WO2004041425A1 - Reacteur a chauffage electrique pour le reformage en phase gazeuse - Google Patents
Reacteur a chauffage electrique pour le reformage en phase gazeuse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004041425A1 WO2004041425A1 PCT/CA2003/001689 CA0301689W WO2004041425A1 WO 2004041425 A1 WO2004041425 A1 WO 2004041425A1 CA 0301689 W CA0301689 W CA 0301689W WO 2004041425 A1 WO2004041425 A1 WO 2004041425A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- lining
- reaction chamber
- electrodes
- reactor
- Prior art date
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- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002076 stabilized zirconia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Definitions
- the field of application of this invention resides in the use of electricity to carry out the reforming in particular of natural gases, organic gases, light hydrocarbons or biogas, with a view to their conversion particularly into synthesis gas, c that is to say, mixtures based in particular on carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen which can be used, inter alia, for the production of basic chemicals such as methanol and dimethyl ether.
- the present invention is also an option favorable to the stabilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in the sense that the electric reforming reactor of which the said invention is subject can be supplied in particular with gas.
- GSG greenhouse gas
- Synthetic gas composed of simple molecules of carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be produced by reacting coal with steam at high temperature.
- This gas has long been used for heating ("city gas”) as well as for the synthesis of basic products including ammonia and methanol, as well as for the production of hydrocarbons (Fischer-Tropsch reactions).
- Synthetic gas is still used as a chemical intermediate, but it is mainly produced from natural gas which, over the years, has advantageously replaced coal (Fauvarque, 1, "Synthetic gas: From chemical synthesis to electricity production ”, Info Chimie Magazine, n ° 427
- Natural gas is the most widely used raw material for the production of syngas.
- Methane (CH 4 ) the main constituent of natural gas, is a very stable molecule and its use for chemistry, apart from a few specific reactions (such as chlorination), involves its conversion into synthesis gas, which is generally carried out by steam reforming.
- Synthetic gas consumption can be expected to grow in the coming years because of increased demand from the chemical industry on the one hand and because of the growth prospects on the synthetic fuels market.
- the synthesis gases used as chemical intermediates are usually generated at the place of production of a given final product.
- the growth in synthesis gas consumption requires an increasing use of synthesis gas generation processes or systems.
- Methanol is used mainly for the production of formaldehyde, itself a chemical intermediate, and acetic acid. Methanol can be considered an acceptable fuel with a higher calorific value (PCS) of 22.7 MJ / kg. In fact, being liquid at room temperature, it has great potential for use as a synthetic fuel since it can be easily transported and stored (Borgwardt, RH, “Méthanol Production from Biomass and Natural Gas as Transportation Fuel”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, vol. 37 (1998) pp. 3720-3767) . Methanol can be used as a mixture in gasoline or even used directly as automotive fuel.
- PCS calorific value
- methanol has great potential for use in fuel cell energy systems, and more particularly in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (Allard, M., "Issues Associated with idespread Utilization of Methanol", Soc. Automot Eng. [Pub. Spec] SP-1505 (2000) pp. 33-36).
- methanol is mostly made from natural gas. Natural gas sources are plentiful. Rightly, we can consider methanol as a vector for gas transformation, possibly bringing vast reserves of natural gas to different energy markets. In this context, the widespread use of methanol as a fuel could allow the indirect introduction of natural gas into the transport market.
- syngas represents nearly 60% of the production costs of methanol. This demonstrates the preponderance of the synthesis gas production process in the manufacture of the final product.
- the traditional process based on steam reforming is known to have an energy efficiency of around 64% according to the methane PCS (Allard, M., "Issues Associated with Widespread Utilization of Methanol", Soc. Automot.
- reaction (1) a gaseous product is obtained with an H 2 / CO molar ratio of 2.
- This reaction can be used for the synthesis of methanol.
- the reaction (1) is exothermic: it releases globally 36 kJ of energy per mole of methane converted instead of requiring it. This amount of energy is low compared to the calorific value of methane (lower calorific value (PCI) of almost 800 kJ per mole of methane).
- reaction (3) By virtue of reaction (3), the CO 2 is transformed into CO and there is consumption of hydrogen.
- steam reforming remains the preferred reaction for the transformation into synthesis gas of light hydrocarbons in general. This is for two reasons: (i) the use of oxygen is eliminated and (ii) the formation of carbon (soot) is avoided.
- the formation of free carbon is known to cause many operating problems in reactors, particularly with regard to the use of catalytic reactors. Table 1 provides a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the two approaches.
- This reaction is also endothermic, but it can be used to balance the H 2 / CO ratio required for the production of methanol.
- the proportion of CO and water vapor in the feed of a reforming process can be adjusted according to the following reaction scheme:
- Reforming in the presence of water vapor and / or carbon dioxide is a chemical transformation process that requires an energy supply. Thermodynamically, a temperature above 700 ° C is required for reactions (2) and (4) to occur.
- the energy required can be provided by the combustion of natural gas itself. In this case, part of the natural gas is burned in a compartment separate from the reactor and heating by contact with a wall is used.
- the reforming of natural gas is generally carried out in chemical tube reactors containing a catalyst.
- These catalysts are generally found in the form of a powder or granules made of nickel on an alumina-based support.
- the tubes containing the catalyst are made of a metal alloy resistant to corrosion and heat (eg nickel-chromium alloy) and are assembled according to a shell and tube type design.
- the reforming is produced inside the tubes filled with catalysts, while the heating takes place from the outside of the tubes, but inside the shell.
- the operating conditions are for a temperature varying from 750 - 850 ° C under a pressure of 30 to 40 atmospheres.
- Carbon dioxide is a combustion gas that can be recovered from stack gases from incineration processes or industrial processes.
- thermochemical reactions there are several ways of directly using electricity as an energy source for carrying out thermochemical reactions such as reforming. We are talking here about processes specially adapted for the treatment of gas mixtures based on methane and other hydrocarbons in the presence of carbon dioxide and / or water vapor. To assist in a reforming process, electricity can be used to:
- electrochemical reactors high temperature electrolysis
- thermal plasma cold plasma
- ohmic heating Among the main types of reactors with direct use of electricity, we find electrochemical reactors (high temperature electrolysis), thermal plasma, cold plasma and ohmic heating.
- the reforming of natural gas can be carried out using an electrochemical process betting on the use of an electrolyte with conduction of oxygen anions (O " ).
- the ionic conduction of these electrolytes is carried out by a mechanism of jumps of oxygen vacancies which are positively charged.
- air can be injected directly into the cathode compartment of electrolytic cells. Under the action of an electric field and a gradient of chemical potential, it is possible to ensure that there is a flow of oxygen passing through l solid electrolyte (in the form of anions) to end up in the anode compartment in order to react with methane (or natural gas).
- the best known oxygen ion conducting material is yttrium stabilized zirconia. This product is already marketed for the manufacture of oxygen sensors. In addition, it is already used for the construction of prototype fuel cells of the SOFC type ("Solid Oxide Fuel Cell"). In general, high temperatures of the order of 600 to 1000 ° C are required for the material to be sufficiently conductive ( ⁇ > 0.05 ⁇ ⁇ cm "1 ).
- the arc plasma reactor Arc plasma is understood to mean an electric arc with direct or alternating current established between two electrodes through which a gas (called plasma gas) is circulated. This accelerates and produces a gas jet containing ionized matter.
- a gas called plasma gas
- Traditional arc plasma is part of thermal plasmas and can be used for heating purposes especially in applications requiring high power densities.
- the jet in question is characterized by a very high temperature level (greater than 3000 K).
- a radiant heat source that can be used for the rapid heating of various products including gas mixtures.
- Arc plasma can be used for direct heating and the dissociation of starting reagents such as methane and water vapor.
- H ls process which has already been used on a large scale since 1940 for the production of acetylene from light hydrocarbons with reactors with a power of 8 to 10 MW.
