WO2002074039A2 - Electrically active films - Google Patents

Abstract

Electrically active films and a suitable production method at low temperatures are disclosed. Said electrically active films comprise at least one electrically active layer, made from nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxide or transition metal chalcogenide or lithium inclusion compounds thereof applied to a support together with one or several binding agents and optional additional non electrically active layers, characterised in that after the completion of the production process the electrically active layers also comprise one or several binding agents. Film-forming binding agents are preferred.

Description

 Electrically active films

Technical field

The present invention relates to electrically active films which contain nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides together with a binder, and to a process for their production at low temperatures.

State of the art

Electrically active films containing nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds are used as electrodes in primary or secondary electrochemical generators, as are described, for example, in patent application WO 99/59 ^* 218. Other areas of application for such electrically active films are photovoltaic cells or electrochromic displays.

Patent application EP 0709 ^* 906 describes a positive electrode which consists of a sintered mass of particles of oxygen-containing lithium compounds with a size of 33 μm. These particles are heated under pressure to a temperature between 350 ° C and 1000 ° C to achieve the necessary electrical activity.

US Pat. No. 5,604,057 describes a cathode which consists of amorphous, nanoporous, lithium ion-containing manganese oxide particles in the submicron range and whose inner surface is greater than 100 m 2 / g. These electrodes are produced by applying the manganese oxide to a conductive carrier (for example an aluminum foil) together with a preferably conductive binder or binder mixture. It can be applied by spraying, centrifugal casting, knife casting or brushing. The coated carrier must then be heated, but not above 400 ° C, to prevent the manganese dioxide from crystallizing out.

Patents US 5,211,933 and US 5,674,644 describe a production process for LiMn2θ4 in spinel form and LiCoθ2 with a layer structure in which the substances are produced from acetate precursors. The LiMn2θ4 powder produced in this way consists of particles between 0.3 μm and 1.0 μm in size. Tablets pressed from this powder with the addition of about 10% fine graphite particles are used as positive electrodes in lithium ion batteries. The conductivity between the individual tablets is brought about by the addition of graphite. LiMn2θ4 and LiCoθ2 can also be applied to the carrier together with a binder, the coated carrier then is heated to a temperature of 600 ° C for 16 hours. In this process, the organic binder is completely removed. The electrically active film ultimately obtained therefore no longer contains any organic binder. US Pat. No. 5,700,442 describes inclusion compounds of manganese dioxide which are used as positive electrodes in lithium batteries. These inclusion compounds are made by heating β-MnO 2 powder with a lithium compound for a sufficiently long time at a temperature between 150 ° C and 500 ° C. The relatively large particles produced in this way, with a specific surface area below 7 m 2 / g, are unsuitable as a material for active, quickly dischargable electrodes.

Patent application EP 0'814'524 describes lithium manganese oxides in spinel form as an active cathode material for secondary lithium ion batteries. The average particle size is between 1 μm and 5 μm and the specific surface area is between 2 m ² / g and 10 m ² / g. However, due to the large particles and the deep inner surface, these products are unsuitable as a material for active, quickly discharged electrodes.

The patent application WO 99/59,218 describes the production of TiO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 electrodes with the aid of a casting or printing process in which an aqueous slurry of a manganate precursor compound is applied to a substrate. In order to achieve the necessary layer thickness, this coating process usually has to be carried out several times. The coated substrate must then be heated in air to a temperature between 400 ° C and 750 ° C for a few minutes in order to achieve the necessary conductivity. The sintering process at the higher temperatures results in layers with higher electrical activity than the sintering process at the lower temperatures.

The production of thin film electrodes by applying aqueous slurries of manganate powders at room temperature together with 3% polyvinyl alcohol and 10% graphite on conductive supports is described in "Influence of the Particie Size of Electrode Materials on Intercalation Rate and Capacity of New Electrodes", Journal of Power Sources 81-82, 621-626 (1999). The layers are then heated to at least 200 ° C. for 15 minutes.

Table 1 in "Criteria for Choosing Transparent Conductors", MRS Bulletin 25, 52 (2000) lists the known manufacturing processes for transparent conductors. Almost all of the manufacturing processes listed require high temperatures of up to 1000 ° C.

