WO2005099889A1 - リポソームを鋳型とする中空ナノ粒子の作製方法 - Google Patents
リポソームを鋳型とする中空ナノ粒子の作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005099889A1 WO2005099889A1 PCT/JP2005/002182 JP2005002182W WO2005099889A1 WO 2005099889 A1 WO2005099889 A1 WO 2005099889A1 JP 2005002182 W JP2005002182 W JP 2005002182W WO 2005099889 A1 WO2005099889 A1 WO 2005099889A1
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- Prior art keywords
- ribosome
- polymer
- liposome
- compound
- laminated
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- DDOVBCWVTOHGCU-QMXMISKISA-N n-[(e,2s,3r)-3-hydroxy-1-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxynonadec-4-en-2-yl]octadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@H]([C@H](O)\C=C\CCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O DDOVBCWVTOHGCU-QMXMISKISA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 150000008104 phosphatidylethanolamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- LSNGYVCUKHMBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphono dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OP(O)(O)=O LSNGYVCUKHMBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229960000999 sodium citrate dihydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004685 tetrahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004149 thio group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- AWIJRPNMLHPLNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiocarboxylic acid group Chemical group C(=S)O AWIJRPNMLHPLNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thulium atom Chemical compound [Tm] FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005307 time correlation function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- XWGHMPONOZXVKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylazanium trichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].C[NH+](C)C.C[NH+](C)C.C[NH+](C)C XWGHMPONOZXVKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002691 unilamellar liposome Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012463 white pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
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- YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N zafuleptine Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(C(C)C)NCC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JQBMTMBJMXRRCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Zn] JQBMTMBJMXRRCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/20—After-treatment of capsule walls, e.g. hardening
- B01J13/22—Coating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
- A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes or liposomes coated or grafted with polymers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
- A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes or liposomes coated or grafted with polymers
- A61K9/1272—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes or liposomes coated or grafted with polymers comprising non-phosphatidyl surfactants as bilayer-forming substances, e.g. cationic lipids or non-phosphatidyl liposomes coated or grafted with polymers
Definitions
- the present invention provides a method for producing nano-sized hollow particles by laminating a compound containing at least one polymer on the surface of a lipid membrane such as a ribosome, and a compound containing at least one polymer produced by the method. It relates to nano-sized hollow particles composed of liposomes stacked on the surface.
- Nanotechnology is the creation of new materials, devices, and systems that use ultra-fine, high-performance, and low-energy consumption by controlling the structure of atoms and molecules in ultra-fine fields on the order of nanometers.
- atoms are arranged to form molecules and have various properties. Examples include various substances consisting of carbon. Diamonds, graphite, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes all differ greatly in their properties, even though carbon is a constituent.
- DNA is mentioned as an example in vivo. Despite the fact that DNA is a sequence of several atoms, it plays a major role in controlling genetic information in vivo. Even a slight difference in the base sequence of DNA greatly changes the individuality of living organisms. In other words, a small change in DNA on the order of nanometers will cause a large change in a macroscopic region. In this way, it can be said that the fundamental information for forming various individuals is accumulated in the nanometer range. What is nanotechnology? —It is a technology widely used to try to control molecules in the torr region, elucidate phenomena in various individuals, and develop new substances.
- Patent Document 1 it has been reported that an uncharged hollow polymer capsule is coated with a charged surfactant, and a charged polymer substance is laminated thereon (see Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 2 a technique has been reported in which a polymer is laminated on metal particles and only the laminated polymer is produced (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- Non-Patent Document 2 there is a report that an appropriate surfactant or polymer is bonded to the surface of charged silica particles or the like.
- the nano-sized particles are hard particles such as metal particles and silica particles, and the polymer to be bonded to the particles has only one layer. And was not suitable for many uses.
- Ribosomes are used as nano-sized particles and as drug transport and release carriers.
- the ribosome is used for such a purpose, when the drug is encapsulated in the ribosome, there is a problem that the ribosome itself is ruptured due to its low strength.
- Non-Patent Document 3 JP 2003-519565 Gazette
- Patent Document 1 Ant ipov.A.A. et al., Colloids and Surfaces A: Phys icochem.Eng.Aspects 224 (2003) 175-183
- Non-Patent Document 2 Caruso F. / Adv. Mater, 2001, 13, No. 1, January 5
- Non-Patent Document 3 Ge L. et al., Col loids and Surfaces A, Phys icochem. Eng. Aspects 221 (2003) 49 -53 Disclosure of the Invention
- An object of the present invention is to provide a ribosome having at least two layers of a compound containing at least one polymer on the surface, a method for producing the ribosome, and use thereof.
- the present inventors have attempted to develop a novel method for producing fine particles by a bottom-up method and to construct a novel functional material by assembling a structure from the fine particles.
- Ribosomes were prepared using (DMPC) and Di lauroyl phosphat idylac id (DLPA) as constituent lipids.
- DMPC Di lauroyl phosphat idylac id
- DLPA Di lauroyl phosphat idylac id
- DMPC has one negative charge and one positive charge at the same time under neutral conditions, and is neutral as a whole.
- DLPA shows a negative charge under neutral conditions because it has no positive charge.
- the ribosome composed of these two lipids has a negative charge as a whole. Applying a charge to the ribosome not only prevents liposomes from aggregating due to electrostatic repulsion, but also creates an adsorption site on the ribosome surface that can be used for adsorption using electrostatic interaction. Make it possible.
- Layer-by-Layer (alternative adsorption method) focuses on the many charges of a water-soluble polymer chain and uses the electrostatic interaction with a polymer having the opposite charge. In this technology, layers are sequentially stacked.
- the polymer electrolytes cooperatively adsorb to the template when their respective critical concentrations exceed their respective critical concentrations. At this time, the surface charge is reversed because the polymer electrolyte is excessively adsorbed in excess of the charge amount of the template.
- the strength of the liposome itself could be increased.
- Another feature is that it can be applied not only to synthetic polymers but also to biological polymers such as proteins and nucleic acids as adsorbates.
- biopolymers makes it possible to produce biocompatible thin films and particles.
- by imparting stimulus responsiveness to the laminated film on the liposome surface it can be used for various applications such as controlled release.
- the present inventors selected polypeptide as an adsorbate and produced nanoparticles composed of ribosome and polypeptide.
- the template of the present invention is a ribosome, its size can be easily controlled at the stage of preparation.
- it can be expected to be applied as a carrier. Interactions between materials that form the surface layer can be established by other intermolecular forces, bioaffinities, covalent bonds, etc., in addition to electrostatic interactions.
- the polymer of the adsorbate not only a polypeptide but also a polysaccharide or DNA can be used. By producing hollow nanoparticles composed of naturally occurring components and organizing them to construct a structure as in this study, it will lead to the creation of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- the ribosome according to any of [1] to [3], wherein the compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of proteins, polyamino acids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids;
- the negatively charged compound is selected from the group consisting of poly-L-lysine, hyaluronic acid and nucleic acid
- the positively charged compound is selected from the group consisting of poly-L-arginic acid and chitosan [5 ]
- the positively charged compound is selected from the group consisting of poly-L-arginic acid and chitosan [5 ]
- the physiologically active substance is a protein or DNA;
- the semiconductor nanoparticle is contained in a compound containing at least one polymer laminated on the surface of the ribosome [1] to [ 13] any of the ribosomes,
- the compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of proteins, polyamino acids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. [15] or [16] has at least two layers of compounds containing at least one polymer on the surface. A method for producing ribosomes,
- the ribosome is a negatively charged ribosome, and the ribosome comprises at least one lipid selected from the group consisting of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylserines, and phosphatidylinositols
- the liposome is composed of dilauroylphosphatidic acid (DLPE) whose constituent lipid is dilauroylphosphatidic acid (DLPE).
