WO2005023907A1 - Emulsions stables pour l’abaissement du point d’ecoulement des huiles brutes et l’inhibition du depot de paraffines - Google Patents
Emulsions stables pour l’abaissement du point d’ecoulement des huiles brutes et l’inhibition du depot de paraffines Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005023907A1 WO2005023907A1 PCT/FR2004/002092 FR2004002092W WO2005023907A1 WO 2005023907 A1 WO2005023907 A1 WO 2005023907A1 FR 2004002092 W FR2004002092 W FR 2004002092W WO 2005023907 A1 WO2005023907 A1 WO 2005023907A1
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Definitions
- compositions according to the invention which are in the form of stable emulsions provide a solution to this problem of phase shift which induces processing difficulties when using the combination of said polymers on petroleum fields.
- Many crude petroleum oils contain significant fractions of paraffins, the amount and exact nature of which vary according to the fields of extraction. At the temperature of the well, the paraffins are liquid and dissolved in the crude oil. When the oil rises to the surface, its temperature drops and the paraffins, while crystallizing, form a three-dimensional network of needles and scales. This results in a loss of fluidity which makes the production, transport, storage and even processing of these oils very difficult.
- n-alkyl (meth) acrylate monomers with n varying from 6 to 40 with optionally one or more comonomers such as vinylpiridines, fatty chain alpha olefin monomers (n-alkyl, with n varying from 6 to 40), and the monomers chosen from ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides, see for example US 6,218,490 from CECA, US 4,663,491 from STAUCHAUSEN,
- the polymer compositions according to the invention comprise polymers derived from at least two of the three families: i) copolymers of ethylene and of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer, for example acetate of vinyl (EVA), ii) ethylene copolymers as defined under i) grafted with polymers such as fatty chain polyacrylates (eg.
- EVA grafted n-alkyl polyacrylate and iii) (co) polymers of (meth ) acrylate of n-alkyl and of monomers chosen from the following group: fatty chain alpha olefins (n-alkyl, with n varying from 6 to 40), vinyl esters, aromatic vinyls, vinylpiridins and its derivatives, N-vinylpyrrolidone, (meth) acrylamides and their derivatives, ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides or ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic anhydrides and are in the form of a stable emulsion.
- fatty chain alpha olefins n-alkyl, with n varying from 6 to 40
- vinyl esters aromatic vinyls
- vinylpiridins and its derivatives N-vinylpyrrolidone
- compositions of the present invention preferably comprise at least 100 parts by weight of the following constituents 1 to 6: 1) 5 to 70, preferably 5 to 50 and advantageously 5 to 40 parts by weight of at least two (co) polymers belonging to at least two of the following families i) ii) and iii): i) copolymers of ethylene containing 50 to 90% and advantageously 60 to 80% by weight of ethylene and 10 to 50, advantageously 20 to 40% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer chosen from the following group: vinyl esters of C 2 to Ci ⁇ and preferably C 2 to C 5 monocarboxylic acids, alkyl esters thereof to C ⁇ 2 monocarboxylic acids C 3 C ⁇ 2, alpha and beta unsaturated dicarboxylic compounds as the diacid, diester of C1-C ⁇ 2, or anhydride.
- vinyl esters vinyl acetate is advantageously used.
- unsaturated mono carboxylic acid esters it is preferable to use the Ci to C acrylates and methacrylates
- the unsaturated alpha, beta dicarboxylic compounds are preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl diesters of maleic acid, maleic alkyl, fumaric or alkyl fumaric acid.
- ethylene copolymers described in i) grafted with polymers which are (co) polymers derived from 50 to 100%, preferably from 70 to 100%, by weight of one or more monomers of (meth) acrylate n-alkyl, with n varying from 6 to 40, preferably from 14 to 30 and optionally 0 to 50%, preferably from 0 to 30% of one or more monomers chosen from the following group: fatty chain alpha olefins (n-alkyl, with n varying from 6 to 40), vinyl esters, aromatic vinyls, vinylpiridins and its derivatives, N-vinylpyrrolidone, (meth) acrylamides and their derivatives, acids or anhydrides mono- and / or ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxyls or ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic anhydrides; the graft copolymers ii) comprise 5 to 95% and advantageously 40 to 75%
- n-alkyl (meth) acrylate monomers derived from 50 to 100%, preferably from 70 to 100%, by weight of one or more n-alkyl (meth) acrylate monomers, with n varying from 6 to 40, preferably from 14 to 30 and optionally 0 to 50%, preferably from 0 to 30% of one or more monomers chosen from the following group: fatty chain alpha olefins (n-alkyl, with n varying from 6 to 40), esters vinyl, aromatic vinyl, vinylpiridins and its derivatives, N-vinylpyrrolidone, (meth) acrylamides and their derivatives, ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides or ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic anhydrides.