- the Hûls process has been adapted to carry out the reforming of natural gas in the presence of CO 2 or water vapor. See the publication by Kaske, G., et al (Kaske, G., Kerker, L., Miiller, R., "Hydrogen Production by the Hûls Plasma-Reforming Process", Hydrogen Energy Progr. NI, vol. 1 (1986) pp. 185-190), a description of the use of Hûls technology for the production of synthesis gas.
- the reactor resides in the use of two tubular electrodes cooled with water, the anode tube being connected to ground.
- the gaseous reactants are injected tangentially and this movement of the gas causes the electric arc to be forced to slide in the direction of the gas flow. In this way, we have a controlled influence on the movement and the position of the striking points of the arc in the electrodes, which stabilizes the arc. If the gas flow changes, the length of the arc and the voltage are modified, which influences the power generated when the current is kept constant.
- the reforming process can be done with a low H 2 O / carbon ratio, which avoids the unnecessary heating of water vapor to carry out the reforming; - removal of sulfur is not necessary (sulfur is known to poison conventional nickel-based reforming catalysts); and
- Czernichowski proposes the use of a "gliding arc" formed by electric arcs sliding along two electrodes which are divergent from each other, between which a gas flows at high speed (> 10 m / s).
- the sliding arc starts near the place between the two electrodes where the distance is the smallest, and extends while sliding progressively along the electrodes in the direction of flow until it turn off; at the same time, a new discharge forms at the initial location.
- the path of the discharge is determined by the geometry of the electrodes, the flow conditions, and the characteristics of the electricity supplied. This displacement of discharge points on uncooled electrodes prevents the establishment of a permanent arc and the resulting corrosion.
- Fridman et al. (Fridman, A., Nester, S., Kennedy, LA, Saveliev, A., Mutaf- Yardimci, O., "Gliding Arc Gas Discharge", Progess in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 25, n ° 2 (1999 ) pp. 211-231), present a theoretical discussion on the use of a "gliding arc". It mentions the operating principles and the applications proposed for the technology.
- gliding arc technology can be used to reform in the presence of CO 2 and / or water vapor. It can also be used to carry out partial oxidation with oxygen (or oxygen-enriched air). Since partial oxidation does not require thermal energy as such, electricity is then primarily used to help accelerate the thermochemical process by catalysis through the generation of active species.
- the gliding arc technology is presented as a simple technique which has been successfully tested in the laboratory.
- this technology involves the use of power electronics for transforming the current in order to obtain the conditions required for the deployment of electric arcs, while ensuring that there are no disturbances on the power network.
- the cold plasma reactor The cold plasma reactor
- Thermal plasmas can concentrate large amounts of power in small volumes, but a large amount of energy is required to heat the gases to very high temperatures.
- An alternative approach to the use of thermal plasmas is the use of cold plasmas, that is to say a plasma generated under conditions outside thermal equilibrium, which produces ionized species without significant heating.
- corona discharges electrical pulses and microwave plasmas.
- the use of cold plasmas generated by crown discharges in the reforming of mixtures composed of combustible gases (hydrocarbons or alcohols) in the presence of oxygen and / or water vapor is described in French patent application no. 2,757,499 (Etievant, C, Roshd, M., “Hydrogen generator”, French Patent Application No. 2,757,499 (1996)).
- the ohmic heating reactor is described in French patent application no. 2,757,499 (Etievant, C, Roshd, M., “Hydrogen generator”, French Patent Application No. 2,757,499 (1996)).
- the ohmic heating reactor relies on the use of electricity essentially as a source of heat generated by direct conduction or by induction. As the passage of a current through a resistor generates heat, such a resistor can take the form of a heated bed of particles through which the gas to be treated circulates.
- a known application of ohmic heating by direct conduction is the use of a fluidized bed of coke granules heated by the Joule effect for the synthesis of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) from methane (CH 4 ) or propane.
- HCN hydrocyanic acid
- ohmic direct conduction heating is the simplest way to use electrical energy when using alternating current at the standard frequency of the power supply network (60 Hz in North America, 50 Hz in Europe).
- the UOB TM reformer is a hydrogen generator with small to medium hydrogen capacity (10 to 800 m 3 / h) coupled to a hydrogen purifier, and intended to be installed on a fixed site. This technology can be used upstream of all low capacity applications using pure hydrogen as a reagent or fuel (metallurgy, glass industry, hydrogenation, electronics, chemistry, etc.).
- UOB TM Under Oxidized Burner
- Moard "Under Oxidized Burner”
- DM "Emissions Reduction Systems for Internai Combustion Engines"
- the catalysts used are based on metals and are generally prepared by impregnating very small quantities of metal on the surface of a very large surface porous support. Often the catalysts are fixed on a support of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), silica (SiO 2 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ), alkaline earth oxides (MgO, CaO), or a mixture of these.
- alumina Al 2 O 3
- silica SiO 2
- ZrO 2 zirconia
- Alkaline earth oxides MgO, CaO
- platinum and nickel The best known catalysts for reforming are expensive materials. It is desirable to use these metals in a highly dispersed form on an inert support so as to expose the largest possible fraction of the atoms of this catalyst to the reactants.
- the percentages of gas are all by volume.
- Biogas is a mixture of combustible gases produced during the fermentation of various organic materials. It is generally composed by volume of 35 to 70% of methane, of 35 to 60% of carbon dioxide, of 0 to 3% of hydrogen, of 0 to 1% of oxygen, of 0 to 3% of nitrogen, 0 to 5% of various gases (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, etc.) and water vapor.
- the invention aims in particular to: • substantially reduce the conversion costs of the gases to be reformed by introducing the use of simple materials, readily available on the market and very inexpensive;
- Figures la to lh illustrate the results of simulations 1 to 8 respectively, which come from kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane.
- Figure la gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane according to simulation 1 for a CH / H 2 O ratio of 1 mole / 1 mole; a temperature of 1,000 K, a pressure of 1 atmosphere and without catalyst.
- Figure lb gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane according to simulation 2 for a CFL ⁇ / H 2 O ratio of 1 mole / 1 mole; a temperature of 1,000 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
- Figure le gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to methane reforming according to simulation 3 for a CH 4 / H 2 O / CO 2 ratio of 1 mole / 1 mole / 0.333 mole; a temperature of 1,000 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
- Figure 1d gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane according to simulation 4 for a CH 4 / H 2 O ratio of 1 mole / 2 moles; a temperature of 1,000 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
- Figure le gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane according to simulation 5 for a CH 4 / H 2 O / O 2 ratio of 1 mole / 2 moles / 0.25 mole; a temperature of 1,000 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
- Figure lf gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane according to simulation 6 for a CH 4 / HO / CO 2 ratio of 1 mole / 2 moles / 0.333 mole; a temperature of 1,000 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
- Figure lg gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane according to simulation 7 for a CH 4 / HO / O 2 ratio of 1 mole / 2 moles / 0.5 mole; a temperature of 1,000 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
- Figure 1h gives the results of the kinetic calculations related to the reforming of methane according to simulation 8 for a CH 4 / H 2 O ratio of 1 mole / 3 moles; a temperature of 1,000 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 shows a reforming reactor according to an embodiment of the invention, in which the electrodes are in the form of perforated hollow discs.
- Figure 3 shows a typical front view of an electrode with holes and protrusions.
- Figure 4 shows a reactor with electrodes in the form of solid disks.
- Figure 5 illustrates the case of tangential injection and radial injection of gases into a reactor according to an embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 6 shows an arrangement of electrodes connected in parallel.
- Figure 7 shows an arrangement of electrodes connected in three-phase mode (top view of a section in a cylinder).
- FIG. 8 illustrates the general arrangement of the laboratory reactor, in which TC stands for thermocouple.
- Figure 9 shows a photograph of the output (left) and input (right) electrodes of the laboratory reactor, in which the reference length is inches.