- DLPE dilauroylphosphatidic acid
- the negatively charged compound is selected from the group consisting of poly-L-lysine, hyaluronic acid and nucleic acids
- the positively charged compound is selected from the group consisting of poly-L-arginic acid and chitosan [15] ]
- a ribosome obtained by chemically cross-linking a stack of compounds using a cross-linkable substance [21] A ribosome obtained by chemically cross-linking a stack of compounds using a cross-linkable substance. [22] A solid ribosome obtained by assembling the ribosomes of any of [1] to [.14] by cross-linking the compound on the surface. Cross-linked ribosomes, and
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a method for preparing ribosomes.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the fluidity of lipids.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the motility of lipid molecules in ribosomes above Tc .
- (a) shows lateral diffusion
- (b) shows anisotropic axial rotation
- (c) shows flip-flops.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a calibration curve of phospholipid concentration.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a ribosome phase transition temperature.
- A shows DLPA ribosome
- c shows DMPC ribosome.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph showing an FE-TEM observation image of the liposome.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the state of adsorption of polypeptide to liposomes.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a reaction mode between CBQAC and amine.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing separation of a complex of ribosome and polypeptide and polypeptide by ultracentrifugation.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the principle of the circular two-color measurement.
- Figure 1 1 is a diagram showing a calibration curve of P lys by CBQAC protein Atsusi.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the structures of DLPA (top) and DMPC (bottom).
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an adsorption isotherm of Polys on the ribosome.
- FIG. 14 is a photograph showing an SEM of the ribosome and poly-L-lysine complex after centrifugation.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the interaction between the ribosome and the poly-L-lysine complex when the amount of poly-L-lysine is different.
- A) is 5 ⁇ 2 0ppm
- (b) is 50 ⁇ 100ppm
- (c) is
- FIG. 16 is a photograph showing the ribosome and poly-L-lysine complex after centrifugation.
- A is the case where DLPA / DMPO 0.5 / 0.5 liposome containing HPTS is used, and
- B is
- DLPA / DMPC 0.5 / 0.5 This is the case where ribosomes are used.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the structure of poly-L-lysine at each temperature and pH.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a CD spectrum of poly-L-lysine. 1 is a random coil (pH 7.4, 20 ° C), 2 is a ⁇ helix (pH 11; 4, 20 ° C), 3 is a / 3-structure (pH 11 4, 65 ° C ⁇ 20).
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a CD spectrum of poly-L-lysine in the presence of ribosome (poly-L-lysine concentration is 50 ppm).
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the average molar ellipticity in the range of 195 to 200 ⁇ .
- FIG. 21 shows a CD spectrum of poly-L-lysine in the presence of ribosome (poly-L-lysine concentration: 400 ppm).
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the average molar ellipticity in the range of 195 to 200 nm.
- FIG. 23 shows a structure induced on the surface of DLPA / DMPC ribosome
- FIG. 24 is a photograph showing an FE-TEM observation image of a complex of ribosome and poly-L-lysine.
- FIG. 25 is a photograph showing an FE-TEM observation image of a complex of ribosome, poly-L-lysine, and poly-aspartic acid.
- FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the ribopotential of ribosomes when each polypeptide is laminated. ⁇ 7.4, 25 ° C and DLPA / DMPC). 5 / 0.5.
- FIG. 27 is a photograph showing FE-TEM observation images of a complex of ribosome and poly-L-lysine and a mixture of ribosome, poly-L-lysine and poly-aspartic acid. In the scale of the figure, (a) is 0.2 III and (b) is 100 nm.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an FE-TEM observation image of ribosome and a mixture of ribosome and a complex of poly-L-lysine.
- the scale bar in the figure is 0. ⁇ ⁇ .
- FIG. 29 is a photograph showing an FE-TEM observation image of a ribosome laminated with poly-L-lysine, poly-aspartic acid and poly-L-lysine in this order.
- (a) is 100 nm and (b) is 20 nm.
- FIG. 30 is a photograph showing an FE-TEM observation image of a ribosome laminated in the order of poly-L-lysine, poly-aspartic acid, poly-L-lysine, and poly-aspartic acid.
- (a) is 100 nm and (b) is 20 nm.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram showing the ribopotential of ribosomes when the respective polypeptides are laminated.
- Figure 32 is a diagram showing a ribosome in which two or more layers of polymer are stacked on the surface containing semiconductor nanoparticles (nanoparticle phosphors).
- FIG. 33 is a diagram showing an adsorption isotherm of polyallylamine on a liposome.
- the liposome of the present invention in which the compound containing at least one polymer is laminated on the surface is a ribosome in which two or more layers of the compound containing at least one polymer are laminated on the surface of the ribosome.
- ribosome refers to a closed vesicle composed of a membrane-like structure composed of a lipid layer assembled in a membrane and an internal aqueous layer, and a vesicle.
- a positively charged particle or a positively charged polymer refers to a particle or a particle having a larger positive charge than a negative charge in an aqueous medium near physiological pH, that is, pH 6.5 to 7.5.
- Polymer refers to negatively charged particles or negatively charged polymers.Particles or particles that have more negative charge than positive charge in aqueous medium near physiological pH, i.e., pH 6.5 to 7.5.
- a polymer is a compound in which the main chain in the molecule is bonded by a covalent bond and has a relatively large molecular weight, for example, a compound having a molecular weight of about 10,000 or more.One or several types of structural units are repeatedly bonded.
- the compound laminated on the liposome contains at least one polymer, and further includes a low-molecular compound, an organic or inorganic crystal, and titanium.
- Inorganic fine particles such as compounds, magnetic particles, and fluorescent nanoparticles may be laminated.
- all of the compounds to be laminated may be polymers. For example, at least one polymer consisting of n layers (n is a natural number of 2 or more)
- the number of polymer layers out of the n layers is 1 to n, and the other layers may be layers of compounds other than the polymer. Further, the n polymer layers may be present in any number of layers counted from the inside.
- the case where all of the compounds to be laminated are polymers will be described. However, it is not necessary that all of the compounds to be laminated are polymers, and low molecular compounds or the like may be included. That is, in the following description, the term "polymer” is used to refer to "including at least one polymer. Can be replaced with “compound other than polymer” or “compound other than polymer”. '
- the first layer of polymer interacts with and binds to the ribosome surface
- the second layer of polymer interacts with and binds to the first layer of polymer.
- the polymers are layered one after the other by interacting the polymer with the outermost layer of the polymer.
- the interaction between the liposome and the polymer may be an electrostatic interaction or an intermolecular interaction such as van der Waals attraction, or may be a bioaffinity or covalent bond.
- the polymer is laminated by electrostatic interaction.
- the ribosome surface When laminating by electrostatic interaction, the ribosome surface must be negatively or positively charged. If the liposome surface is negatively charged, the first layer polymer should be positively charged and the second layer polymer should be negatively charged. Conversely, if the ribosome surface is positively charged, the polymer in the first layer should be negatively charged and the polymer in the second layer should be positively charged. In this way, the positively charged polymer and the negatively charged polymer may be alternately laminated. In the case of lamination by covalent bonding, the ribosome and the polymer and the polymer and the polymer may be covalently bonded using an appropriate functional group or the like.
- Such functional groups include, for example, SH group, N3 ⁇ 4 group, phosphate group, carbonyl group, thio group, thiocarboxylic acid group, disulfide group, sulfo group, carbonyl group, acyl group, hydroxyl group, ether group, amide group, Examples include an amino group, a nitro group, an imino group, a cyano group, a vinyl group, a phenyl group, a halogen group, an amidino group, an imidazole group, and a guanidino group.