- a solvent or mixture of solvents immiscible with water preferably chosen from aromatic solvents (toluene, xylene), alone or as a mixture
- a co-solvent or a mixture of co-solvents miscible with water preferably from 5 to 25, and advantageously from 5 to 20 parts by weight, chosen from ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone or methylisobutyl ketone, alcohols such as butanol or isopropanol, glycols and polyglycol ethers such as ethylene or propylene glycol, diethylene glycol or dipropylene glycol;
- the surfactants used for the emulsions to be mixed can be identical or different, 5) 0 to 2, preferably from 0.01 to 0.6 and advantageously from 0.02 to 0.2 parts by weight d '' one or more thickeners such as Xanthane ®, 6) water (qs 100: the sum of constituents 1) to 6) representing 100 parts by weight)
- the invention also relates to the processes for preparing these compositions which can be obtained according to one of the following two processes : - by emulsification of the mixture of polymers from at least two of families i), ii) and iii) (process A) or - by mixture of emulsions of polymers of different families i), ii) and iii) (process B) Method A of emulsification of a mixture of polymers derived from at least two of the three families of polymers i), ii) and iii) mentioned above is characterized in that: A1- a solution of polymers from at least two
- A5- optionally one or more surfactants are added which may or may not be identical to those of step A2 and / or one or more thickeners to improve the stability of the emulsion.
- the phases A1, A2, and A3 are carried out with stirring at temperatures generally of at least 25 ° C.
- the temperature is chosen such that the viscosity of the solutions of the polymers to be emulsified allows scraping, stirring and shearing by stirring the mixture using a stirring mobile.
- the viscosity generally does not exceed 300 Pa.s (300,000 cp)
- Phase A4 can be carried out at the same time as phase A3 or before phase A3.
- Phase A5 can be carried out at the same time as phase A4, before or after phase A4.
- the addition of water can be done in continuous, batch, semi-continuous or semi-batch mode.
- the quantities of reagents used are as follows: A1- a solution of 10 to 70 parts by weight of polymers of at least two of the families i) to iii) described above is prepared in 10 to 60 parts by weight of at least one organic solvent or mixture of solvents ( s) immiscible with water, A2- 0.1 to 10 parts by weight of pure or diluted surfactant (s) are added to the solution obtained, A3- 10 to 80 are added parts by weight of water to form an emulsion, A4- 0 to 30 parts by weight of a solvent or mixture of solvents miscible with water are added, A5- 0 to 3 parts by weight of one or more surfactants and / or 0 to 2 parts by weight of one or more thickeners to improve the stability of the emulsion.
- a variant of method A can be carried out as follows: Aa1- a solution of polymers of at least two of the families i) to iii) described above is prepared in at least one solvent or mixture of organic solvents (s) which are immiscible (s) with water, Aa2- one or more pure or diluted surfactants in water or in another solvent (miscible or immiscible with water) are put into water, Aa3- is added to l water containing the surfactant (s) prepared in Aa2) the polymer solution prepared in Aa1) to form an emulsion, Aa4- optionally adding a solvent or mixture of solvents miscible with water, Aa5- optionally adding one or more surfactants which may or may not be identical to those of step Aa2 and / or one or more thickeners to improve the stability of the emulsion.
- the phases Aa1, Aa2, and Aa3 are carried out with stirring at temperatures generally of at least 25 ° C.
- the temperature is chosen such that the viscosity of the solution of the polymers to be emulsified allows it to be poured and dispersed in water containing surfactant (s) prepared in Aa2.
- surfactant s
- the viscosity of the polymer solution generally does not exceed 150 Pa.s (150,000 cp)
- Phase A4 can be conducted before phase Aa3.
- the Aa5 phase can be carried out at the same time as the Aa4 phase, before or after the Aa4 phase.
- the polymer solution can be added either in continuous, batch, semi-continuous or semi-batch mode.
- the quantities of reagents used are in the same ranges as for process A: Aa1- a solution of 10 to 70 parts by weight of polymers of at least two of families i) to iii) described is prepared. above in 10 to 60 parts by weight of at least one solvent or mixture of organic solvents immiscible with water, Aa2- in 10 to 80 parts by weight of water, 0.1 to 10 parts by weight of surfactant (s) pure or diluted in water or in another solvent (miscible or immiscible with water), Aa3- is added to the water containing the (s) surfactant (s) prepared in Aa2) the polymer solution prepared in Aa1) to form an emulsion, Aa4- 0 to 30 parts by weight of a solvent or mixture of solvents miscible with water are added , Aa5- 0 to 3 parts by weight of one or more surfactants and / or 0 to 2 parts by weight of one or more thickeners are added.