- Figure 10 shows the diagram of the test bench using the laboratory reactor; in this figure P means pressure measurement, R means regulator, T means temperature measurement, TC means thermocouple, Ts means temperature at the outlet of the reactor, Te means temperature at the inlet of the reactor, Tm means temperature in the middle of the chamber of reaction.
- FI represents a gas meter.
- the subject of the present invention is an electric reactor for the reforming, in the presence of an oxidizing gas, of a gas comprising at least one hydrocarbon, optionally substituted, and / or at least one organic compound, optionally substituted, comprising atoms of carbon and hydrogen as well as at least one heteroatom.
- This reactor has as structural elements: - a thermally insulated enclosure;
- reaction chamber provided with at least two electrodes and situated inside the enclosure, said reaction chamber comprising at least one conductive lining material, the lining in question being electrically isolated from the metal wall of the enclosure so as to avoid any short circuit;
- At least one gas supply to be reformed at least one gas supply to be reformed; at least one supply of oxidizing gas, distinct or not from the supply of gas to be reformed;
- thermochemical reaction for converting a hydrocarbon or an organic molecule into synthesis gas, which is a gaseous mixture in particular based on hydrogen. , carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
- gas as used in the context of the present invention advantageously relates to a compound or to a mixture of compounds which are present in the gaseous state at a pressure preferably around atmospheric pressure and at a temperature below 200 ° Celsius.
- hydrocarbon as used in the context of the present invention relates to one or more molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- organic compound as used in the context of the present invention relates to one or more molecules whose constituent elements of the molecular structure are carbon and hydrogen, as well as one or more heteroatoms such as l and nitrogen.
- the pore index as used in the context of the present invention relates to the proportion of the bulk volume of a material which does' not occupied by the solid portion of said bulk material.
- the vacant space between the particles solids, the cavities on the surface and inside the particles as well as the volume of openings and holes present through the material contributes to the porosity.
- a first object of the present invention consists of an electric reactor for the reforming, in the presence of an oxidizing gas, of a gas comprising at least one hydrocarbon, optionally substituted, and / or at least one organic compound, optionally substituted, having carbon and hydrogen atoms and at least one heteroatom.
- This reactor comprises: an enclosure, preferably thermally insulated, and more preferably still thermally insulated from the inside; a reaction chamber provided with at least two electrodes and situated inside the enclosure, said reaction chamber comprising at least one conductive lining material, the lining in question being electrically insulated from the metal wall of the enclosure so as to avoid any short circuit; at least one gas supply to be reformed; at least one supply of oxidizing gas, separate or not from the supply of gas to be reformed; at least one outlet for gases from reforming; and
- At least one of the electrodes is of the hollow type and it constitutes the inlet port of the gas to be reformed; - At least one of the electrodes is of the hollow type and it constitutes a supply line for the gas to be reformed and the oxidizing gas;
- At least one of the electrodes is of the hollow type and it constitutes the outlet for the gases resulting from the reforming; - at least two of the electrodes are located face to face.
- the reactor of the invention comprises at least two metal electrodes each consisting of a tube and a perforated hollow disc, said disc is located at the end of the tube opening into the reaction chamber and it is in contact with the lining of the reaction chamber to ensure the supply of electric current to the lining and its heating by Joule effect.
- the conductive lining material is preferably chosen from the group consisting of the elements of the NUI group of the periodic table.
- the lining is chosen from the group consisting of materials comprising at least 80% of one or more of said elements of group VIII, more preferably still in group consisting of iron, nickel, cobalt, and alloys containing at least 80% of one or more of these elements, more advantageously still the lining is chosen from the group consisting of carbon steels.
- a particularly interesting subfamily of reactors is constituted by reactors in which the material has in the dense state an electrical resistivity, measured at 20 ° C. which is preferably between 50 x 10 "9 and 2,000 x 10 '9 ohm -m, more preferably between 60 x 10 "9 and 500 x 10 " 9 ohm-m, and more advantageously still between 90 x 10 "9 and
- the filling consists of elements of the conductive material in a form chosen from the group consisting of straws, fibers, filings, frits, beads, nails, wires, filaments, wool, rods, bolts, nuts, washers, shavings, powders, grains, granules, and plates perforated.
- the filling material may also consist, in whole or in part, of perforated plates and the surface percentage of the openings in the plate is between 5 and 40%, and more preferably still between 10 and 20%.
- the filling material is mild steel wool, for example a mild steel wool sold under the brand BuUDog® and manufactured by Thamesville Metal Products Ltds (Thamesville, Ontario, Canada).
- the packing material is pretreated to increase at least one of the following characteristics:
- This preliminary treatment can be a treatment with mineral and / or thermal acid.
- the conductive lining consists of fibers having a characteristic diameter of between 25 ⁇ m and 5 mm, more preferably still between 40 ⁇ m and 2.5 mm, and more preferably still 50 ⁇ m and 1 mm, as well as a length greater than 10 times its characteristic diameter, more preferably greater than 20 times its characteristic diameter and more advantageously still greater than 50 times its characteristic diameter; or the conductive lining defining a porous medium has a volume surface of more than 400 m 2 of surface exposed by m 3 of the reaction chamber, preferably more than 1,000 m 2 / m 3 , more preferably still more than 2,000 m 2 / m 3 .
- a particularly advantageous variant consists of reactors in which the lining consists of balls and / or wires based on at least one element of the NUI group or at least one metal oxide, preferably based on iron or d 'steel.
- the supply pipe for the gas to be reformed can be positioned at different places in the reactor, it can for example be positioned perpendicular to the direction of the electronic flow created between the electrodes.
- At least one of the gas mixture supply conduits consisting of the gas to be reformed and / or the oxidizing gas, is positioned tangentially to the cylindrical wall of the reaction chamber; or at least one of the gas outlets obtained by reforming is positioned in the reaction chamber opposite the gas supply.
- the electrical source supplying the reactors of the invention consists of a current transformer in the case of an alternating current (AC) type power supply or of a current rectifier in the case of a current type power supply continuous (DC), which electric source is of a power calculated according to the energy needs of the reforming reactions concerned, which obey the laws of thermodynamics, and said electric source having to provide a minimum current intensity calculated by the following equation: iminimum ⁇ A * in which: Imini mum is the minimum current to be applied, expressed in
- ⁇ is a parameter which depends on the geometry of the reactor, the type of lining, the operating conditions and the gas to be reformed; and F is the molar flow rate of the gas to be reformed, expressed in moles of gas to be reformed / second.
- the parameter ⁇ is established experimentally by varying the current using a variable intensity source (AC or DC) and also by varying the flow rate of gas to be reformed, ⁇ depends on the geometric characteristics of the reactor considered, on the geometry and nature of the lining, and finally the operating conditions of the reactor (compositions and flow rates of the gases supplied, temperature and reaction pressure). Typically the value of ⁇ is greater than 15 C / mole.
- the current to be supplied in the lining can be produced by electromagnetic induction in the sense that a current transformation can be carried out by the use of inductors located around the reaction chamber.
- the lining itself can be confused with an electrode.
- the conductive lining has a porosity index preferably between 0.50 and 0.98, more preferably between 0.55 and 0.95, and more preferably still between 0.60 and 0.90.
- the residence time of the reactants is preferably greater than 0.1 seconds, more preferably greater than 1 second, and more preferably still greater than 3 seconds.
- the lining of the reaction chamber consists of wool made of steel wires mixed with materials of spherical shape such as balls made of steel.
- a particularly interesting variant consists of reactors, in which the reaction chamber contains, in addition to the conductive lining, non-conductive and / or semiconductor and / or electrically insulating materials, such as ceramics and alumina, the latter are then suitably placed in the reaction chamber so as to adjust the overall electrical resistance of the lining.
- electrodes of the perforated type having an opening diameter of more than 25 micrometers, the holes being more preferably evenly distributed at a density of at most 100,000 openings per cm 2 of electrode surface.