- the laminate composed of polymer chains may be chemically cross-linked by using an appropriate cross-linking substance. For example, they may be covalently bonded via a linker reagent or the like. Covalent bonding can be performed by a known method.
- Examples of the lipid constituting the ribosome of the present invention include phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols, long-chain alkyl phosphates, and gangliosides.
- Glycolipids, phosphatidylglycerols, cholesterols, etc., and phosphatidylcholines include dimyristoylphosph Apatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and as disamines, dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl Phosphatidic acid or long-chain alkyl phosphates such as diethanolamine, distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE)
- DMPC dimyristoylphosph Apatidylcholine
- DPPC dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- DOPE dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine
- DPE dipalmitoylphosphatidyl Phosphatidic acid
- long-chain alkyl phosphates such as diethanolamine, distearoy
- phosphatidylserines such as dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinosylsitols, dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol, etc. GT 1b, etc .
- glycolipids galactosylceramide, darkosylceramide, lactosylceramide, phosphatide, gloposide, etc .
- phosphatidylglycerols dimyristo
- distearoylphosphatidylglycerol are preferred.
- phosphatidic acids or long-chain alkyl phosphates, gandariosides, glycolipids, and cholesterols have the effect of increasing the stability of ribosomes, and are therefore preferably added as constituent lipids.
- single-chain fatty acids, alcohols and the like may be mixed. Further, it may contain not only the above-mentioned lipid but also an amphiphilic compound composed of a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part. In this case, any of cationic, anionic, nonionic and zwitterionic ones can be used as the hydrophilic part, and a double-chain alkyl or the like can be used as the hydrophobic part.
- lipids and amphipathic compounds may contain more than one, but the length of the fatty acids of the lipids (the number of carbon atoms in the carbon skeleton of the fatty acids) or the length of the hydrophobic portion of the amphipathic compounds should be the same. Is desirable.
- the liposome surface must be negatively charged if the first layer polymer is attached to the ribosome by electrostatic interaction. It is sufficient that the ribosome surface is positively or negatively charged as a whole, and the above-mentioned lipids constituting the ribosome may be mixed at an appropriate ratio so that the surface is positively or negatively charged as a whole.
- the ribosome surface In order to make the ribosome surface negatively charged, it is sufficient to use many negatively charged lipids as the constituent lipids of the ribosome '.
- the negatively charged lipid include phosphatidic acid such as dilauroyl phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl serine such as dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerin, and phosphatidylinositol such as dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol.
- a large amount of positively charged lipid may be used as the lipid constituting the liposome.
- alkylamines such as stearylamine, amide derivatives of cholesterol such as 3- / 3_ [N- ( ⁇ ', N'-dimethylaminoethane) -pothamyl] cholesterol, ⁇ — Trimethylammonioacetyldidodecyl-D—like glutamate chloride ⁇ — a Trimethylammonioacetyldi (10- to 20-carbon alkyl or alkenyl) —D—Dalmidomeryl chlorides , ⁇ — [1— (2,3-dioleoxy) propyl] ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , such as ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ —trimethylammonium chloride
- cholesterol or a derivative thereof used as a constituent lipid of a ribosome and a group having a charge bound thereto may be used.
- CHMES Charges teryl hemisucc inate
- the ribosome since the ribosome is used for various purposes in the present invention, it needs to have a certain strength. Therefore, it is necessary to select lipids constituting the ribosome so that the ribosome has the required strength. For example, the strength can be changed by changing the amount of cholesterol or a derivative thereof.
- the charge state and the phase transition temperature of the ribosome can be appropriately selected by changing the composition of the lipid constituting the ribosome.
- the charge of the ribosome or polymer-bound particles can be measured, for example, using a Compactze overnight potential measuring device ZEEC0M (Microtech Nithion) to measure ⁇ potential and ⁇ or ⁇ (electrophoretic mobility). ⁇ potential of particles If the Z and EPM are negative or positive, then a positive or negatively charged polymer may bind to the surface by interaction. '
- the phase transition temperature can be measured, for example, using a differential scanning ⁇ ultrasensitive calorimeter.
- the ribosome can be produced according to a well-known method, and examples thereof include a thin film method, a reverse layer evaporation method, an ethanol injection method, and a dehydration-rehydration method. It is also possible to adjust the particle size of the ribosome by using an ultrasonic irradiation method, an extrusion method, a French press method, a homogenization method, or the like.
- the method for producing the liposome of the present invention itself is briefly described. For example, first, a mixed solution containing lipids constituting ribosomes is distilled to form a lipid film on the inner surface of the container and dissolve it in a suitable buffer. Next, after freeze-thawing is repeated several times, ribosomes having a desired particle size can be obtained by extraclusion.
- the particle size of the ribosome of the present invention is not limited, a liposome of several tens of dishes to several / im can be used. It is preferably from 30 to 500 nm, more preferably from 50 to 300 nm, particularly preferably from 70 to 150 nm.
- the polymer to be laminated is not limited, and proteins, polypeptides, polyamino acids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and the like can be used.
- natural polymers and synthetic polymers can be used.
- the proteins include, but are not limited to, biological proteins such as antibodies and albumin.
- Polyamino acids include poly-L-lysine, polyarginic acid, polyarginine and the like.
- polysaccharides include chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, heparan sulfate, dextrin, pectin, glycogen, amylose, chondroitin, and the like.
- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.
- polysilane examples include polysilane, polysilanol, polyphosphazene, polysulfazene, polysulfide, polyphosphate, polydalcolic acid, polylactic acid, polyamide, poly-2-hydroxybutyrate, polyproprolactone, polyallylamine, and the like. These copolymers can also be used.
- the compounds to be laminated need to be polymers, but low molecular compounds, organic or inorganic crystals, titanium compounds, magnetic particles, fluorescent nanoparticles, etc. May be included.
- Low The child compound is not limited, and examples thereof include mercaptoacetic acid.
- the liposome of the present invention can also be directly applied to a living body such as a drug delivery system.
- the polymers used do not give adverse effects or strong irritation to living organisms over a long period of time, such as polymers derived from living organisms. ) Polymers are preferred.
- a positively or negatively charged polymer may be used.
- poly-L-lysine can be used as a negatively charged polymer and polyarginic acid can be used as a positively charged polymer.
- a polyamino acid composed of arbitrary amino acids and containing a large amount of negatively charged amino acids such as lysine, etc., and being positively charged as a whole, and a polyamino acid containing a large amount of positively charged amino acids such as arginic acid. Charged polyamino acids can be used.
- chitosan or the like can be used as a positively charged polysaccharide
- hyaluronic acid or the like can be used as a negatively charged polysaccharide.
- Nucleic acids are negatively charged and can be bound to positively charged ribosomes or compounds that are stacked on ribosomes and are positively charged.
- the molecular weight of the polymer to be laminated is preferably higher to some extent.
- a polymer having a molecular weight of 30,000 or more is preferably used.
- the number of polymer layers to be laminated is not limited, and is preferably at least two layers. Further, by adjusting the particle size of the ribosome used, the type of the polymer used, and the number of polymer layers, the final size of the ribosome on which the obtained polymer is laminated can be adjusted.
- the thickness of the layer depends on the type of polymer used, but is generally several Mi for one layer, and about 5 mn or less even when three layers are laminated.
- the particle size of the ribosome on which the polymer is laminated is 50nn! A liposome of uniform size can be obtained without difference between ribosome particles at ⁇ 500 nm.
