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WO2002096030A2 - Procede de transmission de paquets de donnees par une interface air d'un systeme de telephonie mobile - Google Patents

Procede de transmission de paquets de donnees par une interface air d'un systeme de telephonie mobile Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002096030A2
WO2002096030A2 PCT/DE2001/003843 DE0103843W WO02096030A2 WO 2002096030 A2 WO2002096030 A2 WO 2002096030A2 DE 0103843 W DE0103843 W DE 0103843W WO 02096030 A2 WO02096030 A2 WO 02096030A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
transport
channels
data
logical channels
instance
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE2001/003843
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
WO2002096030A3 (fr
Inventor
Martin Hans
Mark Beckmann
Michael Eckert
Andreas Otte
Udo Hallmann
Original Assignee
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Aktiengesellschaft filed Critical Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority to KR1020037004998A priority Critical patent/KR100804926B1/ko
Priority to DE50106700T priority patent/DE50106700D1/de
Priority to US10/398,672 priority patent/US7333443B2/en
Priority to EP01274249A priority patent/EP1325590B1/fr
Priority to JP2002592564A priority patent/JP3949584B2/ja
Publication of WO2002096030A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002096030A2/fr
Publication of WO2002096030A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002096030A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
    • H04W28/10—Flow control between communication endpoints
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/24—Multipath
    • H04L45/245—Link aggregation, e.g. trunking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/41—Flow control; Congestion control by acting on aggregated flows or links
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
    • H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
    • H04W28/22—Negotiating communication rate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management

Definitions

  • Figure 1 shows the UMTS protocol architecture of layer 2 and lower layer 3 (for the layer model see [1]), which contain the protocols of the UMTS air interface.
  • This architecture is thus present both in the mobile terminal (user equipment, UE) and in a node of the mobile communication network (radio network controller, RNC), that is to say each of the protocols exists once in the UE and once in the RNC.
  • RNC radio network controller
  • protocol data units The same protocols exchange protocol data units (PDUs) by using the services of the protocol layers among them for the transport of the PDUs.
  • Each protocol layer offers the layer above it its services at so-called service access points.
  • service access points are given common and unique names (e.g. logical channels, transport channels, radio bearers).
  • SDUs service data units
  • PDUs from upper layers are therefore identical to the SDUs of the layer below.
  • the protocol layers shown in Figure 1 are the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Broadcast / Multicast Control (BMC) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, the medium Access Control (MAC) layer and the physical layer (PHY).
  • RRC Radio Resource Control
  • PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
  • BMC Broadcast / Multicast Control
  • RLC Radio Link Control
  • MAC medium Access Control
  • PHY physical layer
  • Data from various applications can be generated in the UMTS mobile terminal (UE).
  • UE mobile terminal
  • a voice coder For voice connections, for example, a voice coder generates one or more voice data streams or an HTML browser generates irregular packet data streams.
  • These data are initially possibly modified by protocols from higher layers and prepared for data transfer in different networks (for example, TCP [3] and IP [4]).
  • TCP [3] and IP [4] For the transport via the UMTS air interface, this data must be optimized in the different protocols of layer 2 (PDCP, RLC and MAC).
  • PDCP packet data transfer protocol
  • RLC Radio bearer
  • RB radio bearer
  • RBs are therefore offered above layer 2, depending on the protocols used, above PDCP, BMC or RLC and transmit data transparently from the UE via the UMTS air interface to the RNC and vice versa.
  • QoS quality of service
  • RBs are basically bidirectional, so an RB can transmit data in two correct ways (in the uplink, UL and in the downlink, DL).
  • the RLC layer Since the data streams of such an RB are either continuous or in packets of any length, it is the task of the RLC protocol to divide (or combine) the data stream into packets that have an optimal length for the air interface. So RLC-SDUs are divided into RLC-PDUs or several RLC-SDUs are put together to RLC-PDUs.
  • the RLC layer stores the data present on an RB in an RLC buffer until it can be transported over the air interface by layers below the RLC.
  • the RLC layer has other tasks (in particular error correction) which are not relevant here [5].
  • the RLC layer transfers the RLC PDUs created after the division (merging) to the MAC layer for further transmission.
  • the RLC layer is modeled in such a way that there is an independent RLC entity (KLC entity) per radio bearer.
  • KLC entity The service access points at which the MAC layer offers their services are called logical channels.
  • Logical channels differ in the type of data that are transmitted on them. A distinction is therefore made between logical channels on which UE-specific user data such as the above-mentioned voice data streams (Dedicated Traffic Channel, DTCH), UE-specific control data (Dedicated Control Channel, DCCH) or general control data (Common Control Channel, CCCH) are transmitted.
  • DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
  • DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
  • CCCH Common Control Channel
  • the physical layer which contains the coding of the data, the modulation, the high-frequency technology and the antenna, provides the MAC layer with service access points, which are characterized by how the data is transmitted: the so-called transport channels.
  • transport channels There is no longer a distinction between useful and control data on the transport channels, e.g. UE-specific channels (Dedicated Channel, DCH), channels with random access (Random Access Channel, R ⁇ CH) or channels shared by several UEs (uplink or Downlink Shared Channel, USCH or DSCH) differentiated.
  • the task of the MAC layer in the transmitter is to map the data which are present on a logical channel above the MAC layer to the transport channels of the physical layer, or to distribute data received on transport channels to logical channels in the receiver.
  • each transport channel is preconfigured with a set of fixed parameters for the transmission of the data. From a further set of variable parameters, the MAC layer can select the cheapest ones for the current transmission and thus dynamically influence the data transmission.
  • a valid setting of all parameters for a transport channel is called Transport Format (TF).
  • the set of all possible settings for a transport channel is called Transport Format Set (TFS). Only the variable (dynamic) parameters of the TF vary within a TFS. At any given time, only one transport format is set for each transport channel.
  • TFC Transport Format Combination
  • TFCS Transport Format Combination Set
  • the RRC protocol is responsible for the establishment, dismantling and unconfiguration of transport channels and RBs and the negotiation of all parameters of the layer 2 protocols.
  • This protocol is also available in the UE and in the RNC and uses the transmission services provided by the RLC layer, i.e. the logical channels, to send RRC messages.
  • the various layer 2 protocols are then configured using the transmission parameters negotiated between the RRC protocols. For example, a TFS is negotiated for each transport channel during setup or reconfiguration between the RRC protocols and the TFCS valid for all transport channels is transmitted. Both are then configured in the MAC layer so that MAC can map the logical channels to the transport channels.
  • a transport format consists of static parameters that cannot be influenced by the MAC layer, but can only be negotiated by RRC, and dynamic parameters, of which a set of different settings is negotiated by RRC and which are defined by the MAC Layer can be influenced.
  • the static parameters include: the length of the transmission time interval (TTI), this is the time interval for which the physical layer processes data in a coherent manner. This can be 10, 20, 40 or 80 milliseconds long.
  • the coding scheme for error protection the length of the redundancy information for error protection (CRC. CvcUc IfaAu ⁇ i cy Check
  • the dynamic parameters are: *
  • a MAC-PDU Since the MAC layer neither generates MAC-PDUs nor segments or appends the RLC-PDUs received from RLC, a MAC-PDU always corresponds to exactly one RLC-PDU. Depending on whether the MAC layer of an RLC-PDU precedes a control data header (MAC header) or not, a MAC-PDU is exactly as large as or by the length of the MAC-header larger than the RLC-PDU. This parameter is used to set both the size of the MAC PDU and the size of the RLC PDU.
  • the data block transferred to the physical layer on the transport channel, the MAC-PDU is also called the transport block.
  • This parameter determines the number of MAC PDUs that can be transferred to the physical layer for simultaneous processing and transfer via the air interface during a TTI.
  • the TTI can also be a dynamic parameter.
  • the parameters TTI, RLC-Size and Number of Transport Blocks result in the current data rate of the transport channel, which is generated dynamically by the MAC layer by selecting the different transport formats, i.e. by varying the TTI, the RLC-Size and the number of transport blocks can be set.
  • the MAC layer has the task of distributing the data arriving on the various RBs to the transport channels, taking into account the QoS set for the RB.
  • the RRC layer for example, negotiates the so-called RB Mapping Info when setting up and reconfiguring RBs, which specifies which logical channels are to be mapped to which transport channels, whereby several logical channels can be assigned to each transport channel.
  • the sending MAC layer therefore selects a transport format for each transmission interval and for each transport channel (in other words a TFC) and determines from which logical channels data are transmitted in the TTI under consideration.
  • the MAC layer then informs the corresponding RLC units of the RLC-PDU size belonging to the respective TF and the number of expected RLC-PDUs.
  • RLC then segments the data from the RLC buffer according to the RLC-PDU size and transfers the corresponding number of RLC-PDUs on the corresponding logical channel to the MAC layer. If necessary, this adds a MAC header to the data and simultaneously transfers the entire MAC PDUs for a transport channel to the physical layer, which then ensures the transport of the data via the UMTS air interface within a TTI.