- the holes can be dimensioned so that the pressure drop due to the passage of gas through the electrode or electrodes does not exceed 0.1 atmosphere.
- the openings are distributed over the surface of the perforated electrode so as to ensure a uniform diffusion of the gases through the reaction chamber and where the size of the openings increases in the radial direction of the electrode or of the perforated electrodes.
- At least one of the electrodes is such that its face exposed to the lining is provided with protuberances and / or projections, which are preferably of conical shape and , more preferably still in the form of a needle.
- the protuberances and / or the projections can be dimensioned so that their spacing density corresponds, in a preferred mode, to more than 0.5 unit per cm 2 of electrode.
- the length of the protrusions and / or protrusions can vary between 0.001 and 0.1 times the length of the lining of the reaction chamber, and the width of these protrusions and / or of these protrusions can vary between 0.001 and 0 , 1 time the diameter of the electrode disc.
- the projections are conical in shape, the corresponding cones preferably being dimensioned so that the ratio of cone height to cone diameter is at least 1, more advantageously still this ratio is greater than 5 and more more preferably still, said ratio is greater than, 10.
- the reactors of the present invention can be dimensioned so as to fall into the aforementioned category of so-called “compact”, “transportable” or “portable” reactors.
- a second object of the present invention consists of an electrical process for the reforming of gas consisting in reacting the gas to be reformed in the presence of at least one oxidizing gas, in an electric reforming reactor according to the first object of the present invention .
- the method comprises at least the following steps of: a) preparation, inside or outside of the reforming reactor, of a mixture of the gas to be reformed and the oxidizing gas; b) bringing the mixture obtained in step a) into contact with the lining of the reaction chamber, preferably by passing through a hollow electrode; c) application of an electronic flux for energizing the electrodes of the reaction chamber; d) heating the lining of said reactor by the electronic flow to a temperature allowing the catalytic transformation of said gas mixture; and e) recovery of the gas mixture resulting from reforming, preferably by passage through another hollow electrode.
- steps c) and d) are carried out before step b) and the reaction chamber is preheated before the supply of gas to be reformed and of oxidizing gas, at a temperature of between 300 ° C. and 1,500 ° C., under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, by carrying out step c) beforehand.
- the electrical method of the invention is advantageously used for reforming gas consisting of at least one of the compounds of the group consisting of hydrocarbons from Ci to C ⁇ 2 , optionally substituted in particular by the following groups: alcohol, carboxylic acid, ketone, epoxy, ether, peroxide, amino, nitro, cyanide, diazo, azide, oxime, and halides such as fluoro, bromo, chloro, and iodo, which hydrocarbons are branched, unbranched, linear, cyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic, benzene and aromatic, and advantageously have a boiling point below 200 ° C, more preferably a boiling point below 150 ° C, and more preferably still a boiling point below 100 ° C.
- the hydrocarbons are preferably chosen from the group consisting of: methane, ethane. propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, each of these compounds and in linear or branched form, and mixtures of at least two of these compounds.
- the process gives very good results when it is used for the reforming of natural gases, in particular for the reforming of gases initially containing sulfur and having already undergone a treatment to remove the sulfur, preferably so as to reduce advantageously the sulfur content below 0.4%, more advantageously below 0.1%, and more advantageously still below 0.01%, the percentages being expressed by volume.
- a treatment to remove the sulfur preferably so as to reduce advantageously the sulfur content below 0.4%, more advantageously below 0.1%, and more advantageously still below 0.01%, the percentages being expressed by volume.
- biogas originating in particular from the anaerobic fermentation of various organic materials.
- biogas are advantageously made up of 35 to 70% methane, 35 to 60% carbon dioxide, 0 to 3% hydrogen, 0 to 1% oxygen, 0 to 3% nitrogen , from 0 to 5% of various gases such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and water vapor.
- the gas to be reformed is a natural gas consisting of 70 to 99% of methane, accompanied by 0 to 10% of ethylene, from 0 to 25% of ethane, from 0 to 10% of propane , 0 to 8% of butane, 0 to 5% of hydrogen, from 0 to 2%, carbon monoxide, 0 to 2% oxygen, from 0 to
- the oxidizing gas consists of at least one gas chosen from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, oxygen, nitrogen oxides such as NO, N 2 O, N 2 O 5 , NO 2 , NO 3 , NO 3 , and by mixtures of at least two of these components, preferably mixtures of carbon dioxide and water.
- the gas to be reformed consists of at least one of the compounds of the group consisting of organic compounds of molecular structure whose constituent elements are carbon and hydrogen, as well as one or more heteroatoms such as l oxygen and nitrogen, which can advantageously comprise one or more functional groups chosen from the group consisting of alcohols, ethers, ether-oxides, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, amines, amides, nitriles, esters, oxides, oximes and preferably having a boiling point less than 200 ° C, more preferably a boiling point less than 150 ° C, and more preferably still a boiling point less than 100 ° C.
- the organic compounds are methanol and / or ethanol.
- the gas to be reformed can also contain one or more of the gases of the group consisting of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and inert gases of group VIIIA of the periodic table (CAS numbering), or mixtures of at least two of these.
- the mixture of the gas to be reformed and the oxidizing gas consists of 25 to 60% of methane, from 0 to 75% of water vapor and from 0 to 75% of carbon dioxide, preferably from 30 to 60% methane, 15 to 60% water vapor, and 10 to 60% carbon dioxide, and more preferably still 35 to 50% methane, 20 to 60% water vapor and from 10 to 50% carbon dioxide.
- the mixture of gas to be reformed and of oxidizing gas consists, in a preferred mode, of approximately 36.0% of methane, and the oxidizing gas consists of approximately 49.0% of water and about 12% carbon dioxide.
- the parameters of the gas supply are chosen so that the carbon / oxygen atomic molar ratio in the gas mixture supplied to the reaction chamber is between 0.2 and 1.0, preferably this ratio is between 0.5 and 1.0, and even more preferably said ratio is between 0.65 and 1.0.
- Step c) is carried out using an alternating (AC) or direct (DC) current modulated as a function of the temperature level to be maintained in the reactor, preferably continuously, avoiding stoppages and applying only moderate changes. to the intensity of the current.
- AC alternating
- DC direct
- steps b), c) and d) are carried out at a temperature level between 300 and 1,500 ° C, preferably in a range between 600 and 1,000 ° C, and more preferably still in a range between 700 and 900 ° C.
- the pressure in the reaction chamber is advantageously greater than 0.001 atmosphere and it is preferably between 0.1 and 50 atmospheres, more preferably still it is between 0.5 and 20 atmospheres.
- the pressure profile is advantageously kept constant in the reaction chamber during reforming.
- the process of the invention can be carried out continuously, preferably when using a long-lived and discontinuous packing material, preferably for a period of at least 30 minutes, when using a material with a short lifespan, that is to say which is consumed quickly during the reforming process.
- the lining is then replaced or regenerated between two periods of implementation.
- the reforming reaction appears to be catalyzed by micro-arcs jumping between the particles of the lining or by sites activated by the accumulation of charges on the surface of the particles of the lining and / or by the passage of current. electric.
- the conductive lining is chosen so as to have a porosity index of between 0.50 and 0.98, more preferably between 0.55 and 0.95, and even more preferably between 0.60 and 0.90.
- the residence time of the reagents is preferably greater than 0.1 seconds, more preferably greater than 1 second, and more advantageously still greater than 3 seconds.
- the method is implemented with an electric reactor in which for at least one of the electrodes, the perforations are distributed uniformly with a density corresponding to at most 100,000 openings per cm 2 of electrode surface and said openings are such that the pressure drop due to the passage of gas through the electrode or electrodes does not exceed 0.1 atmosphere.
