WO2005109944A1 - ハンドオーバ方法、移動端末、ホームエージェント、アクセスルータ、およびモバイルルータ - Google Patents
ハンドオーバ方法、移動端末、ホームエージェント、アクセスルータ、およびモバイルルータ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005109944A1 WO2005109944A1 PCT/JP2004/006597 JP2004006597W WO2005109944A1 WO 2005109944 A1 WO2005109944 A1 WO 2005109944A1 JP 2004006597 W JP2004006597 W JP 2004006597W WO 2005109944 A1 WO2005109944 A1 WO 2005109944A1
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- Prior art keywords
- access router
- address
- router
- care
- mobile terminal
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 85
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 81
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940108461 rennet Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 108010058314 rennet Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 208
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 52
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910002515 CoAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102100030978 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 homolog Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101000919635 Homo sapiens Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 homolog Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W8/00—Network data management
- H04W8/02—Processing of mobility data, e.g. registration information at HLR [Home Location Register] or VLR [Visitor Location Register]; Transfer of mobility data, e.g. between HLR, VLR or external networks
- H04W8/06—Registration at serving network Location Register, VLR or user mobility server
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
- H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
- H04W36/0011—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection
- H04W36/0019—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection adapted for mobile IP [MIP]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
- H04W48/08—Access restriction or access information delivery, e.g. discovery data delivery
- H04W48/10—Access restriction or access information delivery, e.g. discovery data delivery using broadcasted information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W80/00—Wireless network protocols or protocol adaptations to wireless operation
- H04W80/04—Network layer protocols, e.g. mobile IP [Internet Protocol]
Definitions
- Handover method mobile terminal, home agent, access router, and mobile phone
- the present invention relates to a method for handover of a mobile terminal.
- the present invention relates to a handover method for a mobile terminal moving on a line.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a technique of a handover method for reducing a bucket loss associated with a handover based on a procedure based on a mopile IP. Specifically, the mobile terminal searches for a destination access router to connect to next, and sends a control message to the searched destination access router via the access router in which the mobile terminal is currently accommodated. As a result, the packet sent to the home agent before the handover is forwarded to the destination access router, and after the handover, the mobile terminal receives the forwarded packet and registers its location with the home agent.
- Non-Patent Document 2 (second conventional technique) discloses a technique of a handover method for suppressing a bucket loss at the time of handover by duplicating a packet and transmitting the packet to a destination and a current location. ing.
- Non-patent document 1 1.
- Non-patent document 2. T / JP2004 / 006597
- the first prior art if the destination access router can be identified, packet forwarding from the current connection destination access router to the destination access router is activated to suppress packet loss during handover. it can.
- the first prior art described above has a problem that the setting of the forwarding router cannot be actually performed because the means for specifying the destination access router is not specified. '
- the packet can be received immediately after the handover by duplicating and transmitting the packet to both the current access router and the destination access router, while the location registration is performed in parallel. It can be carried out.
- the mobile terminal since the mobile terminal must acquire the address of the access router to be connected after the handover in order to perform location registration after the handover, the overhead of the control procedure is increased. There is a problem that occurs.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and provides information identifying a destination access router to a mobile terminal, and provides an overhead of a control procedure for performing location registration after a handover. Obtaining a handover method to reduce the number of times is the first eyelash.
- a second object is to obtain a handover method that can suppress bucket loss during handover.
- the third object is to obtain a mobile terminal, a home agent, an access router, and a mobile router that can acquire information for specifying a destination access router without the intervention of an operator. Disclosure of the invention
- a mobile terminal that moves on a predetermined moving route includes a plurality of access routers arranged on the moving route, and A handover method for switching a connected access router while registering a care-of address and a home address in a router with a home agent by a location registration message, wherein the access router includes information on its own device and the mobile terminal uses its own device.
- the mobile terminal transmits a router advertisement including information on a destination access router to be connected next to the mobile terminal, and based on the information on the destination access router included in the router advertisement received from the current access router,
- the home agent generates a care-of address in the destination access router, transmits a pre-location registration message including the generated care-of address and the home address to the home agent, and the home agent receives the pre-location registration message,
- Location registration message A broadcast transmission for transferring a packet addressed to the mobile terminal to a care-of address in the current access router included in the current access router and a care-of address in the destination access router included in the pre-location registration message is started. When a new location registration message is received during transmission, the broadcast transmission is stopped, and the packet addressed to the mobile terminal is forwarded to the care-of address of the current access router included in the newly received location registration message. It is characterized by the following.
- the access router transmits a router advertisement including information on a destination access router to which the mobile terminal connects next, and the mobile terminal transmits a router advertisement to the currently connected access router.
- a care-of address of the next access router to be connected to is generated and registered in the home agent in advance, and the home agent handovers with the access router to which the mobile terminal is currently connected.
- the broadcast transmission for transferring the packet addressed to the mobile terminal is started.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to the first embodiment of the present invention is applied
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a location registration of the communication system according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a sequence diagram for explaining the processing operation
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a second embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an address acquisition process of the communication system according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of FIG. 5.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the third embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a network prefix list stored in a communication system.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a network prefix list generated in the registration learning mode.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a network prefix list generated in the location registration learning mode.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention is applied
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a sequence diagram for explaining an operation of a location registration process of the communication system according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a sequence diagram for explaining an operation of a location registration process of the communication system according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention is applied, and
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a configuration of the seventh embodiment according to the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of the communication system.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the configuration of the communication system according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing the structure of the present invention. Operation of communication system in embodiment 8
- FIG. 17 is a diagram for explaining a local network prefix list
- FIG. 18 is a diagram for explaining a local network prefix list.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram for explaining a local network prefix list
- FIG. 18 is a diagram for explaining a local network prefix list.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram for explaining a global packet prefix list
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing another configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 21 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of the location registration process of the communication system according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the sequence of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of the position registration process of the communication system according to the eighth embodiment.
- FIG. FIG. 24 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of the location registration process of the communication system according to the eighth embodiment.
- FIG. 24 illustrates the operation of the location registration process of the communication system according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of the location registration process of the communication system according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the sequence of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention is applied
- FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the present invention.
- FIG. 27 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of the communication system according to the ninth embodiment.
- FIG. 27 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation of the communication system according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a first embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the communication system shown in FIG. 1 includes a plurality of (in this case, three) access routers 2 (2a, 2b, 2c), a home agent 1, and a mobile terminal 3. .
- the moving direction of the mobile terminal 3 is predetermined, and the access router 2 to which the mobile terminal 3 is handed over from the access router 2 to which the mobile terminal 3 is currently connected is predictable.
- the home agent 1 receives the location registration message from the mobile terminal 3 and manages the correspondence between the address (home address) unique to the mobile terminal 3 and the temporary address (care-of address) at the destination. Also, based on the correspondence between the home address and the care-of address, the home agent 1 adds the bucket addressed to the mobile terminal 3 to the care-of address and adds a capsule (to the bucket addressed to the mobile terminal 3 with an IP header and adds the IP header to the destination address). Address of the mobile terminal 3) and transfer the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3.
- the access router 2 includes a network prefix A (Al, A 2, A 3) assigned by itself to the mobile terminal 3, and a network prefix assigned by the access router 2 of the next destination of the mobile terminal 3. A, and a router advertisement containing the address of the access norator 2 of the movement destination is transmitted. It is assumed that the network prefix A assigned to the next access router 2 and the address of the next access router 2 are set in the access router 2 in advance.
- the mobile terminal 3 sends the network advertisement included in the router advertisement transmitted by the access router 2
- a care-of address is generated based on the identifier of the own device (for example, a MAC address of Layer 2), and the generated care-of address and the home address, which is a unique IP address of the mobile terminal 3, are transmitted to the home agent by a location registration message. Register to 1.
- the access router 2 sends the router's advertisement specified by RFC 769 for communication by IPV 4 or the router advertisement specified by RFC 2463 for communication by IPV 6, A router with the network prefix A assigned to the mobile terminal 3 by its own device, the network prefix A assigned by the destination access router 2 to the mobile terminal 3 and the address of the destination access router 2 Broadcast advertisements periodically.
- the router advertisement of the access router 2a includes the network prefix A assigned by the access router 2a to the mobile terminal 3. 1 (P 1- efix A l in FIG. 2), the network prefix assigned to mobile terminal 3 by access router 2 b A2 (Pre rei ⁇ 2 in FIG. 2) and the IP address AR2 of the access router 2b (Address AR2 in FIG. 2).