- the emulsion mixing process B is characterized in that: B1- at least two polymer emulsions belonging solely to at least two of the three families i), ii) or iii) described above are prepared separately (each emulsion obtained therefore contains only polymers belonging to a single family i), ii), or iii)) according to method A above, its variant Aa or, for the emulsion of polymer (s) from family iii), can also proceed by radical emulsion polymerization, carried out in a conventional manner in an apparatus known for emulsion polymerizations according to a batch, semi-batch, continuous or semi-continuous process.
- the emulsions of polymers i) not containing any water-immiscible solvent according to the well-known method of emulsification using an extruder, B2- mixed (by addition, with stirring, of an emulsion in the other at a temperature in general of at least 10 ° C., the temperature being chosen such that it is greater than the freezing point of the emulsions) the polymer emulsions obtained in B1), it being understood that said emulsions have mix must come from at least two of families i), ii) and iii), B3- optionally one or more surfactants are added which may or may not be identical to those of steps A2 or Aa2 and / or one or more thickeners to improve the stability of the emulsion.
- the organic solvents of each of the emulsions to be mixed can be identical or different.
- compositions according to the invention comprising polymers of families i) and ii)
- process A the process for emulsifying the mixture of polymers i) and ii) is preferred in order to avoid double emulsification followed by mixing .
- the present invention also relates to the use of the compositions according to the invention as additives for lowering the pour point of crude oils and / or inhibiting the deposition of paraffins in crude oils.
- the advantage of the compositions according to the invention lies in their excellent stability, which results in an easy implementation on the oil fields. Indeed, the presence of polymers from at least two of the three families i) to iii) in a single composition or single pot without their separating into several distinct phases makes it possible to avoid the use of several injection lines for different additives on the oil fields and / or to have a single tank for mixing several additives before injection into the crude oil.
- the invention provides additives which allow them to avoid multiple point injections, tank agitation before injection as well as the management constraints of several "incompatible" products.
- the performances of the compositions of Examples 1 to 3 were evaluated by measuring the pour point according to standard ASTM D97 which consists in adding the crude oil brought to a temperature above its pour point, with a defined amount of additive, then cool the crude in 3 ° C increments, the pour point representing the temperature from which the crude oil no longer flows.
- ASTM D97 standard ASTM D97 which consists in adding the crude oil brought to a temperature above its pour point, with a defined amount of additive, then cool the crude in 3 ° C increments, the pour point representing the temperature from which the crude oil no longer flows.
- a HERZOG MP852 device was used, the flow detection of which is ensured by an LCD camera. All the compositions were tested in an Egyptian crude oil whose pour point measured according to this method is 33 ° C.
- EXAMPLE 1 75 g of a solution comprising 55% are introduced into a half-liter double-walled reactor equipped with stirring, a reflux condenser, a bath thermostatically controlled at 75 ° C. __ by weight of copolymer of alkyl acrylate, C 18 to 22 and 4-vinyl pyridine (5% by weight of 4-vinyl pyridine) in a mixture of aromatic solvents (SOLVESSO150) 2 was added 75 g of a solution comprising 49% of ethylene and vinyl acetate (28% vinyl acetate) grafted with an alkyl polyacrylate C ⁇ 8- 22 (the ratio of polyacrylate grafted alkyl / ethylene and vinyl acetate being 1) in a mixture of aromatic solvents (SOLVESSO150) 3- heating to 75 ° C, 4- introducing 20 g of nonionic surfactant (REMCOPAL 25 sold by CECA which is an ethoxylated fatty alcohol) 5- wait 30 min for the homogenization of the reaction mixture 6- introduce in
- Example 2 (comparative) 75 g of a solution are introduced into a double-walled half-liter reactor equipped with stirring, a reflux condenser, a bath thermostatically controlled at 75 ° C.
- Example 3 The compositions obtained in examples 1 and 2 are injected at the level of 1000 ppm into an Egyptian crude oil having a pour point of 33 ° C.
- the polymer solution of Example 2 it is necessary to stir it for homogenization before the additivation of the oil or else to prepare separately two solutions each containing the polymers and to carry out a double injection.
- Crude oils with additives have a pour point of 9 ° C.