- two metal electrodes each consisting of tubing and a perforated hollow disc in contact with the lining to supply the electric current required for heating this lining by Joule effect and to aid in the catalysis by movements d 'electrons; including the following steps: a) mixing hydrocarbons and / or organic compounds and the oxidizing gas; b) introducing the mixture of step a) into the reaction chamber by injection into one of the electrodes; c) bringing the mixture of step a) into contact with the filling; d) applying an electronic flux by energizing the electrodes of the reaction chamber; e) heating the lining by the electronic flux and producing a movement of electrons making it possible to aid in catalysis, by supplying an electric current through the two electrodes, this current being such that it passes directly into the filling; and f) evacuating and recovering the gas from the reactor by passage through the other electrode.
- these process parameters are applied for the reforming of methane, consisting in reacting the latter in the presence of carbon dioxide and water vapor, in a reaction chamber with an available volume of 322 cm containing:
- a conductive lining consisting of 50 g of steel wool, for example of a steel wool of BuUDog® type manufactured by Thamesville Métal
- two metal electrodes made of carbon steel each consisting of a tube with a length of approximately 30.48 cm and a hollow disk with a diameter of approximately 6.35 cm, which disk is perforated, provided with projections so as to ensure good contact with the lining; comprising the following steps: a) mixing the gaseous reactants, which are methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor, in respective concentrations of approximately 39%, 12% and 49.0%; b) introduction of the mixture from step a) into the reaction chamber by injection into the input electrode; c) bringing the mixture of step a) into contact with the filling; d) application of an electronic flux by energizing the electrodes of the reaction chamber, which flux is obtained by a direct electric current with an intensity of approximately 150 amperes; e) heating of the lining by the electronic flux to a temperature of approximately 780 ° C.
- the gaseous reactants which are methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor
- Another particularly interesting example consists of an electrical process for the reforming of hydrocarbons and / or organic compounds, consisting in reacting the latter in the presence of an oxidizing gas (preferably in the presence of water vapor and / or carbon dioxide and / or other gases), in a reaction chamber containing:
- two metal electrodes each consisting of a solid disc in contact with the lining to supply the electric current required for heating this lining by Joule effect and to aid in catalysis by movements of electrons; including the following steps: a) mixture of hydrocarbons and / or organic compounds and the oxidizing gas; b) introduction into the reaction chamber of the mixture from step a) by injection at the radial or tangential openings of the reaction chamber; c) bringing the mixture of step a) into contact with the filling; d) application of an electronic flux for energizing the electrodes of the reaction chamber; e) heating of the lining by the electronic flow and production of a movement of electrons making it possible to aid in catalysis by supplying an electric current by the two electrodes, this current being such that it passes directly into the filling; and f) evacuation and recovery of gas from the reactor by axial, tangential or radial flow using axial, radial or tangential openings.
- the use of the process of the invention for reforming methane consists in reacting the latter in the presence of carbon dioxide and water vapor, in a reaction chamber of an available volume. 26.5 liters containing:
- a conductive lining consisting of steel filaments defining a porous medium, which medium consists of filaments each of which is about 1 cm long and about 0.5 mm in diameter;
- two metal electrodes made of carbon steel each consisting of a rod with a length of about 50 cm and a disc with a diameter of about 15 cm, which disc is provided with projections so as to ensure good contact with the packing; comprising the following steps: a) mixing the gaseous reactants, which are methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor, in respective concentrations of approximately 53%, 17% and 30.0%; b) introduction into the reaction chamber of the mixture of step a) by injection at the radial or tangential openings present in the reaction chamber; c) bringing the mixture of step a) into contact with the filling; d) application of an electronic flux for energizing the electrodes of the reaction chamber, which flux is obtained by a direct electric current with an intensity of approximately 500 amperes; e) heating of the lining by the electronic flux to a temperature of approximately 780 ° C.
- the residence time of the reagents is preferably greater than 0.1 seconds, more preferably greater than 1 second, and more advantageously still greater than 3 seconds.
- a third object of the present invention consists of the use of one or more electrical reactors for:
- the electrical method of the invention can advantageously be used for: (i) the production of synthesis gas used in particular for the production of methanol, and preferably for establishments having an electrical consumption of 1 to 5 MW; (ii) the recovery of energy and / or chemicals from biogas generated by sanitary landfills;
- This section presents an operating model of the invention. It shows that a material as common as iron can have a catalytic effect on reforming reactions, that this material does not need to be in the traditional form of commercial catalysts, and it can be used in a way surprising in a simple geometry form allowing its use as a means for achieving ohmic heating. It has been found that this material, in a porous form, is suitable both for heating the reagents and for the catalysis of reforming reactions.
- the metals of the NUI group of the periodic table exhibit good catalytic activity for the reactions involving the formation of hydrogen and the cracking of hydrocarbons, these reactions seem to explain in part by the contribution in the formation of chemical bonds of their partially filled "d" orbitals.
- Iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium and osmium are the most active metals in the group in question. These metals are known to be easily oxidizable in the presence of water or oxygen and easily reduced thereafter in the presence of hydrocarbons or other reducing gases. The metal makes it possible to extract oxygen (water and also CO 2 ) from the atoms and then relay them to hydrocarbons while forming metal oxides which are easily reduced to the conditions of synthesis. This is what catalyzes reforming reactions. In industry, nickel is by far the most widely used known catalyst for reforming natural gas.
- Palladium, iridium and platinum also from the NUI group, easily absorb CO but hardly allow its release.
- metals Zn, Al and Cu of groups IB, IIB and IIIB these are moderately active.
- iron The cheapest and most readily available metal known is iron. It is electrically conductive but offers a certain electrical resistance necessary for ohmic heating, accentuated by the granular structure of the catalytic bed that it forms.
- the kinetic behavior of iron in reforming reactions with water vapor and / or CO 2 has been calculated from a mathematical model which we have developed with the aim of making predictions on the catalytic activity of certain metals by following the oxidation state of the catalyst, as a function of time, under the reforming conditions. This model has proven to be consistent with the laws of the ⁇ nodynamics, and it also simulates the formation of molecules with multiple carbon-carbon bonds capable of constituting precursors of solid carbon formation (soot, coal, heavy hydrocarbons, etc.).
- p A is the partial pressure of species A in the gas phase
- ⁇ B is the proportion of active sites covered by the molecule or fragment B
- kj is the specific rate of reaction.
- thermodynamic equilibrium can be reached in 3 to 6 seconds in the case of reforming methane in the presence of water vapor or a mixture of water vapor and CO 2 , even with a very small amount of iron.
- reaction time is much greater than what the catalysts generally used allow to achieve (0.2 to 0.02 seconds), one can however consider iron as a cheap material allowing the catalysis of reforming reactions.
- Simulations 3 and 6 were carried out using initial mixtures making it possible to approach a composition of gas desirable for the production of methanol.
- a parameter used to characterize the composition of the synthesis gas intended for the production of methanol is defined by the following ratio:
- n ⁇ 2, n ⁇ 2 and nco respectively represent the molar proportion of H 2 , CO 2 and CO in the synthesis gas.
- the value! of R must be close to 2 in the case of methanol synthesis.
- Simulations 3 and 6 refer to a case of reforming methane with CO 2 and water vapor. By comparing the results of simulations 3 and 6, we observe that the addition of a little water vapor has the effect of promoting better methane conversion (there is practically no more methane after 2 seconds depending on the Figure lf) and also to increase the H 2 / CO molar ratio. This illustrates that it is possible, by playing with the supply of reagents, to produce gas mixtures having a composition adjusted to the stoichiometry of a given product.
- Iron is not expensive and it is not mandatory to use it in a form comparable to the forms used for the manufacture of traditional catalysts.
- it is rather proposed to use iron in a coarser form, but which allows it to be used both as a heating medium, as an electrical conductor and as a catalyst.
- iron in a coarser form, but which allows it to be used both as a heating medium, as an electrical conductor and as a catalyst.
