kinase angiogenesis inhibitors, immunotherapeutic agents, proapoptotic agents, and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.

Because the pharmaceutically active compounds of the present invention are active as AKT inhibitors they exhibit therapeutic utility in treating cancer and arthritis.

Suitably, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer in a mammal, including a human, wherein the cancer is selected from: brain (gliomas), glioblastomas, leukemias, Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, Cowden disease, Lhermitte-Duclos disease, breast, inflammatory breast cancer, Wilm's tumor, Ewing's sarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, colon, head and neck, kidney, lung, liver, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, giant cell tumor of bone and thyroid.

Suitably, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer in a mammal, including a human, wherein the cancer is selected from: Lymphoblastic T cell leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hairy-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, Chronic neutrophilic leukemia, Acute lymphoblastic T cell leukemia, Plasmacytoma, lmmunoblastic large cell leukemia, Mantle cell leukemia, Multiple myeloma Megakaryoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and Erythroleukemia.

Suitably, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer in a mammal, including a human, wherein the cancer is selected from: malignant lymphoma, hodgkins lymphoma, non-hodgkins lymphoma, lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Suitably, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer in a mammal, including a human, wherein the cancer is selected from: neuroblastoma, bladder cancer, urothelial cancer, lung cancer, vulval cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, renal cancer, mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, salivary gland cancer, hepatocellular cancer, gastric cancer, nasopharangeal cancer, buccal cancer, cancer of the mouth, GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) and testicular cancer.

Suitably, the invention relates to a method of treating pre-cancerous syndromes in a mammal, including a human, wherein the pre-cancerous syndrome is selected from: myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, cervical lesions, skin nevi (pre-melanoma), prostatic intraepithleial (intraductal) neoplasia (PIN), Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS), colon polyps and severe hepatitis or cirrhosis (especially viral induced hepatitis) which can progress to cancer.

Isolation and Purification of His-tagged AKT1 (aa 136-480)

Insect cells expressing His-tagged AKT1 (aa 136-480) were lysed in 25 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCI, 20 mM imidazole; pH 7.5 using a polytron (5 ml_s lysis buffer/g cells). Cell debris was removed by centrifuging at 28,000 x g for 30 minutes. The supernatant was filtered through a 4.5-micron filter then loaded onto a nickel-chelating column pre-equilibrated with lysis buffer. The column was washed with 5 column volumes (CV) of lysis buffer then with 5 CV of 20% buffer B, where buffer B is 25 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCI, 300 mM imidazole; pH 7.5. His- tagged AKT1 (aa 136-480) was eluted with a 20-100% linear gradient of buffer B over 10 CV. His-tagged AKT1 (136-480) eluting fractions were pooled and diluted 3-fold with buffer C, where buffer C is 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. The sample was then chromatographed over a Q-Sepharose HP column pre-equilibrated with buffer C. The column was washed with 5 CV of buffer C then step eluted with 5 CV 10%D, 5 CV 20% D, 5 CV 30% D, 5 CV 50% D and 5 CV of 100% D; where buffer D is 25 mM HEPES, 1000 mM NaCI; pH 7.5. His-tagged AKT1 (aa 136-480) containing fractions were pooled and concentrated in a 10-kDa molecular weight cutoff concentrator. His-tagged AKT1 (aa 136-480) was chromatographed over a Superdex 75 gel filtration column pre-equilibrated with 25 mM HEPES, 200 mM NaCI, 1 mM DTT; pH 7.5. His-tagged AKT1 (aa 136-480) fractions were examined using SDS-PAGE and mass spec. The protein was pooled, concentrated and frozen at -80C. His-tagged AKT2 (aa 138-481 ) and His-tagged AKT3 (aa 135-479) were isolated and purified in a similar fashion.

His-tagged AKT Enzyme Assay Compounds of the present invention were tested for AKT 1 , 2, and 3 protein serine kinase inhibitory activity in substrate phosphorylation assays. This assay examines the ability of small molecule organic compounds to inhibit the serine phosphorylation of a peptide substrate. The substrate phosphorylation assays use the catalytic domains of AKT 1 , 2, or 3. AKT 1 , 2 and 3 are also commercially available from Upstate USA, Inc. The method measures the ability of the isolated enzyme to catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP onto the serine residue of a biotinylated synthetic peptide SEQ. ID NO: 1 (Biotin-ahx- ARKRERAYSFGHHA-amide). Substrate phosphorylation was detected by the following procedure: Assays were performed in 384well U-bottom white plates. 10 nM activated

AKT enzyme was incubated for 40 minutes at room temperature in an assay volume of 2OuI containing 5OmM MOPS, pH 7.5, 2OmM MgCl2, 4uM ATP, 8uM peptide, 0.04 uCi [g- P] ATP/well, 1 mM CHAPS, 2 mM DTT, and 1 ul of test compound in 100% DMSO. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 ul SPA bead mix (Dulbecco's PBS without Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, 0.1 % Triton X-100, 5mM EDTA, 5OuM ATP, 2.5mg/ml Streptavidin-coated SPA beads.) The plate was sealed, the beads were allowed to settle overnight, and then the plate was counted in a Packard Topcount Microplate Scintillation Counter (Packard Instrument Co., Meriden, CT). The data for dose responses were plotted as % Control calculated with the data reduction formula 100^*(U1-C2)/(C1-C2) versus concentration of compound where U is the unknown value, C1 is the average control value obtained for DMSO, and C2 is the average control value obtained for 0.1 M EDTA. Data are fitted to the curve described by: y = ((Vmax ^* x) / ( K + x )) where Vmax is the upper asymptote and K is the lCδO.

Cloning of full-length human (FL) AKT1 :

Full-length human AKT1 gene was amplified by PCR from a plasmid containing myristylated-AKT1-ER (gift from Robert T. Abraham, Duke University under MTA, described in Klippel et al. in Molecular and Cellular Biology 1998 Volume 18 p.5699) using the 5' primer: SEQ. ID NO: 2

5' TATATAGGATCCATGAGCGACGTGGC 3' and the 3' primer: SEQ. ID NO: 3 AAATTTCTCGAGTCAGGCCGTGCTGCTGG 3'. The 5' primer included a BamHI site and the 3'primer included an Xhol site for cloning purposes. The resultant PCR product was subcloned in pcDNA3 as a BamHI / Xhol fragment. A mutation in the sequence (IGC) coding for a Cysteine²⁵ was converted to the wild-type AKT1 sequence (CGC) coding for an Arginine²⁵ by site-directed mutagenesis using the QuikChange^® Site Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene). The AKT1 mutagenic primer: SEQ. ID NO: 4 5' ACCTGGCGGCCACGCTACTTCCTCC and selection primer: SEQ. ID NO: 5 5' CTCGAGCATGCAACTAGAGGGCC (designed to destroy an Xbal site in the multiple cloning site of pcDNA3) were used according to manufacturer's suggestions. For expression/purification purposes, AKT1 was isolated as a BamHI / Xhol fragment and cloned into the BamHI / Xhol sites of pFastbacHTb (Invitrogen).

Expression of FL human AKT1 :

Expression was done using the BAC-to-BAC Baculovirus Expression System from Invitrogen (catalog # 10359-016). Briefly 1 ) the cDNA was transferred from the FastBac vector into bacmid DNA, 2) the bacmid DNA was isolated and used to transfect Sf9 insect cells, 3) the virus was produced in Sf9 cells, 4) T. ni cells were infected with this virus and sent for purification.

Purification of FL human AKT1 :

For the purification of full-length AKT1 , 130 g sf9 cells (batch # 41646W02) were resuspended in lysis buffer (buffer A, 1 L, pH 7.5) containing 25 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCI, and 20 mM imidazole. The cell lysis was carried out by Avestin (2 passes at 15K-20K psi). Cell debris was removed by centrifuging at 16K rpm for 1 hour and the supernatant was batch bound to 10 ml Nickel Sepharose HP beads at 4 C for over night. The beads were then transferred to column and the bound material was eluted with buffer B (25 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCI, 300 mM imidazole, pH 7.5). AKT eluting fractions were pooled and diluted 3 fold using buffer C (25 mM HEPES, 5 mM DTT; pH 7.5). The sample was filtered and chromatographed over a 10 mL Q-HP column pre-equilibrated with buffer C at 2 mL/min.

The Q-HP column was washed with 3 column volume (CV) of buffer C, then step eluted with 5 CV 10%D, 5 CV 20% D, 5 CV 30% D, 5 CV 50% D and 5 CV of 100% D; where buffer D is 25 mM HEPES, 1000 mM NaCI, 5 mM DTT; pH 7.5. 5 mL fractions collected. AKT containing fractions were pooled and concentrated to 5 ml. The protein was next loaded to a 120 ml Superdex 75 sizing column that was pre- equilibrated with 25 mM HEPES, 200 mM NaCI, 5 mM DTT; pH 7.5. 2.5 mL fractions were collected.

AKT 1 eluting fractions were pooled, aliquoted (1 ml) and stored at -80C. Mass spec and SDS-PAGE analysis were used to confirm purity and identity of the purified full-length AKT1.

Full-length (FL) AKT2 and (FL) AKT3 were isolated and purified in a similar fashion.