Because of the high temperatures required and the long process times, all of these production processes do not allow such production to be carried out inexpensively electrically active films. In particular, it is not possible to use readily available, inexpensive transparent, film-shaped support materials, such as are used, for example, in the photographic industry, since these would be destroyed at the necessary high temperatures. Another disadvantage of the high temperatures required is the impossibility of adding heat-sensitive, in particular organic, compounds, such as spectral sensitizers, to the electrically active films. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of such electrically active films is inadequate, as is their adhesion to the substrate.

Summary of the invention

The aim of the invention is to provide binder-containing, electrically active films with good mechanical stability by means of cost-effective manufacturing processes at low temperatures, which have high electrical activity even without removal of the binder in a sintering process at higher temperatures.

A further object of the invention is to provide such electrically active films with good mechanical stability with the aid of inexpensive coating processes at low temperatures, in which slurries containing binder are applied to inexpensive organic plastic supports and then dried, which also without removal of the binder have a high electrical activity in a sintering process at higher temperatures. Such electrically active films consist of a carrier and at least one binder-containing electrically active layer applied thereon and optionally one or more electrically inactive layers.

It has now surprisingly been found that such binder-containing films with high electrical activity can be produced in a cost-effective manner over a large area by using liquid slurries or colloidal dispersions of nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds at temperatures between 5 ° C. and 95 ° C. together with a binder or binder mixture, if appropriate together with electrically inactive layers, applied to commercially available plastic or paper supports and then dried at temperatures below the boiling point (at normal pressure) of the slurry liquid. The temperature of the coated carrier or of the drying medium does not exceed the boiling point (at normal pressure) of the slurry liquid in any phase of the drying process and the binder or mixture of binders remains together with the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds in the electrically active film.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, aqueous colloidal dispersions of such nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds at temperatures between 20 ° C. and 55 ° C. together with one or more non-conductive, film-forming binders, optionally together with electrically non-active layers, applied to plastic carriers or metallized plastic carriers and dried with a gas mixture, preferably air, at temperatures below 100 ° C., preferably below 60 ° C.

Preferred nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides are titanium dioxide, in particular in the anatase form, and LiMn2θ4 as the lithium inclusion compound.

Detailed description of the invention

The invention describes a process for the large-area production of binder-containing films with high electrical activity, in which liquid slurries or colloidal dispersions of nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds at temperatures between 5 ° C. and 60 ° C. together with a Binder or binder mixture, optionally together with electrically inactive layers, is applied to commercially available plastic or paper supports and then dried at temperatures below the boiling point (at normal pressure) of the slurry liquid. The temperature of the coated carrier or of the drying medium does not exceed the boiling point (at normal pressure) of the slurry liquid in any phase of the drying process and thus the binder or binder mixture remains together with the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds after the end of the production process in the electrically active layer of the electrically active film.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, aqueous colloidal dispersions of such nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds at temperatures between 20 ° C. and 55 ° C. together with one or more non-conductive, film-forming binders, optionally together with electrically non-active layers, applied to a plastic carrier and dried with a gas mixture, preferably air, at temperatures below 100 ° C., preferably below 60 ° C. Drying can also be carried out by infrared radiation or combined drying with a gas mixture and simultaneous use of infrared radiation can be used.

Suitable nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides and transition metal chalcogenides include, in particular, oxides or chalcogenides of the transition metals such as Tiθ2, ^ 03, Nb2θ5, WO3, V2O5, M0O3, Mnθ2, Hfθ2, TiS2, WS2, TiSe2, Fe2θ3, M02S2, Fe2O2, Fe2Ü2 lrθ2, Ceθ2, lnθ2, Taθ2, ZnO, Snθ2, BaTiθ3, SrTiθ3 or indium tin oxide with specific surfaces between 10 m ² / g and 400 m ² / g. Lithium inclusion compounds such as LiMn2θ4, LiNiθ2, UC0O2 or Li (NiCo) θ2 can also be used.

Nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides and lithium inclusion compounds of nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides are preferred. Titanium dioxide in its anatase form and LiMn2Ü4 are particularly preferred.

