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WO2007008529A2 - Agents modificateurs de l'absorption du cholesterol cellulaire - Google Patents

Agents modificateurs de l'absorption du cholesterol cellulaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007008529A2
WO2007008529A2 PCT/US2006/026197 US2006026197W WO2007008529A2 WO 2007008529 A2 WO2007008529 A2 WO 2007008529A2 US 2006026197 W US2006026197 W US 2006026197W WO 2007008529 A2 WO2007008529 A2 WO 2007008529A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optionally substituted
group
hydrogen
heteroaryl
aryl
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2006/026197
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2007008529A3 (fr
Inventor
Elisabeth M. Gardiner
Wergio G. Duron
Mark E. Massari
Daniel L. Severance
Joseph E. Semple
Nicholas D. Smith
Original Assignee
Kalypsys, Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kalypsys, Inc filed Critical Kalypsys, Inc
Publication of WO2007008529A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007008529A2/fr
Publication of WO2007008529A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007008529A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/56—Ring systems containing three or more rings
    • C07D209/80—[b, c]- or [b, d]-condensed
    • C07D209/82—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles
    • C07D209/86—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/15—Oximes (>C=N—O—); Hydrazines (>N—N<); Hydrazones (>N—N=) ; Imines (C—N=C)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
    • A61K31/341—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide not condensed with another ring, e.g. ranitidine, furosemide, bufetolol, muscarine
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    • A61K31/357—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/381—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having five-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/4035—Isoindoles, e.g. phthalimide
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    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
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    • A61K31/4152—1,2-Diazoles having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. antipyrine, phenylbutazone, sulfinpyrazone
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    • A61K31/4196—1,2,4-Triazoles
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    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
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    • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/45—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cycloheximide
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4704—2-Quinolinones, e.g. carbostyril
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    • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
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    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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    • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D215/50—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen attached in position 4
    • C07D215/52—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen attached in position 4 with aryl radicals attached in position 2
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    • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D277/38—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D277/50—Nitrogen atoms bound to hetero atoms
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    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D295/145—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
    • C07D295/15—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
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    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/52—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
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    • C07D319/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D319/10—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes
    • C07D319/14—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D319/22—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one naphthalene or hydrogenated naphthalene ring system
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    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D333/30—Hetero atoms other than halogen
    • C07D333/34—Sulfur atoms
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    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
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    • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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    • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D513/10—Spiro-condensed systems

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to new compounds and compositions and their application as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of disease.
  • Methods of modulation of cholesterol absorption activity in a human or animal subject are also provided for the treatment diseases such as vascular disease and atherosclerosis.
  • a factor leading to development of vascular disease is elevated serum cholesterol. It is estimated that 19% of Americans between the ages of 20 and 74 years of age have high serum cholesterol.
  • arteriosclerosis a condition associated with the thickening and hardening of the arterial wall.
  • Arteriosclerosis of the large vessels is referred to as atherosclerosis.
  • Atherosclerosis is the predominant underlying factor in vascular disorders such as coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysm, arterial disease of the lower extremities and cerebrovascular disease.
  • Cholesteryl esters are a major component of atherosclerotic lesions and the major storage form of cholesterol in arterial wall cells. Formation of cholesteryl esters is also a step in the intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol. Thus, inhibition of cholesteryl ester formation and reduction of serum cholesterol can inhibit the progression of atherosclerotic lesion formation, decrease the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in the arterial wall, and block the intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol.
  • the regulation of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis in mammals and animals involves the regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption, cellular cholesterol trafficking, dietary cholesterol and modulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, bile acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis and the catabolism of the cholesterol-containing plasma lipoproteins. Regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption has proven to be an effective means by which to regulate serum cholesterol levels. For example, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe has been shown to be effective in this regard. Ezetimibe is believed to prevent cholesterol absorption by inhibiting NPCl Ll . (US patent 5,846,966 and RE37721).
  • MPCl Ll is an N-glycosylated protein comprising a trans-Golgi network to plasma membrane transport signal; (see Bos, et al., (1993) EMBO J. 12:2219-2228; Humphrey, et al., (1993) J. Cell, Biol. 120: 1 123-1 135; Ponnainbalam, et al., (1994) J. Cell. Biol. 125:253-268 and Rothman, et al., (1996) Science 272:227-234) which exhibits limited tissue distribution and gastrointestinal abundance.
  • the human NPClLl promoter includes a Sterol Regulated Element Binding Protein 1 (SREBP l) binding consensus sequence (Athanikar, et al., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:4935-4940; Ericsson, et al., (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:945-950; Metherall, et al., (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:15634- 15641 ; Smith, et al., (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265:2306-2310; Bennett, et al., (1999) J. Biol. Chem.
  • SREBP l Sterol Regulated Element Binding Protein 1
  • NPCl Ll has 42% amino acid sequence homology to human NPCl (Genbank Accession No. AF002020), a receptor responsible for Niemann-
  • NPCl and NPCl Ll each possess 13 transmembrane spanning segments as well as a sterol- sensing domain (SSD).