- the type of the polymer is not limited, and the same type of polymer or different types of polymers may be laminated. Also,
- a plurality of polymers may be mixed and laminated in one layer.
- the first layer will have a positively charged polymer
- polymers having different charge states may be alternately laminated, such as a negatively charged polymer in the second layer.
- the lamination of the polymer can be performed as follows.
- the above-mentioned purified polymer is mixed with the ribosome prepared by the above-mentioned method and stirred.
- the temperature at this time is not particularly limited, and the temperature can be appropriately set at around the phase transition temperature, at a temperature equal to or higher than the phase transition temperature, or equal to or lower than the phase transition temperature according to the phase transition temperature of the ribosome.
- the reaction time is not limited, and the reaction may be performed with stirring for several minutes to several hours.
- the aqueous medium used is not limited. Next, free polymer not bound to the ribosome is removed by centrifugation or the like.
- the polymer forming the second layer is mixed with the ribosome to which the polymer forming the first layer is bonded, and the mixture is stirred. If the bond is based on electrostatic interaction, the polymer mixed at this time is a polymer having a charge opposite to that of the polymer of the first layer.
- the reaction temperature and the reaction time are not limited, and can be appropriately determined.
- unbound polymer is removed by centrifugation.
- a ribosome in which a plurality of layers of polymers are laminated can be produced.
- the ribosome on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated has a certain strength because the polymer is laminated on the surface, and its shape is maintained without breaking even under an environment where physical force is applied. In addition, since the surface has a uniform charge, even in a suspended state, the dispersed state can be maintained without agglomeration. In addition, by controlling the type of lipid used as the constituent lipid of the ribosome, the type of polymer to be laminated, and the number of layers, the entire ribosome on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated (the strength as a book can be controlled). For example, a ribosome having a low strength may be used so that the drug can be released when used as a drug delivery carrier.
- nano-sized phosphor refers to a sulfide, oxide or nitride doped with luminescent ions and having a size of 50 nm or less, and a composite particle containing a nano-sized phosphor. Including. Do as nano-sized phosphor There are a loop type and a core-shell type. In the present invention, any nano-sized phosphor can be used.
- Examples of the sulfide, oxide or nitride include semiconductor materials such as zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), and zinc oxide (ZnO).
- ZnS zinc sulfide
- CdS cadmium sulfide
- ZnSe zinc selenide
- ZnO zinc oxide
- Mn copper
- Cu copper
- Al aluminum
- A1 silver
- chlorine (C1) chlorine
- a plurality of ions may be doped. Each doping ion can have its own light emission.
- ZnS doped with Mn is referred to as “ZnS: Mn”
- ZnS doped with Cu and A1 is referred to as “ZnS: Cu, Al”.
- terbium zinc sulfide
- CdS cadmium sulfide
- ZnSe zinc selenide
- ZnO zinc oxide
- Mn copper
- the nano-sized phosphor is sometimes called a nanocrystal, a nanocluster, a quantum dot, or the like, and includes those so-called in the present invention.
- the nano-sized phosphor that can be used in the present invention is not limited thereto, and is disclosed in JP-A-10-310770,
- Nano-sized phosphors can be used.
- Commercially available nanosize phosphors include, for example, Qdot (trademark) (Sumisho Bioscience Co., Ltd.). These compounds can be laminated together with the polymer when the polymer is laminated, provided that they are mixed when the polymer is laminated. At this time, it is necessary that the compounds included in these layers also have a charge so as to interact with the polymer.
- Nanoparticles or the like that do not have a charge originally may be mixed by, for example, binding a cationic surfactant having a charge and a vanionic surfactant to the surface.
- the surfactant used in this case is not limited, but examples thereof include quaternary ammonium salts and the like as the cationic surfactant, and alkyl sulfonates and the like as the anionic surfactant.
- other compounds such as nano-sized phosphors are synthesized. Good.
- the synthesized compound is contained in the ribosome on which the polymer is laminated.
- Other compounds may be included in the polymer stacked on the ribosome, or may bind on the outermost polymer of the stacked polymer. In any case, in the present invention, it is referred to as "the polymer contains another compound".
- the ribosome of the present invention can be used as a carrier for drug delivery, and when a nanophosphor is included, the ribosome of the present invention can have fluorescent properties. It can be used as a marker for detection.
- the ribosome on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated can be used for various applications by selecting the polymer to be laminated on the surface.
- various substances can be used by encapsulating various substances in the ribosome.
- substances contained in the ribosome include drugs, magnetic particles, dyes, fluorescent substances, facial masses, and bioactive substances.
- the physiologically active substance include proteins such as biological proteins, DNA, and RNA.
- the liposomes of the present invention can be aggregated by mixing ribosomes having different surface charges or applying pressure to the ribosomes by centrifugation or the like, thereby causing electrostatic interaction of the surface polymer ⁇ bridging.
- Solids can be made. In this case, it can be called a crosslinked ribosome.
- the laminate composed of polymer chains may be chemically cross-linked using a cross-linking substance.
- a known substance may be used.
- a solid aggregate of ribosomes in which the polymer is laminated in an arbitrary shape such as a sheet or a tube can be prepared. Further, once the crosslinked liposome, which has become solid, is powdered, it can be used as a powder.
- the use of the ribosome laminated with the polymer of the present invention includes the following.
- a drug is encapsulated in the ribosome and used as a carrier for a drug delivery system.
- a polymer on the surface it is possible to obtain a ribosome targeted at an appropriate tissue or organ.
- examples of the polymer in the outermost layer include a substance that specifically binds to a protein specifically expressed in a specific tissue or organ, for example, an antibody.
- a ribosome having the polymer of the present invention laminated thereon is used as a carrier for drug delivery, it is necessary to release the encapsulated drug in the body. This can be achieved by controlling the strength of the entire liposome on which the polymer is laminated.
- a polymer that dissolves in a body fluid may be used, or a biodegradable polymer may be used.
- a polymer-laminated ribosome can also be used as a sustained-release drug carrier.
- genes such as DNA can be enclosed in ribosomes and used as vectors. Also in this case, it is possible to introduce a gene encapsulated in a specific cell by using a substance that specifically binds to a protein specifically expressed in a specific cell as the outermost layer polymer. .
- the liposome obtained by laminating the polymer of the present invention can be used for detecting a substance.
- the ribosome containing the nanoparticles as described above can be used as a tool for detecting a substance.
- a protein such as an antibody that specifically binds to a substance to be detected may be used as a polymer to be laminated on the outermost layer of the ribosome.
- the substance to be detected is a nucleic acid such as DNA
- a nucleic acid complementary to the nucleic acid may be used.
- ribosomes on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated can be used as cosmetics.
- the liposome can have a uniform charge on the surface, has good dispersibility, and can be suitably used as cosmetics.
- a cosmetic pigment, a cosmetic pigment, or an appropriate drug may be encapsulated in the ribosome.
- the ribosome on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated can also be used as a brightener.
- titanium oxide is used as a white pigment of a paint
- ribosomes on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated can be used as a substitute for titanium oxide.
- the ribosome of the present invention can be used without deteriorating whitening performance or masking performance.
- it can be used as a paint pigment that exhibits a specific color by enclosing a dye or pigment inside the ribosome.
- paint pigment When used as a paint pigment, it can be used as a water-based paint in a dispersed state, and can be used as a powder paint or a solvent-based paint in a crosslinked ribosome state as described above.
- the ribosome on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated is hollow and lightweight, if it is mixed with, for example, a resin, the weight can be reduced without reducing the resin performance.
- a liposome layer in which the polymer of the present invention is laminated between the thermal agent layer and the paper layer can be provided as a heat insulating layer. As a result, the sensitivity of the thermal paper can be improved.