The size of these nanocrystalline, nanoporous primary particles is preferably between 10 nm and 500 nm, particularly preferably between 10 nm and 100 nm.

In the case of TiO 2, the primary particles preferably have a size between 10 nm and 50 nm with a maximum of the size distribution at 25 nm.

In the case of LiMn2θ4, the primary particles preferably have a size below 100 nm.

The electrically active films contain these nanocrystalline, nanoporous metal oxides, metal chalcogenides or lithium inclusion compounds in an amount of 1 g / m ² to 100 g / m ² , preferably in an amount of 3 g / m ² to 50 g / m ² . These amounts correspond to film thicknesses between 1 μm and 100 μm or 3 μm and 50 μm.

Also preferred are electrically active films which have an electrically active layer on a carrier and an electrically inactive layer thereon. The electrically inactive layer advantageously contains a film-forming binder and an electrically inactive pigment.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the electrically inactive layer contains Y-Al2O3 as a pigment and polyvinyl alcohol as a binder, the weight ratio between the binder and the pigment being 1: 5 and 1:40, in particular 1:10 and 1:30, and the electric inactive layer has a thickness between 2 μm and 20 μm, preferably between 4 μm and 15 μm.

The binders are generally water-soluble, non-conductive polymers. Film-forming, non-conductive polymers are particularly preferred. The water-soluble, non-conductive polymers include, for example, natural or modified compounds such as albumin, gelatin, casein, starch, gum arabic, sodium or potassium alginate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrin, etc. If one of the is water-soluble polymer gelatin, all known types of gelatin can be used, such as acidic pig skin gelatin or alkaline bone gelatin, acid or base hydrolyzed gelatins.

A preferred natural, non-conductive, film-forming binder is gelatin.

Synthetic, non-conductive binders can also be used and include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, fully or partially saponified compounds of copolymers of vinyl acetate and other monomers; Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, etc. homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl monomers of (meth) acrylamide; Homopolymers or copolymers of other monomers with ethylene oxide; polyurethanes; Polyacrylamides can also be used, as can water-soluble nylon polymers; Polyester; polyvinyl lactams; Acrylamide polymers; substituted polyvinyl alcohol; Polyvinyl acetals; Polymers of alkyl and sulfoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates; hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates; polyamides; polyvinylpyridines; polyacrylic acid; Polyacrylonitriles; Copolymers with maleic anhydride; polyalkylene oxides; Polyethylene glycols; Copolymers with methacrylamide and copolymers with maleic acid or fluorinated polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride. All of these polymers can also be used as mixtures.

Preferred synthetic non-conductive, film-forming binders are polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxides, polyethylene glycols and polyacrylonitriles or their mixtures.

Fine particles of graphite or carbon tubes in the nanometer range can also be added to the non-conductive polymers.

Polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyacetylenes, poly (3,4-ethylene) dioxythiophene and polyphenylene vinylenes can be used as conductive, film-forming polymers, poly (3,4-ethylene) dioxythiophene being preferred.

The polymers can be mixed with water-insoluble natural or synthetic high-molecular compounds, in particular with acrylic latexes or styrene acrylic latexes. Although water-insoluble, conductive or non-conductive, film-forming binders are not explicitly claimed, water-insoluble, conductive or non-conductive, film-forming polymers should nevertheless be regarded as a system component.

The amount of film-forming polymer should be as small as possible, but still sufficient to achieve stable coatings which adhere well to the support. Suitable amounts are 0.5% to 20% film-forming binder based on the total amount of the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides or lithium inclusion compound. Quantities between 1% and 10%, in particular between 2% and 5%, are preferred.

The above-mentioned polymers with crosslinkable groups can be converted into practically water-insoluble layers with the aid of a crosslinker or hardener. Such crosslinks can be covalent or ionic. The crosslinking or hardening of the layers allows a change in the physical layer properties, such as, for example, the absorption of liquid, or the resistance to layer injuries.

The crosslinkers and hardeners are selected on the basis of the water-soluble polymers to be crosslinked.