- the router advertisement of the access router 2b includes the network prefix A2 assigned by the access router 2b to the mobile terminal 3, the network prefix A3 assigned by the access router 2c to the mobile terminal 3, and the IP address AR of the access router 2c. 3 are included. Since access router 2c does not have a next access router, the router advertisement of access router 2c includes only the network prefix A2 assigned by access router 2b to mobile terminal 3. .
- the mobile terminal 3 detects that it has moved (handover) at the wireless layer level or the physical layer level (step S011). Specifically, for example, in the case of a wireless LAN, a handover is detected based on a change in the connected access point.
- the mobile terminal 3 When the mobile terminal 3 detects that the connection destination has been changed to the access point 2a, the mobile terminal 3 already has a network advertisement of the access point 2a by a router advertisement of the access point (not shown) before the movement. If the address AR1 of A1 and the access point 2a has been acquired, a care-of address CoA1 is generated from the network prefix Al and the MAC address of the own device (step SO02). The mobile terminal 3 registers the care-of address CoA1 and the home address HoA generated by the location registration message in the home agent 1 (step S003). .
- the mobile terminal 3 receives the router advertisement. After that (step SO 04), the network prefix A 1 included in the received router advertisement and the address AR 1 of the access router are obtained, and a care-of address Co A 1 is generated. The mobile terminal 3 sends the generated care-of address Co A1 and home address Ho A to the home address by the location registration message. Agent 1 (step SO 05).
- the mobile terminal 3 acquires the network prefix A2 assigned by the destination (in this case, the access router 2b) included in the router advertisement of the access router 2a, and the IP address AR2 of the access router 2b.
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address CoA2 from the network prefix A2 and its own MAC address (step S 06).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the generated care-of address Co A2 and home address Ho A with the home agent 1 through pre-location registration via the currently connected access router 2a (step S007).
- the pre-location registration is a message in which the mobile terminal 3 notifies the home agent 1 of the next destination care-of address and home address before moving.
- Home agent 1 recognizes the original location of mobile terminal 3 as the care-of address notified in the location registration message (in this case, care-of address CoA 1).
- the home agent 1 When the care-of address Co A 2 and the home address Ho A of the next destination of the mobile terminal 3 are registered by the pre-location registration, the home agent 1 sends a packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 to the mobile terminal 3. Then, broadcast transmission to the care-of addresses CoA1 and CoA2 is started (step S008).
- the mobile terminal 3 moves further and detects the movement at the wireless layer level or the physical layer level (step S 009), the mobile terminal 3 already has the IP address AR 2 of the access router 2 b in the router advertisement of the access router 2 a. Has been acquired.
- the mobile terminal 3 starts an address resolution procedure (ARP procedure) for acquiring the layer 2 address of the access router 2b, and acquires the MAC address of the access router 2b from the access router 2 for message transfer (step S 010).
- ARP procedure address resolution procedure
- the mobile terminal 3 sends a home address CoA2 and a home address HoA generated based on the network prefix A2 obtained from the router advertisement of the access router 2a and the MAC address of its own device by the home agent using the location registration message. Register to 1 (step S 01 1).
- the home agent 1 stops transmitting the packet addressed to the care-of address CoA 1 when transmitting the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3, and Only the bucket addressed to the care-of address CoA2 is transmitted (step S012). That is, the broadcast transmission to the care-of address CoA 1 and the care-of address CoA 2 is stopped.
- the access router 2 transmits the router advertisement including the network prefix A and the address AR of the access router 2 to which the mobile terminal 3 connects next in the router advertisement.
- mobile terminal 3 Before the handover, mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address of the next access router to be connected, CoA, and registers it in home agent 1 in advance.
- Home agent 1 is the access router to which mobile terminal 3 is currently connected. Forwards the bucket addressed to mobile terminal 3 to the access router that performs the handover, and starts the broadcast transmission, thereby reducing the overhead of the control procedure for performing location registration after the handover and reducing the time of handover. Bucket loss can be suppressed.
- the access router 2 since the access router 2 includes in the router advertisement the network prefix A and the address AR of the access router 2 to which the mobile terminal 3 connects next, the mobile terminal 3
- the address resolution procedure for acquiring the layer 2 address of the access router 2 after the handover can be performed without waiting for the router advertisement from the access router 2 after the handover for the location registration message.
- the router advertisement of the access router 2 includes the network prefix A.
- the care-of address COA may be included instead of the network prefix A.
- the mobile terminal 3 may perform location registration or advance location registration using the notified care-of address COA without generating the care-of address COA.
- the mobile terminal 3 When acquiring the layer 2 address of the access router 2b, the mobile terminal 3 transmits the address 2 from the access router 2a instead of invoking the address resolution procedure (ARP procedure).
- the MAC advertisement of the access router 2b may be included in the router advertisement, and the MAC advertisement may be obtained from the router advertisement.
- the MAC address of the access router 2b may be included in the router advertisement in step S004 of the sequence diagram shown in FIG.
- Embodiment 2 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
- FIG. 1 in access router 2, network prefix A assigned by mobile terminal 3 to which mobile terminal 3 moves next to mobile terminal 3 and address AR of access router 2 to which mobile terminal 3 moves are set in advance. It has been set.
- the access router 2 sets in advance only the network prefix A assigned by the access router 2 to which the mobile terminal 3 moves next, and communicates between the adjacent access routers 2. The address of the destination access router 2 is obtained.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a second embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the access router 2 can communicate with the adjacent access router 2, and the other configuration is the same as that of the communication system according to the first embodiment shown in FIG. It is.
- Components having the same functions as those of the communication system shown in FIG. 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description will be omitted.
- the access router 2 of state 2 has a function of acquiring the address of the access router 2 from the adjacent access router 2 using the anycast address, in addition to the function of the access router 2 of the first embodiment.
- the location registration processing is the same operation as in the first embodiment, and therefore the description is omitted here, and an example is given in which the access router 2a acquires the address of the access router 2b at the destination. Only the operation of the address acquisition processing will be described.
- the mobile terminal 3 is connected to the access router 2a for communication, and is moving in the direction of the access router 2b.
- the access router 2a transmits an address acquisition request packet using an anycast address having a network prefix A2 assigned by the access router 2b to which the mobile terminal 3 moves next as a part of the destination address. (Step S101). Note that it is assumed that the anycast end dress is set in the access router 2a in advance.
- the address acquisition request bucket arriving at the subnet to which the access router 2b belongs is set in advance so that only the access router 2b among the routers in the subnet responds.
- the access router 2b Upon receiving the address acquisition request packet, the access router 2b transmits an address acquisition response packet in which the IP address disclosed to the mobile terminal 3 is set to the access router 2a (step S102). .
- the access router 2 a includes a network prefix Al assigned by the access router 2 a to the mobile terminal 3, a network prefix A 2 assigned by the access router 2 b to the mobile terminal 3, and the access router 2 acquired by the address acquisition packet.
- the router advertisement containing the IP address AR2 of b is multicast transmitted.
- only the network prefix A assigned by the next destination access router 2 is set in the access router 2, and the next destination is designated by the e-cast address. It communicates with the access router 2 and the destination access router 2 obtains the IP address disclosed to the mobile terminal 3.Therefore, it is necessary to change the network configuration or replace the router due to equipment failure. Even when the address of the destination access router 2 is changed due to activation or the like, the IP address of the adjacent access router 2 can be acquired and the router advertisement can be transmitted without the intervention of an operator.
- Embodiment 3 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 5 and FIG.
- the network prefix A assigned to the mobile terminal 3 by the next destination access router 2 and the address AR of the access router 2 are included in the router advertisement.
- the access router 2 includes the network prefix A assigned by the adjacent access routers 2 and the address AR of the access router, respectively, so that the mobile terminal 3 moves to the next access router 2 Is determined.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a third embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the communication system according to the third embodiment includes a mobile terminal 3a instead of the mobile terminal 3 of the communication system shown in FIG.
- Components having the same components and functions as those of the communication system shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and overlapping description will be omitted.
- the mobile terminal 3a has a function of storing a care-of address list (access router identification list in claims) in which the care-of addresses of the access router 2 to which the mobile terminal 3a is connected are registered in chronological order, that is, in the order of travel routes. ing.
- the care-of addresses CoA0, CoAl, CoA2, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇
- a care-of address list registered in the order of is stored.