- the ribosome on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated can be used as a crosslinked ribosome, and can be formed into an appropriate shape such as a film or a tube.
- the ribosome of the present invention can be used as an artificial skin, an artificial blood vessel, an artificial nerve guide tube, or the like. Can be used during surgery.
- the ribosome laminated with the polymer of the present invention formed into a film can also be used as a substrate for cell culture.
- a protein or polysaccharide serving as a scaffold for cell growth may be bonded to the outermost layer of the polymer.
- the liposome was prepared and characterized by the following method.
- DLPA 1,2-Dilauroyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphate Monosodium Salt
- DMPC Dimyristoyl
- the freeze-thaw method is as follows.
- the phospholipids that make up liposomes are amphipathic molecules whose hydrophilic groups hydrate when suspended in an aqueous solution.
- hydrophobic groups are pushed out of the water environment and aggregate with each other. Therefore, a lipid bilayer having a bilayer structure is formed.
- the ribosome suspension thus formed is frozen, the hydrated water molecules are dehydrated to form ice.
- the water molecules bind to the hydrophilic groups again, but it is thought that the bilayer rearranges in this process, and liposome fusion occurs when the bilayer rearranges.
- the extrusion method is as follows.
- Dynamic Light Scattering is a method to obtain particle size and particle size distribution by fluctuation of light scattering due to micro Brownian motion of particles. Has a measuring range of ⁇ 5 m.
- the scattering intensity changes over time due to Brownian motion of the particles.
- the light scattered by the non-uniformity in the solvent fluctuates in its non-uniformity itself, and because of the movement, the light spreads due to a change in the frequency.
- the frequency change is mainly Rayleigh scattering in which the center frequency of the scattered light is equal to the frequency of the incident light, and reflects thermal fluctuations that have no inherent frequency.
- the shift of this frequency is extremely small compared to the frequency of the incident light, and the beat signal is transmitted to the photomultiplier using a method that mixes homodyne light with an optical system using a pinball and generates a beat (interference).
- the output signal of the photomultiplier tube becomes a pulse diffused from each other (this pulse is proportional to the amount of light).
- This pulse is proportional to the amount of light.
- the classified quadratic correlation function g ( 2 ) can be expressed as follows.
- the first-order correlation function is expressed as follows for spherical particles.
- the quadratic correlation function is logarithmic, and in histogram analysis, the histogram is displayed by dividing the analysis particle range. .
- a scattering intensity distribution can be obtained, but it is possible to obtain a weight distribution relating to the particle diameter by correcting with a weight distribution conversion coefficient.
- a number average distribution can also be obtained from this weight distribution.
- the prepared ribosome suspension was diluted to an appropriate concentration with Buffer, and the measurement was performed using PAR-II (Otsuka Electronics) under the condition of 50 accumulations.
- PAR-II Olsuka Electronics
- the particle surface will be positively or negatively charged, and these can be sites for adsorption and exchange of ions.
- electrolyte ions are attracted to the surface charge of the particles, forming an electric double layer.
- electrophores is.
- Electrophoretic mobility (EPM) measurement is a method of determining the charge state of the particle surface by placing the particle in an electric field and measuring the speed of its movement. When particles are dispersed in an electrolyte and an external electric field is applied, the particles undergo electrophoresis. At this time, the viscosity of the liquid becomes a resistive force, the viscous force and the force received from the electric field are balanced, and the particles move at a constant speed. By measuring the speed of this movement and dividing by the strength of the electric field, the EPM of the particles is determined. Number 5
- V Voltage (V)
- ⁇ Potential is expressed as follows.
- ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ potentials of the prepared ribosomes were measured using a Compactze overnight potential measuring device ZEEC0M (Microtech NITION) at a solution temperature of 25 ° C and a migration voltage of 20 mV.
- Scanning calorimetry is a method for measuring the flow of heat in and out of a material as the temperature changes.
- the signal observed when equilibrium is present at each temperature corresponds to the heat capacity.
- Targets include temperature transition (thermal denaturation) of proteins and biopolymers.
- thermodynamic quantities such as changes in enthalpy and heat capacity. It is also possible to obtain information on the domain structure.
- the thermal insulation of the cell was not controlled in order to suppress the noise and facilitate the temperature drop, and the temperature of the jacket was increased by the thermoelements installed in the jacket surrounding the cell.
- the temperature follows the system. There is a sample cell and a comparison cell.
- the comparison cell contains the solvent (Buf fer used in this study). It is. If heat flows in or out during the temperature rise, the heat is compensated by a compensation heater attached to the cell so as to cancel it, and both cells are controlled to keep the same temperature. The compensation heat flow at this time is recorded.
- the ribosome phase transition temperature is as follows.
- a liposome when a liposome is formed from a lipid consisting of a saturated hydrocarbon chain, a liposome takes a gel phase with reduced membrane motility at low temperatures. In the gel phase, the side chains of the lipid molecules are ordered. As the temperature of the lipid bilayer in the gel phase is increased, the liquid crystal phase (iduid crystal lin phase) is reached above a certain temperature. The temperature at which the gel phase changes to the liquid crystal phase is called the gel-liquid crystal transition temperature, or the phase transition temperature () ( Figure 2).
- the lipid molecules on the ribosome surface are rich in mobility, and the fluidity (fluidity) of the membrane is high.
- lipid molecules move in two dimensions in the membrane, lateral diffusion (lateral diffusion), and anisotropic axial rotation in the membrane (anisotropic axial rotation).
- the flip-flop (fl ip flop) moves from one side of the double layer to the other.
- the concentration of ribosomes produced by measuring the concentration of phospholipid was examined using phospholipid-Test Co. (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). 'This kit measures the phospholipid concentration by the permanganate incineration method.
- phospholipids are quantified by scientific methods, but have disadvantages such as high temperature heating conditions, complicated operations, and use of dangerous chemicals.
- this permanganate incineration method has an advantage in safety that phospholipids can be easily and completely decomposed in a boiling water bath.
- a transmission electron microscope is a device that irradiates a sample with an electron beam and mainly observes its internal structure. In addition to the shape and surface structure of the sample, the degree of aggregation of the sample, Observation of crystal patterns, existence of lattice defects, crystal orientation, etc. is possible.
- the principle of TEM is the same as that of an optical microscope, but observation is performed in a high vacuum.
- An electron beam is used as the light source, and an electromagnetic lens is used as the lens.
- Electron beam is longer wavelength than visible light Is short, so observation at a higher magnification than with an optical microscope is possible.
- Electromagnetic lenses generate a magnetic field that distributes in a convex shape when a current flows through a coil, and acts as a convex lens for electrons.
- sample preparation such as ultra-thin sectioning and ion milling is used for thinning.
- FE-TEM field emission type transmission electron microscope
- the ribosomes prepared were negatively stained to observe the shape by FE-TEM.
- the sample and the staining agent do not react, and the density between the sample and the indicator film is reduced by surrounding the sample with a low-molecular compound, which is structured and has a high density.
- This is a method for observing the sample size and surface microstructure. That is, when the electron beam is irradiated with the dye that does not transmit the electron beam excluded from the lipid association site, the association site is exposed more strongly. Therefore, the bilayer structure appears as a white band.
- ribosomes are negatively stained and observed.
- Carbon deposition was performed on a copper grid coated with a collodion film, and a ribosome suspension diluted to about 1. OmM was dropped onto the dalid. After 1 to 2 minutes, the excess liquid was sucked up using a filter paper, and a lw% ammonium molybdate solution was added dropwise as a staining agent to remove the excess liquid in the same manner. Immediately after the preparation of this sample, observation using FE-TEM was performed.