  • SSD sterol- sensing domain
  • HMG-R HMG-CoA Reductase
  • PTC Patched
  • SCAP Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein Cleavage-Activation Protein
  • Novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that prevent cholesterol absorption by presumably inhibiting NPCl Ll , though the mechanism of action of these compounds are still to be confirmed, have been found together with methods of synthesizing and using the compounds including methods for inhibiting or modulating cholesterol absorption in a patient by administering the compounds.
  • the present invention discloses a class of compounds, useful in treating NPC-I Ll -mediated disorders and conditions, defined by structural Formula I:
  • Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y J ;
  • Y 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl alkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, perhaloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • Y 2 is selected from the group consisting of R 4 -L 2 -C(O)- and R 4 -L 2 -C(S); Y 3 is C(R 5 XR 0 XR 7 );
  • L 1 and L 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond and optionally substituted lower alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower acyl, lower alkyl; lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -S-, cyano, formyl, lower acyl, lower alkyl, heteroaryl, and aryl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1 and R 2 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of lower acyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkenylsulfonyl, lower alkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R" and R J , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moiety;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, arylalkoxy, arylalkylamino, arylalkylthio, arylamino, aryloxy, arylthio, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylthio, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkylthio, any of which may be optionally • substituted; or R 2 and R 4 , taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, may form an optionally substituted heteroaryl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl moiety; and
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -S-, amido, aryl, lower alkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of the present invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as methods of making and using the compounds and compositions.
  • the present invention provides methods for preventing cholesterol absorption by presumably inhibiting NPCl Ll.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating a cholesterol absorption -mediated disorder in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.
  • the present invention also contemplates the use of compounds disclosed herein for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition ameliorated by the modulation of cholesterol absorption or by inhibiting NPCl Ll .
  • the present invention further discloses a class of compounds, useful in treating NPC-I L l - mediated disorders and conditions, defined by structural Formula II:
  • G 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, perhaloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower acyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, formyl, lower acyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 8 and R 9 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 9 and R 10 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl moiety;
  • R 1 1 and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, and lower cycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R n and R 14 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl or cycloalkyl moiety, any of which may be optionally substituted; R 12 and R lj are independently selected from the group consisting of null, hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl; R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl; or R 16 and R 16 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted helerocycloalkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl moiety; m is an integer from 0 to 3; and R 17 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alky
  • the present invention further discloses a class of compounds, useful in treating NPC-I Ll- mediated disorders and conditions, defined by structural Formula III:
  • R 18 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower acyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, formyl, lower acyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 18 and R 19 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 20 , R 2 ', R 23 and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino, hydroxy, carbamoyl, carboxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, lower acyl, lower acylamino, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl, lower alkylaminocarbonyl, lower alkanoyl, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkylthioalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower aminoalkyl, lower aminocarbonylalkyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkylamino, arylalkylthio, arylalkynyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkanoyl,
  • R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower haloalkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, and trihalomelhoxy;
  • Q 1 is selected from the group consisting of N(R 25 ), O, and S
  • Q 2 is selected from the group consisting of N(R 26 ), C(R 27 ), O, and S;
  • R 25 , R 26 and R 27 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, and lower perhaloalkyl.
  • the present invention further discloses a class of compounds, useful in treating NPC-I Ll- mediated disorders and conditions, defined by structural Formula IV:
  • R 18 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower acyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, formyl, lower acyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 1S and R 19 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower haloalkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, and trihalomethoxy;
  • Q 3 is selected from the group consisting of N(R 28 ), O, and S; n is an integer from 1 to 4;
  • R 28 and R 29 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkyllhio, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, and lower perhaloalkyl; and R 30 and R 3 ' are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino, hydroxy, carbamoyl, carboxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, lower acyl, lower acylaminp, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl, lower alkylaminocarbonyl, lower alkanoyl, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkylthioalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkyny
  • G 2 and G 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, lower cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 32 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbamoyl, cyano, lower acyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl, lower alkylaminocarbonyl, lower alkanoyl, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower aminocarbonylalkyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkanoyl, arylcarbonyl, carboxy, lower perhaloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, and heteroarylalkenyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; R 33 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower acyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower al
  • L 2 is selected from the group consisting OfN(R' 4 ), O, and S;
  • R 34 , R 35 and R 36 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula I, wherein:
  • Y 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
  • Y 2 is R 4 -L 2 -C(O)- ;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted aryl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of lower acyl, aryl, arylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, arylalkoxy, arylalkylamino, arylamino, aryloxy, arylthio, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroaryl, and heteroarylthio, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 2 and R 4 , taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, may form an optionally substituted heteroaryl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl moiety.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula 1, wherein:
  • Z 1 is Y 1 ; L 1 is a bond;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted alkyl
  • R" is hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula II, wherein:
  • G 1 is selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl
  • R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, formyl, lower alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 8 and R 9 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted; R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl; or R 9 and R 10 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted helerocycloalkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl moiety;
  • R" and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, and optionally substituted lower alkyl; or R 1 ' and R 14 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl moiety;
  • R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl; m is an integer from 1 to 2; and
  • R 17 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 14 and R 17 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl moiety.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula II, wherein:
  • G 1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl
  • R 8 is optionally substituted lower alkyl; R 9 is hydrogen;
  • R 10 is hydrogen
  • R 1 ' and R 14 are independently selected from the groups consisting of cyano or optionally substituted lower alkyl
  • R 12 and R 13 are null; R 15 and R 16 are hydrogen; m is 1 ; and
  • R 17 is hydrogen
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula III, wherein:
  • R 18 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, formyl, lower alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 18 and R 19 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 20 , R 2 ', R 23 and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, aryl, arylalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heleroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 20 and R 2 ', together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heleroaryl ring, any of which may be optionally substituted; or R 21 and R 24 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, any
  • R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alky I, lower cycloalkyl, and lower cycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • Q 1 is selected from the group consisting OfN(R 25 ), O, and S;
  • Q 2 is C(R 27 );
  • R 25 and R 27 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, and lower cycloalkylalkyl.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula III, wherein:
  • R 18 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl
  • R 19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl
  • R 18 and R 19 together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 20 and R 21 together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 23 and R 24 together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 18 and R 19 together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula IV, wherein:
  • R 18 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, formyl, lower alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted
  • R 18 and R 19 together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl moiety, either of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, and lower cycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 28 and R 29 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, and lower alkylsulfonyl; and R 30 and R 3 ' are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylthio, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower perhaloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula IV, wherein:
  • R 18 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl
  • R 19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl
  • R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl
  • Q 3 is S
  • n is the integer 2;
  • R 28 and R 29 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl
  • R 30 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula V, wherein:
  • G 2 and G J are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionally substituted';
  • R 32 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, and lower cycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 3j is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, and lower cycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • L 2 is N(R 34 );
  • R 34 , R 35 and R 36 are hydrogen.