- the access router 2 includes a network prefix A assigned by the own device, a network prefix A assigned by the adjacent access router 2 on both sides of the own device, and an address AR of the access router 2 adjacent on both sides of the own device.
- Router broadcasts advertisements. That is, the access router 2 is the mobile terminal 3 It does not depend on the direction in which it moves, and it broadcasts the network prefix A assigned by the adjacent access router 2 on both sides of its own device and the address AR of the adjacent access router 2 in the router advertisement.
- the access router 2 is assigned to the network 1 and network assigned by one adjacent access router 2.
- NULL is set in the network prefix and address area that includes the prefix A and the address AR and is assigned by the nonexistent access router.2 in the router advertisement.
- the access router 2a is adjacent to an access router (not shown) and the access router 2b, and the router advertisement of the access router 2a includes a network prefix A l assigned by itself and an access router.
- the router advertisement transmitted by the access router 2 b adjacent to the access router 2 a and the access router 2 c includes a network prefix A 2 assigned by the own device, a network prefix A 1 assigned by the access norator 2 a, The address AR1 of the access router 2a, the network prefix A3 assigned by the access router 2c, and the address AR3 of the access router 2c are included.
- the router advertisement of the access router 2c includes the network prefix A3 assigned by the own device, the network prefix A2 assigned by the access router 2b, The address AR2 of the access router 2b is set, and “NULL” is set in the network prefix area corresponding to the access router where no router advertisement exists and the address area of the access router. You.
- Access router 2 multicasts a router advertisement.
- the mobile terminal 3 a determines the moving direction based on the stored care-of address list and the router advertisement from the access router 2.
- the router advertisement from the access router 2b includes the network prefix A2 assigned to the currently connected access router 2b and the network prefixes Al and A assigned by the adjacent access routers 2a and 2c. 3 are included.
- the mobile terminal 3a generates the network prefixes A1 to A3, the MAC address and power of the own device, and the care-of addresses CoAl to CoA3.
- the mobile terminal 3a determines the moving direction based on the generated care-of addresses CoAl to CoA3 and the care-of address list. In this case, since the care-of address list transits to the care-of address Co AO, CoAl, Co A2,..., NULL, it is moving from access router 2a to access router 2c. Is determined.
- the mobile terminal 3a generates a care-of address CoA3 based on the network prefix A3 of the access router 2c to be moved next and the MAC address of its own device, and performs the location registration described in the first embodiment. Perform pre-position registration for processing.
- the mobile terminal 3a connects to the access router 2c and receives the router advertisement.
- the router advertisement of the access router 2c includes "NULL" indicating that there is no adjacent access router other than the access router 2b.
- the mobile terminal 3a determines that the traveling direction is reversed, that is, the mobile terminal 3a moves in the order of the access routers 2c, 2b, and 2a. Also, when the mobile terminal 3a first receives a router advertisement from the access router 2c after turning on the power, it determines that the mobile terminal 3a moves in the order of the access routers 2c, 2b, and 2a.
- the mobile terminal 3a generates a care-of address based on the network prefix A2 of the access router 2b that moves next and the MA.C address of its own device, as described in the first embodiment. Perform pre-position registration in the position registration process.
- the mobile terminal 3 stores the care-of address list in which the care-of addresses of the access routers to which the mobile terminal 3 moves are registered in chronological order, and moves based on the stored care-of address list and the router advertisement.
- Determine the destination access router Access router 2 only needs to include the network prefix and address of the access router adjacent to its own device in the router advertisement, and it is necessary to change the contents of the router advertisement for each moving direction of the mobile terminal. And maintenance of network equipment can be simplified.
- Embodiment 4 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- the network prefix A assigned by the next destination access router 2 and the address AR of the next destination access router, or the network prefix A assigned by the next destination access router 2 are accessed. It is assumed that it is set in router 2 in advance.
- the home agent moves the mobile terminal 3 in the location registration learning mode to generate a network prefix list 1 corresponding to the moving direction of the mobile terminal 3, and generates the generated network. It distributes the prefix list to the access router.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the communication system of the fourth embodiment includes a home agent 1a instead of the home agent 1 of the communication system shown in FIG.
- the same components as those of the communication system shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description will be omitted.
- the home agent 1 a is the position registration learning mode, the care Adoresu and home address of the care-only Adoresu registered by location registration message from the mobile terminal 3 or the network prefix contained in the gas ⁇ only Adoresu, and sequential memory, An access router identification list corresponding to the moving direction is generated. Further, the home agent 1 a is in the normal operation mode, a function of the home agent 1 shown in Figure 1 has, i.e. the home address and the care Adore scan the pair of mobile terminals 3 - manages response, home address The packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 is encapsulated based on the correspondence between the packet and the care-of address, and the packet transmitted with the capability is transmitted.
- the network prefix Access router identification list (hereinafter referred to as network prefix list) as an example.
- the access router 2 is multicast-transmitting a router advertisement including only the network prefix A of its own device.
- the mobile terminal 3 When receiving the router advertisement from the access router 2a, the mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address Co A1 based on the network prefix A1 of the access router 2a and the MAC address of the own device, and generates the The care-of address CoAl and the home address Ho A are registered in the home agent 1a by the location registration message.
- the care-of address CoAl includes the network prefix A1.
- the home agent 1 a stores the net Wa click prefix A 1 in the care- ⁇ dress Co A1 notified by the location registration message.
- the mobile terminal 3 When the mobile terminal 3 receives the router advertisement of the access router 2b due to the movement of the own device, the mobile terminal 3 uses the network prefix A2 of the access router 2b and the MAC address of the own device to perform a care-of address C o A2. Is generated, and the generated care-of address Co A2 and home address Ho A are registered in the home agent 1a by a location registration message. Note that the care-of address Co A2 includes the network prefix A2.
- the home agent 1 a stores the net Wa click prefix A 2 in a care ⁇ address C o A2 notified by the location registration message.
- the mobile terminal 3 When the mobile terminal 3 receives the router advertisement of the access router 2c due to the movement of the own device, the mobile terminal 3 uses the network prefix A3 of the access router 2c and the MAC address of the own device to perform the care-of address Co. A3 is generated, and the generated care-of address CoA3 and home address HoA are registered in the home agent 1a by a location registration message. Note that the care-of address Co A3 Includes talk prefix A3.
- the home agent 1 a stores the net Wa click prefix A 3 in the care- ⁇ address C o A 3 notified by the location registration message.
- the mobile terminal 3 After transmitting the location registration message of the last access router 2c in the movement direction X1 to the home agent 1a, the mobile terminal 3 notifies the home agent 1a that the movement in the movement direction X1 has been completed. Notice.
- the home agent 1 a receives a notification that the mobile is terminated from the mobile terminal 3, and generates a net Wa click prefix list in the moving direction XI as shown in FIG. 8, and stores the generated list.
- the mobile terminal 3 When the mobile terminal 3 is moved in the moving direction X2, the mobile terminal 3 transmits a location registration message to the home agent 1a in the order of the access routers 2c, 2b, and 2a.
- the home agent 1a sequentially acquires the network prefixes A3, A2, A1 of the access routers 2c, 2b, 2a, and obtains the network prefix of the moving direction X2 as shown in FIG. Generate a list of lists and note the list.
- the home agent 1 a distributes the network prefix list of the moving directions X 1 and X 2 stored in the location registration learning mode to the access router 2.
- the access router 2 Upon receiving the network prefix list of the moving direction XI, X2, the access router 2 stores the received list. Then, based on the stored list, the network prefix A assigned to the mobile terminal 3 by the own apparatus described in the first embodiment, and the network prefix A assigned by the next access router 2 of the mobile terminal 3 described in the first embodiment.
- a router advertisement including the address AR of the access norator 2 of the destination, or the network prefix A assigned by the own device described in the third embodiment, and a network assigned by the access router 2 adjacent to both sides of the own device. Broadcast transmission of router advertisement including work prefix A and address AR of adjacent access router 2 on both sides of own device.
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address based on the router advertisement or the network prefix A of the next access router 2 acquired from the router advertisement and the MAC address of its own device. Perform pre-position registration for the described position registration process.
- the home agent 1a stores the network prefixes included in the care-of address in the location registration message sequentially registered by the movement of the mobile terminal 3 in the location registration learning mode in the order of registration. Therefore, a network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction is generated and the generated list is distributed to the access router, so that it is not necessary to individually set the network prefix of the access router adjacent to the access router. Maintenance of the pererator can be simplified.