Full-Lenqth AKT Enzyme Assay

Compounds of the present invention were tested for AKT 1 , 2, and 3 protein serine kinase inhibitory activity in substrate phosphorylation assays. This assay examines the ability of small molecule organic compounds to inhibit the serine phosphorylation of a peptide substrate. The substrate phosphorylation assays use the catalytic domains of AKT 1 , 2, or 3. The method measures the ability of the isolated enzyme to catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP onto the serine residue of a biotinylated synthetic peptide SEQ. ID NO: 1 (Biotin-ahx- ARKRERAYSFGHHA-amide). Substrate phosphorylation was detected by the following procedure.

Assays were performed in 384well U-bottom white plates. 10 nM activated AKT enzyme was incubated for 40 minutes at room temperature in an assay volume of 2OuI containing 5OmM MOPS, pH 7.5, 2OmM MgCI2, 4uM ATP, 8uM peptide, 0.04 uCi [g-33P] ATP/well, 1 mM CHAPS, 2 mM DTT, and 1 ul of test compound in 100% DMSO. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 ul SPA bead mix (Dulbecco's PBS without Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, 0.1% Triton X-100, 5mM EDTA, 5OuM ATP, 2.5mg/ml Streptavidin-coated SPA beads.) The plate was sealed, the beads were allowed to settle overnight, and then the plate was counted in a Packard Topcount Microplate Scintillation Counter (Packard Instrument Co., Meriden, CT). The data for dose responses were plotted as % Control calculated with the data reduction formula 100^*(U1-C2)/(C1-C2) versus concentration of compound where U is the unknown value, C1 is the average control value obtained for DMSO, and C2 is the average control value obtained for 0.1 M EDTA. Data are fitted to the curve described by: y = ((Vmax ^* x) / ( K + x )) where Vmax is the upper asymptote and K is the IC50.

Compounds of the invention are tested for activity in the above referenced assays.

The pharmaceutically active compounds within the scope of this invention are useful as AKT inhibitors in mammals, particularly humans, in need thereof.

The present invention therefore provides a method of treating cancer, arthritis and other conditions requiring AKT inhibition, which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of Formula (I) also provide for a method of treating the above indicated disease states because of their demonstrated ability to act as Akt inhibitors. The drug may be administered to a patient in need thereof by any conventional route of administration, including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, oral, subcutaneous, intradermal, and parenteral. Suitably, the mode of administration is intravenous. The pharmaceutically active compounds of the present invention are incorporated into convenient dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, or injectable preparations. Solid or liquid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. Solid carriers include, starch, lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, saline, and water. Similarly, the carrier may include any prolonged release material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax. The amount of solid carrier varies widely but, preferably, will be from about 25 mg to about 1 g per dosage unit. When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation will, for example, be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile injectable liquid such as an ampoule, or an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid suspension. The pharmaceutical preparations are made following conventional techniques of a pharmaceutical chemist involving mixing, granulating, and compressing, when necessary, for tablet forms, or mixing, filling and dissolving the ingredients, as appropriate, to give the desired oral or parenteral products. Doses of the presently invented pharmaceutically active compounds in a pharmaceutical dosage unit as described above will be an efficacious, nontoxic quantity preferably selected from the range of 0.001 - 100 mg/kg of active compound, preferably 0.001 - 50 mg/kg. When treating a human patient in need of an Akt inhibitor, the selected dose is administered preferably from 1-6 times daily, orally or parenterally. Preferred forms of parenteral administration include topically, rectally, transdermally, by injection and continuously by infusion. Oral and/or parenteral dosage units for human administration preferably contain from 0.05 to 3500 mg of active compound.

Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular Akt inhibitor in use, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. Additional factors depending on the particular patient being treated will result in a need to adjust dosages, including patient age, weight, diet, and time of administration. The method of this invention of inducing Akt inhibitory activity in mammals, including humans, comprises administering to a subject in need of such activity an effective Akt inhibiting amount of a pharmaceutically active compound of the present invention.

The invention also provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament for use as an Akt inhibitor.

The invention also provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy.

The invention also provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating cancer. The invention also provides for the use of a compound of Formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating arthritis.

The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use as an Akt inhibitor which comprises a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of cancer which comprises a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating arthritis which comprises a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

No unacceptable toxicological effects are expected when compounds of the invention are administered in accordance with the present invention.

In addition, the pharmaceutically active compounds of the present invention can be co-administered with further active ingredients, such as other compounds known to treat cancer or arthritis, or compounds known to have utility when used in combination with an Akt inhibitor.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following Examples are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative and not a limitation of the scope of the present invention in any way.

Experimental Details

The compounds of Examples 1 to 9 are readily made according to Scheme 1 or by analogous methods.

Example 1

Synthesis of 3-f r(2S)-2-amino-3-(1 H-indol-3-yl)propylloxy}-6-(2-methyl-3- furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolor3.4-b1Pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

1a a) 2-chloro-3-(2-methyl-1 ,3-dithian-2-yl)pyrazine

To a solution of 1 ,3-dithiane (300.6g, 2.5mol) in THF was added n-BuLi (2.5M solution, 1 L, 2.5 mol) at -20 ⁰C and the resulting mixture was stirred at -20 ⁰C for 1 h. The mixture was then cooled to -50 ⁰C, and MeI (355g, 2.5mol) was added. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to -20 ⁰C, and n-BuLi (2.5 M solution, 1.0 L, 2.5mol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at -20 ⁰C for 2 h before cooling to -50 ⁰C, and a solution of 2,6-dichloropyrazine (372.5 g, 2.5 mol) in THF (800 ml.) was added at - 50 ⁰C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm up to rt overnight. After the reaction went to completion indicated by LCMS, it was quenched with water. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc twice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with 10% EtOac/heptane (2 L) to afford 1a (575.0 g, 93%) as a reddish brown solid.

Cl O

N 1^b b) 1 -(3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl)ethanone

To a solution of N-chlorosuccinimide (801.2 g, 6.0 mol) and AgNO₃ (1146.6 g, 6.75 mol) in acetonitrile (10 L) and water (2.5 L) was added 1a (370.2 g, 1.5 mol) in portions at rt, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h (the temperature rose to 41 ⁰C). The saturated solutions of Na₂SO₃, Na₂CO₃ and brine (1 L) were added to the mixture at 10 min interval. The mixture was filtered through celite. After the layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (10 L). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo at 23 to 40 ⁰C. The residue was triturated with 1 :1 DCM/hexane (3x2L), and the combined organics were concentrated in vacuo at 30 ⁰C to provide 1 b (413 g, containing other impurity, but was used in next step without purification. 1b is volatile) as a brown oil.

1c c) 2-chloro-3-[1-(ethyloxy)ethenyl]pyrazine and 1 -(3-chloro-2- pyrazinyl)ethanone (alternative method)

2,3-Dichloropyrazine (200 g, 1.34 mole), 1 -(ethoxyvinyl)tributyl tin (534 g, 1.48 mole, 1.1 equiv), bis(triphenylphosphino)palladium dichloride (18.85 g, 26.86 mmole, 2 mole %), and toluene (anhydrous, 1 L) in a 5 L 3-neck flask (fitted with a thermometer and condenser) was degassed 4x under nitrogen. The mixture was heated carefully to 100 ⁰C. An exotherm was observed. At 85 ⁰C, the heating mantle was removed. The temperature of the reaction mixture continued rising to 107 ⁰C , and then dropped. The reaction mixture was heated at 100 ⁰C for 3 h, then cooled to room temperature. KF (2N aq., 1 L) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred vigorously. The precipitate was filtered through celite, and rinsed with ethyl acetate (1 L). The filtrate was separated in phases. The top organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 284 g of 1c.

To 1c (284 g) and acetonitrile (500 mL) in a 5L 3-neck flask at room temperature was added 2N HCI (750 mL) portion wise. No exotherm was observed. The mixture was stirred for 18 h, cooled in an ice bath, followed with addition of 1300 ml. of cold 1 N NaOH. The last 300 ml. was added in 50 ml. portions so that the pH was around 7. The mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (1.5 L, 1 L and 0.5 L). The combined organic portions were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to give 234 g of 2-acetyl derivative 1b. This crude 1b, combined with another crude batch made similarly from 20 g of 2,3- dichloropyrazine, was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography to remove the more polar byproduct. Gradient elution using 5% increments of ethyl acetate in hexane gave 167 g (72%) of 1 b (10-15% ethyl acetate fractions).

1^d d) 3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine

To 1-(3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl)ethanone (1b, 70 g, 0.447 mole) in pyridine (3 L, anhydrous grade) at room temperature was added hydrazine monohydrate (24 g) in one portion. The resulting mixture was heated at 1 15 ⁰C for 5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with DCM (300 ml_). The solids formed were collected by filtration and washed with DCM (2 x 100 ml_). Drying under vacuum at room temperature gave 37.24 g, 62% yield) of 1d.