- the measurement of the phospholipid concentration is calculated by using a phospholipid-Test Corporation.
- the absorbance is 0.170
- the concentration is 340 mg / dl from the calibration curve
- the actual concentration is 680 mg / dl (6.8 g / l) due to double dilution. At that time. Therefore,
- DLPA / DMPC (a) 1.0 / 0, (b) 0.5 / 0.5, (c)
- a ribosome was prepared with the composition of 0 / 1.0, and the phase transition temperature using Nano-DSC was determined.
- Figure 5 shows the measurement results.
- the phase transition temperatures were (a) 30.6 ° C, (b) 29.2 ° C, and (c) 24.5 ° C.
- the ribosome peaks (a) and (c), which consist of a single lipid of PA and PC, show sharp peaks
- the ribosome peak (b) which consists of two types of lipids, PA and PC, shows a sharp peak. It shows a gentle peak.
- the ribosome consisting of the two components, PA and PC does not form a domain and is undergoing slow metastasis.
- ribosomes are produced by the extrusion method.
- DLPA / DMPC 0.5 / 0.5 composition.
- Table 2 summarizes the size of the ribosomes produced.
- ribosomes of about the same size as the pore size of the filter are monodispersed.
- the particle size is slightly larger, but it can be said that the liposome is produced in a monodispersed state.
- ribosomes with a size close to the pore size of the filter can be produced by devising, for example, increasing the number of extrusion operations performed by the extension zone.
- the polydispersity is higher than the former, and ribosomes are produced in a size smaller than the pore size. This is considered to be one of the causes of the lack of a sufficiently large MLV during the freeze-thaw operation in ribosome production. For this reason, the same production was performed by increasing the number of freeze-thaw operations, but the result was not as large as the difference between the results and the slightly larger size.
- liposome fabrication in the range of about 150 nm is possible.
- lOOnm-sized liposomes can be easily manufactured.
- width of size control can be changed by changing the constituent lipids and the operating conditions during preparation.
- Fig. 6 shows the results of TEM observation.
- the lipid membrane By performing negative staining, the lipid membrane itself You can see that it is not dyed and is white. The collapse of the shape is considered to be the effect of the drying process. Overall, it can be said that the ribosome remains spherical.
- ribosomes having a uniform size of about 100 nm and a concentration of about 10 mM could be produced.
- the difference in surface charge was confirmed by changing the composition of DLPA and DMPC. We found that the higher the proportion of DLPA, the more negatively the surface was. From this, it can be said that ribosomes containing DLPA as a constituent lipid have adsorption sites utilizing electrostatic interaction.
- Adsorption of the polypeptide on the liposome surface and examination of the obtained liposome were performed by the following methods.
- the ribosome By containing the acidic lipid DLPA as a constituent lipid, the ribosome is negatively charged and has an adsorption site (see Example 1).
- the polycation poly-L-lysine.Plys (P Lys ) was allowed to act on the ribosome surface, and its behavior was investigated by adsorption by electrostatic interaction. It is generally said that ribosomes consisting only of PA are less stable than ribosomes consisting only of PC. Therefore, in this study, we examined the adsorption of P Lys mainly using DLPA / DMPO 0.5 / 0.5 ribosomes. (i) Adsorption measurement
- a ribosome solution (final phospholipid concentration: 0.5 mM) and a Lys solution of a predetermined concentration were reacted under stirring conditions of 25 ° C, 700 rpm, 30 min, and pH 7.4.
- ultracentrifugation was performed at 4 ° C, 70, 000 rpm, and 45 min using a small-sized ultracentrifuge CS 100GX (Hitachi Machine) to precipitate the liposome-P Lys complex from the mixture. .
- the concentration of the supernatant was calculated PL ys concentration adsorbed by measuring using a CBQCA.
- the CBQCA method is one of the protein quantification methods.
- 3- (4-carboxybenzoyl) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA)
- CBQCA is non-fluorescent in aqueous solution
- CBQCA reacts with primary amines in proteins to form very fluorescent derivatives ( Figure 8).
- the particle size of the purified iposome-P ⁇ was measured using dynamic light scattering.
- Circular dichroism spectrometry is one of the measurement methods used in the study of the three-dimensional structure of proteins and nucleic acids. It is also used as a means to determine the chirality of small molecule biological materials.
- Planar polarized light (linearly polarized light) is a combination of left and right polarized light having the same amplitude and frequency rotating left and right toward incident light, and is expressed as follows using complex numbers.
- FIG. 10 shows how incident light of plane polarization passes through the optically active substance and becomes elliptically polarized light.
- plane polarized light oscillates on a straight line as a result of superimposing left and right circularly polarized light (A or A R ). Therefore, plane polarized light is also called linearly polarized light.
- the plane of polarization rotates due to the different extinction coefficients of left and right circularly polarized light.
- the angle is called Q: (In the case of Fig. 10, the extinction coefficient of left-handed circularly polarized light is larger than that of right-handed circularly polarized light, and the right-handed circularly polarized light is transmitted faster. As a result, the plane of polarization rotates rightward ( Permeation of right-handed substance)).
- the absorbance of the left and right circularly polarized light is different, so that the amplitude of the left and right polarized light after transmission is different, and the locus of the polarization plane is elliptical.
- the absorbances for the left and right circularly polarized lights are different, the amplitude of the circularly polarized light also differs, and the transmitted light becomes elliptically polarized light.
- the size of the CD is also represented by the angle 0 (ellipticity) defined by the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the ellipse.
- the molar ellipticity [0] (molar, ellipticity) is represented by the following equation.
- ⁇ ⁇ ] and ⁇ ⁇ are denoted with a positive or negative sign, and are also referred to as a positive cotton effect and a negative cotton effect, respectively.
- P Lys has three secondary structures, ie, a helix, a three-sheet, and a random coil, depending on the temperature and pH, and that it has a random structure at physiological pH. Therefore, each structure was prepared by the following method, and CD spectrum measurement at 190 to 250 nm was performed. Random coil: dissolved in pH 7.4 buffer
- Sheet Dissolve in pH11 buffer, heat at 65 ° C for 10 minutes, then cool to 20 ° C. Using each solution, measurement was performed under the conditions of a measurement speed of 20 nm / min and a scan count of 10 times.
- CD spectra were measured to study the change in secondary structure due to the adsorption of P Lys to ribosomes.
- a liposome with the composition of DLPA / DMPC 1.0 / 0, 0.5 / 0.5, 0 / 1.0 was prepared.
- 200 L of this ribosome suspension (final phospholipid concentration: 0.5 mM) and 200 L of a solution of a predetermined concentration were added at 25 ° C, 700 rpm, and 30 min.
- the reaction was carried out under stirring conditions of pH 7.4. Using this solution, the CD spectrum was measured at a cell temperature of 25 ° C, a measurement speed of 20 nm / iniii, and 30 scans.
- the P Lys solution 500 ⁇ 1 (final Pis concentration 400 ppm) was reacted for 30 min at 25 ° C, 700 rpm, and pH 7.4.
- the reaction solution was filtered using an ultrafiltration filter (fraction molecular weight: 100, 000) for 2 min.
- the l iposome_P Lys solution 200 1 and the l iposome-P Lys -P Asp solution 200 1 were reacted under the conditions of 30 min, 25 ° C, and 700 rpm. Also, a ribosome having a negative charge]) LPA / DMPC). 5 / 0.5 and 1 iposome-P Lys were reacted under the same conditions. The sample thus obtained was negatively stained and observed by FE-TEM.