- home agent 1 receives two registration messages of location registration from mobile terminal 3 and advance location registration, and determines the current care-of address and the care-of address of the destination. , A bucket addressed to mobile terminal 3 was broadcast.
- the fifth embodiment uses the location registration learning mode of the fourth embodiment to perform broadcast transmission from the time of location registration using a location registration message without performing advance location registration.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the communication system of the fifth embodiment includes a home agent 1b instead of the home agent 1a of the communication system of the fourth embodiment shown in FIG.
- the same components as those of the communication system shown in FIG. 7 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description will be omitted.
- the home agent 1b generates and stores a network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction of the mobile terminal 3 in the location registration learning mode.
- the home agent 1 b is a location register transmitted from the mobile terminal 3 in the normal operation mode. Based on the message and the stored network prefix list, the mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address of the next access router 2 to be moved.
- the home agent 1b generates a network prefix list for the moving directions X1 and X2 (see FIG. 8 and FIG. 9) in the location registration learning mode. And remember it.
- the access router 2 multicast-transmits a router advertisement including the network prefix A assigned to the mobile terminal 3 by itself (step S201).
- the mobile terminal 3 is moving in the direction of movement X1, receives the router advertisement from the access router 2a, and receives the network prefix A1 of the access router 2a included in the router advertisement and its own device.
- the care-of address including the terminal identifier (interface identifier) and the network prefix A1 from the MAC address
- the mobile terminal 3 sends the generated care-of address CoA1, the home address HoA, and the traveling direction flag indicating the traveling direction of the own device (in this case, the traveling direction XI) to the home agent 1 by the location registration message.
- Register to b Step S 20
- the home agent 1b extracts the terminal identifier in the care-of address COA1 included in the position registration message transmitted first after the mobile terminal 3 starts moving (step S204).
- the home agent 1b recognizes that the mobile terminal 3 is moving in the moving direction X1, based on the traveling direction flag included in the location registration message.
- the home agent lb recognizes the moving direction X1
- the home agent lb reads the network prefix list of the moving direction X1 shown in Fig. 8 from the stored network prefix list.
- the network included in the care-of address C A1 registered by the location registration message is added.
- a care-of address CoA2 of the destination access router 2b is generated (step S205).
- the home agent 1b When the home agent 1b receives the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3, the home agent 1b encapsulates the received packet and starts the broadcast transmission to the care-of address CoA1 and the care-of address CoA2 (step S2). 0 6).
- the mobile terminal 3 moves and connects (handover) to the access router 2b.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover at the wireless layer level or the physical layer level (step S207).
- the mobile terminal 3 receives the router advertisement from the access router 2b and, based on the network prefix A2 of the access router 2b included in the router advertisement and the MAC address of its own device, A care-of address CoA2 including the identifier and the network prefix A2 is generated.
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the generated care-of address CoA 2 and the home address in the home agent 1b by a location registration message (step S208). Since the mobile terminal 3 notifies the home agent 1b of the movement direction flag indicating the movement direction XI by the position registration message when connected to the access router 2a, the mobile terminal 3 omits the case of movement in the same direction.
- the location registration message may include the movement direction flag.
- the home agent 1b Upon receiving the location registration message from the mobile terminal 3, the home agent 1b stops transmitting the bucket addressed to the care-of address CoA1. The home agent 1 b detects the next destination network prefix A 3 from the stored network prefix list based on the network prefix A 2 in the care-of address C A 2 included in the location registration message. . Then, based on the detected network prefix A3 and the terminal identifier, a care-of address CoA3 of the next access router 2c to be moved is generated.
- home agent 1 b When home agent 1 b receives the bucket addressed to mobile terminal 3, it receives it.
- the bucket is encapsulated and broadcast transmission to the care-of address COA 2 and the care-of address COA 3 is started (step S209).
- the network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction generated by the location registration learning mode and the care-of address CoA included in the location registration message from the mobile terminal 3 are described.
- the home agent 1b generates a care-of address CoA of the access router 2 to which the mobile terminal 3 moves next based on the network prefix A in the Since the broadcast communication is performed, it is not necessary to include the information of the adjacent access router 2 in the router advertisement transmitted from the access norator 2, and the mobile terminal 3 transmits only the location registration message after the handover. It only has to be transmitted, and the sequence of the location registration process can be simplified.
- the home agent 1a is provided with a location registration learning mode function.
- the mobile terminal 3 has a location registration learning mode function, generates a network prefix list 1 corresponding to the moving direction, and distributes the generated list to the home agent 1. is there.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the communication system according to the fifth embodiment includes a mobile terminal 3b instead of the mobile terminal 3 of the communication system shown in FIG. No.
- the mobile terminal 3b In the location registration learning mode, when the mobile terminal 3b receives the router advertisement including only the network prefix A of the access router 2 transmitted from the access router 2 , the mobile terminal 3b sequentially stores the network prefix A and stores the network prefix A in the movement direction X1. Generate a network prefix list (see Figs. 8 and 9) corresponding to X2 and X2, and send the generated list to the home agent 1 by prefix list notification. It has a function to distribute to.
- the location registration learning mode is set for the mobile terminal 3b, and the mobile terminal 3b is moved in the movement direction X1.
- the mobile terminal 3b Upon receiving the router advertisement of the access router 2a, the mobile terminal 3b acquires the network prefix A1 in the router advertisement and stores the acquired network prefix A1.
- the mobile terminal 3b Upon receiving the router advertisement of the access router 2b, the mobile terminal 3b acquires the network prefix A2 in the router advertisement and stores the acquired network prefix A2.
- the mobile terminal 3b Upon receiving the router advertisement of the access router 2c, the mobile terminal 3b acquires the network prefix A3 in the router advertisement and stores the acquired network prefix A3.
- the mobile terminal 3b obtains the network prefixes A1, A2, and A3 in the order of the access routers 2a, 2b, and 2c by moving in the direction of movement XI.
- a network prefix list corresponding to the indicated moving direction X1 is generated, and the generated list is stored.
- the mobile terminal 3 b obtains the network prefixes A 3, A 2, and Al in the order of the access routers 2 c, 2 b, and 2 a in the opposite direction of the movement direction X 1 by moving in the direction of the movement direction X 2. Then, a network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction X2 shown in FIG. 9 is generated, and the generated list is stored.
- the mobile terminal 3b notifies the home agent 1 of the generated network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction as a prefix list notification.
- Home agent 1 distributes a network pre-status list corresponding to the notified traveling direction to access router 2.
- the mobile terminal 3b generates and generates the network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction in the location registration learning mode. Since the list is notified to the home agent 1, a network prefix list can be generated without providing a location registration learning mode function on the network side, thereby simplifying the network side function. Can be.
- the mobile terminal 3 b distributes the network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction to the access router 2 via the home agent 1. Notify the nearest access router 2 of the network prefix list corresponding to, and the notified nearest access router 2 forwards the network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction to all other access routers 2. Or forward to home agent 1 and all other access routers 2.
- the mobile terminal 3b generates a network prefix list in which a network prefix is registered, but may generate a network prefix list in which a care-of address is registered. . If the mobile terminal 3b generates a network prefix list in which the care-of address is registered, it becomes unnecessary to set the network prefix list stored in the mobile terminal 3 in the above-described third embodiment via an operator. Operator maintenance can be simplified.
- Embodiment 7 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14.
- FIG. in the third embodiment the router advertisement of the access router 2 includes the network prefix A assigned by the adjacent access routers 2 and the address AR of the access router 2 respectively.
- Embodiment 7 a case will be described in which the moving direction of the mobile terminal 3 has a branch, and there are a plurality of candidates for the access router 2 in a certain direction.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which a handover method according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the communication system according to the seventh embodiment has an access router adjacent to the access router 2c of the communication system shown in FIG.
- the access routers 2 d and 2 e have been added.
- Components having the same functions as those of the communication system shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description will be omitted.
- Access routers 2d and 2e have the same functions as access routers 2a to 2c.
- the access router 2a has a network prefix A 1 assigned by the access router 2a to the mobile terminal 3, a network prefix A 2 assigned by the access router 2b to the mobile terminal 3, and an IP address of the access / lator 2b.
- the router advertisement including the address AR2 is transmitted by the access router 2b to the network prefix A2 assigned by the access router 2b to the mobile terminal 3, the network prefix A3 assigned by the access router 2c to the mobile terminal 3, and
- the router advertisement containing the IP address AR3 of the access notator 2c is sent to the access router 2c.