Organic crosslinkers and hardeners include e.g. B. aldehydes (such as formaldehyde, glyoxal or glutaraldehyde); N-methylol compounds (such as dimethylol urea or methylol dimethyl hydantoin); Dioxanes (such as 2,3-dihydroxydioxane); reactive vinyl compounds (such as 1,3,5-trisacryloyl-hexahydro-s-triazine or bis- (vinylsulfonyl) methyl ether), reactive halogen compounds (such as 2,4-dichloro-6-hydroxy-s-triazine); epoxides; aziridines; Carbamoylpyridine compounds or mixtures of two or more of these crosslinkers mentioned.

Inorganic crosslinkers and hardeners include, for example, chrome alum, aluminum alum, boric acid, zirconium compounds or titanocenes.

The layers can also contain reactive substances which crosslink the layers under the action of UV light, electron beams, X-rays or heat.

Electrically active films which have an electrically active layer on a carrier and an electrically inactive layer thereon are advantageously additionally cured with a crosslinking agent which is matched to the binder of the electrically inactive layer in order to achieve excellent mechanical strength. When using polyvinyl alcohol in the electrically inactive layer, boric acid or borates are advantageously used as crosslinking agents.

A large variety of supports is known and is used, among other things, in the photographic industry. All supports that are used in the production of photographic materials can be used to produce electrically active films, for example transparent supports made from cellulose esters such as cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, or cellulose acetate / butyrate, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphtha- , lat, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyimides, polyolefins, polyvinyl acetals, polyethers, Polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl sulfones. Polyesters, in particular polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate, are preferred because of their excellent dimensional stability. In the opaque supports used in the photographic industry, for example, baryta paper, papers coated with polyolefins, white opaque polyesters such as, for. B. Melinex® from DuPont can be used. Polyolefin-coated papers or white-opaque polyester are particularly preferred. All of these carriers can also be provided with a conductive metal layer.

Uncoated papers of different types can also be used as supports, which can have great differences in their composition and properties. Pigmented papers and glossy papers can also be used.

Metal foils, for example made of aluminum, or plastic carriers equipped with a highly conductive layer are also suitable as carriers of electrically active films. Metallized or indium tin oxide coated plastic carriers are preferred.

The electrically active layers according to the invention are generally cast from aqueous solutions or dispersions which contain all the necessary components. In many cases, wetting agents are added as sprue aids to improve the casting behavior and the layer uniformity. Although such surface-active compounds are not claimed in the invention, they nevertheless form an essential part of the invention.

The casting solutions can be applied to the carrier in various ways. The casting processes include, for example, extrusion casting, air knife casting, slot casting, cascade casting and curtain casting. The casting solutions can also be applied using a spray or printing process such as gravure printing or offset printing. The electrically active layers can be applied in several passes. However, it is preferred to pour in one pass. A carrier can also be coated with electrically active layers on both sides. The chosen casting process does not limit the invention in any way.

The casting speed depends on the casting process used and can be changed within wide limits. Curtain casting at speeds between 30 m / min and 300 m / min is preferred as the casting process.

The supports with the electrically active layers applied thereon, optionally together with electrically inactive layers, are dried immediately after the casting, the temperature of the support or of the drying medium not exceeding the boiling point (at normal pressure) of the slurry liquid in any phase of the production process. When coating aqueous, colloidal dispersions of such nanocrystalline, nanoporous metal oxides or metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds together with the binder or binder mixture, the temperature of the coating liquid is between 20 ° C. and 60 ° C. and the temperature of the drying medium, in particular air, is at most 100 ° C. , preferably at most 60 ° C.

The present invention is described in more detail by the following examples, without being restricted in any way thereby.