- adequate shaping must be aimed at exposing the iron atoms to the reactants but without having to use this metal in highly dispersed form.
- the iron is used in the form of a metal lining having a porous medium having a surface for adequate exposure of the metal to the gaseous reactants.
- a metal lining having a porous medium having a surface for adequate exposure of the metal to the gaseous reactants.
- This packing is contained in a thermally insulated container at the inlet of which gaseous reactants are introduced and at the outlet of which the gaseous products are discharged.
- This lining is characterized by:
- the internal volume of the reaction chamber of the reactor is preferably of cylindrical shape when the electric current is emitted between two electrodes. This volume is filled with a packing made up of unitary iron-based elements, which then constitutes the packing, the bed or the porous medium.
- the minimum surface area of iron required to catalyze the reaction must be greater than 744 m 2 -s / mole of methane (744 m 2 / (mole / s) of methane).
- the ratio between the surface area of the catalyst and the reaction volume should preferably be greater than 560 m / m.
- Such a ratio is achievable by using iron in simple geometric forms (eg steel wire, powders, etc.). This can for example be obtained in the case of very long filaments of 0.75 mm in diameter constituting a lining defining a bed with a porosity of 0.9 (ratio between the empty volume and the bulk volume of the lining).
- other geometric shapes can be used for the elements unitary units to constitute the filling. This includes, but is not limited to, granules, grains, powders, filings, filaments, wools, fibers, threads, straws, beads, rods, nails, washers, frits , perforated plates, irregularly shaped pieces such as chips, bolts and nuts or any mixture of elements of different shapes.
- the lining is intended to form the heating medium by passing current through it (Joule effect) thanks to the electrical properties of the lining material and the possibility of producing electric micro-arcs.
- the heat transfer flow between the lining and the gaseous medium is selected at less than 100 W / m 2 -K. This is low in the case of devices operating above 700 ° C, due to the radiation heat flow.
- the direct heating of the catalyst under these operating conditions ensures that the maximum temperature of the catalyst is close to the target temperature in the reaction medium.
- the reactor described in the present invention relies on the use of a lining constituting a porous medium formed of metallic compounds and / or their oxides.
- the lining consists of small particles based on iron or steel. This includes, without being limiting, filaments, wools, threads, straws, fibers, filings, frits, powders, grains, granules, beads, rods, nails, bolts, nuts, shavings, washers, perforated plates, or other regular or irregular shapes allowing the generation of a porous structure promoting a flow and dispersion of gases and having a sufficient contact surface with the reagents.
- Figures 2 and 4 illustrate the proposed configuration.
- Said figures show a side view of a metal cylinder inside which there is a thickness of refractory (also serving as electrical insulation) and also a thickness of thermal insulation (also serving as electrical insulation).
- This cylinder contains the lining which is confined between two metal electrodes (which may be made of steel).
- the reagents to be treated which are in the form of a gaseous mixture and are simply injected inside the porous structure defined by the lining.
- Figures 2 and 3 show a preferred arrangement for which the electrodes consist of perforated plates through which the gas. These plates can be provided with protrusions in order to help a better dispersion of the current and a better contact between the lining and the electrodes.
- Figure 3 shows a front view of the disc of an electrode with a typical arrangement that can be considered.
- the arrangement of the electrode openings must ensure uniform gas flow in the reactor and avoid stagnant areas.
- the openings will preferably be distributed according to a density corresponding to 0.5 opening per cm of surface.
- the diameter of these openings must be such that the pressure drop across the discs does not exceed 0.1 atmosphere. Note that the arrangement of the openings and the protrusions can be modified so as to modify the flow and dispersion profile of the gases inside the lining. These arrangements do not have to be uniform.
- the electrodes must be in permanent contact with the suitably compacted lining.
- the protrusions mentioned above are intended precisely to help maintain the electrical and mechanical contact between the lining and the electrode.
- these protuberances consist of spikes.
- a minimum number of tips corresponding to a density of 0.5 peak per cm 2 of disc surface is recommended and these peaks are uniformly distributed over the surface of the electrode.
- the size of these points can be variable. We propose a diameter that can vary between 0.001 and 0.1 times the diameter of the lining (bulk volume of the medium that constitutes the lining) and a length between 0.001 and 0.1 times the length of the volume (loose) of lining .
- the electrodes have similar geometries although they may be different.
- the electrodes are preferably made of iron, nickel or alloys based on these metals. In this case, these participate in the reaction, since they have metallic surfaces having a catalytic effect.
- the electrodes themselves are used in the transport of the gases, a better dispersion of the heat which can be produced at the electrodes. It is sought to ensure that the lining and the retained electrodes constitute a heating medium with a temperature level which is as homogeneous as possible.
- Figure 4 shows a variant of the embodiment presented by the
- the electrodes are not perforated but the gases circulate perpendicularly and near each of the electrodes, using openings which are preferably in the radial position.
- openings which are preferably in the radial position.
- several openings also distributed around the circumference of the reactor allow adequate dispersion both of the gases supplied and of the gases leaving (the figure shows only one opening for each of the electrodes).
- these openings must be located as close as possible to each of the electrodes.
- the reactor is advantageously provided with additional openings, preferably radial, allowing the injection of gas to be used as reagents at different locations in the lining.
- the injection of the reactive gases both in the porous medium that constitutes the lining, and in the vicinity of the electrodes, is carried out radially or tangentially. This is illustrated in Figure 5.
- the evacuation of the gases produced in the reactor is carried out radially or tangentially.
- Figure 5 shows a radial inlet (1) and outlet (2), as well as an outlet (3) and an inlet (4) tangential to a porous bed or medium defined by the lining (5).
- FIG. 6 shows a typical arrangement of electrodes interconnected in parallel. This figure shows openings (1) which can be used for the injection of reagents or the evacuation of produced gases, the lining (2), electrodes (3), all within a volume defined by the material. insulator (4) (refractory and insulator thermal). As shown in Figure 6, the electrodes are connected in parallel and are electrically connected to a power supply (5). The fact of using several electrodes optionally makes it possible to locally control the heating levels of the reactor (density of power generated) and the electronic flux.
- Figure 7 shows an arrangement characterized by electrodes connected in three-phase mode. These electrodes are in the form of plates inside a cylinder (the figure shows a top view). It is thus possible to provide three electrodes and to operate with a three-phase alternating current.
- This figure also shows openings (1) which can be used for the injection of reagents or the evacuation of produced gases, the lining (2), electrodes (3), all within a volume defined by the insulating material (4) (refractory and thermal insulator). As shown in Figure 7, the electrodes are connected to a power supply (5).
- the arrangement shown in Figures 2 and 3 is preferred.
- the gaseous reactants are injected into a feed opening presented by a hollow tube (la), then pass into a second hollow metal tube (2a), which is part of a metal electrode itself made up of the hollow tube (2a ) and a hollow disc (4a).
- the electrode is electrically insulated from the supply tube (la) by the use of a device (5a) made of an electrical insulating material, allowing the passage of gases.
- the gaseous reactants pass through openings (6) of the hollow disc (4a) of the electrode and come into contact with the metal lining (7).
- the latter constitutes a porous medium having sufficient atoms of the catalyst metal in contact with the gaseous reactants, and the volume of the interstices or pores allows a residence time of the reagents large enough to promote the yield of the reforming reaction.
- the gases resulting from the reaction are evacuated by passing through openings (6) on the hollow disc (4b) of a second electrode or counter-electrode then are evacuated in the hollow tube (2b) of this same electrode. Thereafter, the gases produced are evacuated in a second tube (lb) which is electrically insulated with respect to the tube (2b) by the use of a device (5b) made of an electrically insulating material.
- the electrically and heat conducting lining (7) taking place between the two discs defines a reaction chamber of cylindrical shape.
- This chamber is contained in an enclosure (8) whose inner wall is covered with a refractory material (9) and a thermal insulation material (10).