- the access router 2c assigns the network prefix A3 to the mobile terminal 3 and the access router 2d assigns the Network prefix A 4, access router 2d IP address AR 4, access router 2e 3 Nettowa one click prefix A 5 assigned to, and the access router 2 e of I P Adoresu AR 5 to the including router advertisement is multicast transmission.
- the mobile terminal 3 performs the location registration processing described in the first embodiment, moves to the access routers 2a, 2b, and 2c in this order, and is currently connected to the access router 2c.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover at the link level (radio layer level or physical layer level) (step S301).
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address C0A.3 based on the network prefix A3 of the access router 2c and the MAC address of its own device.
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the generated care-of address CoA 3 and home address HoA with the home agent 1 by a location registration message (step S302).
- the mobile terminal 3 receives the router advertisement of the access router 2c (step S303), and includes the network prefixes of the access routers 2d and 2e in the router advertisement. Since A4 and A5 and the IP addresses AR4 and AR5 exist, it recognizes that there are two destination access routers.
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address Co A4 from the network prefix A4 and its own MAC address, and generates a care-of address C A5 from the network prefix A5 and its own MAC address. (Step S304).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the set of the care-of address Co A4 and the home address Ho A and the set of the care-of address Co A5 and the home address Ho A in the home agent by prior location registration (step S305). .
- the home agent 1 When the home agent 1 receives the pre-location registration, when transferring the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3, the home agent 1 registers the care-of address CoA 3 registered by the location registration message and the pre-location registration.
- the bucket is encapsulated using the care-of addresses CoA4 and CoA5, and broadcast transmission is started (step S306).
- the mobile terminal 3 has moved under the access router 2d.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover (in this case, a handover from the access router 2c to the access router 2d) at the link level (step S307), the mobile terminal 3 connects the network prefetcher A4 of the access router 2d to its own device. Based on the MAC address of the home agent, a care-of address C O A 4 is generated, and the generated care-of address C O A 4 and home address Ho A are registered in the home agent 1 by a location registration message (step S 308). ).
- the home agent 1 Upon receiving the location registration message of the care-of address CoA4 and the home address Ho A, the home agent 1 transmits a packet addressed to the care-of address CoA3 and a care-of address CoA5 when transmitting a packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3. It stops and sends only the bucket addressed to the care-of address CoA4 (step S309). That is, the broadcast transmission to the care-of addresses CoA3 and CoA5 is stopped. .
- the mobile terminal 3 determines whether or not the network prefix and the address of the plurality of access routers exist in the router advertisement. Generates care-of addresses for all access routers, registers them in home agent 1 by prior location registration, and starts broadcast transmission.
- the home agent 1 receives the location registration message from the mobile terminal 3 during the broadcast transmission, the home agent 1 stops transmitting packets using care-of addresses other than the care-of address notified by the location registration message. As a result, even when the moving direction of the mobile terminal 3 is branched, packet loss due to handover can be reduced.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- the communication system according to the eighth embodiment includes a home agent 1, a plurality (two in this case) of hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b, and a plurality (six in this case) of access routers 2 (2a , 2 b, 2 c, 2 d, 2 e, 2 f) and a mobile terminal 3.
- Home agent 1 manages hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b and has a function to generate a global prefix list in the location registration learning mode.
- the hierarchical home agent 8a processes the local location registration message from the mobile terminal 3 to manage the position of the mobile terminal 3 and Then, the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 is transferred to the access routers 2a to 2c at the destination. In the location registration learning mode, the hierarchical home agent 8a generates a local prefix list of the access routers 2a to 2c managed by itself.
- the hierarchical home agent 8b processes the local location registration message from the mobile terminal 3 and manages the location of the mobile terminal 3 when the mobile terminal 3 is connected to the access routers 2d to 2f. At the same time, the layered home agent 8b forwards the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 to the destination access router 2 (! ⁇ 2f. In the location registration learning mode, the hierarchical home agent 8b manages the access router 2d ⁇ 2 f Generate a locale prefix list.
- the access routers 2a to 2f communicate with the network prefixes A1 to A3 and B1 to B3 of the own device and the global home agents 8a and 8b that manage the own device.
- the router advertisement including the network prefixes AA and BB is transmitted by multicast, and the notification from the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b is received, the router advertisement including the information based on the received notification is multicast transmitted.
- FIGS. 16 to 24 an example will be described in which mobile terminal 3 moves in the order of access routers 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2d, and 2f.
- the operation of the communication system according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the home agent 1 and the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b generate a glow / renet Hook prefix list and a locale network prefix list. The operation will be described.
- the location registration learning mode is set for home agent 1 and hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b.
- the access routers 2a to 2f communicate with the local node network prefixes A1 to A3 and B1 to B3 assigned to the mobile terminal 3 by the own device and the hierarchical home agent 8a for managing the own device. , 8b, and multicasts the router advertisement including the global network prefixes AA and BB.
- the mobile terminal 3 uses the local care-of address C o based on the local network prefix A 1 of the access router 2a included in the router advertisement of the access router 2a and its own MAC address.
- A1 is generated, and the generated local care-of address CoA1 and home address HoA are registered as a oral location registration message in the hierarchical home agent 8a.
- the care-of address C Co A 1 contains the mouth prefix K 1.
- the hierarchical home agent 8a identifies the local network prefix A 1 in the care-of address C o A 1 notified by the local location registration message.
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a global care-of address AX based on the global network prefix of the hierarchical home agent 8a included in the router advertisement of the access router 2a and the MAC address of its own device,
- the generated global care-of address AX and home address HoA are registered in the home agent 1 by a global location registration message.
- the global care-of address AX includes the global network prefix AA.
- Home agent 1 stores the global network prefix AA in the care-of address notified by the global location registration message.
- the local care-of addresses CoA2 and CoA3 are generated based on the local address 3 and the own device's MA address, and the generated local care-of addresses CoA2, CoA3 and the home address HOA. Are registered in the hierarchical home agent 8a by the local location registration message.
- the hierarchical home agent 8a registers the local network prefixes A1 to A3 in the order in which the local location registration messages are received, that is, in the order of the access routers 2a, 2b, and 2c to which the mobile terminal 3 is connected. Then, the generated locale network prefix list 10a (see Fig. 17) is generated.
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a global care-of address AX based on the global network prefix AA of the hierarchical home agent 8a included in the router advertisement of the access routers 2b and 2c and the MAC address of its own device.
- the generated global care-of address AX and home address HoA are registered in the home agent 1 by a global location registration message.
- Mobile terminal 3 is access router 2c! ⁇ 2 ⁇ , the local router A4 ⁇ A6 of the access router 2d ⁇ 2f included in the router advertisement of the access router 2d ⁇ 2f and the local network MAC address of its own device. Mind Generates the attached addresses Co A4 to Co A6, and sequentially registers the generated local care addresses Co A4 to Co A6 and the home address Ho A as a local location registration message in the hierarchical home agent 8b. I do.
- Mobile terminal 3 is access router 2c!
- the global care-of address BX is generated based on the global network prefix BB of the hierarchical home agent 8b included in the router advertisement of ⁇ 2f and the MAC address of its own device, and the generated global care-of address BX and home address.
- Ho A is registered with home agent 1 by a global location registration message.
- the hierarchical home agent 8b receives the local location registration message, that is, the local router that has registered the network prefixes B1 to B4 in the order of the access routers 2d, 2e, and 2f connected to the mobile terminal 3. Generate the network prefix list 1 ⁇ b (see Fig. 18).
- the home agent 1 generates a global network prefix list 11 as shown in FIG. 19 from the transition state of the care-of addresses AX and BX of the global location registration message received from the mobile terminal 3.
- the hierarchized home agent 8a includes access routers 2a corresponding to the local network prefixes A1 to A3 of the access routers 2a to 2c managed by the own device and the local prefixes A1 to A3 of the local routers.
- the home agent 1 is notified of the addresses AR1 to AR3 of ⁇ 2c (step S401).
- the hierarchical home agent 8b is an access router 2c!
- the address AR4 to AR6 of the access router 2d to 2f corresponding to the local prefixes B1 to B3 and the local prefixes B1 to B3 of ⁇ 2f are assigned to the home agent 1. Notification is made (step S402).
- Home agent 1 hierarchizes the subordinate home agent 8a corresponding to the network prefixes AA and BB registered in global network prefix list 11 and global network prefix list 11.