- DLPA / DMPO0.5 For ribosomes with a composition of 0.5 (by mol), the total number of DLPA and DMPC contained in one liposome is
- each lipid is weighed and mixed 5.0 x 10-—ol, so the number of ribosomes formed in this system is
- the final phospholipid concentration is 6.43 ⁇ 10 12 (pieces) because it is used at 1/20 the concentration at the time of preparation. Therefore, the total surface area of the ribosome in the system is
- the reaction was carried out using ribosomes having a composition of DLPA / DMPOL 0/0, 0.5 / 0.5, 0 / 1.1.0 and P Lys for a reaction time of 20 min and 80 niin.
- Table 3 summarizes the adsorption amount.
- Ribosomes 5 composition was prepared, when varying the concentration of P tys added (final concentration 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 , 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 2000 ppm) are shown in Table 4 and the adsorption isotherm created based on the Ps concentration is shown in Fig. 13 (adsorption amount). The numerical value of is the average value of the same experiment performed four times.)
- Such a difference is considered to be caused by fi that the amount of Lys adsorbed on the ribosome is different.
- FIG. 1 5 for the case of charge of. 5 to 10 ppm small area occupied by the PL ys to the surface of the liposome, reduce the influence of positive charge, negative charge as a whole liposome Is considered to have a state. Therefore, it is considered that the monodispersion exists even after the separation operation by ultracentrifugation due to the repulsion between the negative charges.
- liposomes When liposomes were hydrated, they were hydrated using a 10 mM HPTS solution (pH 7.4), and purified using gel filtration and ultracentrifugation to obtain HPTS-enclosed ribosomes.
- HPTS-encapsulated liposome 5001 final phospholipid concentration 0.5 mM
- P Lys solution 500 x 1 final concentration 100 ppm
- the reaction solution was ultracentrifuged at 45 and 4 min at 70 and OOO rpm.
- Figure 16 shows the film-like sediment generated at this time. It is a film-like sediment formed in the case of).
- the membrane was green, but the supernatant after ultracentrifugation was also green. This suggests that the ribosome may have collapsed during membrane formation.
- the green membrane formed in (a) may be green due to the binding of HPTS and ⁇ ⁇ 'leaked out by ribosome breakdown due to electrostatic interaction.
- the l iposome-P solution was purified and concentrated seven times using an ultrafiltration filter (fraction molecular weight: 300, 000) at 25, 3,000 rpm and 2 min, and the l iposome-P was purified. .
- L iposome- using dynamic light scattering The particle size was measured and found to be monodisperse at about 100 nm. was gotten. When the phospholipid concentration was measured before and after purification, it was slightly reduced but the loss was small.
- P Lys and the liposome-P complex can be separated in a monodispersed state with a small loss.
- P Lys has three secondary structures: ⁇ helix, j3 sheet, and random coil (Fig. 17).
- Fig. 18 shows the results of CD spectrum measurement at 190 to 250 nm for each structure.
- the random coil has a maximum at 195 nm
- the ⁇ -helix has a minimum at 222 nm and 208 nm
- a crossover at 200 mn a maximum at 191 mn
- a j6 sheet has a minimum at a crossover of 206 to 207 nm.
- DLPA / DMPC 1.0 / 0, 0.5 / 0.5, 0 / 1.0 Reaction of ribosome solution (final phospholipid concentration 0.5mM) and solution (final Lys concentration 50m)
- Fig. 19 shows the results of CD spectrum measurement.
- Figure 20 shows the average of the molar ellipticity in the region of 195-200 nm, which is characteristic of random structure and] 3 structure. It is known that in this region, the random structure has a negative molar ellipticity and the ⁇ structure has a positive molar ellipticity.
- a ribosome solution (final phospholipid concentration: 0.5 mM) with the composition of DLPA / DMPO 0.5 / 0.5! ⁇ Solution (final P ⁇ concentration 400 ⁇ ), before and after purification by ultrafiltration
- the spectrum measurement results are shown in Fig. 21 and the average of the molar ellipticity is summarized in Fig. 22. From this result, it can be seen that before purification, the protein had a random structure, whereas after purification, it had a) 3 structure. This is because P Lys, which had not been adsorbed before purification, had a large number of random structures, whereas purification using ultrafiltration removed them, leaving a / 3 structure on the ribosome surface. This indicates that the adsorbed P ⁇ remains. From these results, it was confirmed that the secondary structure of Iys changed from a random structure to an 8) structure by adsorption to ribosomes.
- the adsorption experiment was performed at room temperature (25 ° C). This temperature is slightly lower than the phase transition temperature of the ribosome, and is the temperature at which the gel phase begins to partially change from the gel phase to the liquid crystal phase. This temperature must be clearly different from the phase transition temperature. It can be said that the difference in the adsorption behavior is caused by the removal. If the T> T e, continuous to become lipid molecules easy to move in the lipid membranes, in order to become easily take contiguous sequence of DLP'A, that T ⁇ immobile lipid molecules if T e It becomes difficult to take the array.
- the ⁇ potential of the liposome-P Lys complex showed a positive charge at 70.865 mV.
- DLPA / DMPC used as template 0.5 / 0.5
- the ribopotential of the ribosome had a negative charge of -73.585 mV. You can see that is happening.
- Adsorption experiments were performed using polyanion Poly-L-aspartic acid (P AsD ) as an adsorbate on the surface of the prepared liposome-P Lys .
- P AsD polyanion Poly-L-aspartic acid
- the liposome-P Lys solution 5001 thus prepared and the P Asp solution 500_ ⁇ 1 (final P Asp concentration: 400 ppm) were reacted under the same reaction conditions. At this time, it is possible that P Asp could form a polyion complex if it was not completely removed in addition to the surface of the 110030111 ⁇ 2-? ⁇ Complex. Therefore, centrifugation was performed under the conditions of 15 min, 25 ° C, 15 and OOOrpm to remove the polyion complex. Further, the supernatant after centrifugation was subjected to the same purification using an ultrafiltration filter.
- the particle size of the 1 ipsome-P Lys -P Asp complex thus obtained was measured by a dynamic light scattering method and found to be monodisperse at about 100 nm. (ii) FE-TEM observation of shape and measurement of ⁇ potential
- Fig. 25 shows the results of negative staining of the prepared liposome-P ⁇ -P Asp complex and observation using FE-TEM. From Fig. 25, it can be seen that the liposome-P Lys -P Asp complex exists while maintaining a spherical shape.
- the ⁇ potential of the liposome_P Lys -P Asp complex was negative at -61.525 mV. Comparing with the ipotential of the l iposome-P ⁇ complex, it can be confirmed that the surface charge has been inverted due to the adsorption of P Lys .
- poly-L-lysine which is a polycation
- P Lys poly-L-lysine
- P has a secondary structure during adsorption. was changed from random to three sheets.
- the liposome-P ⁇ complex was obtained in a monodispersed state by purification using ultrafiltration.
- Liposomes having a multilayer structure were prepared using a ribosome having a composition of DLPA / DMPO 0.5 / 0.5 as a template.
- L iposome- P Lys -P Asp -P Lys 500 1 (final phospholipid concentration 0.5 mM) and Poly-L-aspartic acid (P Lys ) 500 1 (final P Lys concentration 400 ppm) obtained in (3) ) was reacted at 25 ° C, 700 rpm, 30 min, pH 7.4, and centrifuged at 25 ° C, 15000 rpm, 15 min to remove the polyion complex. Furthermore, purification by ultrafiltration was performed under the conditions of 25 ° C, 3000 rpm, and 2 min. At this time, concentration and redispersion were performed seven times. As a result, a ribosome having four layers of polymer laminated on the surface was obtained.