  • This invention relates to the configuration of data channels for data transmission over a
  • Air interface of a mobile radio system from a mobile station (UE) to a node of the mobile radio system, in particular a radio network controller (RNC).
  • UE mobile station
  • RNC radio network controller
  • a transmitter and a receiver unit are distinguished if necessary, both UE and RNC being able to assume both the role of the transmitter and the role of the receiver.
  • configuration data there is basically a configuration unit which determines the configuration parameters and which serves as the sending unit of the configuration messages, and a configured unit which receives the configuration parameters and serves as the receiver unit of the configuration messages.
  • the RNC is basically the configuring unit
  • the UE is the configured unit.
  • the receipt of configuration messages with configuration parameters can be acknowledged by sending back acknowledgment messages from the UE to the RNC, these messages possibly containing values that differ from the parameters received in the UE.
  • User data are present in the transmission unit in the form of continuous data streams or packet data streams which were generated by different applications or received by another unit at corresponding interfaces and possibly manipulated, in particular segmented or combined to form larger packets, by various protocols.
  • These data streams are transferred at service access points, the so-called logical channels, to the MAC protocol specified in [6], which offers the service of transmitting the data streams via the UMTS air interface.
  • the size and number of data packets that are transmitted within a transmission interval, the length of the transmission interval and the coding applied to the data form a set of parameters that characterize each transport channel at a time and is referred to below as the Transport Format (TF).
  • TF Transport Format
  • the task of the MAC layer is to distribute the data packets attached to the logical channels to the existing transport channels and to do this for each transmission interval and for each transport channel from a predefined set of transport formats, the so-called Transport Format Set (TFS) Select transport format.
  • TFS Transport Format Set
  • the type of distribution of the different logical channels The existing transport channels are limited by a table, the so-called RB mapping info, which uniquely assigns each logical channel to the transport channels that may be used for a transmission.
  • the establishment, reconfiguration and dismantling of logical channels and transport channels as well as the negotiation of the RB mapping info required by the MAC layer and the TFSs of the individual transport channels is carried out by the RRC protocol specified in [7].
  • the RRC protocol in the RNC decides for each transport channel on the selection of the parameters of each individual TF and the number of TFs within a TFS and on the RB mapping info and compiles them in a configuration message or a re-configuration message with other information , This message is then sent from the RNC to the UE and there fed to the RRC protocol.
  • the parameters contained therein are then transferred to the MAC layer ie the MAC layer in the RNC can be configured directly by the RRC layer in the RNCj ⁇
  • the RRC (re) configuration message can be in various forms, for example as RADIO BEARER RECONFIGURATION, RADIO BEARER SETUP or TRANSPORT CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
  • the clear tabular representation of the RB mapping info is shown in Table 1 [7].
  • the specification "OP" causes the IE in a bit representation to begin with information that indicates whether further information about this element is available. Since this information can be represented by a single bit, for example, optional information elements can be used save transmission bandwidth if the information is not available.
  • the first line in table ⁇ means that all the following elements in the table that are indented with at least one ">" are repeated as often as this first element specifies (in this case a value between 1 and 8).
  • the second line states that all elements indented with "» "repeat either 1 or 2 times, depending on whether the RB in question uses one or two logical channels for the UL.
  • Lines 3-6 contain the above. IEs that make up the actual RB mapping info. The information in lines 3-5 is then repeated for the DL transport channels.
  • the table representation of the TFS is also shown in Table 2 [7].
  • Table 2 [7] The table representation of the TFS is also shown in Table 2 [7].
  • CHOICE a choice is made between dedicated transport channels and common transport channels by a choice ("CHOICE").
  • This is followed by a list of the dynamic transport format information ms repeated for each transport format with different values. Since the semi-static transport format information does not differ between the different transport formats within a TFS, it is only given once.
  • the essence of this invention is the expansion of RRC (re) configuration information by a possibility to restrict the logical channels to be configured so that they can only use certain transport formats contained in the (re) configuration message.
  • the independence of the R $ mapping info from the specification of the TFSs is thus abolished by adding an assignment between transport formats and Logiach channels in an extension of the corresponding RRC addresses, the corresponding logical channels, of course, for mapping on the corresponding transport channel must be configured.
  • logical channels are restricted to the use of certain values of the parameter RLC-size.
  • the advantage of this invention is that the RNC is given the possibility of configuring the data transmission of several data streams in such a way that they are transmitted via the same transport channel and nevertheless a separate transport format, in particular a specific RLC size, can be assigned to each data stream.