  • the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula V, wherein: G 2 and G 3 are independently selected from optionally substituted aryl;
  • R 32 is optionally substituted lower alkyl; L 1 is a bond; and R j1 is hydrogen.
  • the invention provides for compounds selected from the Examples 1-
  • acyl refers to a carbonyl attached to an alkenyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, Iieteroaryl, heterocycle, or any other moiety were the atom attached to the carbonyl is carbon.
  • An "acetyl” group refers to a -C(O)CH 3 group.
  • Examples of acyl groups include formyl, alkanoyl and aroyl radicals.
  • acylamino embraces an amino radical substituted with an acyl group.
  • An example of an “acylamino” radical is acetylamino (CH 3 C(O)NH-).
  • alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 6, carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl radicals examples include ethenyl, 1 -propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), 2-methyl-l-propenyl, 2-methyI-2-propenyl (methylallyl), 3-methyl-2-butenyl (prenyl), 1 ,4-butadienyl and the like.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.
  • suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, teit-butoxy, and the like.
  • alkoxyalkoxy refers to one or more alkoxy groups attached to the parent molecular moiety through another alkoxy group. Examples include ethoxyethoxy, methoxypropoxyethoxy, ethoxy pentoxyethoxyethoxy and the like.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • alkoxyalkyl also embraces alkoxyalkyl groups having one or more alkoxy groups attached to the alkyl group, that is, to form monoalkoxyalkyl and dialkoxyalkyl groups.
  • alkoxycarbonyl refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl.
  • alkoxycarbonylalkyl embraces radicals having "alkoxycarbonyl", as defined above substituted to an alkyl radical. More preferred alkoxycarbonylalkyl radicals are "lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl” having lower alkoxycarbonyl radicals as defined above attached to one to six carbon atoms. Examples of such lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl radicals include methoxycarbonylmethyl.
  • alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to and including 20, preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 6, carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like.
  • alkylene refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (-CH 2 -).
  • alkylamino refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an amino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated, forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N- dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino and the like.
  • alkylaniinocarbonyl refers to an alkylamino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • examples of such radicals include N-melhylaminocarbonyl and N,N-dimethylcarbonyl.
  • alkylcarbonyl and “alkanoyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such groups include methylcarbonyl and ethylcarbonyl.
  • alkylidene refers to an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.
  • alkylsulfinyl refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulf ⁇ nyl group.
  • alkylsulfinyl groups include methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, butylsulfinyl and hexylsulfinyl.
  • alkylsulfonyl refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.
  • alkylsulfinyl groups include methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, tert-butanesulfonyl, and the like.
  • alkylthio refers to an alkyl thioether (R-S-
  • alkyl thioether radicals include methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso-butylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, ethoxyethylthio, methoxypropoxyethylthio, ethoxypentoxyethoxyethylthio and the like.
  • alkylthioalkyl embraces alkylthio radicals attached to an alkyl radical.
  • Alkylthioalkyl radicals include "lower alkylthioalkyl” radicals having alkyl radicals of one to six carbon atoms and an alkylthio radical as described above. Examples of such radicals include methylthiomethyl.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more triple bonds and containing from 2 to 20, preferably from 2 to 6, more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms.
  • Alkynylene refers to a carbon- carbon triple bond attached at two positions such as ethynylene (-C:::C-, -CsC-).
  • alkynyl radicals include ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1-yl, pentyn-2-yl, 4-methoxypentyn-2-yl, 3-methylbutyn-l-yl, hexyn-1-yl, hexyn-2-yl, hexyn-3-yl, 3,3-dimethylbutyn-l-yl, and the like.