- the emulsion of Example 1 according to the invention has the advantage of being able to be injected into the oil without prior homogenization operation or double injection.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04786266A EP1664156A1 (fr) | 2003-08-28 | 2004-08-05 | Emulsions stables pour l'abaissement du point d'ecoulement des huiles brutes et l'inhibition du depot de paraffines |
CA002536932A CA2536932A1 (fr) | 2003-08-28 | 2004-08-05 | Emulsions stables pour l'abaissement du point d'ecoulement des huiles brutes et l'inhibition du depot de paraffines |
CN2004800320945A CN1875055B (zh) | 2003-08-28 | 2004-08-05 | 降低原油倾点和抑制石蜡沉积的稳定乳状液 |
EA200600472A EA011252B1 (ru) | 2003-08-28 | 2004-08-05 | Стабильные эмульсии полимеров, способ их получения и их применение для понижения температуры застывания сырых нефтей и для ингибирования осаждения парафинов |
US10/569,672 US20070062101A1 (en) | 2003-08-28 | 2004-08-05 | Stable emulsions which are used to lower the pour point of crude oils and to inhibit paraffin deposition |
NO20061309A NO20061309L (no) | 2003-08-28 | 2006-03-23 | Stabile emulsjoner som anvendes for a netsette stivnepunktet av raoljer og for a hindre parafinavsetning |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0310242 | 2003-08-28 | ||
FR0310242A FR2859211B1 (fr) | 2003-08-28 | 2003-08-28 | Compositions sous forme d'emulsions stables, leurs preparations et leurs utilisation pour l'abaissement du point d'ecoulement des huiles brutes et l'inhibition du depot de paraffines |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005023907A1 true WO2005023907A1 (fr) | 2005-03-17 |
Family
ID=34130629
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2004/002092 WO2005023907A1 (fr) | 2003-08-28 | 2004-08-05 | Emulsions stables pour l’abaissement du point d’ecoulement des huiles brutes et l’inhibition du depot de paraffines |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070062101A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1664156A1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1875055B (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2536932A1 (fr) |
EA (1) | EA011252B1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2859211B1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO20061309L (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005023907A1 (fr) |
Cited By (7)
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CN100372878C (zh) * | 2005-11-11 | 2008-03-05 | 山东大学 | 一种高凝高粘原油开采输送剂的制备方法 |
WO2008083724A1 (fr) | 2006-12-22 | 2008-07-17 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Dispersions d'additifs polymères d'huiles |
CN104154422A (zh) * | 2014-07-15 | 2014-11-19 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种原油降凝降粘纳米基材复合物、其制备方法及原油 |
DE102015226635A1 (de) | 2015-12-23 | 2017-06-29 | Clariant International Ltd | Polymerzusammensetzungen mit verbesserter Handhabbarkeit |
WO2018177619A1 (fr) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-10-04 | Clariant International Ltd | Fluides pour la fracturation de formations pétrolifères paraffiniques |
WO2019057396A1 (fr) | 2017-09-20 | 2019-03-28 | Clariant International Ltd | Dispersions d'additifs polymères pour huiles |
EP3798261A1 (fr) | 2019-09-26 | 2021-03-31 | Clariant International Ltd | Compositions polymères et leur utilisation en tant que point d'écoulement dans des huiles hydrocarbonées contenant de la paraffine |
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WO2008125588A1 (fr) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-23 | Basf Se | Préparation et utilisation de formulations d'inhibiteurs de paraffines |
EP2251376A1 (fr) | 2009-05-15 | 2010-11-17 | Sika Technology AG | Dispersions polymères aqueuses |
ES2382420T3 (es) * | 2009-09-25 | 2012-06-08 | Evonik Rohmax Additives Gmbh | Una composición para mejorar las propiedades de fluidez en frío de aceites combustibles |
RU2606625C2 (ru) * | 2011-06-10 | 2017-01-10 | ДАУ ГЛОБАЛ ТЕКНОЛОДЖИЗ ЭлЭлСи | Способ получения композиции водного понизителя температуры застывания в виде дисперсии |
US9163194B2 (en) | 2011-12-13 | 2015-10-20 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Copolymers for use as paraffin behavior modifiers |
CN103614128A (zh) * | 2013-11-11 | 2014-03-05 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | 一种应用于三次采油油井的微乳液重质蜡晶乳化分散剂 |
US10294355B2 (en) | 2014-10-13 | 2019-05-21 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Vinyl acetate-ethylene/acrylic polymer emulsions and products and methods relating thereto |
ITUB20156295A1 (it) * | 2015-12-03 | 2017-06-03 | Versalis Spa | Emulsioni acquose contenenti copolimeri etilene-vinilacetato, loro procedimento di preparazione e loro impiego come additivi anti-gelificanti di greggi petroliferi. |