- Home agent 8a, 8b address HHA, HHB, floor Among the access routers 2 d to 2 f under the layered home agent 8 b, the address AR4 of the access router 2 c adjacent to the layered home agent 8 a and the access router 2 d adjacent to the layered home agent 8 a and the access router 2 d are allocated.
- the network prefix B1 is distributed (step S403).
- the hierarchized home agent 8a includes access routers 2a to 2d corresponding to the local network prefixes A1 to A3 and B1 notified from the home agent 1 and the local network prefixes A1 to A3 and B1.
- the accessors AR1 to AR4 are notified of the address AR1 to AR4 (step S404
- the access routers 2a and 2b Upon receipt of the notification from the hierarchical home agent 8a, the access routers 2a and 2b communicate with the local network prefix assigned to the mobile terminal 3 by the own device, and the gateway assigned by the next access router next to the mobile terminal 3.
- Router advertisement including the Calnet prefix and the address of the destination access router, or the local network prefix assigned by the own device, the local network prefix assigned by the adjacent access router on both sides of the own device, and both sides of the own device
- the multicast transmission of the router advertisement including the address of the access router adjacent to the router is started (steps S405 and S406).
- the hierarchical home agent 8a recognizes from the transition of the network prefix that the access router 2c is located at the boundary with the adjacent hierarchical home agent 8b.
- the hierarchical home agent 8a sends to the access router 2c the local network prefixes A1 to A3 and B1 notified to the access routers 2a and 2b, and the local prefixes A1 to A3 and B
- the address HHB of the hierarchical home agent 8b and the global network prefix BB of the hierarchical home agent 8b are also notified (step S40). 7).
- the access router 2c Upon receiving the notification from the hierarchical home agent 8a, the access router 2c The low power network prefix assigned by the own device to the mobile terminal 3, the local network prefix assigned by the next access router next to the mobile terminal 3, the address of the access router of the destination, the hierarchical home agent 8b. Router advertisement including the address and the global network prefix of the hierarchical home agent 8b, or the network prefix assigned by the own device, or the network prefix assigned by the adjacent access router on both sides of the own device.
- the multicast transmission of a norator advertisement including the address of the access router adjacent to both sides of the local device, the address of the hierarchical home agent 8b, and the global network prefix of the hierarchical home agent 8b is started (step S4). 0 8)
- the hierarchical home agent 8a is connected to the access router 2c, the address HH B of the hierarchical home agent 8b, the global network prefix BB of the hierarchical home agent 8b, and the access router 2d.
- the operation of notifying the network prefix B 1 in the address AR 4 and the accessor 2 d has been described.
- the hierarchical home agent 8 b transmits the access router 2 c
- the hierarchical home agent 8b establishes a communication route to the access router 2c, and the hierarchical home agent 8b addresses the address HHB of the hierarchical home agent 8b and the global network gateway of the hierarchical home agent 8b. Advertises the address BB, the address AR 4 of the access router 2d, and the network prefix B 1 at the access router 2d. Good record, even if the way.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover (in this case, a handover from the access router 2a to the access router 2b) at the link level (step S501 in FIG. 21).
- a handover in this case, a handover from the access router 2a to the access router 2b
- the mobile terminal 3 uses the local network prefix A 2 of the access router 2 and the MAC address of its own device.
- the global care-of-address CoA2 and the global care-of address AX of the mobile terminal 3 are registered in the hierarchical home agent 8a by the local location registration message (step S5 in FIG. 21). 0 2).
- the mobile terminal 3 stores the global care-of address AX generated based on the global network prefix AA of the hierarchical home agent 8a and the MAC address of its own device and the home address HoA by the global location registration message.
- Register with home agent 1 (step S503 in FIG. 21).
- the access router 2b has a local network prefix A2 assigned by the access router 2b, a local network prefix A3 assigned by the next access router 2c, and a next access router 2c.
- the router advertisement including the address AR3, the global network prefix AA of the hierarchical home agent 8a, and the address HHA of the hierarchical home agent 8a is multicast-transmitted (step S504 in FIG. 21).
- the mobile terminal 3 Upon receiving the router advertisement of the access router 2b, the mobile terminal 3 generates a low-level notice address CoA3 based on the local network prefix A3 in the router advertisement and the MAC address of its own device. (Step S505 in FIG. 21) The mobile terminal 3 is connected to the global network of the hierarchical home agent (in this case, the hierarchical home agent 2a) that manages the access router connected at the start of movement. The mobile terminal 3 generates a global care-of address AX based on the global network prefix AA and its own MAC address (step S50 in FIG. 21). 6).
- the hierarchical home agent in this case, the hierarchical home agent 2a
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the local care-of address COA 3, the global care-of address AX and the home address HOA in the hierarchical home agent 8a by pre-location registration (step S507 in FIG. 21). ).
- the hierarchical home agent 8a Upon receiving the pre-location registration, the hierarchical home agent 8a sends the This packet is encapsulated, and the broadcast transmission to the care-of addresses CoA2 and CoA3 is started (step S508 in FIG. 21).
- Mobile terminal 3 Move to connect to access norator 2c.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover at the link level (step S509 in FIG. 22).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the local care-of address CoA3, the global care-of address AX, and the home address HoA in the hierarchical home agent 8a by a local location registration message (step S510 in FIG. 22).
- the hierarchical home agent 8a Upon receiving the location registration message, the hierarchical home agent 8a stops the broadcast transmission to the local care-of address CoA2 and CoA3, and sends a packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 to the care-of address. It is transmitted to CoA3 (step S511 in FIG. 22).
- the access router 2 c is a local network prefix A3 of the access router 2 c is assigned, Rokanorene''DOO Wa one click prefix B 1 to the access router 2 d of the next destination is assigned, the next destination access router 2 d Adoresu AR 4. Multicast the data advertisement including the global network prefix BB of the hierarchical home agent 8b and the address HHB of the hierarchical home agent 8b (step S512 in FIG. 22).
- the mobile terminal 3 Upon receiving the router advertisement of the access router 2c, the mobile terminal 3 generates a local care-of address CoA4 based on the local network prefix B1 in the router advertisement and its own MAC address (FIG. 22). Step S 513 of the mobile terminal 3 generates a global care-of address BX based on the global network prefix BB in the router advertisement of the access router 2 c and the MAC address of its own device (step S 514 in FIG. 22). .
- the mobile terminal 3 has acquired the address AR3 of the access router 2c by the router advertisement of the access router 2b.
- the mobile terminal 3 obtains a layer 2 address of the access router 2c using the address AR3 of the access router 2c as a search key.
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the oral care address CoA 4, the global care address BX, and the home address HoA in the hierarchical home agent 8b by prior location registration (step S5 in FIG. 22). 15).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the local care-of address CoA 4, the global care-of address BX, and the home address HoA with the home agent 1 by prior global location registration (step S5 16 in FIG. 22).
- home agent 1 Upon receiving the pre-global location registration, home agent 1 encapsulates the packet addressed to mobile terminal 3 and starts broadcasting to global care-of addresses AX and BX (step S 5 17 in FIG. 22). ).
- the global network prefix and the local network prefix are time-series, respectively.
- Generates a global network prefix list and a locale network prefix list registered in the local network prefix list and generates a global network prefix list, a local network prefix list, and a global network of hierarchical home agents adjacent to the local network prefix list.
- the home agent 1 and the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b When the home agent 1 and the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b have generated the network prefix list, the home agent 1 and the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b receive the location registration message and send the current Notification may be sent.
- FIG. 23 and FIG. 24 An example different from the position registration operation described with reference to FIG. 22 will be described.
- the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b and the home agent 1 use the location registration learning mode to store a local network prefix list and a global network prefix list corresponding to the moving direction of the mobile terminal 3. It is generated and memorized. .
- the access notator 2 b is composed of the local network prefix A 2 assigned by the access / lator 2 b, the local network prefix A 3 assigned by the next access router 2 c, and the next access router 2 c
- the router advertisement including the address AR3 of the hierarchical home agent 8a, the global network prefix AA of the hierarchical home agent 8a, and the address HHA of the hierarchical home agent 8a is multicast-transmitted (step S601 in FIG. 23).
- the mobile terminal 3 Upon receiving the router advertisement of the access router 2b, the mobile terminal 3 generates a low-level care-of-address CoA2 based on the local network prefix A2 and its own MAC address (No. Step S602 in Fig. 23).