  • amido refers to an amino group as described below attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • amino refers to — N RR , wherein R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkyl, wherein the aryl, the aryl part of the arylalkenyl, the arylalkyl, the heteroaryl, the heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkenyl and the heteroarylalkyl, the heterocycle, and the heterocycle part of the heterocycloalkenyl and the heterocycloalkyl can be optionally substituted as defined herein with one, two, three, four, or
  • aminoalkyl refers to an amino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group. Examples include aminomethyl, aminoethyl and aminobutyl.
  • aminocarbonyl and “carbamoyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to an amino-substituted carbonyl group, wherein the amino group can be a primary or secondary amino group containing substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl radicals and the like.
  • aminocarbonylalkyl refers to an aminocarbonyl radical attached to an alkyl radical, as described above.
  • An example of such radicals is aminocarbonylmethyl.
  • aminocarbonylalkyl refers to an aminocarbonyl radical attached to an alkyl radical, as described above.
  • An example of such radicals is aminocarbonylmethyl.
  • aminodino denotes an -C(NH)NH 2 radical.
  • cyanoamidino denotes an -C(N-CN)NH 2 radical.
  • aralkenyl or arylalkenyl refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
  • aralkoxy or "arylalkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.
  • aralkyl or "arylalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • aralkylamino or "arylalkylamino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an arylalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom, wherein the nitrogen atom is substituted with hydrogen.
  • aralkylidene or "arylalkyl idene,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group
  • aralkylthio or "arylalkylthio,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an arylalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.
  • aralkynyl or “arylalkynyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkynyl group.
  • aralkoxycarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula aralkyl-O-C(O)- in which the term "aralkyl,” has the significance given above. Examples of an aralkoxycarbonyl radical are benzyloxycarbonyl (Z or Cbz) and 4-methoxyphenylmethoxycarbonyl (MOS).
  • aralkanoyl refers to an acyl radical derived from an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, phenylacetyl, 3-plienylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphlhyl)acetyI, 4-chloiOhydrocinnamoyl, 4- aminohydrocinnamoyl, 4-methoxyhydrocinnamoyl, and the like.
  • aroyl refers to an acyl radical derived from an arylcarboxylic acid, "aryl” having the meaning given below.
  • aroyl radicals include substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl or napthoyl such as benzoyl, 4- chlorobenzoyl, 4-carboxybenzoyl, 4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)benzoyl, 1 -naphthoyl, 2-naphthoyl, 6-carboxy- 2-naphthoyl, 6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-naphthoyl, 3-benzyloxy-2-naphthoyl, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl, 3- (benzyloxyformamido)-2-naphthoyl, and the like.
  • aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such rings may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused.
  • aryl embraces aromatic radicals such as benzyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthryl, indanyl, indenyl, annulenyl, azulenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and biphenyl.
  • arylamino refers to an aryl group attached to the parent moiety through an amino group, such as methylamino, N-phenylamino, and the like.
  • arylcarbonyl and “aroyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • aryloxy refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • arylsulfonyl refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.
  • arylthio refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.
  • O-carbamyl refers to a -OC(O)NR, group-with R as defined herein.
  • N-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a ROC(O)NH- group, with R as defined herein.
  • carbonyl when alone includes formyl [-C(O)H] and in combination is a -C(O)- group.
  • Carboxy refers to -C(O)OH or the corresponding “carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxy lie acid salt.
  • An "O-carboxy” group refers to a RC(O)O- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • a “C-carboxy” group refers to a -C(O)OR groups where R is as defined herein.
  • cyano refers to -CN.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl radical wherein each cyclic moiety contains from 3 to 12, preferably five to seven, carbon atom ring members and which may optionally be a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • cycloalkyl radicals examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, oclahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro- 1 H- indenyl, adamantyl and the like.
  • "Bicyclic” and “tricyclic” as used herein are intended to include both fused ring systems, such as decahydonapthalene, octahydronapthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicenlered) saturated or partially unsaturated type.
  • isomer is exemplified in general by bicyclo[2,2,2]octane, bicyclo[2,2,2]octane, bicyclo[l , l ,l ]pentane, camphor and bicyclo[3,2,l]oclane.
  • ester refers to a carbonyl group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • ether refers to an oxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • halo or halogen, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals.
  • a monohaloalkyl radical for one example, may have either an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical.
  • Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.
  • haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
  • Haloalkylene refers to a halohydrocarbyl group attached at two or more positions.
  • Examples include fluoromethylene (-CFH-), difluoromethylene (-CF 2 -), chloromethylene (-CHC1-) and the like.
  • haloalkyl radicals include chloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl, perfluorodecyl and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH2-NH-OCH3.
  • heteroaryl refers to 3 to 7 membered, preferably 5 to 7 membered, unsaturated heterocyclic rings wherein at least one atom is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
  • Heteroaryl groups are exemplified by: unsaturated 3 to 7 membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl [e.g., 4H-l ,2,4-triazolyl, I H-1 ,2,3- triazolyl, 2H-l ,2,3-triazolyl, etc.]tetrazolyl [e.g.
  • benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, etc.] unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl [e.g., 1 ,2,4- thiadiazolyl, 1 ,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-thiadiazolyI, etc.]and isothiazolyl; unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, etc.]and the like.
  • thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl e.g., 1 ,2,4- thiadiazolyl, 1 ,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-thiadiazolyI, etc.