1Θ e) 3-methyl-1 -(triphenylmethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine

To a 3L 3-neck flask under N₂ was charged with NaH (60% in mineral oil, 33.0 g), followed by addition of DMF (anhydrous, 850 ml_). This mixture was cooled in an ice/MeOH bah to 5 ⁰C. 1d (87.77 g) was added portion wise over a 15 min period. The temperature was kept between 5-10 ⁰C. After completion of addition, the cooling bath was removed, and the internal temperature was warmed up to 20 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 25 min, and cooled again to 5 ⁰C. Trityl chloride (186.5 g, 1.02 equiv) was added in one portion. The internal temperature rose to 20 ⁰C and then gradually dropped back to 15 ⁰C over a 15 min period. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature without the aid of a cooling bath for 18 h, and then concentrated in vacuo to remove DMF. To the residue was added 1 L of water and 3 L of ethyl acetate. The resulting mixture was sonicated briefly, followed by fifltration through celite. The cake was further washed with 500 ml. of ethyl acetate. The filtrate was separated in phases. The aqueous portion was saturated with NaCI, and extracted with 2 x 500 ml. of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Solids started to form during removal of ethyl acetate. When the volume was about 500 ml_, 500 ml. of hexane was added to the mixture. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with 100 ml. of (1 :1 ) mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate, then 200 ml. of hexane. This gave the first crop of 1e (102.67g, which is the pure, 42% yield). The mother liquor was concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added 200 ml. of ethyl acetate and 200 ml. of hexane to give second crop (45.80 g, which is a mixture of three components: product 1e, the region isomer and starting material). The mother liquor was treated similarly to give a third crop of 1e (17.40 g). To remove the starting material contamination, the second and third crops were combined, and treated with 500 ml. of DCM. The mixture was briefly sonicated and filtered, resulting in 45 g of a two-component mixture (product 1e and the regio isomer in 2:1 ratio, 18% yield). From the mother liquor recovered from the third crop, a further 21.4 g (8.5% yield) of product 1e was isolated by silica gel column chromatography. The regioisomer is

f) 3-Methyl-1 -(triphenylmethyl)-i H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine 4-oxide

To a solution of 1e (132 g, 0.35 mole, pure normal isomer) in DCM (750 ml.) cooled in an ice bath was added meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (77% grade, 104 g, 0.46 mole, 1.3 equiv) in one portion. No exotherm was observed. To the mixture was added ten table spoons of granular anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The cooling bath was removed. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under N₂ for 20 h. To the mixture was added 500 ml. of cold 1 N NaOH and 1 L of DCM, which was left stirring for another 30 min. This mixture was filtered through celite. The filtrate was separated in phases. The bottom DCM portion was washed with 2 x 500 ml. of cold 1 N NaOH, 500 ml. of 1 N Na₂S₂O₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered through celite (difficult if not using celite at this stage). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to about 300 ml. of volume, to which was added hexane (150 ml_). Solids gradually formed. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 h, followed by chilling at 0 ⁰C for 1 h. The cold suspension was filtered and washed with hexane to provide 1f (109.43 g, 80% yield). A second crop gave another 14.07 g. ιf^Nv^N- ig g) 5-bromo-3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine

To a suspension of 1f (143.63 g, of which 19 g was a mixture of 1f and the regioisomer, the rest was pure, 0.37 mole) in DMF (anhydrous grade, 700 ml.) cooled in an ice/MeOH bath was added POBr₃ (129 g, 0.45 mole, 1.2 equiv) in 6 portions over a 20 min period. The cooling bath was removed. The mixture was heated gradually in an oil bath to 90 ⁰C under nitrogen. After reaching 90 ⁰C (oil bath temperature), the mixture remained a suspension for 20 min, then was all dissolved to become a dark brownish solution. After another 20 min, the mixture became a suspension again. Total heating time at 90 ⁰C was 2.5 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and chilled in an ice bath for 20 min. The cold suspension was filtered. To the solids were added 800 ml. of sat. NaHCOs and 1.2 L of DCM, followed by mixing. The resulting mixture was separated in phases. The bottom DCM portion was a milky suspension, which was concentrated in vacuum. The water content was removed by adding MeOH and concentrated in vacuum. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 40.88 g of pure 1g (52% yield).

h) 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl 5-bromo-3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-1 - carboxylate Et₃N (13 ml_, 2.0 eq.) was added to a solution of 1g (10g, 46.95 mmol), (Boc)₂O (16.4 g, 1.6 eq.) and DMAP (280 mg, 5 mol%) in DCM (200 ml_). The resulting solution was stirred at rt overnight, concentrated and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (10% EtOAc/hexane) to give 10 g of 1h (68%) and some recovered starting material.

1 ⁱ i) 5-bromo-3-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine

NaH (6g, 60%, 1.5 eq.) was added to a solution of 1g (22.3g, 0.1 mol) in 200 ml. of DMF at 0 ⁰C by portion. The reaction mixture was warmed up to rt, stirred for 1 hr, and cooled down to 0 ⁰C. PhSO₂CI (15.3 ml_, 1.2eq.) was added slowly. The resulting mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 2h. TLC showed reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was poured into 500 ml. of water slowly. The white solid was collected and rinsed with EtOAc (200 ml.) to give 21 g of 1 i. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (500 ml_), which was washed with NaHCO₃, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to 100 ml_. The second crop of 1i (3.1 g) was collected. The filtrate was concentrated to 50 ml_. The third crop of 1i (4.2 g) was collected.

1j j) 5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-pyridinol Λ/-Oxide Trifluoroacetic anhydride (12Og, 84ml, O.θmol, 2eq) was added slowly to a mixture of 5-bromo-6-chloro-3-pyridinol (ref. Synthesis 1990, 499-501 ) ( 62.4g, 0.3mol ),urea hydrogen peroxide (59g, 0.63mol, 2.1 eq) and 1 L anhydrous CH₂CI₂ at 0 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2h and the reaction was complete indicated by TLC (50% ethylacetate in hexane). The reaction was quenched with 0.1 N Na₂S₂O₃ aq. solution (1.5L) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hr. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 1 L water followed by 300 mL of hexane and the solid was dried under vacuum to give 59.3g of off-white product 1j

1k k) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-[(5-bromo-6-chloro-1-oxido-3-pyridinyl)oxy]-1 -(1H- indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate

A mixture of 1j (8.8 g, 39.3 mmol), 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-hydroxy-1-(1 H-indol-3- ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (17g, 59 mmol) and Ph₃P (15.3g, 59 mmol) was charged into a 2L RBF. A mixed solvent, DMF (120 mL) and THF (700 mL) were used to dissolve the mixture. DEAD (10.1 g, 59 mmol) was added to the solution quickly at rt. and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hr. The solvents were removed under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in 200ml of EtOAc and cooled at 0 ⁰C. The light yellow solid was collected by filtration, and then washed with 3X 50ml of diethyl ether to give 12.6g of compound 1k.

I) 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-[(2-amino-5-bromo-6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)oxy]-1 -(1 H- indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate

A mixture of compound 1k (6.Og, 12 mmol), TsCI (4.56 g, 2.0 eq.), and pyridine (200 ml.) was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction was completed indicated by LCMS. The reaction mixture was concentrated under high vacuum to dryness and the residue was dissolved in ethanolamine (50 ml_). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and then was poured into 500ml of ice water. The solid was collected and dissolved in EtOAc, which was washed with H₂O, brine, and concentrated. The resulting solid was washed with MeOH to give 3g of 11 as off white solid. The filtrate was concentrate and the residue was recrystalized using EtOH/ H₂O to give another 0.7g 11 as a light yellow solid.

R = Boc, 1ma; R = H, 1 mb m) 1,1 -dimethylethyl 5-(6-amino-2-chloro-5-{[(2S)-2-({[(1,1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-3-pyridinyl)-3- methyl-IH-indazole-1 -carboxylate (1ma) and 1,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[2- amino-6-chloro-5-(3-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1 -(1H-indol-3- ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1mb)

A mixture of compound 11 (1.Og, 2.0 mmol), 4,4,4',4'-tetramethyl-1 ,1'-biborinane ( 0.54g, 1.2 eq.), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂ (82mg, 5 mol%), KOAc (0.29 g, 1.5eq) and dioxane (10 ml) was charged in a sealed tube. After degassed by N₂, the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ⁰C over night. LC/MS showed the desired boronic ester (boronic acid mass peak, not parent mass peak): debromination by-product = 2:1. To the reaction mixture was added 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl 5-bromo-3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazine-1-carboxylate (1h, 0.6g, 2.0mmol), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂ (40mg) and Na₂COs (2 ml_, 2N). The resulting mixture was heated under N₂ at 90 ⁰C for 4 hr. LC/MS showed the desire products (mixture of MH+ 649/651 and 549/551 ). The reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (Biotage, 40 M column, EA/hexane 20% to 75%) on silica gel to afford 1.1 g of light yellow foamy solid 1 ma and 1 mb.

n) 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane

To a 1 liter 3-neck round-bottomed flask was added 280 mL of anhydrous THF under nitrogen. This mixture was cooled to -40 C (internal temperature with a thermometer). To this was added nBuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 75 mL, 187.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv). The mixture was then cooled to between -65 to -70 C. Neat 3-bromo-2- methylfuran (ref. Tetrahedron, Vol. 52, No. 11 , pp. 4065-4078, 1996) (25.0 g, 155.3 mmol, 1 equiv) was added dropwise over a period of 25 min. After 20 min at -70 C, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-[(1-methylethyl)oxy]-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane (36 g, 193.5 mmol, 1.25 equiv) was added. The temperature was maintained between -55 and -60 C. Addition was completed over a 10 min period. The cooling bath was removed, and the mixture was warmed up to 0 C, to which was added 100 mL of cold 2N aq HCI, and the pH of the resulting mixture was 3. A few drops of 1 N NaOH were added to adjust pH to 6. To the mixture was added solid NaCI to saturate the aq phase. The mixture was extracted with 2 x 250 mL of TBME. The combined organic was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrate in vacuo to give an oil (48 g), which was combined with the product (38 g) from another run (from 20.73 g of 3-bromo-2- methylfuran). The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using gradient elution of of 1 % of CH₂CI₂ in hexane, followed by 5%, 10%, 15% etc. The 1 %, 5-25% fractions were combined and cone in vacuo to give 53.30 g of 1n. (Note: 1n is volatile; boiling point is estimated at 55-57 ⁰C at 2 torr. Therefore, this compound can be purified by distillation.).