  • the parameters of the data block size and their number within a transmission interval and, if appropriate, the length of the transmission interval can differ between the logical channels which can be transmitted via a transport channel. Since the combination of these parameters results in the current data rate, the data rate of each individual logical channel can be determined very efficiently.
  • This data rate variation per logical channel enables in particular irregular data flows to be transmitted efficiently via the UMTS air interface, which represents a further advantage of the invention.
  • the particularly advantageous restriction of the use of the RLC-size parameter to b.stimmfb logical channels has the particular advantage that the number of RLC PDUs of a logical channel transmitted during a TTI are still influenced by the MAC protocol, while the RLC used here -size for each logical channel is fixed.
  • Each mapping option must be expanded to include one or more transport formats from the TFS of the transport channel to which the logical channel is mapped.
  • Each transport format within a TFS must be expanded to include the possibility of specifying one or more logical channels from the set of logical channels that are mapped to the respective transport channel.
  • a list of transport formats that are defined in the TFS of the respective transport channel and that are used for the logical channel must be specified for each logical channel to which a transport channel is assigned in the IE should be.
  • the expansion of the RB mapping info is particularly advantageous because a reconfiguration of the assignment of transport formats to logical channels in RRC messages is particularly simple and efficient in which the RB mapping info is already available for other reconfigurations in the message.
  • the existence of the information element could be mandatory, but it is particularly advantageous to make the IE optional and to specify that, if it is not present, all transport formats can be used by the logical channel. This has the particular advantage that if there is only one TF in the TFS or all TFs are to be used by the logical channel, no unnecessary data has to be sent.
  • Another option would be to first list those logical channels within the RB mapping info that can use all transport formats of the respective transport channel and then optionally to specify a further list of logical channels with the TF to use list.
  • This method would be particularly advantageous because for all logical channels that can use all transport formats of the respective transport channel, no superfluous information, that is, not even the information that represents the option (available / not available), has to be transmitted. Likewise, the presence of the IE TF to use list can then be mandatory, and no information that represents the option needs to be transmitted here either. Since the first-mentioned method is easier to integrate into UMTS, only this method is shown in the drawing.
  • the dynamic transport format information is specified in sequence for the transport format 0, 1, ... within a TFS. Within the new IE "TF to use list" it is therefore easy to create a list of indexes in which each index refers to a transport format within the TFS
  • the extension of the TFS is particularly advantageous because a reconfiguration of the assignment of transport formats to logical channels in RRC messages is particularly simple and efficient in which the TFS is already present in the message for other reconfigurations.
  • the existence of the information element could be mandatory, but it is particularly advantageous to make the IE optional and to specify that, if it is not present, all logical channels can use this transport format. This has the particular advantage that if there is only one logical channel on this transport channel or all logical channels should be able to use the TF, no unnecessary data has to be sent.
  • Another option would be to first list those transport formats within the TFS that are the same for all logical channels and then optionally to specify a further list of transport formats with the LogCh to use list.
  • This method would be particularly advantageous because for all transport formats that are to be used by all logical channels, no superfluous information, that is to say not even the information representing the option, has to be transmitted. Likewise, the presence of the IE LogCh to use List can then be mandatory and no information that represents the option has to be transmitted here either. Since the first-mentioned method is easier to integrate into UMTS, only this method is shown in the drawing.
  • each logical channel is assigned unique logical channel identities for each transport channel to which it can be mapped.
  • LogCh to use list it is therefore easy to create a list of logical channel identities in which each entry uniquely identifies a logical channel that the respective TF can use.
  • This version has the advantage that a list of logical channels can be assigned to each version of the RLC-size parameter, and the data transmission for this cannula can be influenced efficiently.
  • Another advantage is that in this version the parameter Number ⁇ f Transport Blocks for the logical channels is not restricted, and that the MAC protocol influences the number of RLC PDUs dyninni.ch transmitted by one logical channel per TTI and to the can adapt currently available transmission resources.
  • Another advantage of this version is that even without restricting the assignment of logical channels to the RLC-size parameter, the "sorting" of the transport formats according to RLC-sizes and listing of the characteristics of the Nu bers of Transport Blocks parameter, data to be transferred compared to the status the technology can be saved. !
  • This extension is particularly advantageous because it does not require the existence of the IEs RB mapping info or TFS and can therefore be transmitted efficiently without these IEs.