  • isothiazolyl unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing
  • heterocyclic radicals are fused with aryl radicals.
  • fused bicyclic radicals include benzofuryl, benzothienyl, and the like.
  • heteroarylkenyl or “heteroarylalkenyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
  • heteroarylkoxy or “heteroarylalkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • heteroarylkylidene or “heteroarylalkylidene,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group.
  • heteroaryloxy refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • heteroarylsulfonyl refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.
  • heterocycloalkyl and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic radical containing at least one, preferably 1 to 4, and more preferably 1 to 2 heteroatoms as ring members, wherein each said heteroatom may be independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and wherein there are preferably 3 to 8 ring members in each ring, more preferably 3 to 7 ring members in each ring, and most preferably 5 to 6 ring members in each ring.
  • Helerocycloallcyl and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones, sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclic fused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms also include systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, or an additional heterocycle group.
  • Heterocycle groups ofthe invention are exemplified by aziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1 ,3-benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydro[l ,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihy- dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and the like.
  • the heterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless specifically prohibited.
  • heterocycloalkoxy refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular group through an oxygen atom.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical as defined above in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a heterocyclo radical as defined above, such as pyrrolidinylmethyl, tetrahydrothienylmethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like.
  • heterocycloalkylidene refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl idene group.
  • hydrazinyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to two amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., -N-N-.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to a linear or branched alkyl group having one to about ten carbon atoms any one of which may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl radicals.
  • examples of such radicals include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl and hydroxyhexyl.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • the phrase "in the main chain” refers to the longest contiguous or adjacent chain of carbon atoms starting at the point of attachment of a group to the compounds of this invention.
  • isocyanato refers to a — NCO group.
  • isothiocyanato refers to a -NCS group.
  • linear chain of atoms refers to the longest straight chain of atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • lower means containing from 1 to and including 6 carbon atoms.
  • compoundcaploalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an R'SR- group, where R and R' are as defined herein.
  • mercaplomercaptyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a RSR'S- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • mercaplyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an RS- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • nitro refers to -NO 2 .
  • oxy or "oxa,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to -O-.
  • perlialoalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • sulfonate refers the — SO 3 H group and its anion as the sulfonic acid is used in salt formation.
  • sulfonyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to -SO 2 -.
  • thia and thio refer to a -S- group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced with sulfur.
  • the oxidized derivatives of the thio group namely sulfinyl and sulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.
  • thioether refers to a thio group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • thiol as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an -SH group.
  • thiocarbonyl when alone includes thioformyl -C(S)H and in combination is a -C(S)- group.
  • N-thiocarbamyl refers to an ROC(S)NH- group, with R as defined herein.
  • O-thiocarbamyl refers to a -OC(S)NR, group with R as defined herein.
  • thiocyanato refers to a — CNS group.
  • trihalomethanesulfonamido refers to a X 3 CS(O) 2 NR- group with X is a halogen and R as defined herein.
  • trimihalomethanesulfonyl refers to a X 3 CS(O) 2 - group where X is a halogen.
  • trimethoxy refers to a X 3 CO- group where X is a halogen.
  • trimethoxy refers to a X 3 CO- group where X is a halogen.
  • trimethoxy refers to a silicone group substituted at its three free valences with groups as listed herein under the definition of substituted amino. Examples include trimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl and the like.
  • the term "optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the substituents of an "optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one or more substituents independently selected from the following groups or a particular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower heteroalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower acyloxy, carbonyl, lower carboxyester, lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkylamino, arylamino, amido, thiol, lower alkyl
  • Two substituents may be joined together to form a fused five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring consisting of zero to three heteroatoms, for example forming methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy.
  • An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g., - CH2CH 3 ), fully substituted (e.g., -CF 2 CF 3 ), monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CF 3 ).
  • substituent, or term e.g. aryl, heterocycle, R, etc.
  • bond refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • a bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise specified.
  • combination therapy means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorder described in the present disclosure. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active ingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
  • “Cholesterol absorption inhibitor” is used herein to refer to a compound that exhibits an IC 50 with respect to downregulation of ABCAl transcription while upregulating the expression of I-IMG
  • COA synthase activity of no more than about 100 ⁇ M and more typically not more than about 50 ⁇ M, as measured in the luciferase reporter HEP ABCAl Luc assay described generally hereinbelow.
  • IC 50 is that concentration of inhibitor which reduces the level of ABCA l expression to half-maximal level while increasing expression of HMG COA synthase.
  • Representative compounds of the present invention have been discovered to exhibit inhibitory activity against cholesterol absorption, presumably by inhibiting NPCl Ll .
  • Compounds of the present invention preferably exhibit an IC 50 with respect to downregulation of ABCAl transcription while upregulating the expression of HMG COA synthase activity of no more than about 10 ⁇ M, more preferably, no more than about 5 ⁇ M, even more preferably not more than about 1 ⁇ M, and most preferably, not more than about 200 nM, as measured in luciferase reporter HEP ABCA l Luc assay described herein.
  • terapéuticaally effective is intended to qualify the amount of active ingredients used in the treatment of a disease or disorder. This amount will achieve the goal of reducing or eliminating the said disease or disorder.