- the refractory material has a shape such that it delimits the volume of the reaction chamber, which is defined by the diameter of the discs and the volume of the lining.
- the diameter of the packing volume is preferably equal to that of each of the discs of the electrodes.
- the reactor can be provided with different openings (3) making it possible to inject, preferably radially, gaseous reactants inside the porous medium that constitutes the lining, in order to optimize the reaction which it is desired to carry out in the reactor.
- the outer wall made of steel is grounded (16) ("ground”).
- This wall is preferably electrically insulated from at least one of two electrodes, by the use of insulation seals made of dielectric material (11) (eg.. Teflon ®, Bakelite ®, etc.).
- the two electrodes are connected by anchor points (12a) and (12b) to an electrical power source (13) of the DC (direct current) or AC (alternating current) type. Power supply serves as required energy source for carrying out this reaction. The amount of energy will be adjusted so as to maintain the temperature level in the reactor. The temperature level is measured using one or more thermocouples (14).
- Figure 4 shows an alternative arrangement.
- the gaseous reactants are injected into feed openings (only one is shown in the figure) made through the wall of the reactor with a view to preferentially injecting the gas radially near the input electrode (4a).
- the gaseous reactants come into contact with the catalytic lining which conducts electricity and heat (7).
- the latter constitutes a porous medium having enough atoms of the catalyst metal in contact with the gaseous reactants and the volume of the interstices of which allows the residence time of the reactants to be large enough for the yield of the reforming reaction.
- the gases resulting from the reaction are evacuated by passage through openings (lb) located around the periphery of the reactor (a single opening is shown in the figure). These openings are such that the discharged gases preferentially circulate radially with respect to the second electrode (4b) before being discharged.
- Each of the two electrodes consists of a solid disc, respectively (4a) and (4b), extending by a current supply rod, respectively (2a) and (2b).
- Each of the discs of the electrodes is in contact with a shoulder (5) of cylindrical shape made of refractory material.
- the reactor can be provided with different openings (3) making it possible to inject gaseous reactants preferably radially inside the porous medium that constitutes the lining. This in order to optimize the reaction which it is desired to carry out in the reactor.
- the lining (7) takes place between the two electrodes and defines a reaction chamber of cylindrical shape.
- This chamber is contained in an enclosure (8) containing a refractory material (9) and a thermal insulation material (10).
- the refractory has a shape such that it delimits the volume of the reaction chamber, which is defined by the diameter of the discs and the bulk volume of the lining.
- the diameter of the packing volume is preferably equal to that of each of the discs of the electrodes.
- the electrodes are made of metal, preferably ordinary steel.
- the two electrodes can be identical or designed in different ways. However, they allow a flow and a dispersion of the gases inside the reaction volume defined by the porous medium that constitutes the lining contained between the adjacent faces of each of the two discs of the electrodes.
- these electrodes are identical in order to simplify the construction of such a device.
- each electrode is provided with protrusions and / or projections (15) allowing a certain grip.
- the lining is preferably in filamentous form as are commercial steel wools.
- This packing contains powder or beads made of metal or metallic oxides, ceramic beads with metallic coating, or a mixture of these elements. It advantageously contains metallic elements of different shapes.
- the metal is preferably based on iron but can be formed from any Group VIII transition metal or a mixture of these.
- the operating temperature is generally between 600 and 1,500 ° C.
- the operating pressure is established between 0.5 and 10 atmospheres.
- the device operates in the vicinity of atmospheric pressure.
- the gases supplied to the interior of the reactor are mixtures containing biogas, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, water vapor, light hydrocarbons such as are found in natural gas and / or organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
- the gas mixture contains nitrogen, argon and even a little air.
- the amount of oxygen in the gases is however sufficiently low so as not to promote the formation of carbon formation precursors (unsaturated molecules such as acetylene, aromatic compounds, etc.).
- the amount of oxygen is preferably less than 5% by volume in the gas supply. If there is oxygen in the reactor, adding steam helps prevent or limit the formation of carbon.
- the gas mixture is desulphurized beforehand in order to prevent poisoning of the catalytic packing because the sulfur is easily adsorbed by the iron of the packing.
- the replacement of the lining can be done inexpensively, especially when it is made of iron or commercial steels.
- the electrical source consists of a current transformer in the case of an alternating current (AC) type power supply or of a current rectifier in the case of a direct current (DC) type power supply.
- the power of the electric source is calculated according to the energy needs of the reforming reactions concerned, which obey the laws of thermodynamics.
- the minimum current intensity that the electrical source must supply is calculated by the following equation:
- I m i n i mum is the minimum current to be applied, expressed in A;
- ⁇ is a parameter which depends on the geometry of the reactor, the type of lining, the operating conditions and the gas to be reformed, which is empirically determined by the experimental method described in the description;
- F is the molar flow rate of the gas to be reformed, expressed in moles of gas to be reformed / second.
- ⁇ is greater than 15 C / mole.
- a compact electric reactor of small capacity is generally described by Figures 2 and 3.
- the gaseous reactants in this case methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO) and water vapor (H 2 O)
- CH 4 methane
- CO carbon dioxide
- H 2 O water vapor
- the hollow tubes (la) and (2a) as well as the hollow disc (4a) are made of mild steel (carbon steel).
- the input electrode (2a and 4a) is electrically isolated from the supply tube (la) by the use of a device (5a) made of Teflon®, an electrically insulating material, allowing the passage of gases .
- the gaseous reactants pass to through openings (6) of the hollow disc (4a) of the electrode and come into contact with the metal lining (7), which is made of steel wool of BuUDog® type manufactured by Thamesville Metal Products Ltds (Thamesville, Ontario , Canada).
- the chemical characteristics of steel wool determined by chemical analysis and expressed as a percentage by mass, are as follows:
- the reactor operates near atmospheric pressure; it is in fact open to the atmosphere by its exit from the gases.
- the gases from the reaction (the synthesis gas) are evacuated from the reactor by passing through openings (6) on the hollow disc (4b) of a second electrode (also called counter electrode) and are then directed into the hollow tube (2b) of this same electrode. Thereafter, the gases produced are evacuated in a second hollow tube (lb) dimensions, which is electrically insulated with respect to the hollow tube (2b) by the use of a device (5b) made of Teflon®, an electrically material insulating.
- the metallic lining of steel wool (7), conductive of electricity and heat, taking place between the two discs, defines a reaction chamber of cylindrical shape whose dimensions are detailed below.
- This chamber is contained in an enclosure (8) made of stainless steel, the inner wall of which is covered with alumina (9), either a refractory material, as well as asbestos wool (10), or an insulation material. thermal.
- alumina either a refractory material, as well as asbestos wool (10), or an insulation material.
- the dimensions relating to the reaction chamber are as follows: • Stainless steel enclosure (8): o 6.5 inch (16.5 cm) outside diameter; o Length of 24.75 cm (9.75 inches);
- Alumina cylinder (9) o Outside diameter of 10.16 cm (4 inches); o 6.35 cm (2.5 inch) inside diameter; o 10.16 cm (4 inches) long.
- the alumina refractory cylinder have dimensions such that they delimit the volume of the reaction chamber, which is defined by the diameter of the hollow disks (4a) and (4b) as well as the volume of the metal lining (7).
- the diameter of the packing volume is equal to that of each of the electrode discs, 6.35 cm (2.5 inches).
- the metallic lining (7) consists of an alternation of compacted layers of approximately 1 cm each of BuUDog® steel wool with fine filaments and steel wool
- BuUDog® with medium filaments so that the gas flow passes through each of the layers in the thickness direction.
- the alternation of the layers advantageously increases the resistivity of the lining.
- a total of 50 g of steel wool constitutes the filling, ie 25 g of the fine filament type and 25 g of the medium filament type.
- the outer wall is made of stainless steel (8) and is grounded (16). This wall is electrically insulated with respect to each of the two electrodes by the use of insulation seals made from Teflon ® (11).