Examples

example 1

Preparation of an aqueous dispersion of titanium dioxide 24.6 g of nanocrystalline, nanoporous TiO 2 (P25 (anatase modification), available from Degussa-Huls AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) were at a temperature of 40 ° C in 170 g of deionized water under the influence of ultrasound dispersed for a few minutes. The pH of the dispersion was then adjusted to 4.50 by adding aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (1%). After a further ultrasound treatment, the final weight was adjusted to 200 g with deionized water. The dispersion of P25 produced in this way contained 12.3% by weight of TiO 2

Preparation of the coating solution

65.04 g of this dispersion were mixed with 7.2 g deionized water at a temperature of 40 ° C. Then 4.27 g of an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (7.5%, molecular weight 100,000, available from Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland) were added, the mixture was adjusted to a final weight of 80 g with deionized water and treated with ultrasound for a few minutes. Beschichtunq

100 g / m ^{2 of} this coating solution were applied at 40 ° C. with the aid of a rod caster to a thin, transparent polyethylene terephthalate support, on the surface of which a thin copper foil was glued. The coated support was then dried at 30 ° C. for 60 minutes. 1 m ^{2 of} the coated carrier contains 10 g of TiO 2 and 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol. Comparative Example C-1

A sintered layer of nanocrystalline, nanoporous, sintered TiO 2, which was produced according to the method described in "Nanocrystalline Titanium Oxide Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications", Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80, 3157-3171 (1997), was used as a comparison material. TiO 2 is mixed with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 250,000) and water. The resulting paste is applied to a glass plate coated with conductive tin oxide and heated in air at a temperature of 400 ° C. for 20 minutes, during which the organic binder is decomposed and escapes from the layer applied to the carrier.

Example 2

Preparation of an aqueous dispersion of lithium manqanate

100.0 g of cathode powder SP 30 (available from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were dispersed in ethanol and then ground in a ball mill for 3 hours. After drying at a temperature of 40 ° C., 20.0 g of this nanocrystalline, nanoporous LiMn2θ4 were dispersed in 65.8 g deionized water under the influence of ultrasound for a few minutes.

Preparation of the coating solution To 65.8 g of this dispersion, 10.67 g of an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (7.5%, molecular weight 100,000) were added at a temperature of 40 ° C., the mixture was adjusted to a final weight of 100 g with deionized water and treated with ultrasound for a few minutes ,

Coating 24 g / m ^{2 of} this coating solution were applied at 40 ° C. with the aid of a rod caster to a thin, transparent polyethylene terephthalate support which had a thin evaporated layer of indium tin oxide on its surface. The cast support was then dried at 30 ° C. for 60 minutes. 1 m ^{2 of} the coated carrier contains 4.8 g LiMn2θ4 and 0.2 g polyethylene glycol.

Comparative Example C-2

A sintered layer of nanocrystalline, nanoporous, sintered LiMn2θ4 was used as comparison material, which was produced by the method described in the "Journal of the American Ceramic Society" 80, 3157-3171 (1997). LiMn2θ4 is mixed with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 250,000) and water. The resulting paste is applied to a glass plate coated with conductive tin oxide and selected at a temperature of 400 ° C. rend 20 heated in air, wherein the organic binder is decomposed and escapes from the layer applied to the carrier.

Example 3 Coating

45 g / m ^{2 of} the coating solution from Example 1 were applied at 40 ° C. using a rod coater to a thin, transparent polyethylene terephthalate support, on the surface of which a thin copper foil was glued. The coated support was then dried at 30 ° C. for 60 minutes. 1 m ^{2 of} the coated carrier contains 4.5 g of TiO 2 and 0.18 g of polyethylene glycol.

Example 4 (double layer system)

Preparation of the coating solution for the upper layer

14.5 g of aluminum oxide C (content 96.6% of AI2O3, available from Degussa-Hüls AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) were at a temperature of 25 ° C with good mechanical stirring in 62.9 g of deionized water and 0.2 g of aqueous lactic acid (90%) dispersed. After stirring for 60 minutes, 15.47 g of an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (7.5%, degree of hydrolysis 98-99%, molecular weight 85,000 to 146,000, available from ALDRICH Chemie, Buchs, Switzerland) were added, the coating solution was treated with ultrasound and the final weight was treated with deionized water 100 g set.

Coating (upper layer)

40 g / m ^{2 of} this coating solution were added after the addition of boric acid as a hardener at 40 ° C with the aid of a rod coater on the cast carrier from Example 3 and then the carrier with the two layers was dried at 30 ° C for 60 minutes. 1 m ² of the cast carrier contains 4.5 g of TiO 2, 0.18 g of polyethylene glycol, 6.04 g of Al2O3 and 0.76 g of polyvinyl alcohol in addition to the other casting additives.