CN108084982B (zh) * | 2016-11-21 | 2020-08-21 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 纳米降粘降凝剂稳定乳液及其制备方法和用途 |
WO2019013799A1 (fr) | 2017-07-13 | 2019-01-17 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Système de distribution d'agents de traitement de puits oléo-solubles et procédés d'utilisation de celui-ci |
US12060523B2 (en) | 2017-07-13 | 2024-08-13 | Baker Hughes Holdings Llc | Method of introducing oil-soluble well treatment agent into a well or subterranean formation |
US11254850B2 (en) | 2017-11-03 | 2022-02-22 | Baker Hughes Holdings Llc | Treatment methods using aqueous fluids containing oil-soluble treatment agents |
WO2019112550A1 (fr) * | 2017-12-04 | 2019-06-13 | Multi-Chem Group, Llc | Additif pour abaisser le point d'écoulement d'inhibiteurs de paraffines |
CN110172366B (zh) * | 2019-06-12 | 2021-08-17 | 上海应用技术大学 | 一种三元聚合物生物柴油降凝剂、制备及其应用 |
US10961444B1 (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2021-03-30 | Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations Llc | Method of using coated composites containing delayed release agent in a well treatment operation |
FR3150809A1 (fr) | 2023-07-07 | 2025-01-10 | Snf Sa | Polymère et son utilisation comme réducteur de viscosité d’hydrocarbures |
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- 2003-08-28 FR FR0310242A patent/FR2859211B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-08-05 EA EA200600472A patent/EA011252B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-08-05 CN CN2004800320945A patent/CN1875055B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-08-05 EP EP04786266A patent/EP1664156A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-08-05 CA CA002536932A patent/CA2536932A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2004-08-05 US US10/569,672 patent/US20070062101A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-08-05 WO PCT/FR2004/002092 patent/WO2005023907A1/fr active Application Filing
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US4153423A (en) * | 1975-03-28 | 1979-05-08 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Polymer combinations useful in distillate hydrocarbon oils to improve cold flow properties |
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100372878C (zh) * | 2005-11-11 | 2008-03-05 | 山东大学 | 一种高凝高粘原油开采输送剂的制备方法 |
WO2008083724A1 (fr) | 2006-12-22 | 2008-07-17 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Dispersions d'additifs polymères d'huiles |
DE102006061103B4 (de) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-11-06 | Clariant International Ltd. | Dispersionen polymerer Öladditive |
US8293690B2 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2012-10-23 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Dispersions of polymer oil additives |
US8598101B2 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2013-12-03 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Dispersions of polymer oil additives |
CN104154422A (zh) * | 2014-07-15 | 2014-11-19 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种原油降凝降粘纳米基材复合物、其制备方法及原油 |
DE102015226635A1 (de) | 2015-12-23 | 2017-06-29 | Clariant International Ltd | Polymerzusammensetzungen mit verbesserter Handhabbarkeit |
US10889773B2 (en) | 2015-12-23 | 2021-01-12 | Clariant International Ltd. | Polymer compositions allowing easier handling |
WO2018177619A1 (fr) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-10-04 | Clariant International Ltd | Fluides pour la fracturation de formations pétrolifères paraffiniques |
WO2019057396A1 (fr) | 2017-09-20 | 2019-03-28 | Clariant International Ltd | Dispersions d'additifs polymères pour huiles |
EP3798261A1 (fr) | 2019-09-26 | 2021-03-31 | Clariant International Ltd | Compositions polymères et leur utilisation en tant que point d'écoulement dans des huiles hydrocarbonées contenant de la paraffine |
WO2021058228A1 (fr) | 2019-09-26 | 2021-04-01 | Clariant International Ltd | Compositions polymères et leur utilisation en tant qu'améliorants de point d'écoulement dans des huiles d'hydrocarbures contenant de la paraffine |
US12060480B2 (en) | 2019-09-26 | 2024-08-13 | Clariant International Ltd | Polymer compositions and use thereof as pour point depressants in paraffin-containing hydrocarbon oils |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO20061309L (no) | 2006-03-23 |
EA011252B1 (ru) | 2009-02-27 |
FR2859211B1 (fr) | 2006-01-21 |
EA200600472A1 (ru) | 2006-08-25 |
CA2536932A1 (fr) | 2005-03-17 |
FR2859211A1 (fr) | 2005-03-04 |
US20070062101A1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
CN1875055B (zh) | 2012-04-18 |
EP1664156A1 (fr) | 2006-06-07 |
CN1875055A (zh) | 2006-12-06 |
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