R = Boc, 1oa,

R = H, 1ob

o) 1,1 -dimethylethyl 5-[6-amino-5-{[(2S)-2-({[(1 ,1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-2-(2-methyl-3- furanylJ-S-pyridinyll-S-methyMH-indazole-i-carboxylate (1oa) and 1 ,1 - dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H-indazol- 5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1ob)

A mixture of compound 1ma and 1mb (0.45g, 0.73 mmol), 1n (430 mg, 3.0 eq.), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂ (30 mg, 5 mol%), Na₂CO₃ (0.7mL, 2N) and dioxane (10 mL) was stirred at 1 10 ⁰C under N₂ for 4 h in a sealed tube. LCMS showed desired products (mixture of MH+ 595 and 695). The reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (Biotage, 40 M column, EA/hexane 50% to 75%) on silica gel to afford 280mg of 1oa and 60mg of 1ob.

p) 3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

4M HCI in dioxane (6.1 ml.) was added to a solution of 1ob (1.4 g, 2.35 mmol) in CH₂CI₂ZMeOH (16/6 ml.) at 0 ⁰C. The resulting mixture was warmed up to rt and stirred for 5 hr. The completion of the reaction was indicated by LC/MS. The reaction was neutralized by ice-cold Na₂CO₃ (sat. aq.), which was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (Biotage, 40 M column, CH2CI2/MeOH/NH4OH 9:1 :0.5) on silica gel to afford 0.67 g of 1p as a free base, which was treated with 2N HCI aq. solution and converted to 0.8 g of HCI salt (orange solid). HNMR (d-MeOD, 400 MHz) D 8.22 (s, 1 H); 7.69 (s, 1 H); 7.63-7.61 (d, 1 H, J= 8.0Hz); 7.56(d, 1 H, J= 1.6Hz); 7.37-7.35(d, 1 H, J= 8.0Hz); 7.32 (s, 1 H),7.1 1-7.08(m, 1 H); 7.04-7.02(m, 1 H); 6.52(d, 1 H, J= 2.0Hz); 4.55-4.45(m, 2H); 4.18-4.10(m, 1 H), 3.39-3.37(m, 2H); 2.65(s, 3H); 1.89(s, 3H); MH+ = 495.2.

1q

q) S-bromo-θ-chloro^-nitro-S-pyridinol To a 500 mL 3-neck flask was added sulfuric acid (30 ml_, 98%) at ca. 0 ⁰C, followed by portion-wise addition of 5-bromo-6-chloro-3-pyridinol (10.0 g, 48.1 mmol). After 75 min, a mixture of cone, sulfuric acid (98%) and fuming nitric acid (8 mL, 5:3 ratio) was added via dropping funnel to the stirring dark red contents over a 5 min period. After 2 h stirring at ca. 0 ⁰C, the contents were removed from ice- bath, and stirred with warming to room temperature. After 16 h, the dark red- orange mixture was slowly poured onto 600 g ice-water (2:1 ), and the resultant heterogenous yellow mixture stirred for 60 min. The precipitated solid was suction- filtered on a fritted funnel, and the filter cake was washed with water. The collected solid was taken up in EtOAc (75 ml.) and washed with brine (25 ml_). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a pale orange solid which was vacuum dried to yield 7.93 g (65%) of product. ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d₆) □ 8.04 (s, 1 H); phenolic proton does not appear.

1^r

r) 2-amino-5-bromo-6-chloro-3-pyridinol

To a 500 ml. 3-neck flask equipped with mechanical stirrer was added glacial acetic acid (70 ml_, 98%), followed by portion-wise addition of 5-bromo-6-chloro-2-nitro-3- pyridinol (7.9 g, 31.2 mmol). Iron powder (8.86 g, 158.6 mmol) was added in portions over a 10 min period to the stirring mixture. After 30 min, additional iron powder was added (5.32 g, 95.2 mmol) to the stirring dark olive green contents. After 25 min, the contents became brown-orange colored and an exotherm was observed (ice bath used for 5 min). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for another 80 min, after which time the thick gray colored contents were diluted with EtOAc (100 ml.) and filtered on a pad of Celite®. The filter cake was washed with additional EtOAc (10OmL). The combined filtrates were concentrated to yield a black solid that was quickly purified on a pad of silica gel, eluting with 15:1 to 10:1 DCM/MeOH. The title material was isolated as a beige solid (6.75 g, 97% yield). ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d₆) ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d₆) □ 10.24 (s, 1 H), 7.02 (s, 1 H), 6.18-6.24 (br s, 2H); LC/MS (MH+) = 222.8, 224.6, RT = 1.31 min.

1s s) 1,1-dimethylethyl (S-bromo-θ-chloro-S-hydroxy^pyridinylJcarbamate

To a 1000 ml. 3-neck flask was added THF (200 ml_), followed by 2-amino-5- bromo-6-chloro-3-pyridinol (4.2 g, 19.7 mmol), and the mixture cooled to -72 ° C with stirring. Added next was NaHMDS (1.0 M solution in THF, 59.1 ml_, 59.1 mmol) via dropping funnel over a 50 min period, keeping the temperature below -65 ⁰C. After 15 min, a 27 ml. THF solution of terf-butyloxycarbonyl anhydride (4.3 g, 19.7 mmol) was added via dropping funnel over a 40 min period, keeping the temperature below -65 ⁰C. The contents were removed from cold bath and stirred over a 3 h period. The dark colored mixture was poured onto a stirring ice-water mixture (300 g, 1 :1 ) and adjusted to pH = 6-7 by slow addition of 175 ml. 1 N HCI, keeping the temperature below 5 ⁰C. The cold mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 150 ml_), combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a thick brown oil. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 9:1 Hex/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as a fine light yellow solid, 4.8 g (79%). ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d₆) □ 10.71 (s, 1 H), 9.07 (s, 1 H), 7.52 (s, 1 H), 1.44 (s, 9H); LC/MS (MH+) = 322.7, 324.8; RT = 2.26 min.

t) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl (5-bromo-6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-2-({[(1 ,1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-2- pyridinyl)carbamate

DEAD (1 1.7 ml_, 1.5 eq.) was added quickly within 1 min to a solution of 1s (16g, 49.4 mmol), 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-hydroxy-1-(1 H-indol-3- ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (18.7g, 1.3 eq.) and Ph₃P (19.4g, 1.5 eq.) in THF (dry, 260 ml.) in a 3L 3-necked flask with a thermometer under N₂. The internal temperature rose to 35-40 ⁰C. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 1 hr. LCMS showed <5% of remaining 1s. This mixture was combined with other two batches (7.85g and 6.Og of 1s, respectively) of crude products. The combined reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The precipitate was filtered and rinsed with Et₂O to give 13.3 g white solid (diethyl 1 ,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate, confirmed by HNMR). The combined filtrates were concentrated and filtered to get rid off another batch of 3.5 g of white solid, which was diethyl 1 ,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate with small amount of Ph₃PO. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on Biotage column (65, hexane/EA, 10-25%). The impure fractions were combined, concentrated and filtered to get rid of 2.1 g of diethyl 1 ,2- hydrazinedicarboxylate. Second filtration resulted 1.8 g of diethyl 1 ,2- hydrazinedicarboxylate. The residue was subjected to second flash column chromatography purification to give a total of 54.6 g of prod 1t (92%, gross 99%, HNMR showed 7 mol% of EtOAc).

u) 1,1 -dimethylethyl {6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-2-({[(1,1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-5-[3-methyl-1- (phenylsulfonyl)-i H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-2-pyridinyl}carbamate (1 ua), 1,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({2-amino-6-chloro-5-[3-methyl-1 -(phenylsulfonyl)- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1-(1H-indol-3- ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1ub), 1,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({2-(acetylamino)-6- chloro-5-[3-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3- pyridinyl}oxy)-1-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1 uc) and 3-hydroxy- 2,2-dimethylpropyl {6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-2-({[(1,1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-5-[3-methyl-1- (phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-2-pyridinyl}carbamate (1ud)