  • patient means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. Preferably, the patient is a human.
  • prodrug refers to a compound that is made more active in vivo.
  • the present compounds can also exist as prodrugs, as described in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism : Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Enzymology (Testa, Bernard and Mayer, Joachim M. Wiley-VHCA, Zurich, Switzerland 2003).
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are structurally modified forms of the compound that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compound.
  • prodrugs can be converted to the compound by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to a compound when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the compound, or parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • a wide variety of prodrug derivatives are known in the art, such as those that rely on hydrolytic cleavage or oxidative activation of the prodrug.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug"), but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity. Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of a compound.
  • therapeutically acceptable prodrug refers to those prodrugs or zwitterions which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
  • terapéuticaally acceptable salt represents salts or zwilterionic forms of the compounds of the present invention which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible; which are suitable for treatment of diseases without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic-response; which are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio; and which are effective for their intended use.
  • the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.
  • Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-pheny
  • basic groups in the compounds of the present invention can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.
  • acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric.
  • Salts can also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion.
  • the present invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of the compounds of the compounds of the present invention and the like.
  • Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • the cations of therapeutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, /V,/V-dimethylaniline, /V-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, yV,/V-dibenzyIphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, and N 1 N- dibenzylethylenediamine.
  • nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, die
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts.
  • the present invention includes compounds listed above in the form of salts, in particular acid addition salts. Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. For a more complete discussion of the preparation and selection of salts, refer to Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P. Heinrich. Wiley- VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).
  • the subject invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug or solvate thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients ofthe formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any ofthe well-known techniques, carriers, and excipienls may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  • compositions ofthe present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular, and intramedullary), intraperitoneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder ofthe recipient.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any ofthe methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association a compound ofthe subject invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug or solvate thereof ("active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • active ingredient a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug or solvate thereof
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • Formulations ofthe present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount ofthe active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture ofthe powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arable, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain fo ⁇ nulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner. Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • Compounds of the present invention may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound of the present invention externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
  • systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose.
  • the active ingredient may comprise, for topical administration, from 0.001% to 10% w/w, for instance from 1 % to 2% by weight of the formulation. It may however comprise as much as 10% w/w but preferably will comprise less than 5% w/w, more preferably from 0.1% to 1 % w/w of the formulation.
  • the compounds according to the invention are conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient. It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or via injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day.
  • the dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day.
  • Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of compound of the invention which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • the compounds ofthe subject invention can be administered in various modes, e.g. orally, topically, or by injection.
  • the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility ofthe attendant physician.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity ofthe specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the precise disorder being treated, and the severity ofthe indication or condition being treated.
  • the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity. In certain instances, it may be appropriate to administer at least one ofthe compounds described herein (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof) in combination with another therapeutic agent.
  • one ofthe side effects experienced by a patient upon receiving one ofthe compounds herein is hypertension
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one ofthe compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • the benefit of experienced by a patient may be increased by administering one ofthe compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • increased therapeutic benefit may result by also providing the patient with another therapeutic agent for diabetes.
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive ofthe two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
  • a compound ofthe present invention as defined above or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and at least one active ingredient selected from: a) anti-diabetic agents such as insulin, insulin derivatives and mimetics; insulin secretagogues such as the sulfonylureas, e.g., Glipizide, glyburide and Amaryl; insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands such as meglitinides, e.g., nateglinide and repaglinide; insulin sensitizer such as protein tyrosine phosphatase-lB (PTP-I B) inhibitors such as PTP-1 12; GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors such as SB-517955, SB-4195052, SB-216763, NN-57-05441 and NN-57-05445; RXR ligands such as GW-0791
  • anti-diabetic agents such as
  • DPPIV dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors
  • DPP728, LAF237 vildagliptin - Example 1 of WO 00/34241
  • MK-0431 saxagliptin
  • GSK23A GSK23A
  • an AGE breaker a thiazolidinedione derivative (glitazone) such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or ( ⁇ )-l- ⁇ 4-[5-methyl-2-(4- triflLioiOi ⁇ iethyI-phenyl)-oxazol-4-yli ⁇ iethoxy]-benzenes ⁇ ironyl ⁇ 2,3-dihydiO-l//-indole-2-carboxyIic acid described in the patent application WO 03/043985, as compound 19 of Example 4, a non-glitazone type PPAR ⁇ agonist e.g.