  • the new IE consists either of an enumeration of the transport channels and their transport formats and an assignment to the IEs Logical Channel identifier assigned in the RB mapping info, or of an enumeration of the RB identities and the logical channels used by the RBs and an assignment to Transport channels and the corresponding transport formats.
  • a combination of the above-mentioned methods is particularly advantageous, that is to say expansions of both the RB mapping info and the TFS and possibly also an independent specification of the assignment of logical channel to transport format are made.
  • majority formation by appending an 's', e.g. one RB, two RBs

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Communication Control (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne la configuration de canaux de transmission de données permettant de transmettre des données par une interface air d'un système de téléphonie mobile, notamment UMTS, depuis une station mobile (UE) jusqu'à un noeud dudit système de téléphonie mobile, notamment d'un contrôleur de réseau de radiocommunication (Radio Network Controller : RNC). L'objet de cette invention concerne l'extension d'informations de (re)configuration RRC, afin de limiter les canaux logiques à configurer possibles de façon qu'ils ne puissent utiliser que certains formats de transport contenus dans les informations de (re)configuration. Des correspondances entre des formats de transport et des canaux logiques sont ajoutées dans une extension des informations RRC correspondantes, ce qui permet de supprimer l'indépendance des informations de mappage RB par rapport aux données des TFS. Les canaux logiques correspondants doivent bien sûr être configurés pour un mappage sur le canal de transport correspondant. Des canaux logiques sont notamment limités à utiliser des valeurs définies du paramètre de taille RLC.
PCT/DE2001/003843 2000-10-09 2001-10-05 Procede de transmission de paquets de donnees par une interface air d'un systeme de telephonie mobile WO2002096030A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020037004998A KR100804926B1 (ko) 2000-10-09 2001-10-05 이동 무선 시스템의 무선 인터페이스를 통해 데이터 패킷들을 전송하기 위한 방법
DE50106700T DE50106700D1 (de) 2000-10-09 2001-10-05 Verfahren zur übertragung von datenpaketen über eine luftschnittstelle eines mobilfunksystems
US10/398,672 US7333443B2 (en) 2000-10-09 2001-10-05 Method for transmitting data packets via a radio interface of a mobile radio system
EP01274249A EP1325590B1 (fr) 2000-10-09 2001-10-05 Procede de transmission de paquets de donnees par une interface air d'un systeme de telephonie mobile
JP2002592564A JP3949584B2 (ja) 2000-10-09 2001-10-05 移動無線システムの無線インターフェースを介するデータパケットの伝送のための方法

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10049797.7 2000-10-09
DE10049797 2000-10-09

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WO2002096030A2 true WO2002096030A2 (fr) 2002-11-28
WO2002096030A3 WO2002096030A3 (fr) 2003-02-27

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EP (1) EP1325590B1 (fr)
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KR (1) KR100804926B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1245818C (fr)
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WO2005062503A1 (fr) * 2003-12-22 2005-07-07 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Procede de selection de format de transfert pour optimiser le transfert de donnees dans un systeme de communication mobile wcdma
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US7675942B2 (en) 2004-06-14 2010-03-09 Lg Electronics Inc. Reducing overheads of a protocol data unit in a wireless communication system
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US7941151B2 (en) 2003-11-18 2011-05-10 Interdigital Technology Corporation Method and system for providing channel assignment information used to support uplink and downlink channels
US8051360B2 (en) 2001-05-14 2011-11-01 Interdigital Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for processing a downlink shared channel
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CN102546296A (zh) * 2011-12-31 2012-07-04 广东电网公司信息中心 用于电力行业信息系统入网安评的自动检测方法及装置
CN102571501A (zh) * 2012-02-18 2012-07-11 山东电力集团公司超高压公司 电力远动网络中频率可变的节点通信状态监视方法
CN102571523A (zh) * 2012-01-19 2012-07-11 福建星网锐捷网络有限公司 一种配置信息确定方法、装置以及系统
CN102594586A (zh) * 2011-12-15 2012-07-18 江苏亿通高科技股份有限公司 基于mib和拓扑图的动态功能菜单的处理方法

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ES2254301T3 (es) * 2001-10-08 2006-06-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Asignacion de canal de datos de control y datos utiles en sistemas de comunicacion inalambricos.
KR100772470B1 (ko) 2002-12-20 2007-11-02 인터디지탈 테크날러지 코포레이션 모바일 네트워크의 ｍａｃ 계층에 의한 데이터 전송스케줄링 방법 및 장치
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JP3949584B2 (ja) 2007-07-25
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EP1325590A2 (fr) 2003-07-09
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