A mixture of 1t (43g, 72.3 mmol), 5,5,5',5'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bi-1 ,3,2-dioxaborinane (21.2g, 1.3 eq.), KOAc (10.6g, 1.5 eq), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂ adduct (2.95g, 5%) and THF (dry, 300 mL) in a 1 L sealed flask was purged with N₂, sealed and heated at 78 ⁰C overnight (16 h). To this mixture were added 1i (31.6g, 1.2 eq.), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂ adduct (2.95g, 5%) and 2N Na₂CO₃ (72 mL, 2 eq.). The resulting mixture was purged with N₂, sealed and heated at 90 ⁰C for 4 h. LCMS indicated the completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and filtered on celite, which was rinsed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were washed with H₂O (2x), brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Removal of the solvent followed by flash column chromatography purification on silica gel column afforded 45.83g of 1ua, b, c, and d as a mixture of yellow-brownish foamy solid.

o

R1 = H, 1va, R1 = J^_n- ^ R1 = Ac, 1vb ° *

1vc

v) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1- (phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1-(1H-indol- 3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1va), 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({2-(acetylamino)- 6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1 -(phenylsulfonyl)-i H-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1 -(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1vb) and 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1S)-2-({2-({[(3-hydroxy-2,2- dimethylpropyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1 - (phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1-(1H-indol- 3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1vc)

A mixture of 1 ua, b, c and d (45.83g, estimated as 60 mmol), 1 n (16g, 1.3 eq.), 2N Na₂CO₃ (60 ml_, 2 eq), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂ adduct (2.36g, 5%) and 1 ,4-dioxane (dry, 300 ml.) in a 1 L sealed flask was purged with N₂, sealed and heated at 98 ⁰C overnight (16 h). Both TLC and LCMS showed completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and filtered on celite, which was rinsed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were washed with H₂O (2x), brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Removal of the solvent followed by flash column chromatography purification on silica gel column (hexane/EtOAc 1 :1 to 1 :4) afforded 32.5g of 1va, b and c as a yellow-brownish foamy solid.

w) 1,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H- indazol-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1 -(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (1ob) A mixture of 1va, b and c (32.5g, estimated as 43 mmol), 2N NaOH aqueous solution (130 mL, 6 eq.) and iPrOH (300 mL) was heated at reflux for 12 h, and diluted with a large volume of EtOAc. The resulting mixture was washed with water, which was back extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to give 31 g of crude solid. The solid was transferred to 1 L E. F. with 300 ml. of ACN and 50 ml. of MeOH. The mixture was heated to 80-90 ⁰C. Another 50 ml. of MeOH was added to dissolve everything. The solution was cooled to rt. Yellow waxy precipitate was collected by filtration, rinsed with ACN, and dried under vacuum to give 18.3 g solid (1ob) which contained 3% ACN (confirmed by HNMR). The mother liquid was concentrated to give 6.3 g of brown solid, which was purified by flash column chromatography to give 1.89 g of pure 1ob.

Example 2

Synthesis of 3-f r(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-thienyl)propynoxy>-6-(2-methyl -3-furanvD- 5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolor3,4-fo1Pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

^/=Y ^OY° 2^a a) Λ/-{[(1 ,1 -dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(3-thienyl)-L-alanine

To a solution of 3-(3-thienyl)-L-alanine (1.0 g, 5.84 mmol) in 1 N NaOH (6.63 ml_, 6.63 mmol) at ambient temperature was added f-BuOH (4.5 ml.) followed by bis(1 , 1 -dimethylethyl) dicarbonate (1.402 g, 6.42 mmol) in one portion, and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight for a total of 18 h. The pH of the reaction was adjusted to 2-3 with 10% KHSO₄ solution (13 ml_), and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 ml_). The organic layer was washed with brine (25 ml_), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to afford the title material (1.732 g) as thick clear oil. This material was used in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI₃-d) □ ppm 1.44 (s, 9 H) 3.11 - 3.29 (m, 2 H) 4.55 - 4.67 (m, 1 H) 5.01 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H) 6.95 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1 H) 7.06 (dd, J=3.0, 1.2 Hz, 1

2b b) 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-hydroxy-1 -(3-thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate

A solution of Λ/-{[(1 ,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(3-thienyl)-L-alanine, 2a, (1.58 g, 5.84 mmol) in anhydrous THF (40 ml.) at 0 ⁰C was treated with borane- tetrahydrofuran complex (1.0 M solution in THF, 27.6 ml_, 27.6 mmol) via syringe over 1-2 min. The resultant mixture was stirred at temperatures not exceeding +5 ⁰C for a period of 6 hours, at which time the reaction was carefully quenched with 9:1 MeOH/AcOH (23 ml.) and stirred at ambient temperature for 15 min. The volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the residue was taken up in EtOAc (75 ml_). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCOs (30 ml.) and brine (30 ml_), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Flash chromatography on ISCO Companion (40 g cartridge, 0 to 100% EtOAc in hexanes gradient over 19 min) furnished the title material (1.34 g, 87%) as a m/z 258.0 (M+H)⁺.

c) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[5-bromo-6-chloro-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-(3- thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate

At ambient temperature, a solution of 1 ,1-dimethylethyl (5-bromo-6-chloro-3- hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)carbamate, 1s, (350 mg, 1.08 mmol), 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2- hydroxy-1-(3-thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (418 mg, 1.62 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (426 mg, 1.62 mmol) in anhydrous THF (13.5 mL) was treated via syringe with diethyl azodicarboxylate (256 μl_, 1.62 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min, at which time LC/MS analysis detected complete consumption of the starting phenol. Concentration in vacuo followed by flash chromatography on ISCO Companion (40 g cartridge, 0 to 100% EtOAc in hexanes gradient over 19 min) gave the title material (603 mg, 99%) as a white crystalline solid. MS (ES+) m/z 563.8 (M+H)⁺.

2da, R = Boc 2db, R = H 2dc, R = Ac d) 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1S)-2-({6-chloro-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-5-[3-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1 -(3- thienyl methyl )ethyl]carbamate

A mixture of 1 ,1-dimethylethyl 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[5-bromo-6-chloro-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-(3- thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate, 2c, (600 mg, 1.07 mmol), 5,5,5',5'-tetramethyl-2,2'- bi-1 ,3,2-dioxaborinane (289 mg, 1.28 mmol), solid KOAc (304 mg, 3.20 mmol) and dichloro[1 ,1 '-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium (II) dichloromethane adduct (62.4 mg, 85.3 μmol) in anhydrous THF (8 ml.) was stirred under nitrogen in a sealed tube at 83 ⁰C for 6 hours (6% of the starting bromide detected by LC/MS). The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature and treated with 5-bromo-3- methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1 /-/-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazine (395 mg, 1.12 mmol), aqueous K₂CO₃ (2 M, 1.6 ml_, 3.2 mmol), and additional dichloro[1 ,1 '- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium (II) dichloromethane adduct (62.4 mg, 85.3 μmol). The pressure tube was flushed with N₂, sealed and immersed into a stirred 80 ⁰C bath for a period of 14 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Flash chromatography on ISCO Companion (40 g cartridge, 0 to 100% EtOAc in hexanes gradient over 19 min) provided a poorly separable mixture of compounds (600 mg) consisting of the desired 2da, [MS (ES+) m/z 756.4 (M+H)⁺; 65% by UV], as well as des-Boc 2db [MS (ES+) m/z 656.2 (M+H)⁺; 19% by UV] and acetate 2dc [MS (ES+) m/z 698.3 (M+H)⁺; 6% by UV].

2ea, R = Boc 2eb, R = H 2ec, R = Ac

e) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({2-({[(1,1 -dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-6-(2- methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1 -(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5- yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1-(3-thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate

A mixture of compounds 2da-c from Example 2d (600 mg), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2- (2-methyl-3-furanyl)-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane (1 n, 348 mg, 1.67 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (100 mg, 85.6 μmol), and aqueous K₂CO₃ (2 M, 1.3 ml_, 2.6 mmol) in DME (13 mL) was stirred under N₂ in a sealed tube at 83 ⁰C for 6 hours. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The crude products were flash chromatographed on ISCO Companion (40 g cartridge, 0 to 100% EtOAc in hexanes gradient over min) to yield a poorly separable mixture of compounds (557 mg) consisting of the desired 2ea, [MS (ES+) m/z 802.4 (M+H)⁺; 25% by UV], as well as des-Boc 2eb [MS (ES+) m/z 702.4 (M+H)⁺; 51% by UV] and acetate 2ec [MS (ES+) m/z 744. UV].

f) 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1 -(3- thienyl methyl )ethyl]carbamate

A solution of the mixture of compounds 2ea-c from Example 2e (557 mg) in isopropyl alcohol (1 1 mL) was treated with aqueous NaOH (6 N, 3 mL, 18 mmol), and the resultant orange bi-phasic mixture was stirred at 70 ⁰C for 14 hours, and then at 85 ⁰C for 6 hours. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated to remove isopropanol. To the wet residue was added aqueous HCI (6 N, 2.85 mL) and the neutralized mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Flash chromatography on ISCO Companion (40 g cartridge, 25 to 100% EtOAc in hexanes gradient over 19 min) afforded the title material (273 mg, 45% yield from 2c) as a fluorescent yellow-green solid. MS (ES+) m/z 562.1 (M+H)⁺.