Cyclic voltamethe was used to determine the electrical activity of the electrically active films described here.

The cyclic voltagram of the support coated with TiO 2 (Example 1) according to our invention is recorded in FIG. 1; that of a sintered, TiO 2 -containing, according to the prior art produced electrically active film (Comparative Example C-1) in Figure 2. It can be seen immediately from these two figures that the electrical activity of the electrically active film produced by the process according to the invention (Example 1 without treatment at high Temperatures) is as good as that of a film which was produced using a method of the prior art (comparative example C-1, with treatment at high temperatures).

The cyclic voltagram of the carrier coated with LiMn2Ü4 according to our invention (example 2) is recorded in FIG. 3; that of a sintered, LiMn2θ4 containing, according to the state of the art manufactured electrically active film (comparative example C - 2) in Figure 4. It can be seen immediately from these two figures that the electrical activity of the electrically active film produced according to the inventive method ( Example 2, without treatment at high temperatures) is as good as that of a film which was produced by a method of the prior art (comparative example C-2, with treatment at high temperatures).

The thickness-normalized maximum current density of the test material according to our invention from Example 3 (determined by means of cyclic voltammetry in the voltage range between 1.2 V and 3 V against lithium) was 0.6 mA / cm ² / μm at a scanning speed of 20 mV / sec.

The thickness-normalized maximum current density of the test material from example 4 produced according to our invention was 1.1 mA / cm ² / μm under the same measurement conditions at a scanning speed of 20 mV / sec.

The electrically active film, which additionally contains an electrically inactive layer above the electrically active layer (example 4), therefore shows a higher electrical activity than the film, which only contains the electrically active layer. In addition, the mechanical stability of the electrically active film of Example 4 is excellent.

Claims

EXPECTATIONS 1. Electrically active films, consisting of a support and at least one electrically active, nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium Layer containing inclusion compounds and optionally additional, electrically non-active layers, characterized in that the electrically active layers still contain a binder or binder mixture after the completion of the production process. 2. Electrically active films according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the binders is film-forming. 3. Electrically active films according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the electrically active layers contain the binder or binder mixture in an amount of 0.5% to 20% based on the total amount of the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides or lithium inclusion compound contain. 4. Electrically active films according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the electrically active layers contain the binder or binder mixture in an amount of 1% to 10% based on the total amount of the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides or lithium inclusion compound. 5. Electrically active films according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the electrically active layers, the binder or binder mixture in an amount of 2% to 5% based on the total amount of the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides or lithium inclusion compound contain. 6. Electrically active films according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the binder or binder mixture contains at least one compound from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol and polyacrylonitrile. 7. Electrically active films according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the binder or binder mixture is crosslinked. 8. Electrically active films according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxide or transition metal chalcogenide or lithium inclusion compound is titanium dioxide in its anatase form or LiMn2θ4. 9. Electrically active films according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the carrier is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate coated with indium tin oxide or metals or polyethylene naphthalate coated with indium tin oxide or metals. 10. Electrically active films according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the electrically active film above the electrically active layers contains an electrically non-active layer consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and Y-Al2O3. 11. Electrically active films according to claim 10, characterized in that the electrically inactive layer is hardened with boric acid or borates. 12. A method for producing electrically conductive films according to claims 1 to 11, characterized in that a liquid slurry or colloidal dispersion of the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds at temperatures between 5 ° C and 60 ° C together with one Binder or binder mixture is applied to the support and then the coated support is dried at temperatures below the boiling point (at normal pressure) of the slurry liquid, the electrically conductive film being not exposed to any higher temperatures during the entire production process. 13. A method for producing electrically conductive films according to claims 1 to 11, characterized in that an aqueous colloidal dispersion of the nanocrystalline, nanoporous transition metal oxides or transition metal chalcogenides or their lithium inclusion compounds at temperatures between 20 ° C and 55 ° C together with one Binder or Binder mixture applied to the carrier and then the coated carrier is dried with air at temperatures below 60 ° C, the electrically conductive film is not exposed to higher temperatures during the entire manufacturing process.