  • hypolipidemic agents such as 3-hydroxy-3 ⁇ methyI-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, e.g., lovastatin, pitavastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, mevastatin, velostatin, fluvastatin, dalvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and rivastatin; squalene synthase inhibitors; FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and LXR (liver X receptor) ligands; cholestyramine; fibrates; nicotinic acid and aspirin; c) an anti-obesity agent or appetite regulating agent such as phentermine, leptin, bromocriptine, dexamphetamine, amphetamine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, sibutramine, or
  • ECE inhibitors e.g. SLV306
  • ACE/NEP inhibitors such as omapatrilat, sampatrilat and fasidotril
  • angiotensin n antagonists such as candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, tehnisartan and valsartan, in particular valsartan
  • renin inhibitors such as aliskiren, terlakiren, ditekiren, RO 66- 1 132, RO-66-1 168
  • ⁇ -adrenergic receptor blockers such as acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol, sotalol and timolol
  • inotropic agents such as digoxin, dobutamine and milr
  • a PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor preferably miatinib ( ⁇ N- ⁇ 5-[4-(4-methyl-piperazino- metIiyl)-benzoyIamido]-2-methylphenyl ⁇ -4-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrimidine-amine ⁇ ) described in the European patent application EPA-0564409 as example 21 or 4-Methyl-N-[3-(4-methyl-imidazol-l-yI)-5- lrifluoiOmethyl-phenyl]-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzamide described in the patent application WO 04/005281 as example 92
  • legaserod hydrogen maleate cisapride, cilansetron; or, in each case a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Most preferred combination partners are cholesterol absorption modulator such as Zetia® and
  • KT6-971or hypolipidemic agents such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyI-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, e.g., lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, mevastatin, velostatin, fluvastatin, dalvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and rivastatin; squalene synthase inhibitors; FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and LXR (liver X receptor) ligands; cholestyramine; fibrates; nicotinic acid and aspirin.
  • HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methyI-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors
  • lovastatin e.g., lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin,
  • the multiple therapeutic agents may be administered in any order or even simultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents may be provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). One of the therapeutic agents may be given in multiple doses, or both may be given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses may be any duration of time ranging from a few minutes to four weeks.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating NPC-I Ll -mediated disorders in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount of a compound of the present invention effective to reduce or prevent said disorder in the subject in combination with at least one additional agent for the treatment of said disorder that is known in the art.
  • the present invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising at least one compound of the present invention in combination with one or more additional agents for the treatment of NPC-I Ll -mediated disorders.
  • the present invention includes compounds listed above in the form of salts, in particular acid addition salts.
  • Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids.
  • Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question.
  • preferred salts include hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfonate, citrate, tartrate, phosphonate, lactate, pyruvate, acetate, succinate, oxalate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate and isethionate salts of compounds of the present invention.
  • a salt of a compound can be made by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with the appropriate acid. Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention may exist as geometric isomers.
  • the present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti,
  • E
  • Z
  • compounds may exist as tautomers; all tautomeric isomers are provided by this invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the present invention.
  • the compounds and formulations of the present invention are also useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and cats.
  • Examples 1- 52 can generally be synthesized using the following general synthetic procedures set forth below.
  • NPClLl inhibitors The activity of the compounds in Examples 1-52 as cholesterol-absorption inhibitors and presumably, though the authors do not wish to be held to this theory, NPClLl inhibitors, is illustrated in the following assays. The other compounds listed below, which have not yet been made and/or tested, are predicted to have activity in these assays as well.
  • the compounds of the invention have an effect on ABCA-I gene expression. It is reported that compounds that effect cholesterol production and absorption such as statins and ezetimibe cause a decrease expression of ABCAl transcript. For example, in NPC l Ll knockout animals (the target of Ezetimibe) and also in wild type animals treated with ezetimibe, a decrease in ABCAl transcript is seen. Therefore, a stable cell line with 2KB of the ABCA-I 5' promoter region fused to a luciferase reporter was used in a reporter assay to interrogate compounds for the ability to decrease ABCA- 1 expression.
  • the promoter region was made by using PCR to obtain the fragment from human genomic DNA using the following primers; sense strand primer: ATAAGTTGGAGGTCTGGGAGTGGCTA and antisense strand primer : GCTCTGTTGGTG-CGCGGAGCT.
  • the genomic fragment included approx 2KB of the genomic ABCAl (accession number Gl:21536375) including promoter elements important to the transcriptional regulation of this gene.
  • a human hepatocyte cell line (HEPG2C3A ATCC#CRL-1074; ATCC, Manassas, VA ) was stably transfected with the above described fragment cloned into a luciferase containing pGL3 vector.
  • Transient transfections were done initially to insure activity in cells when stimulated with an RXR agonist, 9-cis retinoic acid.
  • Stable cells were made using lentiviral clone construction of the above described ABCAl clone in a Lentiviral luciferase tagged vector with puromycin selection.
  • HEPG2 C3A cells were infected and put under puromycin selective pressure until cells began to divide and behave normally in the presence of puromycin. As these cells were to be used for an assay to find inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, the presence of NPCl Ll transcript was deemed a necessity (NPCl Ll is a protein shown previously to be important in cholesterol absorption: see patent
  • RTPCR was used to determine the presence ofNPCl Ll transcript (NM 13389) in this cell line before and after stable transfeclion using the following primers: Forward primer ATAGGCGCGCCATGGCGGAGGCCGGCCTGAG and Reverse primer
  • RTPCR was performed using Trizol Reagent according to manufacturer's inslructions'(Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad Ca) to extract total RNA from the I-IEPG2C3A cells.
  • the mRNA from these total RNA preparations was amplified using Superscript II reverse transcriptase according to manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad Ca) with the oligo dT primer and the random hexamer primer for first strand synthesis provided in the kit.
  • Various primer sets, including those described above were used to confirm the presence of NPC l Ll transcript.
  • the resulting cDNA of NPCl Ll was cloned into an appropriate prokaryotic vector and sequenced to confirm identity.
  • HepG2C3A cells were found to have ample amounts of the NPCl Ll transcript before and after stable transfection.