2g g) 3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-thienyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

A solution of 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl- 1 /-/-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-(3-thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate, 2f, (273 mg, 0.486 mmol) in MeOH (1.5 ml.) and HCI in dioxane (4 N, 1.5 ml_, 6.0 mmol) was stirred at 30 ⁰C for 1 hour. The reaction was then concentrated in vacuo, and to the resultant oily residue was added Et₂O and MeOH. The mixture was sonicated till the residue turned into a fine suspension. Removal of the solvents by decantation, followed by drying the solid under high vacuum at 60 ⁰C, furnished the title material (280 mg, 100%) as pale orange powder. MS (ES+) m/z 462.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) □ ppm 1.94 (s, 3 H), 2.56 (s, 3 H), 3.13 - 3.20 (m, 2 H), 3.86 - 3.95 (m, 1 H), 4.22 (dd, J=10.5, 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.32 - 4.39 (m, 1 H), 6.37 (br. s., 1 H), 7.1 1 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (m, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (br. s., 1 H), 8.22 (s, 1 H), 8.75 (br. s., 3 H).

Example 3

Synthesis of 3-fr(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propynoxy>-6-(2-methyl -3- furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolor3,4-b1pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

3^a a) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1 -

(hyd roxy methyl )ethy I] ca rba mate

Following the procedure of Example 2(b), except substituting 3-chloro-Λ/- {[(1 ,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-L-phenylalanine for Λ/-{[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(3-thienyl)-L-alanine, the title compound was prepared (89%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI₃-d) □ ppm 1.42 (s, 9 H) 2.83 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2 H) 3.52 - 3.61 (m, 1 H) 3.63 - 3.72 (m, 1 H) 3.77 - 3.91 (m, 1 H) 4.79 (br. s., 1 H) 7.06 - 7.16 (m, 1 H) 7.17 -

b) 1,1 -dimethylethyl (5-bromo-6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-({[(1,1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]oxy}-2-pyridinyl)carbamate

Following the procedure of Example 2(c), except substituting 1 ,1- dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]carbamate for 1 ,1- dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-hydroxy-1-(3-thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate, the title compound was prepared (10 (M+H)⁺.

3ca, R = Boc 3cb, R = H 3cc, R = Ac c) 1, 1 -dimethylethyl {6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-2 -({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]oxy}-5-[3-methyl-1 -

(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-2-pyridinyl}carbamate

Following the procedure of Example 1 (d), except substituting 1 ,1- dimethylethyl (5-bromo-6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]oxy}-2-pyridinyl)carbamate for 1 ,1- dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[5-bromo-6-chloro-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-(3- thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate, a poorly separable mixture consisting primarily of the title compound 3ca [MS (ES+) m/z 784.3 (M+H)⁺; 38% by UV], as well as des- Boc 3cb [MS (ES+) m/z 684.2 (M+H)⁺; 13% by UV] and acetate 3cc [MS (ES+) m/z 726.4 (M+H)⁺; 29% by UV] was prepared (735 mg).

3da, R = Boc 3db, R = H 3dc, R = Ac d) 1,1-dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1 -[({2-({[(1,1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]ca rbonyl}amino)-6-(2 -methyl -3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1 - (phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3- pyridinyl}oxy)methyl]ethyl}carbamate

Following the procedure of Example 2(e), except substituting the mixture of compounds of Example 2(c) for the mixture of compounds of Example 1 (d), a poorly separable mixture consisting of the title compound 3da [MS (ES+) m/z 830.3 (M+H)⁺; 10% by UV], as well as des-Boc 3db [MS (ES+) m/z 730.3 (M+H)⁺; 39% by UV] and acetate 3dc [MS (ES+) m/z 772.1 (M+H)⁺; 29% by UV] was prepared (338

3e e) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1 -[(3- chlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate

Following the procedure of Example 1 (f), except substituting the mixture of compounds of Example 2(d) for the mixture of compounds of Example 1 (e), the title compound was prepared (156 mg, 24.4% yield from 3b). MS (ES+) m/z 590.0

f) 3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

Following the procedure of Example 2(g), except substituting 1 ,1-dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 /-/-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5- yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1 -[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate for 1 , 1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 /-/-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5- yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-(3-thienylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate, the title compound was prepared (146 mg, 92%). MS (ES+) m/z 490.2 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSOd₆) □ ppm 1.94 (s, 3 H), 2.56 (s, 3 H), 3.05 - 3.16 (m, 1 H), 3.25 (dd, J=13.8, 5.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.88 - 3.98 (m, 1 H), 4.23 - 4.30 (m, 1 H), 4.35 - 4.42 (m, 1 H), 6.39 (s, 1 H), 7.29 - 7.40 (m, 3 H), 7.47 (s, 1 H), 7.61 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.71 (s, 1 H), 8.22 (s, 1 H), 8.83 (br. s., 4 H).

Example 4

Synthesis of 3-fr(2S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropynoxy>-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1H-pyrazolor3,4-fo1Pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

a) 1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1 -

(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1-

(phenylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate

Following procedures 1 k-1o except substituting 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-hydroxy-1- (1 /-/-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate with 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-hydroxy-1- (phenylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate in procedure 1 k, and substituting 1h with 1i in procedure 1 m, the title compound was prepared.

b) 3-{[(2S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

To a solution of 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3- methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1 /-/-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1- (phenylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (52.0 mg, 0.075 mmol) in methanol (5ml_) was added 1.0N aqueous sodium hydroxide (500 DL, 0.5 mmol, 6.7 eq). The yellow solution was left stirring at room temperature. After 1 hour, it was analyzed by LCMS: (RT 1.90 min, (M+H)⁺=m/z 556.3 mu; (UV: 80%). The solution was neutralized with the addition of 1.0N aqueous hydrochloric acid (50OuL) and the solution was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was evaporated from methanol/toluene. The residue was taken into ethyl acetate and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved into dichloromethane (1OmL). Trifluoroacetic acid (5mL) was added and the solution was left stirring at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol/THF and purified on the Gilson prep HPLC (YMC-ODS-A; 0.1 % TFA/acetonitrile/water; 5-90% gradient). One fraction was collected and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was evaporated from ethanol/toluene and dried under vacuum to yield 22.5 mg. The residue was dissolved in methanol (2-3mL) and the product was precipitated with the addition of 2.0M hydrochloric acid in diethyl ether. The precipitate was collected and dried at reduced pressure to yield the title compound (18.3 mg, 0.04 mmol, 53.5%) LCMS: RT 1.38 min.; (M+H)⁺=m/z 455.9 mu (UV: 100%); HNMR (400 MHz; DMSO, d6) D 8.76 (br s, 3H); 8.22 (s, 1 H); 7.66 (s, 1 H); 7.60 (m, 1 H); 7.34 (m, 5H); 6.36 (s, 1 H); 4.33 (m, 1 H); 4.19 (m, 1 H); 3.84 (m, 1 H); 3.21 (m, 1 H); 3.08 (m, 1 H); 2.56 (s; 3H); 1.94 (s; 3H).

Example 5

Synthesis of 3-U(2S)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propynoxy>-6-(2-methyl-

5a a) 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1 - (hyd roxy methyl )ethy I] ca rba mate

Following procedure 2b except substituting Λ/-{[(1 ,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3- (3-thienyl)-L-alanine with 2,4-dichloro-Λ/-{[(1 , 1 -dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-L- phenylalanine, the title compound was prepared.

b) 1,1 -Dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-[(2-amino-5-bromo-6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)oxy]-1- [(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate

Following procedure 1 k and 11 except substituting 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2- hydroxy-1-(1/-/-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate with 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]carbamate, and DEAD with DIAD in procedure 1 k, the title compound was prepared.