- Figure 30 shows an FE-TEM observation image.
- polyallylamine and mercaptoacetic acid are adsorbed on the surface of a ribosome of type I, and the lamination of semiconductor nanoparticles (nanophosphor particles) is examined.
- nanoparticles nanophosphor particles
- ribosomes containing DLPA as a constituent lipid are negatively charged. I know you are. Therefore, we attempted to make particles with different surface charges by layer-by-layering polyacrylamine (PAA) and mercaptoacetic acid on the ribosome surface.
- PAA layer-by-layering polyacrylamine
- Figure 32 shows a conceptual diagram of Layer-by-Layer in this case.
- the liposome By containing the acidic lipid DLPA as a constituent lipid, the liposome (liposome) is negatively charged and has an adsorption site (see Example 1).
- the behavior of ribosomes by allowing polyallylamine, a polycation, to act on the ribosome surface and adsorbing them by electrostatic interaction.
- a ribosome solution (final phospholipid concentration: 0.5 mM) and a predetermined concentration of a polyallylamine solution (500 ⁇ L) were allowed to react at 25 ° C., 700 rpm, 30 min., A predetermined concentration and a predetermined pH under stirring conditions. After the reaction, the mixture was centrifuged using an ultrafiltration filter (Amicon Ultra-4, molecular weight cut-off 30,000) at 25 ° C, 3000 rpm, and 2 min, to obtain 1 iposome-polyarylamine from the mixed solution. The body sank. The concentration of adsorbed polyarylamine was calculated by measuring the concentration of separated polyallylamine using CBQCA.
- Ribosome solution 500 L final phospholipid concentration 0.5 mM
- Dispersion stabilizer (0.1 M C 6 H 5 Na 3 0 7 )
- the obtained composite sample was excited using an Xe lamp, and the fluorescence intensity emitted from the sample was measured using a spectrofluorometer.
- the excitation spectrum was measured at a fluorescence wavelength of 580 m using a spectrofluorometer for each sample, and the peak wavelength of the excitation spectrum was used. It was found that the ribosome, ribosome-polyallylamine complex, and ribosome-polyallylamine-mercaptoacetic acid complex 'all adsorb semiconductor nanoparticles.
- the sample obtained by conjugation to the liposome-PAH complex showed the highest fluorescence intensity, but also resulted in high cohesion. It was found that the ribosome-PAH-mercaptoacetic acid complex hardly aggregated and gave a sample with high fluorescence intensity (Table 8). Table 8
- the ribosome on which the polymer of the present invention is laminated can be manufactured at any size and any strength.When a charged polymer is used as the polymer, ribosome particles that can be uniformly dispersed can be obtained. Can be. Furthermore, it is possible to encapsulate a specific substance inside the ribosome, or to include a specific substance in the polymer to be laminated. Such a hollow particle in which a polymer is laminated on a ribosome is a particle that has not existed conventionally, and a ribosome in which the polymer of the present invention is laminated cannot be achieved by the conventional technology. Having.
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPWO2006077857A1 (ja) * | 2005-01-18 | 2008-06-19 | 国立大学法人 北海道大学 | 粒子を脂質膜で被覆する方法 |
JP2011079745A (ja) * | 2009-10-02 | 2011-04-21 | Face:Kk | コラーゲン修飾リポソームからなる化粧料基剤およびそれを含有する皮膚化粧料 |
JP2011225459A (ja) * | 2010-04-16 | 2011-11-10 | Face:Kk | ゼラチンおよび/またはエラスチン構成ポリペプチドで修飾されたリポソームからなる化粧料基剤およびそれを含有する皮膚化粧料 |
JP2012025720A (ja) * | 2010-07-28 | 2012-02-09 | Shalom:Kk | セラミド合成促進剤、化粧料、皮膚外用剤、医薬部外品、医薬品およびセラミド合成促進剤の製造方法 |
JP2013509445A (ja) * | 2009-10-30 | 2013-03-14 | ノースウェスタン ユニバーシティ | 鋳型ナノ複合体 |
FR2982262A1 (fr) * | 2011-11-03 | 2013-05-10 | Univ De Droit Et De La Sante De Lille 2 | Nanoparticule comportant un coeur charge en phospholipide et une proteine adsorbee sur ledit coeur-utilisation pour la delivrance d'une proteine dans une cellule |
JP2013530128A (ja) * | 2010-04-13 | 2013-07-25 | 株式会社アモーレパシフィック | 経皮吸収用高分子‐リポソームナノ複合体組成物及びその製造方法 |
JP2014185184A (ja) * | 2014-07-07 | 2014-10-02 | Face:Kk | 化粧料基剤の製造方法および皮膚化粧料 |
JP2017171632A (ja) * | 2016-03-25 | 2017-09-28 | 新日本製薬株式会社 | 化粧品原料及び皮膚外用剤組成物 |
WO2023068192A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-22 | 2023-04-27 | 国立大学法人神戸大学 | 膜タンパク質を含む人工生体膜 |
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JPWO2006077857A1 (ja) * | 2005-01-18 | 2008-06-19 | 国立大学法人 北海道大学 | 粒子を脂質膜で被覆する方法 |
JP2011079745A (ja) * | 2009-10-02 | 2011-04-21 | Face:Kk | コラーゲン修飾リポソームからなる化粧料基剤およびそれを含有する皮膚化粧料 |
JP2015205937A (ja) * | 2009-10-30 | 2015-11-19 | ノースウェスタン ユニバーシティ | 鋳型ナノ複合体 |
JP2013509445A (ja) * | 2009-10-30 | 2013-03-14 | ノースウェスタン ユニバーシティ | 鋳型ナノ複合体 |
US9757475B2 (en) | 2009-10-30 | 2017-09-12 | Northwestern University | Templated nanoconjugates |
US9376690B2 (en) | 2009-10-30 | 2016-06-28 | Northwestern University | Templated nanoconjugates |
US9572769B2 (en) | 2010-04-13 | 2017-02-21 | Amorepacific Corporation | Polymer-liposome nanocomposite composition for percutaneous absorption, and method for preparing same |
JP2013530128A (ja) * | 2010-04-13 | 2013-07-25 | 株式会社アモーレパシフィック | 経皮吸収用高分子‐リポソームナノ複合体組成物及びその製造方法 |
JP2011225459A (ja) * | 2010-04-16 | 2011-11-10 | Face:Kk | ゼラチンおよび/またはエラスチン構成ポリペプチドで修飾されたリポソームからなる化粧料基剤およびそれを含有する皮膚化粧料 |
JP2012025720A (ja) * | 2010-07-28 | 2012-02-09 | Shalom:Kk | セラミド合成促進剤、化粧料、皮膚外用剤、医薬部外品、医薬品およびセラミド合成促進剤の製造方法 |
WO2013065002A1 (fr) * | 2011-11-03 | 2013-05-10 | Universite De Droit Et De La Sante De Lille Ii | Association d'une nanoparticule comportant un coeur charge en phospholipide avec une protéine - utilisation pour la délivrance in vitro de ladite protéine |
FR2982262A1 (fr) * | 2011-11-03 | 2013-05-10 | Univ De Droit Et De La Sante De Lille 2 | Nanoparticule comportant un coeur charge en phospholipide et une proteine adsorbee sur ledit coeur-utilisation pour la delivrance d'une proteine dans une cellule |
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JP2017171632A (ja) * | 2016-03-25 | 2017-09-28 | 新日本製薬株式会社 | 化粧品原料及び皮膚外用剤組成物 |
WO2023068192A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-22 | 2023-04-27 | 国立大学法人神戸大学 | 膜タンパク質を含む人工生体膜 |
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