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a global care-of address AX based on the global network prefix AA in the router advertisement of the access router 2b and the MAC address of its own device (step S603 in FIG. 23). ).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the low-level care-of-address CoA2, the global care-of address AX, and the traveling direction flag indicating the traveling direction to the hierarchical home agent 8a by using a spoken location registration message (Ste S604 in FIG. 23).
- Mobile terminal 3 the global care-Adoresu AA and home ⁇ dresses H o A Toogu by Rono LES location registration message to register with the home agent 1 (second 3 FIG Step S 6 0 5 of).
- the hierarchical home agent 8a Upon receiving the local location registration message, the hierarchical home agent 8a sends the next destination of mobile terminal 3 based on the stored local network prefix list, local care-of address CoA2, and travel direction flag. Recognize the network prefix A3. The hierarchical home agent 8a is based on the terminal identifier of the oral care address CoA2 and the oral prefix A3, and the local care-of address CoA3 at the destination. Generate When a packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 is received, the packet is encapsulated and broadcast transmission to the low power care-of addresses CoA2 and CoA3 is started (step S60 in FIG. 23). 6). .
- the mobile terminal 3 moves and connects to the access router 2c.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover at the link level ⁇ (step S607 in FIG. 24).
- the access router 2c has a local network prefix A3 assigned by the access router 2c, a local network prefix B1 assigned by the access router 2d of the next mobile fe, and an address AR of the next destination access router 2d. 4. Multicast transmission of router advertisement including global prefix network BB of hierarchical home agent 8b and address HH B of hierarchical home agent 9b (step S608 in FIG. 24) .
- the mobile terminal 3 Upon receiving the router advertisement of the access router 2c, the mobile terminal 3 generates a local care-of address CoA3 based on the low-power / renetwork prefix A3 in the router advertisement and its own MAC address. (Step S609 in FIG. 24) The mobile terminal 3 uses the local location registration message to communicate the oral care-of address CoA3, the global care-of address AX, and the home address HOA with the hierarchical home agent. Register in 8a (step S610 in FIG. 24).
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a local care-of address CoA4 based on the role prefix B1 in the router advertisement of the access router 2c and the MAC address of its own device (step S61 in FIG. 24). 1).
- the mobile terminal 3 generates a global care-of address BX based on the gateway-to-pal network prefix BB in the router advertisement of the access router 2c and the MAC address of its own device (step S6 12 in FIG. 24). ).
- the mobile terminal 3 has a care-of address CoA 4 and a global care-of address BX and a host.
- the mordless HoA is registered in the hierarchical home agent 8b by the low power location registration message (step S613 in FIG. 24).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the global care-of address B X and the home address Ho A with the home agent 1 by the pre-location registration (step S 6 14 in FIG. 24).
- the home agent 1 Upon receiving the pre-location registration, the home agent 1, upon receiving the packet destined for the mobile terminal 3, encapsulates the bucket and starts broadcasting to the global care-of addresses AX and BX. Step S 6 15 in the figure).
- the bucket addressed to the global care-of address BX is once received by the hierarchical home agent 8b, further encapsulated by the hierarchical home agent 8b, and transferred to the local care-of address CoA4.
- the home agent 1 and the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b are moved along with the movement of the mobile terminal 3 in the location registration learning mode! /, A global network prefix, a local network prefix are registered in chronological order, a global network prefix list and a local network prefix list are generated, and the hierarchical home agent 8a, 8b is created.
- the mobile terminal 3 performs a handover under the local location registration message
- the mobile terminal 3 broadcasts the current care-of address and the care-of address of the destination when receiving the local location registration message, and sends the hierarchical home agents 8a and 8b.
- the home agent 1 broadcasts to the current care-of address and the destination care-of address at the time of the advance location registration. Even if a hierarchical configuration is introduced, the overhead of location registration Handover while reducing packet loss.
- Embodiment 8 when the mobile terminal 3 moves under the access router 2c, a pre-location registration message including the global care-of address BX and the home address HoA is transmitted to the home agent 1, The home agent 1 starts the broadcast transmission of the bucket addressed to the mobile terminal 3 in response to this reception. Instead of sending this message, when mobile terminal 3 sends a global location registration message including global care-of address AX and home address HoA to home agent 1, the next destination from the global network prefix list is The global care-of address may be determined, and the broadcast transmission to the current and destination global care-of addresses may be started.
- the layered home agents 8a and 8b having the network prefix of the global care-of address of the destination move the packets transferred from the home agent 1 to the location registration of the corresponding mobile terminal 3 or the advance location registration. Since it is discarded until it is performed, it does not reach the subordinate access router, and invalid traffic can be localized.
- Embodiments 1 to 8 have described the case where mobile terminal 3 is directly accommodated in access router 2.
- a configuration in which a plurality of wireless transceivers are provided under the access router 2 and wireless transceivers with the access router 2 and wireless transceivers are connected with a layer 2 switch will be described. .
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the communication system according to the ninth embodiment includes a layer 2 switch 5a to 5d in which wireless transmitting and receiving devices 6a to 6d are connected under the access router 2a, and a wireless transmitting and receiving device under the access router 2b. It comprises a layer 2 switch 5e, 5f to which devices 6e, 6f are connected, a home agent 1, and a mobile terminal 3.
- Layer 2 switch 5 (5a to 5f) connects to the wireless transceiver 6 (6a to 6f) under the access router 2 so that the packet from the access router 2 is stored in its own device. While transmitting to the transmitter / receiver 6, the bucket from the access router 2 is transferred to the downstream layer 2 switch 5. Further, the layer 2 switch 5 receives the bucket from the downstream and the bucket from the radio transceiver 6 accommodated in the own device. Access router 2.
- the radio transceiver 6 transmits the packet from the layer 2 switch 5 to the mobile terminal 3 using radio, and receives the bucket from the mobile terminal 3 using radio, and transmits the packet from the layer 2 switch 5 to the mobile terminal 3. Transfer to
- the access router 2a periodically transmits a router advertisement to the mobile terminal 3 via the layer 2 switch 5 and the wireless transceiver 6.
- the layer 2 switch 5a connected to the access router 2a transfers the router advertisement to the wireless transceiver 6a connected to its own device and the downstream layer 2 switch 5b.
- the layer 2 switches 5b and 5c forward the router advertisement to the radio transceivers 6b and 6c and the downstream layer switches 5c and 5d, respectively.
- the layer switch 5 d is provided with a TOS (Type Of Service) field of an IP header of a router advertisement from the access router 2 a or a COS (Media Access Control) header of a layer 2 (MA C: Media Access Control) header including a router advertisement packet.
- TOS Type Of Service
- COS Media Access Control
- MA C Media Access Control
- the mobile terminal 3 When the mobile terminal 3 is connected to the access router 2a, the mobile terminal 3 generates a care-of address CoA1 based on the network prefix A1 of the access router 2a and its own MAC address, and generates the generated care-of address.
- the address CoAl and the home address HoA are registered in the home agent 1 by the location registration message via the wireless transceivers 6a to 6d and the layer 2 switches 5a to 5d (step S701). ) o
- the mobile terminal 3 Upon receiving the router advertisement from the access router 2a, the mobile terminal 3 determines whether the specific bit pattern is set in the IP header ToS field or the Layer 2 header CoS field. Determine whether or not. If a specific bit pattern is not set (not marked) in the router advertisement (step S702), The mobile terminal 3 does not perform any processing.
- step S703 If a specific bit pattern is set (marked) in the router advertisement (step S703), the mobile terminal 3 uses the network prefix A2 in the notorator advertisement and its own MAC address. Then, a notice address CoA2 is generated (step S704). The mobile terminal 3 registers the care-of address CoA2 and the home address HoA in the home agent 1 by prior location registration (step S705).
- the home agent 1 Upon receiving the pre-location registration, the home agent 1 encapsulates the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 and starts the broadcast transmission to the care-of addresses CoA1 and CoA2 (step S706). ).
- the mobile terminal 3 moves and connects to the access router 2b via the wireless transceiver 6e and the layer 2 switch 5e.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover based on a notification from the wireless layer or a change in the network prefix of the router advertisement from the access router 2b (step S707).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the care-of address CoA2 and the home address HoA generated based on the network prefix A2 and its own MAC address with the home agent 1 by a location registration message (step S708).
- the home agent 1 stops broadcasting to the care-of addresses CoA 1 and CoA 2, encapsulates the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3, and changes the care-of address CoA 2 Transfer to the address (step S709).