5c c) 1 ,1-Dimethylethyl (5-bromo-6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2- ({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]oxy}-2-pyridinyl)carbamate

To a solution of 1 ,1-dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-[(2-amino-5-bromo-6-chloro-3- pyridinyl)oxy]-1-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate (800 mg, 1.52 mmol) in THF (7 ml) at 0 ⁰C, was added sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (4.71 mmol, 4.71 ml, 3.1 eq) (1 M in THF) followed by di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (364 mg, 1.67 mmol, 1.1 eq). The ice bath was removed and stirring continued for 2 h. LCMS showed 15% starting compound remaining. A second portion of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.94 mmol, 0.94 ml, 0.6 eq) (1 M in THF) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (99 mg, 0.45 mmol, 0.3 eq) was added and stirring continued for an additional 20 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x). The combined organic extracts were sequentially washed with water (1 x), brine (1 x), then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ISCO) 0-40 EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to afford the title compound as a light yellow solid (687 mg). LC/MS: (ES)⁺ m/e 626 [M+H]⁺.

d) 1,1-Dimethylethyl {(1S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-[({2-({[(1,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]ca rbonyl}amino)-6-(2 -methyl -3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1- (phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3- pyridinyl}oxy)methyl]ethyl}carbamate (3da) and 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-({2- amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- blpyrazin-S-yll-S-pyridiny^oxyJ-i-^^-dichlorophenylJmethyllethy^carbamate (3db)

Following procedure 1 u and 1v except substituting 1t with 5c, the title compounds were prepared.

e) 1 , 1 -Dimethylethyl {(1S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1 -[(2,4- dichlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate and 1,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-1 -({[2-({[(1 ,1 -dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-6-(2-methyl- 3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-3- pyridinyl]oxy}methyl)ethyl]carbamate

The above mixture of 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-[({2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1- (phenylsulfonyl)-i H-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5-yl]-3- pyridinyl}oxy)methyl]ethyl}carbamate and 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-({2-amino-6-(2- methyl-3-furanyl)-5-[3-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5-yl]-3- pyridinyl}oxy)-1-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate (193 mg, estimated as 0.22 mmol), was treated with 6N NaOH aqueous solution (0.15 ml.) in iPrOH (3 ml.) with stirring at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x). The combined organic extracts were sequentially washed with water (2 x), brine (1 x), then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated at reduced pressure to afford a mixture consisting of 1 ,1- dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 /-/-pyrazolo[3,4- 6]pyrazin-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate and 1 , 1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1 -({[2-({[(1 , 1 - dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 /-/- pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}methyl)ethyl]carbamate. LC/MS: (ES)⁺ m/e 624 and 724 [M+H]⁺

f) 3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5- (3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

The above mixture of 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl {(1 S)-2-{[2-amino-6-(2-methyl-3- furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5-yl)-3-pyridinyl]oxy}-1-[(2,4- dichlorophenyl)methyl]ethyl}carbamate and 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-1-({[2-({[(1 ,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-6-(2-methyl-3- furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyrazin-5-yl)-3- pyridinyl]oxy}methyl)ethyl]carbamate was stirred in 5 ml of 30% TFA/DCM for 1 h.

Removal of volatiles and purification by preparative HPLC (acetonitrile/water, 0.1 %TFA) afforded the title compound (101 mg) as light brown solid. LC/MS: (ES)⁺ m/e 524 [M+H]⁺; HNMR (d-MeOH, 40 MHz) D 8.24 (s, 1 H), 7.77 (s, 1 H), 7.58-7.36

(m, 4H), 6.47 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.47-4.44 (m, 1 H), 4.37-4.33 (m, 1 H), 4.14-4.12

(m, 1 H), 3.40-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H).

Example 6

Synthesis of 2-r6-amino-5-U(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropylloxy}-3-(3-methyl-1 H-

a)1,1-dimethylethyl (5-bromo-6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-2- pyridinyl)carbamate

Following procedure 1t except substituting 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2- hydroxy-1-(1/-/-indol-3-ylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate with 1 ,1-dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2- phenyl-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]ca und was prepared.

b) 1,1 -dimethylethyl [(1S)-2-({6-chloro-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-5-[3-methyl-1 -(phenylsulfonyl)-i H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1-(phenylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate

To a 500 ml. reaction flask containing THF (155 ml.) were sequentially added 1 ,1- dimethylethyl (5-bromo-6-chloro-3-{[(2S)-2-({[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-2-pyridinyl)carbamate (10.0 g, 18.0 mmol), 5,5,5',5'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bi-1 ,3,2-dioxaborinane (10.16 g, 45.0 mmol), potassium acetate (5.3 g, 54.0 mmol), and Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂ (1.47 g, 1.80 mmol). After purging the system with nitrogen for 10 min, the mixture was heated at reflux for 19 h, and then cooled to room temperature over a 2 h period. The contents were diluted with EtOAc (200 ml_), and then filtered through a pad of Celite®. The pad was washed with additional EtOAc (100 ml_), and the combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo to a thick, slightly heterogenous oil. The oil was passed through a short column of silica gel (1 :1 hex/EtOAc eluant), and the isolated product was dried under high vacuum for 20 min. The resultant brownish- white glassy solid was immediately dissolved in 300 ml. THF. Added sequentially were 5-bromo-3-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine (6.71 g, 19.0 mmol), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂Cl2 (1.31 g, 1.6 mmol), and aq. 2.0 M sodium carbonate (24.0 ml_, 48.0 mmol). After purging the system with nitrogen for 10 min at room temperature, the mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h, followed by cooling to room temperature, overnight. The heterogenous mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite®. The pad was washed with additional EtOAc (50 ml_), and the combined filtrates concentrated in vacuo to a thick brown oil. The crude oil was purified by column chromatography (hex/EtOAC, 25 to 60% EtOAc gradient) to afford the title compound as a white solid, 8.65 g (63%). ¹H NMR: (CD₃OD-d₄) □ 9.06 (s, 1 H), 8.13 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.70-7.74 (m, 1 H), 7.56-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.24-7.25 (m, 4H) 7.12 - 7.16 (m, 1 H), 4.10 - 4.20 (m, 2H), 4.02 - 4.06 (m, 1 H), 2.93- 2.98 (m, 1 H), 2.84 - 2.89 (m, 1 H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 1.60 (s, 9H), 1.40 (s, 9H); (LC/MS (MH+) = 747.9, 751.7; RT = 2.73 min.

c) 2-[6-amino-5-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-3-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyl]phenol To a 350 ml. pressure flask containing 75 ml. 1 ,4-dioxane were sequentially added 1 , 1 -dimethylethyl [(1 S)-2-({6-chloro-2-({[(1 , 1 -dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-5- [3-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl]-3-pyridinyl}oxy)-1- (phenylmethyl)ethyl]carbamate (8.1 g, 10.8 mmol), 2-hydroxyphenylboronic acid (2.98 g, 21.56 mmol), Pd(dppf)CI₂CH₂CI₂, (0.440 g, 0.540 mmol), and aq. 2.0 M potassium carbonate (13.5 mmol, 27.0 mmol). The flask was sealed, and the stirring mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h, after which time the contents were removed from heating and cooled to room temperature. The contents were filtered through Celite®, and the filter pad was copiously washed with additional EtOAc. The combined filtrates were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 2:1 IPA/THF (180 ml_), cooled in ice bath, and added was 6N NaOH (9 ml_). The contents were stirred with warming to room temperature over a 3.5 h period. The mixture was returned to ice bath and adjusted to pH = 7 with 6N HCI. The heterogenous contents were filtered. The filtrate was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 1 ,4-dioxane (155 ml_), and the stirring solution cooled in an ice bath. Added to the stirring solution was HCI (13.5 ml_, 4.0 M in 1 ,4 dioxane) in a dropwise manner under nitrogen stream, and the contents were stirred with warming to room temperature. After 24 h, the contents were placed in ice bath, and adjusted to pH 7 by dropwise addition of 6N NaOH. The contents were extracted with 3:1 CHCIs/MeOH (5 x 200 ml_). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (300 ml_), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to a brown oil. The crude oil was suspended in 25 ml. MeOH, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 36 h. The heterogenous contents were filtered to afford a 1^st crop of product as a yellow solid, and dark yellow filtrate. The filtrate was concentrated to an oil, and purified by column chromatography (eluant: 5% to 20% MeOH gradient in CH₂Cb containing 1% NH₄OH). This product was combined with the 1^st crop of solid product, diluted with 150 ml. MeOH, and stirred with heating at 65 ⁰C for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the contents were filtered and the collected solid dried in vacuum oven at 37 ⁰C. The title compound was obtained as a fine light yellow powder, 3.0 g, which was a free base (58%). ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d₆) D 10.30 (s, 1 H), 8.03 (s, 1 H), 7.26-7.29 (m, 6H), 7.18-7.21 (m, 1 H), 7.07- 7.10 (m, 1 H), 6.85 (dd, 1 H, J = 8.0 Hz, 4.0 Hz), 6.73 (d, 1 H, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.60 (dd, 1 H, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.50 (br s, 2H), 3.93-3.96 (m, 1 H), 3.80-3.84 (m, 1 H), 3.28-3.33 (m, 1 H), 2.86-2.91 (m, 1 H), 2.66-2.71 (m, 1 H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.90 (br s, 2 H); LC/MS (MH+) = 467.8; RT = 1.09 min. The TFA salt of the titled compound was obtained by purification of the crude reaction mixture on a reverse phase HPLC using 0.1% of TFA in both water and acetonitrile as eluents. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-c/₄): □ 8.1 1 (s, 1 H), 7.86 (s, 1 H), 7.33 - 7.43 (m, 6H), 7.10 (dd, J = 6 Hz, 2 Hz, 1 H), 6.86 - 6.93 (m, 2H), 4.48 (dd, J = 8 Hz, 4 Hz, 1 H), 4.36 (dd, J = 8 Hz, 4 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 - 4.10 (m, 1 H), 3.19 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H); LC/MS (MH+) = 467.9, RT = 0.99 min.