  • stably transfected cells were expanded for luciferase reporter assays under the selection of puromycin and assayed for luciferase activity following 9-cis retinoic acid stimulation. Luciferase reporter assays were run in high throughput 1536 well format using 5 ⁇ l of cells at a concentration of 500000 cells/ml of media.
  • Branched DNA is a method of accurate RNA quantification that offers RNA quantification directly from cell lysate.
  • the branched DNA technology introduces multiple labels onto a target nucleic acid.
  • the sensitivity stems from the use of a set of branched reporter probes. Each probe has 15 branches, and each branch can react with up to three alkaline phosphatase-labeled detection probes. This leads to a high degree of labeling of the target and kits to perform branched DNA assays can be obtained from Genospectra, Inc (Fremont, CA).
  • Branched DNA assays were performed with select compounds using specific probes for HMG COA synthase and ABCAl RNA.
  • the HEPG2C3A cells described previously along with the human intestinal cell lines: CaCo2 (ATCC # HTB-237; colorectal adenocarcinoma; ATCC: Manassas, VA) and the human intestinal cell line FHs (ATCC # CCL-241 ; normal fetal small intestine, ATCC: Manassas, VA ) were plated in clear bottom 96 well format in 1 % fetal bovine serum overnight and treated with compounds the following morning. Cells were plated at a concentration of 200000 cells/ ml media.
  • DMSO vehicle used for compound dilution
  • concentration of compounds was kept at 0.8%.
  • Compound remained on cells for 20 hr and cells were lysed following compound incubation according to kit instructions. Lysed cells release mRNA in the presence of target probes.
  • Target mRNA from lysed cells is captured by hybridization and transferred to the Genospectra Capture Plate. Signal amplification is performed by hybridization of the bDNA Amplifier and Label Probe. Addition of chemiluminescence substrate yields a signal that is proportional to the amount of mRNA present in the sample.
  • the target probes used in this experiment were specific to HMG CoA synthase and ABCAl (NM_005502, cat #PA-10181) purchased from Genospectra and used according to kit instructions.
  • Ezetimibe (I uM final concentration) was used as positive control in antibody experiments and showed a diminished signal with ABCAl antibody in Hep G2C3A and CaCo2 cells and was completely absent by antibody staining in FhS cells when compared to DMSO treated cells.
  • the ezetimibe treated cells showed a moderate increase in staining with the HMG CoA synthase antibody when compared to DMSO treated controls.
  • the invention is further illustrated by the following examples and assay data.
  • SMILES Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
  • SMILES is a modern chemical notation system, developed by David Weininger and Daylight Chemical Information Systems, Inc., that is built into all major commercial chemical structure drawing software packages. Software is not needed to interpret SMILES text strings, and an explanation of how to translate SMILES into structures can be found in Weininger, D., ./. Chem. Inf. Compul. ScL 1988, 28, 31-36.
  • C NNC3CCCC3
  • C NNc2ncc(Cl)cn2 CC 1
  • C NN(C)c3ncc(cc3 Cl)C(F)(F)F
  • C NNC2CCN(C)CC2
  • C NNC2CCN(C)CC2
  • C NN(C)c2ncc(cc2CI)C(F)(F)F
  • C NN(CC)c2nc(Cl)c(n2)C(F)(F)F
  • C NNc2c(CI)nc(nc2CI)C(F)(F)F
  • C NNc2ncc(Cl)cn2)C#N
  • C NN(C)c2ncc(nc2Cl)C(F)(F)F
  • C NNC3CCCC3
  • C NN(C)c2ncc(nc2Cl)C(F)(F)F
  • C NN C3 CCN(C)CC3 CN(C)CCN l
  • C NN(CC)c2nc(Cl)nc(NC)n2
  • C NN(C)c3ncc(nc3Cl)C(F)(F)F
  • C NNC3CCCC3
  • C NNC2CCN(C)CC2
  • C NN(CC#CCOC)C2CCN(C)CC2
  • C NN(CC#CCOC)C3CCN(C)CC3
  • C NN(C)c3nc4ccccc4nc3CI
  • C NN(C)c2nc3ccccc3cc2Cl
  • C NN(C)c2ncc(nc2Cl)C(F)(F)F
  • C NNc2ncc(CI)cn2
  • C NNc2ccc3ccccc3c2Cl
  • C NNc3ncc(cc3 Cl)C(F)(F)F
  • C( NNc2ncc(cc2CI)C(F)(F)F)c3cc(F)ccn3
  • C NNc2c(Cl)nc(nc2CI)C(F)(F)F
  • C NN(CC)c2ncc(CI)nc2C
  • C NNc2cscc2C(F)(F)F
  • C NNc3cscc3C(F)(F)F
  • C NN(CC)c2nc(Cl)c(n2)C(F)(F)F
  • C NNc2ccc3ccccc3c2Cl
  • C NNc2cscc2C(F)(F)F

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des méthodes et des composés utiles comme inhibiteurs de l'absorption du cholestérol pour le traitement ou la prévention de maladies associées au cholestérol, telles que l'athérosclérose.
PCT/US2006/026197 2005-07-08 2006-07-06 Agents modificateurs de l'absorption du cholesterol cellulaire WO2007008529A2 (fr)

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