- a plurality of wireless transceivers 6 are provided under the access router 2, and the wireless transceivers 6 are connected to the access router 2 and the wireless transceivers 6 are connected by the layer 2 switch 5.
- the layer 2 switch 5 arranged at the lowest stream under the access router 2 marks the norator advertisement, and the mobile terminal 3 performs the pre-location registration by receiving the marked router advertisement.
- the mobile terminal 3 can transmit the pre-location registration at the optimal timing, and as a result, the two noticers of the bucket addressed to the mobile terminal 3 at the home agent 1 can be obtained.
- the time required for broadcast transmission to a dress can be minimized, and handover that reduces packet loss while suppressing traffic in the network can be realized.
- Embodiment 10 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- layer switch 5 disposed at the lowest level under access router 2 marks the router advertisement, and receives the marked router advertisement
- Terminal 3 is now registered in advance.
- a layer switch 5 disposed at the most downstream position under the access router 2 marks packets other than a router advertisement or a layer 2 frame, and receives the marked packet or the received frame.
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the position in advance.
- the communication system according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention is substantially the same as the communication system according to the ninth embodiment shown in FIG.
- the Layer 2 switch 5d sets the Layer 2 switch 5d in the ToS field of the IP header or the Cos field of the Layer 2 header containing the packet for all packets received from the access router 2a. Has a function to set a specific bit pattern indicating that it is the most downstream in the layer 2 switch under the access router 2a and to transfer it to the mobile terminal 3 via the wireless transceiver 6d. .
- a care-of address CoA1 is generated based on the network prefix A1 of the access router 2a and the MAC address of the own device, and the generated care-of address CoA1 is generated.
- the home address HoA is registered in the home agent 1 via the radio transceivers 6a to 6d and the layer 2 switches 5a to 5d by a location registration message (step S801).
- the mobile terminal 3 determines whether or not a specific bit pattern is set in one of the TOS field of the IP header or the CoS field of the layer 2 header. If a specific bit pattern is not set (not marked) in the received packet (here, router advertisement) (step S802), the mobile terminal 3 does not perform any processing.
- the mobile terminal 3 determines whether the network prefix A2 and the self prefix already acquired by the router advertisement have been acquired.
- a care-of address C o A2 is generated based on the MAC address of the device (step S804).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the care-of address CoA2 and the home address HoA in the home agent 1 by prior location registration (step S805).
- the home agent 1 encapsulates the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 and starts broadcasting to the care-of address CoAl, CoA2 (step S806).
- the mobile terminal 3 moves and connects to the access router 2b via the wireless transceiver 6e and the layer 2 switch 5e.
- the mobile terminal 3 detects a handover based on a notification from the wireless layer or a change in the network prefix of the router advertisement from the access router 2b (step S807).
- the mobile terminal 3 registers the care-of address Co A2 and the home address Ho A generated based on the network prefix A2 and the MAC address of its own device in the home agent 1 by a location registration message (step S808). .
- the home agent 1 stops broadcasting to the care-of addresses CoA1 and CoA2, and encapsulates the packet addressed to the mobile terminal 3 to the care-of address CoA2. Transfer (step S809).
- the packet other than the layer switch 5 power notor advertisement placed at the most downstream position under the access router 2 or the layer 2 frame is also marked, and the marked packet or Frey Mobile terminal 3 performs pre-location registration upon receiving a router, so even if the router advertisement transmission cycle is long, if IP packets other than router advertisements or Layer 2 frames have been transferred, immediate advance Location registration can be performed, and packet loss due to handover can be suppressed.
- Embodiment 11 1.
- Embodiment 11 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- the layer 2 switch 5 is located at the most downstream position under the access router 2.
- the communication between the layer 2 switches is performed. To determine whether the own device is located at the most downstream position under the access router.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing a configuration of a communication system to which the handover method according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- the access router 5 d under the access router 2 a and the access router 5 e under the access norator 2 b can communicate with each other. It has the same configuration as the communication system of the ninth embodiment shown in FIG.
- Layer 2 switches 5a and 5b that are directly connected to access routers 2a and 2b are set in advance to be routers directly connected, and the location of adjacent layer 2 switches 5a and 5b is set.
- a response including a code indicating that the router is directly connected is sent to the upstream layer 2 switch 2 in response to the question and the matching.
- the layer 2 switches 5a to 5e inquire of the arrangement positions of the layer 2 switches 5b to 5f located downstream of the own device. Layer 2 switches 5b to 5f respond to the query. Rather than direct router connection, adjacent layers 2 switches 5 are connected on both sides; Layer 2 switches 5 b to 5 d indicate whether the response includes a code indicating that the router is directly connected. Is determined. Here, the layer 2 switch 5d receives a response including a code indicating that it is a direct connection to the norator. Upon detecting the code indicating the direct router connection, the Layer 2 switch 5d recognizes that the own device is located at the most downstream position under the access router 2a and interweaves. Then, the process of marking the packet to be forwarded or the router advertisement is started.
- a mobile router arranged in a moving vehicle may be provided instead of the mobile terminal.
- the network agent including the network prefix of the mobile router under the mobile router is sent to the home agent.
- the packet addressed to it is searched / acquired for the care-of address from the network prefix of the destination address, and the packet is forwarded with a capsule header including the care-of address in the destination address.
- the handover method according to the present invention is useful when a mobile terminal moves along a predetermined moving route, and in particular, the number of access routers arranged on the moving route is large! Suitable for large communication systems.
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Abstract
Description
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PCT/JP2004/006597 WO2005109944A1 (ja) | 2004-05-11 | 2004-05-11 | ハンドオーバ方法、移動端末、ホームエージェント、アクセスルータ、およびモバイルルータ |
JP2006519152A JP4397397B2 (ja) | 2004-05-11 | 2004-05-11 | ハンドオーバ方法、移動端末、ホームエージェント、アクセスルータ、およびモバイルルータ |
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Cited By (6)
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JP2006352234A (ja) * | 2005-06-13 | 2006-12-28 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | ハンドオーバ方法 |
JP2007096932A (ja) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-04-12 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 無線通信システム |
JP2007259425A (ja) * | 2006-02-27 | 2007-10-04 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | ルータ切替方法、ルータ装置および移動端末 |
WO2010016336A1 (ja) * | 2008-08-07 | 2010-02-11 | 日本電気株式会社 | 通信システム、接続装置、情報通知方法、プログラム |
WO2010041440A1 (ja) * | 2008-10-08 | 2010-04-15 | パナソニック株式会社 | インタフェース切換システム、モバイルノード、代理ノード及び移動管理ノード |
JP7321400B1 (ja) * | 2023-04-18 | 2023-08-04 | 株式会社インターネットイニシアティブ | 推定装置および推定方法 |
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JP2000152307A (ja) * | 1998-11-09 | 2000-05-30 | Toshiba Corp | 移動通信システムとその基地局及びネットワーク監視装置 |
JP2004040581A (ja) * | 2002-07-04 | 2004-02-05 | Fujitsu Ltd | モバイル通信方法,ルータ,モバイルノードおよびモバイル通信システム |
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JP2000152307A (ja) * | 1998-11-09 | 2000-05-30 | Toshiba Corp | 移動通信システムとその基地局及びネットワーク監視装置 |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2006352234A (ja) * | 2005-06-13 | 2006-12-28 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | ハンドオーバ方法 |
JP2007096932A (ja) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-04-12 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 無線通信システム |
JP2007259425A (ja) * | 2006-02-27 | 2007-10-04 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | ルータ切替方法、ルータ装置および移動端末 |
WO2010016336A1 (ja) * | 2008-08-07 | 2010-02-11 | 日本電気株式会社 | 通信システム、接続装置、情報通知方法、プログラム |
CN102100102A (zh) * | 2008-08-07 | 2011-06-15 | 日本电气株式会社 | 通信系统、连接装置、信息通信方法和程序 |
WO2010041440A1 (ja) * | 2008-10-08 | 2010-04-15 | パナソニック株式会社 | インタフェース切換システム、モバイルノード、代理ノード及び移動管理ノード |
JP7321400B1 (ja) * | 2023-04-18 | 2023-08-04 | 株式会社インターネットイニシアティブ | 推定装置および推定方法 |
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JPWO2005109944A1 (ja) | 2008-03-21 |
JP4397397B2 (ja) | 2010-01-13 |
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