- the two electrodes made of mild steel (carbon steel), are connected by anchor points (12a) and (12b) to a source of electrical power (13) of direct current (DC) type, the latter being a Rapid brand current rectifier with a maximum output power corresponding to 300 amps and 12 volts.
- the gas inlet electrode is connected to the positive terminal (cathode) of the current rectifier, while the gas outlet electrode is connected to the negative terminal (anode).
- One of the two electrodes is movable along the length of the reactor, i.e. it can be moved during operation so as to maintain adequate electrical contact between the lining and the electrodes as the metal lining could see its geometry changed.
- Hollow disc (4a) o Total thickness of approximately 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) corresponding to the thickness of two discs of 0.635 cm (0.25 inch) each, which are assembled by welding such that illustrated in Figure 9, the first disc having a central hole of 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) for the hollow tube (2a) and the second, adjacent to the metal lining, comprising the projections (15) and the openings ( 6); o 6.35 cm (2.5 inch) diameter; o Projections (15) of 0.635 cm (0.25 inch), 13 in number and distributed as illustrated in Figure 9; o Openings (6) of three different diameters, a total of 32, or 8 large 5.95 mm (15/64 inch), 16 means of
- the homogeneous distribution of the gases in the reaction chamber is ensured by the fact, on the one hand, that the electrodes have larger openings in the radial direction, and on the other hand, that the outlet electrode does not have no opening towards the center, while this is the case for the input electrode (see Figure 9).
- the operating temperature is between 700 and 800 ° C; this is mainly obtained by the passage of electric current.
- the temperature is measured using three thin (1/16 inch) type K thermocouples (14), each covered with a thin ceramic sheath (1/8 inch).
- a first is introduced into the reactor, through the alumina cylinder (9), so that its end is as close as possible to the catalytic lining but without touching it.
- the other two thermocouples are introduced into the input and output electrodes, near the openings (6).
- Figure 8 shows a diagram of the general arrangement of the laboratory reactor.
- Figure 10 presents a general description of the test bench. This includes the following components:
- thermocouples • The instrumentation allowing in particular the reading of the temperatures measured by the thermocouples.
- the bubbler is used to saturate the mixture of reactive gases (CH 4 and CO 2 ) with water vapor.
- the steam generator is not used for this example.
- Water injection into the reactor is therefore possible by saturation of the gas mixture by contact with hot water.
- the reactive gases are previously supplied to the saturator, which contains hot water.
- the saturator is actually a stainless steel vessel with inside which the reactive gases are brought into contact with water, at a controlled temperature.
- the temperature of the saturated mixture is measured directly as it leaves the vessel. This temperature corresponds to the dew point of the mixture; it makes it possible to quantify the molar fraction of water in the gas mixture intended to be injected into the reactor.
- the dew point is generally between 80 and 85 ° C.
- Table 2 shows the variation in the calculated composition of the mixture injected into the reactor as a function of the dew point of the saturated mixture.
- the reactor is first preheated by gradually increasing the current in increments of 10 A at 5-minute intervals with injection of nitrogen (N 2 ) at a flow rate of 1.0 L / min. .
- N 2 nitrogen
- a small jet of air is sprayed on the Teflon® nozzles of the reactor so as to locally cool these two nozzles.
- the injection of the reactive gases begins, these being saturated with water vapor if necessary.
- Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is always injected before the methane (CH 4 ), this in order to avoid the formation of soot inside the reactor.
- the gas flow rates are adjusted according to set point values determined in advance.
- the nitrogen injection is stopped and the electric current is adjusted so as to obtain, in the reactor, the chosen temperature.
- the working temperature is that measured at the gas outlet electrode.
- the nitrogen flow is reopened to 1.0 L / min, then the methane (CH 4 ) supply is closed, then that of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is closed and finally, the current rectifier is closed.
- the reactor is left to cool with the flow of nitrogen (N 2 ) to an internal temperature of 300 to 400 ° C. At this temperature, the nitrogen supply is finally closed.
- the inlet and outlet gases are analyzed using a micro-GC type gas chromatograph, a CP2003 model from the Varian company.
- This chromatograph is equipped with three columns for which the stationary phase and the carrier gas vary according to the gases to be analyzed.
- the detector is of the thermal conductivity type. Certified mixtures of gases from the company Boc-Gaz are used for the calibration of the chromatograph.
- Tedlar® polyvinylidene fluoride
- Tedlar® polyvinylidene fluoride
- the present example describes the operation of the laboratory reactor under specific conditions described below (reforming test No. 61102).
- the flow rates of the gaseous reactants are adjusted to the following values: 0.08 sL / min for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and 0.25 sL / min for methane (CH 4 ) (the “s” denoting “standard”, i.e. 20 ° C and 1 atmosphere).
- These gaseous reagents are at previously saturated with water vapor by bubbling through the saturator.
- the saturation temperature of the gas mixture injected into the reactor is 81 ° C.
- the volume fraction of water vapor in the gas supplied to the reactor is therefore 0.49 (see Table 2).
- the current is adjusted so as to reach a temperature of approximately 780 ° C ( ⁇ 20 ° C) at the output electrode.
- Table 3 reveals the main parameters measured at the times corresponding to the taking of the samples.
- Table 4 shows the composition of the gas mixture collected at the outlet of the reactor, this composition being determined by the chemical analyzes carried out by micro-GC on each sample taken.
- This second example describes the operation of the laboratory reactor under operating conditions similar to those indicated in Example 1 (reforming test No. 71102).
- the operating period is 340 minutes.
- Table 5 reveals the main parameters measured at the times corresponding to the taking of the samples.
- the present invention is based on a judicious use of electricity characterized in particular by the following:
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CA2504901A CA2504901C (fr) | 2002-11-05 | 2003-10-31 | Reacteur a chauffage electrique pour le reformage en phase gazeuse |
US10/533,805 US20060124445A1 (en) | 2002-11-05 | 2003-10-31 | Electrical heating reactor for gas phase reforming |
AU2003275881A AU2003275881A1 (en) | 2002-11-05 | 2003-10-31 | Electrical heating reactor for gas phase reforming |
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CA2,410,927 | 2002-11-05 | ||
CA002410927A CA2410927A1 (fr) | 2002-11-05 | 2002-11-05 | Reacteur a chauffage electrique pour le reformage en phase gazeuse |
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FR2873045A1 (fr) * | 2004-07-13 | 2006-01-20 | Air Liquide | Traitement d'effluents gazeux par plasma a pression atmospherique |
WO2006008421A2 (fr) * | 2004-07-13 | 2006-01-26 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme A Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Traitement d'effluents gazeux par plasma a pression atmospherique |
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US20100008831A1 (en) * | 2005-10-10 | 2010-01-14 | Korea Institute Of Machinery And Materials | PLASMA REACTION APPARATUS, PLASMA REACTION METHOD USING THE SAME, PLASMA REACTION METHOD OF PERSISTENT GAS, AND APPARATUS FOR DECREASING NOx BY OCCLUSION CATALYST |
US8568662B2 (en) * | 2005-10-10 | 2013-10-29 | Korea Institute Of Machinery And Materials | Plasma reaction apparatus, plasma reaction method using the same, plasma reaction method of persistent gas, and apparatus for decreasing NOx by occlusion catalyst |
CN107335394A (zh) * | 2017-09-01 | 2017-11-10 | 江苏维尔炉业有限公司 | 一种便于更换加热元件的反应釜加热炉 |
CN110127603A (zh) * | 2018-02-09 | 2019-08-16 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 高通量低温等离子体反应器和分解硫化氢的方法 |
CN111282410A (zh) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-06-16 | 华中师范大学 | 电化学法降解气态污染物的装置及其方法 |
Also Published As
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AU2003275881A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 |
US20060124445A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
WO2004041425B1 (fr) | 2004-09-10 |
CA2410927A1 (fr) | 2004-05-05 |
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