Example 7

Synthesis of 3-(f(2S)-2-amino-3-r3-(trifluoromethyl)phenvnpropyl}oxy)-6-(2- methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolor3.4-b1Pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine

Following procedure 2b, 1 k-1 o, and 5d except substituting Λ/-{[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(3-thienyl)-L-alanine with Λ/-{[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanine in procedure 2b, the title compound was prepared as a TFA salt, which was then converted into an HCI salt using 2N HCI aqueous solution. LC-MS: M+H = 523.8; HNMR (d-MeOH, 400 MHz) 8.27 (s, 1 H), 7.84 (s, 1 H), 7.75-7.55 (m, 5H), 6.53 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1 H), 4.55- 4.42 (m, 2H), 4.17-4.15 (m, 1 H), 3.40-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H) Example 8

Synthesis of 2-r6-amino-5-U(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-fluorophenyl)propyπoxy}-3-(3- methyl-1H-pyrazolor3.4-folPyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyllphenol

Following procedure 2b, 1 k-1 o, and 5d except substituting Λ/-{[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(3-thienyl)-L-alanine with Λ/-{[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine in procedure 2b, and substitute 1n with (2-hydroxyphenyl)boronic acid in procedure 1o, the title compound was prepared as a TFA salt, which was then converted into an HCI salt using 2N HCI aqueous solution. LC-MS: M+H = 486.2; HNMR (d-MeOH, 400 MHz) 8.12 ppm (s, 1 H), 7.90 (s, 1 H), 7. 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.1 1-7.38 (m, 4H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 2H), 4.16 (m, 1 H), 3.27 (m, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H). LC-MS: M+H = 486.2;

Example 9

Synthesis of 2-r6-amino-5-(f(2S)-2-amino-3-r3-

(trifluoromethyl)phenvnpropyl>oxy)-3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazolor3,4-b1Pyrazin-5-

Following procedure 2b, 1t-1w, and 5d except substituting Λ/-{[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(3-thienyl)-L-alanine with Λ/-{[(1 ,1- dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanine in 2b, and substitute 1n with (2-hydroxyphenyl)boronic acid in procedure 1w, the title compound was prepared. LC-MS: M+H = 554.2; HNMR (d-MeOH, 400 MHz) 8.13 ppm (s, 1 H), 7.80 (m, 1 H), 7.63-7.71 (m, 4H), 7.22 (m, 1 H), 6.93 (m, 2H), 4.49 (m, 1 H), 4.36 (m, 1 H), 4.07 (m, 1 H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.61 (s, 3H). Example 10 - Capsule Composition

An oral dosage form for administering the present invention is produced by filing a standard two piece hard gelatin capsule with the ingredients in the proportions shown in Table I, below.

Table I

INGREDIENTS AMOUNTS

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1 H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3- 25 mg furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2- pyridinamine

Lactose 55 mg

Talc 16 mg

Magnesium Stearate 4 mg

Example 11 - Injectable Parenteral Composition

An injectable form for administering the present invention is produced by stirring 1.5% by weight of 3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-thienyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3- furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine, in 10% by volume propylene glycol in water.

Example 12 - Tablet Composition The sucrose, calcium sulfate dihydrate and an Akt inhibitor as shown in

Table Il below, are mixed and granulated in the proportions shown with a 10% gelatin solution. The wet granules are screened, dried, mixed with the starch, talc and stearic acid, screened and compressed into a tablet.

Table Il

INGREDIENTS AMOUNTS

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2- 20 mg methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-

5-yl)-2-pyridinamine calcium sulfate dehydrate 30 mg

Sucrose 4 mg

Starch 2 mg

Talc 1 mg stearic acid 0.5 mg While the preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated by the above, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise instructions herein disclosed and that the right to all modifications coming within the scope of the following claims is reserved.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A compound of Formula (I):

wherein:

R1 is selected from the group consisting of: 2-methyl-3-furanyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted with from one to three substituents selected from: hydroxyl and fluorine; and

R2 is selected from the group consisting of: indole, thiophene, phenyl and phenyl substituted with from one to three substituents selected from: chlorine, fluorine, and trifluoromethyl;

and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1 wherein:

R1 is selected from the group consisting of: 2-methyl-3-furanyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted with one or two substituents selected from: hydroxyl and fluorine; and

R2 is selected from the group consisting of: 3-indole, 3-thiophene, phenyl and phenyl substituted at the 2 position with one substituent selected from: chlorine, fluorine and trifluoromethyl;

and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

3. The compound of claim 1 selected from:

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1 H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-thienyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl- 1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5- (3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

2-[6-amino-5-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl]oxy}-3-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyl]phenol;

3-({(2S)-2-amino-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl}oxy)-6-(2-methyl-3- furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

2-[6-amino-5-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(3-fluorophenyl)propyl]oxy}-3-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyl]phenol; and

2-[6-amino-5-({(2S)-2-amino-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl}oxy)-3-(3- methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinyl]-6-fluorophenol;

and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

4. A compound of claim 1 that is:

3-{[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1 H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3- methyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine;

and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 , and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 4, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

7. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which process comprises bringing the compound of claim 1 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof into association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

8. A method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease or condition selected from cancer and arthritis in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises administering to such mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the mammal is a human.

10. A method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease or condition selected from cancer and arthritis in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises administering to such mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 4 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the mammal is a human.

12. The method according to claim 9 wherein said cancer is selected from: brain (gliomas), glioblastomas, leukemias, Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, Cowden disease, Lhermitte-Duclos disease, breast, inflammatory breast cancer, Wilm's tumor, Ewing's sarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, colon, head and neck, kidney, lung, liver, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, giant cell tumor of bone and thyroid.

13. The method according to claim 9 wherein said cancer is selected from: Lymphoblastic T cell leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hairy-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, Chronic neutrophilic leukemia, Acute lymphoblastic T cell leukemia, Plasmacytoma, lmmunoblastic large cell leukemia, Mantle cell leukemia, Multiple myeloma Megakaryoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and Erythroleukemia.

14. The method according to claim 9 wherein said cancer is selected from: malignant lymphoma, hodgkins lymphoma, non-hodgkins lymphoma, lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and follicular lymphoma.

15. The method according to claim 9 wherein said cancer is selected from: neuroblastoma, bladder cancer, urothelial cancer, lung cancer, vulval cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, renal cancer, mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, salivary gland cancer, hepatocellular cancer, gastric cancer, nasopharangeal cancer, buccal cancer, cancer of the mouth, GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) and testicular cancer.

16. A method of treating or lessening the severity of a precancerous syndrome in a mammal, wherein the pre-cancerous syndrome is selected from: myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, cervical lesions, skin nevi (pre-melanoma), prostatic intraepithleial (intraductal) neoplasia (PIN), Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS), colon polyps and severe hepatitis or cirrhosis (especially viral induced hepatitis) which can progress to cancer.

17 The method of claim 16 wherein the mammal is a human.

18. Use of a compound of claim 1 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating or lessening the severity of a disease or condition selected from cancer and arthritis.

19. The method of inhibiting Akt activity in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises administering to such mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

20. A method of treating cancer in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises: co-administering to such mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a) a compound of claim 1 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and b) at least one anti-neoplastic agent.

21. The method claim 20, wherein the at least one anti-neoplastic agent is selected from the group consisting essentially of anti-microtubule agents, platinum coordination complexes, alkylating agents, antibiotic agents, topoisomerase Il inhibitors, antimetabolites, topoisomerase I inhibitors, hormones and hormonal analogues, signal transduction pathway inhibitors; non-receptor tyrosine kinase angiogenesis inhibitors; immunotherapeutic agents; proapoptotic agents; and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is an anti-microtubule agent selected from diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is a diterpenoid.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is a vinca alkaloid.

25. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is a platinum coordination complex.

26. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one anti- neoplastic agent is paclitaxel, carboplatin, or vinorelbine.

27 The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is paclitaxel.

28. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is carboplatin.

29. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is vinorelbine.

30. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one anti- neoplatic agent is a signal transduction pathway inhibitor.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a growth factor receptor kinase selected from the group consisting of VEGFR2, TIE2, PDGFR, BTK, IGFR-1 , TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and c-fms.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a serine/threonine kinase selected from the group consisting of rafk, akt, and PKC-zeta.

33. The method of claim 30, wherein the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a serine/threonine kinase selected from the src family of kinases.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of c-src.

35. The method of claim 30, wherein the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of Ras oncogene selected from inhibitors of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase.

36. The method of claim 30, wherein the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a serine/threonine kinase selected from the group consisting of PI3K.

37. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one antineoplastic agent is a cell cycle signaling inhibitor.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the cell cycle signaling inhibitor is selected from inhibitors of the group CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6.

39. A pharmaceutical combination as claimed in claim 20 for use in therapy.

40. The use of a pharmaceutical combination as claimed in claim 20 for the preparation of a medicament useful in the treatment of cancer.

41. A method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease or condition selected from cancer and arthritis in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises administering to such mammal a therapeutically effective amount of 3- {[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1 H-indol-3-yl)propyl]oxy}-6-(2-methyl-3-furanyl)-5-(3-methyl-1 H- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-2-pyridinamine; and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

42. The method of claim 20 wherein the anti-neoplastic agent is N-{3-chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl) ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine.