WO2001088880A2 - Maquette didactique sensorielle de liaisons mecaniques - Google Patents
Maquette didactique sensorielle de liaisons mecaniques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001088880A2 WO2001088880A2 PCT/FR2001/001526 FR0101526W WO0188880A2 WO 2001088880 A2 WO2001088880 A2 WO 2001088880A2 FR 0101526 W FR0101526 W FR 0101526W WO 0188880 A2 WO0188880 A2 WO 0188880A2
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- Prior art keywords
- connection
- usual
- handle
- mechanical
- contact
- Prior art date
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- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
- G09B23/06—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for physics
- G09B23/08—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for physics for statics or dynamics
- G09B23/10—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for physics for statics or dynamics of solid bodies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a didactic mock-up of the usual mechanical link (s) between at least two parts intended for teaching, certain means of which produce a sensory effect in the hands of the learners.
- this model makes it possible to visualize the degrees of freedom between the two parts which compose it and to transmit directly to the learners' hands, the resultant R and the moment M, elements of reduction of the torsor associated with the mechanical actions transmissible by each link , without modifying its nature and intensity.
- This tactile sensation indicating the presence or absence of the components of R and M according to the three directions of space, prepares the representation of the components of said torsor associated with mechanical actions, written at a given reduction point, in a local base B (xy z) given.
- SA BERNAY AUTOMATION
- the user can rotate the second part with respect to the first around an axis of the space imposed by the mobile support.
- the learner can deduce from this that this connection allows, or prohibits, this degree of freedom and transmits, or not, the associated moment.
- This experimental device is interesting but complicated to implement because it requires manipulations of the support which hinder the direct observation of the degrees of freedom of the connection and requires assembly and disassembly operations of the various parts of the connections on said supports.
- the articulations of the mobile support and their return springs introduce parasitic forces which disturb the phenomenon observed and make it difficult to compare the connections with friction compared to the connections without friction.
- a second device is also known - patent n ° FR-2 696 002 from JEUL ⁇ N (SA) - which consists on the one hand in directly connecting part of the connection to a drive handle on which the learner applies the results or the moments according to the three directions of space and on the other hand to link the receiving part to a monobloc assembly forming a trirectangle trihedron.
- SA JEUL ⁇ N
- This aforementioned assembly is equipped with strain gauges whose signals are processed by an electronic unit to calculate the components of the resultant and the moment, the display of the values being done on a computer screen.
- This device is simple to use and it makes it possible to view the components of the torsor associated with the mechanical actions transmissible by the link in a frame of reference R (O, x, y, z), but it does not allow them to be physically felt on the part receptor.
- computerized visualization reveals weak parasitic components which hamper the interpretation of the stresses exerted, when the learner applies said stress not perfectly directed along an axis of the reference frame.
- a third device which is easier to use, which consists in holding in the hand a first part of the connection studied by means of a handle and bringing it into contact with the second part immobilized on a fixed support by a magnetic attraction process.
- the learner can observe whether or not said second part opposes the displacement of the mobile part and feel if a mechanical action is exerted according to a direction given.
- This device makes it possible to perceive in the hand the mechanical actions caused on the first part but not directly those exerted on the second, it is not aware of the transmission of the aforementioned action via the link.
- the invention relates to a didactic mock-up of the usual mechanical link (s), comprising at least two parts in contact, a first part of which is connected directly to at least one manually gripping drive handle, characterized in that a second part is directly linked to at least one manually gripping receiving handle.
- the device has a drive handle held by a first learner, directly connected to the first part of the link itself in contact - possibly via an intermediate part - with the second part linked directly to at least one receiving handle held by a second learner.
- the second learner thus feels the mechanical actions exerted by the first learner transmitted via the link.
- This receiving handle must have dimensions and a shape allowing a safe grip and an orientation in space.
- this shape is chosen from at least one of the prismatic, conical, cylindrical, ovoid, or spherical shapes.
- the handle can therefore have an aforementioned elementary geometric shape or a complex shape obtained by combining the latter.
- this second handle removes the rigid support consisting of one or more assembled solids and avoids the operations of mounting and dismounting the connections studied on the latter.
- the structure of the receiving handle has been described more particularly, the same description can be made for the driving handle in so far as " their role can be reversed.
- the term” part "a solid or a set of solids in contact having a particular function in the constitution of the connection.
- the intermediate parts can introduce a rigid or elastic character into the connection, increase or decrease friction of sliding, transforming sliding into rolling, introducing contact surfaces belonging to standard elements ... etc.
- the receiving handle has a spherical gripping shape, either connected directly by a base and assembly means to the second part of the link, or directly installed in a single piece on the latter.
- a spherical gripping shape either connected directly by a base and assembly means to the second part of the link, or directly installed in a single piece on the latter.
- the receiving and / or driving handle comprises means creating a tactile perception arranged in three orthogonal directions concurrent with the center of the sphere.
- one of the parts of said connection includes a contact plane
- two of said orthogonal directions are parallel to the axes of symmetry of said plane;
- one of the orthogonal directions is parallel to its longitudinal axis of symmetry and another is concurrent with the latter
- the part of the connection has a surface spherical contact
- one of the directions must be confused with the axis joining the center of said sphere with the center of the spherical grip shape
- the part of the connection includes a spherical contact bore
- one of the directions must be confused with the axis of revolution of the opening of said bore allowing the passage of the handle.
- the means creating tactile perception are, for example, asperities, hollows, rods, nipples, rough areas, or any means obtained by the combination of the preceding means achieving tactile discontinuity on the gripping surface.
- the handle having a spherical shape for example, has on its surface advantageously two or four asperities - ovoid caps of small diameters for example - arranged radially in pairs and in opposition on two orthogonal diameters, and a third or fifth asperity disposed on the diameter perpendicular to the other two, on the side opposite to the connection, said diameters being oriented relative to the contact surfaces of the connection in the directions described above.
- the orthonormal local base associated with the link - composed of three unit vectors named x, y, z, or i, j, k or any other name - is directly linked to at least part of the latter because, during the solicitations exerted by the learner in a motor situation on the receiving learner, the characteristic axes of said link can change orientation relative to a reference general linked to a fixed reference solid.
- the model advantageously includes means for materializing three unit vectors of an orthonormal base, said means being detachably linked to at least one of the parts.
- the three orthogonal vectors of said base are represented, for example, by screen-printed, inlaid traces or labels glued on at least one surface of each of the three means - small elongated prisms, plates, cylinders, for example - said means being themselves linked by removable assembly means consisting of permanent magnets, stickers, cylinders engaging tightly or clipped into holes preferably made on the receiving part. Any other means of materialization and assembly is suitable.
- said vectors of this base are parallel to the longitudinal axes of said means.
- the first two vectors are parallel to the two axes of orthogonal symmetries contained in a contact plane of a part of the connection - or two radiating axes to a contact cylinder - and the third vector is directed according to the normal to said plane or according to a parallel to the axis of revolution of said cylinder.
- the geometric center of said spherical gripping surface is located on the normal to the contact plane of said part, raised to the geometric center of the latter, on the side opposite the aforementioned contact.
- the geometric center of the spherical surface of the handle is located on the longitudinal axis of symmetry of said bore, preferably at the geometric center of the latter.
- Said sphere is extended on either side by two cylinders having for axis, said longitudinal axis of symmetry of the contact surface.
- the geometric center of the spherical surface of the receiving and / or driving handle is coincident with the geometric center of the spherical contact bore of said part.
- the connections consist of materials having a low density - northern fir, an aluminum alloy, or a plastic material for example - and have a combination of geometric shapes of thin thicknesses. According to a method of obtaining by molding, they are reinforced by ribs so as to obtain good rigidity and negligible part weights at the level of tactile perception.
- the shapes and the arrangements of the receptor handles can be transferred to the drive handles.
- the pivot connections, sliding pivot, slide, and helical connections may comprise two handles linked to the same part. One is oriented in a radial direction elevated to the geometric center of a contact cylinder, and the second is arranged along the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the connection.
- the learner therefore has the possibility of grasping either the longitudinal handle to apply -or receive- a pure axial force, or the radial handle to transmit -or receive- a radial and / or axial force combined with a moment of radial tilting.
- the device according to the invention makes it possible to demonstrate experimentally that the expression of the torsor of the mechanical actions transmissible by a link, is modified - or preserved in certain particular directions - when the reduction point is moved.
- a second handle directed parallel to the first and located on an axis of symmetry of the contact plane of said part.
- this displacement can -be obtained by exploiting the asymmetry of the motor and receiver handles thanks to an inversion of the users' function, The user in the motor position becoming receiver - and vice versa - in order to cause, on the receiver side, a displacement of the characteristic point of the input relative to the axis or to the center of the studied connection.
- the handles may have a shape which allows two different gripping positions.
- This form is obtained by the combination of a portion of sphere - with its means materializing the three directions of space - for gripping in a receiving situation, and a cylinder - or a portion of an ovoid - having a diameter and a length adequate for grasping in a driving situation, said cylinder being arranged coaxially to the sphere between the latter and the usual connection, and perpendicular to the plane or to the contact cylinder between the two parts of the connection.
- a flange concentric with the cylinder, on the side opposite to the sphere, and having fillets serves as a stop by hand and avoids contact with the other mobile part.
- An object of the invention to highlight the mechanical actions transmissible by frictionless connections. For this, it is necessary to reduce friction, either by coating the contacting surfaces with a thin layer of a material having a low friction factor - tetrafluoroetylene for example - or by interposing between the driving part and the part receiver of the connection, a third part comprising rolling elements.
- This third part can also be constituted by at least one standard element comprising rolling elements - a ball bearing, a needle bushing, etc., for example.
- a component of the standard element is linked to the driving part, and another component of said element is linked to the receiving part of the connection.
- the geometric center of the spherical gripping surface of the receiving handle is coincident with that of said standard element comprising rolling elements.
- This handle is extended laterally, on the side opposite the drive handle, by a cylinder coaxial with the axis of revolution of the standard element, in order to allow a second gripping position which makes it possible to clear a space for the observation of the degrees of freedom of said element.
- Another object of the invention consists in highlighting the mechanical actions transmissible by the friction links. For this, it is necessary on the contrary to increase the friction between the two parts so as to cause at the handles new tactile sensations in certain directions compared to the connection of the same type without friction.
- the third and possible fourth part each consist of a plate and / or pads made of a material with a high friction factor and each fixed to one of the other two parts by assembly means consisting of 'A bonding, of permanent magnets, or of axes clipped into holes made in the corresponding part, for example.
- assembly means consisting of 'A bonding, of permanent magnets, or of axes clipped into holes made in the corresponding part, for example.
- a third part consisting, for example, of a split elastic ring with a high friction factor, said ring coming to be mounted in a groove made in one of the parts, and prevented in its rotational movement relative to said part by an obstacle linked to the latter - a pin for example - coming to be interposed in the slot.
- a third part, and possibly a fourth part produced by two cylindrical buffers sliding coaxially in the second part, each comprising a concave spherical cap with high and possibly elastic friction factor.
- Said buffers are clamped in opposition against the sphere, either by a clean elastic effect, or by separate elastic elements - frustoconical "star" washers, for example, and prevented from rotating relative to said part by means of rotational connection , said means being constituted, for example, of pins slidably engaged in a diametral slot made in the aforementioned buffers. Any other rotational connection means and means for axially clamping said buffers is suitable.
- Another object of the invention consists in highlighting the influence of the rigidity of the materials in contact on the degrees of freedom and the mechanical actions transmissible by a given type of connection.
- a third deformable part between the driving part and the receiving part of the connection.
- This third part may consist of a plate of substantial thickness, or of a cylinder, composed of an elastic material - an elastomer, for example - linked to at least one of the parts of the connection.
- the elastic connection can also be achieved by inserting between the two parts of the connection a third part consisting of an elastic standard element - a Paulstra seal (registered trademark), or an elastic coupling, for example - each of the two components ends is linked either to the driving part or to the receiving part of the link, themselves linked to the driving or receiving handle, by assembly means either permanent or removable.
- a third part consisting of an elastic standard element - a Paulstra seal (registered trademark), or an elastic coupling, for example - each of the two components ends is linked either to the driving part or to the receiving part of the link, themselves linked to the driving or receiving handle, by assembly means either permanent or removable.
- FIG. 1 shows in exploded perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the support plane support with its associated local base.
- FIG. 2 shows in exploded perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the pivot-sliding connection with its associated local base.
- FIG. 3 shows in perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the linear straight link.
- FIG. 4 shows in perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the sphere-plane connection.
- FIG. 5 shows in orthogonal projection and in section, a form of spherical handle with asperities according to the invention, connected by a rod to a cylindrical part.
- FIG. 6 shows in perspective, a form of spherical handle with five asperities according to the invention, linked by a rod to a prismatic ribbed part.
- FIG. 7 shows in orthogonal projection and in section, a variant of handle shape allowing an entry in two positions and the reported roughness.
- FIG. 8 shows in perspective, the device of the invention with two handles adapted to the pivot connection.
- FIG. 9 shows in exploded perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the sphere-cylinder and / or spherical connection with friction.
- - Figure 10 shows in perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the slide connection.
- FIG. 11 shows in perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the helical connection.
- FIG. 12 shows in perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the spherical connection.
- - Figure 13 shows in orthogonal projection and in section, an alternative embodiment of the spherical connection according to the invention allowing a separation of the two parts.
- - Figure 14 shows in orthogonal projection and in section, an embodiment according to the invention, of a spherical connection using a standard element comprising rolling elements.
- FIG. 15 shows in orthogonal projection and in section, an embodiment according to the invention, of an elastic connection using a standard elastic element.
- FIG. 16 shows in exploded perspective, the device of the invention, suitable for the plane support connection, with two receiving handles and two intermediate plates made of a material with a high friction factor.
- FIG. 17 shows in perspective, the device of the invention adapted to the pivot-sliding connection, with two intermediate elastic rings made of a material with a high friction factor.
- the didactic mock-up of usual mechanical connection comprises at least two parts in contact (FIG. 1), of which a first part (la) is directly linked to at least one manually gripping drive handle (4), characterized in that a second part (2a) is directly linked to at least one manually gripping receiving handle (5).
- the receiving (5b) and / or possibly driving (4) entry form is linked to (la) or (2a) by a base (5a) and assembly means.
- These aforementioned handles must have dimensions and a shape allowing a safe grip and an orientation in space. For this purpose, it is chosen from at least one of the prismatic, conical, cylindrical, ovoid or spherical forms.
- Said shape can therefore be an elementary geometric shape or a complex shape obtained by combining the latter and adapting ergonomically to the learner's hand.
- Said handles are made of wood, aluminum alloy, or injected plastic and the assembly means with the corresponding part of the connection are made - depending on the material - by overmolding, welding or gluing, for example .
- the receiving handle has a spherical gripping shape (5b), making it possible to better perceive, in three directions of space, the result and the moment transmissible by the link.
- connections which include a part having a contact plane (3 a) or (3b) (plane support connections, rectilinear linear, sphere-plane) said part is a rectangular parallelepiped. Said plan is square in shape and, to be visible from the back of the classroom, its side measures approximately 150 mm.
- the geometric center O'i or O ' 2 of the gripping surface will preferably be arranged on the normal of a contact plane (3a) or ( 3b) raised to the geometric center Oi or O 2 of said contact plane, on the side opposite the contact.
- Figures 3 and 4 show an embodiment of the straight linear and sphere-plane connections according to which the second part of each connection is constituted respectively by a cylinder (2b) in contact along its generatrix with the plane (3a) of the first part (la), and by a portion of sphere (2c) in punctual contact with said plane (3a).
- the longitudinal axis of the handle (5) linked to said part (2b) is concurrent with the axis of revolution (9) of the cylinder, oriented perpendicularly to the latter, and located substantially half of said cylinder, to easily apply stresses in preferred directions without parasitic effects.
- the geometric center O 3 of the sphere of the sphere-plane connection is on the longitudinal axis of symmetry of said handle (5) (fig. 4).
- the first part (10a) of the connection comprises a cylinder mounted in coincidence with a cylindrical bore (12) belonging to the second part of the connection (lia) , said part having a cylindrical outer shape (14b) advantageously combined, with at least one spherical cap (14a), shapes allowing the gripping and forming the receiving handle.
- the geometric center O 4 of the spherical cap will be merged with the geometric center O 5 of the bore (12).
- the drive handle (13) is linked directly by assembly means - a weld, a bonding, for example - to the first part (10a), the said handle having a spherical grip shape (13b) combined with a base ( 13a) making the junction with said part.
- the longitudinal axis of symmetry of said drive handle will coincide with the axis (9) of the cylinder (10a), oriented perpendicularly to the latter, and located substantially at half of said cylinder, in order to easily apply stresses according to preferred directions without parasitic efforts.
- a longitudinal opening (15) will be made over all or part of the length of the part (lia).
- the spherical shapes for gripping the receiving handles (5b) and (13b) -and possibly those of the driving handles- made of northern fir , made of aluminum alloy, or plastic are linked by suitable assembly means - a bonding, an overmolding or a weld, for example - at the end (19) of a rod (18), produced made of steel or aluminum alloy, the opposite end (20) of said rod being fixed by the same said means to one of the parts (la), (2a), or (10a) belonging to the connection.
- the spherical gripping shape comprises means creating a tactile perception arranged in three orthogonal directions concurrent with the geometric center of the sphere.
- these means are produced by asperities arranged on three orthogonal diameters.
- Figure 6 shows the arrangement of said roughness on a handle associated with a connecting part having a contact plane.
- the receiving handle -and possibly the driving handle- has on its surface four asperities (21a), (21b), (22a), (22b), arranged in pairs and in opposition, on two perpendicular diameters (24) , (25) and a last asperity (23) on a third diameter (26) perpendicular to the other two, on the side opposite to the connection, said diameters (24) and (25) are arranged parallel to the plane of the connection and to the axes of symmetries (27), (28) of the latter.
- the drive handle - or receiver - linked to the connection parts comprising a contact cylinder (fig.
- the asperities (22a), (22b) are on a parallel diameter (24) to the axis of revolution (9) of the contact cylinder (10a), and (23) is on a diameter (26) perpendicular to the axis (9) named above.
- This arrangement of the roughness is transposable on a connecting part comprising a prism, the longitudinal axis of symmetry replacing the axis of revolution (9).
- the spherical handle located directly on the part having a cylindrical or prismatic bore (pivot, pivot-sliding, sliding, or helical), has on its surface two asperities (21a), (21b), arranged in opposition on a diameter (29) perpendicular to the axis of the bore (12) and to the plane of symmetry of the opening (15) as well as a third asperity (23) on a diameter (30) perpendicular to said previous diameter and to said axis of the bore, on the side opposite to the opening (15).
- the arrangement of the asperities on the drive handle - or receiver - linked to a part having a contact sphere, is illustrated in FIG. 12.
- an asperity (23) is located on the axis joining the center of the sphere contact O 3 and the center O ' 3 of the input sphere; and the other (23) on the axis of revolution of the conical trunk opening (58), on the side opposite to said opening; the other asperities being arranged on diameters perpendicular to the directions described above.
- the roughness (21a), (21b), (22a), (22b), and (23) are attached to the spherical shape using a means of assembly.
- This variant makes it possible to endow the asperities with colors different from those of the sphere, and to assign a specific color to each direction of the space for educational purposes.
- the assembly means shown consists of a cylindrical shape belonging to the asperity mounted in a bore (31) produced in the sphere in a radiating manner, of an axial stop of said asperity on a flat bottom (32), and of a collage.
- This variant can be generalized to all handle shapes and any other means of assembly is suitable.
- the orthonormal local base represented in FIGS. 1 and 2, composed of three orthogonal vectors (33), (34), (35), is materialized by means on at least one of the parts constituting the connection - preferably the receiving part - so that the interpretation of the experimental results is not disturbed by the changes in orientation of the bond, which would be the case if said base was linked to a fixed reference solid.
- Said vectors are represented with their denomination x, y, z -or i, j, k or any other designation- on the lateral faces of three means -elongated prisms (39), (40), (41), for example- removably linked by assembly means to said part of the connection.
- the longitudinal axes - if they exist - of said means are oriented in three orthogonal directions of space, and said assembly means consist, for example, of elastic cylinders (42), (43), (44) linked to the prisms and coming to be mounted tightly or clipped in holes (36), (37), (38) made in said part of the connection.
- These vectors can be obtained by screen printing, for example, on the surfaces of said means.
- the longitudinal axes of the first two means are parallel to the axes of perpendicular symmetries (27), (28) contained in the named plane of said part, and the axis of the third means is perpendicular to said plane, on the side opposite the contact.
- the first two means - elongated prisms for example - are arranged in two directions perpendicular to each other and radiating from the bore (12), said prisms being linked via the same assembly means described above coming to engage in holes (36), (37), produced on the surface of the cylindrical handle (14b) radiantly; the third means is directed in a direction parallel to the axis of revolution of the bore (12) and linked by identical assembly means coming to engage in a hole (38) made perpendicular to the end side face of the part (lia).
- this arrangement shown can be reversed and any other removable assembly means is suitable.
- the parts (la), (2a), (10a), (lia) ,. ..etc .. are made with a low density material - from northern fir, or an aluminum alloy, for example.
- said parts are made of injected plastic of small thickness and stiffened by ribs. According to this production process, a part having a contact plane is shown in FIG. 6.
- Each part (la), (2a) mentioned above may comprise, on the side opposite to the contact plane (3a) or (3b), at the at least one cylindrical hub (6) with an axis of revolution perpendicular to said plane and allowing rigid cylindrical assembly with the handle (4) or (5), reinforcing ribs (7) perpendicular to said plane and arranged radially to the hub, and a thin skirt (8) perpendicular to the above-mentioned plane and surrounding the latter over the entire periphery, so as to produce a light and rigid assembly supporting the forces exerted by the learners on the handles.
- each ribbed part (la), (2a) may be dressed, on the face opposite to the contact, with a thin flat plate of plastic material.
- the second part (lia), (11b), (lie), (lld), can comprise at at least two ribs made up of thin rings concentric with the contact cylinder and arranged on the external cylindrical surface of said part, at opposite ends, and in planes perpendicular to the axis of revolution of said cylinder.
- they can be masked by at least one cylindrical sleeve centered and glued on their periphery, said sleeve being concentric with the contact bore (12).
- the handle has a shape illustrated in FIG. 7 - obtained by molding or by turning - which allows gripping in two positions, in order to be able to reverse the role of motor and receiver of learners, or favor the perception of the resultant R or the moment M of the torsor.
- the spherical shape (5b) allows gripping in the receiving position and it is extended, on the connection side, by a coaxial cylindrical shape (5a) whose length and diameter allow gripping in a position rather reserved for motor function.
- said cylindrical shape ending in a coaxial flange (32), provided with fillets, serving as a stop for the hand and avoiding any risk of contact of the latter with the neighboring mobile part.
- said handles are directly connected to the parts (la), (2a) or (10a) of the connecting part by a short cylindrical rod (18) -in steel or aluminum alloy- glued on each of the pieces to be linked.
- the junction surface with the part of the connection may be constituted by an end plane belonging to the base (5a), perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the handle, directly glued to the surface of the part of the connection, on the side opposite the contact; or by a shouldered cylindrical shape coaxial with (5a) and adjusting - with a possible bonding - in a bore of said part of the connection.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a possible embodiment of the pivot connection, which has, in addition to the two parts of revolution (10b), (11a) and of the handles (13) and (14) already described in the sliding pivot connection, means providing axial stops constituted, for example, by two washers (42) and (43) centered on the cylinder (10b) and bearing on the end faces on either side of the part (lia) and two pin pins (44) passing right through said cylinder.
- the means carrying out the axial stops can be produced by rings added and glued to said cylinder (10b) instead. washers (42) and (43).
- Figure 9 illustrates a possible embodiment of the sphere-cylinder connection which has, on the one hand a part (11b) whose essential forms have already been described for the receiving part (1 la) of the pivot-sliding connection and on the other hand, a sphere (2c) realizing the driving part slidably engaged in the cylindrical bore (12) and linked directly to the handle (5).
- this connection it is possible to transform this connection into a spherical connection by mounting axially, by the two opposite ends, two cylindrical buffers (45) linked to said part (1 lb). This arrangement will be described later, in detail, in the paragraph relating to the spherical connection with friction.
- FIG. 10 illustrates a possible embodiment of the slide link. It comprises on the one hand, a part (lie) -whose outer part has already been described in the pivot-sliding connection- having an internal prismatic bore (51) and on the other hand, a part (10c) of lateral shape prismatic (52) sliding in said prismatic bore and linked to the drive handles (13) and (14) already described above.
- the part (lie) has a lateral opening (53) allowing the passage of the part (13a) of the handle (13) and authorizing the axial translation of said handle.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a possible embodiment of the helical connection. It has on the one hand, a part (Hd) -whose essential forms have already been described in the pivot-sliding connection- and on the other hand, a cylindrical part (lOd) mounted in the cylindrical bore (12) and linked to the axial handle (14).
- the cylinder (10d) has on its surface a cylindrical stud (54), arranged radially approximately in the middle of its length, which engages in a sliding manner in a helical groove (55) produced in said part (lld).
- the stud (54) can be extended towards the outside of the groove (55) in order to allow the fixing, at its end opposite to the part (1 Od), of a radial drive handle .
- An exemplary embodiment of the spherical connection is shown in FIG. 12,
- this connection comprises, on the one hand, a part (2c) produced by a sphere linked to the handle (5), and on the other hand, a part (56) constituted by a hollow spherical cap, produced in wood, aluminum alloy, or injected plastic.
- Said cap comprises a concentric spherical bore (57), coincident with the sphere constituting the part (2c) and a frustoconical opening (58) allowing passage and oscillation of the handle (5)
- the part (56) consists of two half spherical caps glued -or welded- along a diametral plane (59) in order to allow, before assembly of said half-caps, the mounting of the part (2c) in the bore (57).
- the part (56) is made in one piece and has a conical trunk opening (60) removing at least half a sphere from (57), said opening allowing a radial mounting of the part (2c) in the spherical bore (57).
- the opening (58) has the form of a groove arranged in the diametrical plane of the spherical bore, on a semicircle approximately, and lets slide the cylindrical shape (5a) connecting the gripping surface (5b) to the corresponding part of the connection.
- An object of the invention to highlight the mechanical actions transmissible by frictionless connections.
- suitable materials to constitute the parts of the connection, or to coat the contact planes (3a), (3b), the sphere (2c), and the cylinders (10a), (12), a thin layer of a material having a low friction factor - tetrafluoroethylene, for example - process not illustrated in the following.
- interpose between the driving part and the receiving part, a third part consisting of a standard element comprising rolling elements - a ball bearing, a needle sleeve, etc.
- a component of the standard element (67) - the inner ring of a spherical bearing, for example - is linked to the driving part ( 63a), and another component of said element - the outer ring of said bearing, for example - is linked to the receiving part (62a) of the link on which the receiving handle (62c), (62d) is directly located.
- This receiving handle allows two gripping positions and comprises, for this purpose, a spherical shape (62c) for gripping whose geometric center O 7 is coincident with that of the bearing so that the expression of the torsor transmissible by the bearing is not modified.
- FIG. 14 shows a bearing assembly between the two parts (63a) and (62a) making a spherical connection between the latter.
- the inner ring of the bearing is tightly mounted and / or bonded to a shoulder of a stepped shaft (69) produced on said driving part (63a), the latter also comprising, at the opposite end, a bore ( 64) coaxial allowing assembly glued with the end of the handle (61a).
- the outer ring of the bearing is slidably mounted in the bore (66) produced in the receiving part (62a), said ring being stopped in translation by the spacer (50) bearing axially on the bottom of the bore (66) and by the elastic ring for bore (71).
- Said part (62a) also comprises a bore of smaller diameter (68) allowing the bonded assembly of the intermediate axis (49a) which here realizes an angular stop coming into contact with the recess (65) during the swiveling of the bearing .
- this same intermediate axis (49a) plays the role of second part for the mounting of standard elements different from said bearing (67).
- One can also make an equivalent sphere-cylinder connection by associating in series a ball joint and a pivot-sliding connection. For this purpose, in the assembly described above, it is possible to remove the spacer (50) and the elastic ring (71) and make the bearing (67) sliding in the bore (66). The spherical connection is thus transformed into a sphere-cylinder connection using the same standard element (67).
- connection by means of a standard element comprising rolling elements is not limited to the previous example, one can also use standard elements such as rigid ball, cylindrical or tapered roller bearings , needle; ball bushings; axial thrust ball bearings or needles, ... etc.
- said standard elements can be associated in series by mounting a first standard element on the drive part of the connection and a second element mounted between said first element and the receiving part of the link. They can also be arranged in parallel by mounting, for example, two bearings on the drive part of the link in a coaxial manner and by centering them on the receiving part.
- the handles can be assembled with said driving (63a) and receiving (49a) part, by means allowing disassembly of said handles in order to allow the mounting of different standard elements.
- means allowing disassembly is described later in the text and illustrated in FIG. 15.
- Another object of the invention consists in highlighting the mechanical actions transmissible by the friction links.
- a constructive arrangement not shown, for the plane support connection at least one of the contact planes (3a) or (3b) is coated with a material with a high friction factor and / or has rough or grainy surfaces.
- a constructive arrangement it is also possible to interpose between the two parts of the connection at least a third part produced, for example, by a plate made of a material with a high friction factor - an elastomer, for example - and bonded to one of said parties.
- a constructive variant represented in FIG.
- the third part produced by a plate (77) is linked to one of the parts by assembly means constituted by at least two elastic pins (78), for example, coming to be clipped in bores (79) made in parts (lb) and / or (2b).
- assembly means constituted by at least two elastic pins (78), for example, coming to be clipped in bores (79) made in parts (lb) and / or (2b).
- the cylindrical part (10f) has at least one groove (81), receiving the third part - and possibly another groove receiving a fourth part- consisting of an elastic ring with a high friction factor.
- Said part may be composed, on the inside, of a ring split cylindrical elastic (83).
- the mounting of this ring in the groove (81) is done in two stages. Firstly, it is open to slide over the outside diameter of the cylinder (10f), and secondly, by elasticity, it closes in the groove. Once the ring is closed with play in the groove, an obstacle linked to said cylinder (10f) -constituted by the pin (84), for example- suppresses the rotation around the axis of revolution of said ring, coming s' engage in the slot of the latter.
- said split ring (82), (83) -of a slightly larger relaxed diameter- closes the elastomer part comes press against said bore and causes significant friction which slows the rotational and / or translational movement of (lOf) relative to (lia).
- said part (lOf) may include several variants of different lengths and several grooves for mounting several rings to increase friction.
- a third sliding part comprising a concave spherical cap made of a material with a high friction factor and / or elastic, said part being clamped against the sphere by an elastic element and prevented from rotating by means.
- FIG. 9 An example of a particular embodiment is shown in FIG. 9.
- the sphere (2c) is mounted in the bore (12) of the part (11b) and it is clamped between a third and fourth part - two cylindrical buffers (45 ) each having a concave spherical cap (46) - slidingly mounted in the bore (12).
- One of the buffers is in contact with the pin (49) linked to (11b) and the other is pushed against the sphere by one or more elastic elements (48) - frustoconical elastic washers "star", for example- mounted in a counterbore (45b) produced in said buffer on the side opposite to the spherical cap and interposed between the end of said counterbore and the pin (49), said pin being engaged in a diametrical hole (47) belonging to the part (11b) .
- Said pads (45) are movable in translation and prevented in their rotational movement about their axis of revolution relative to said part (11b) by rotational connecting means constituted, for example, of said pins (49) engaged so sliding in a diametrical slot (45a) produced in each of said buffers on the side opposite to the spherical cap.
- rotational connecting means constituted, for example, of said pins (49) engaged so sliding in a diametrical slot (45a) produced in each of said buffers on the side opposite to the spherical cap.
- Other means allowing the axial displacement of the pads and opposing their rotation is suitable.
- Another object of the invention consists in highlighting the influence of the rigidity of the materials in contact on the degrees of freedom and the mechanical actions transmissible by a given type of connection.
- a third deformable part can be inserted between the driving part and the receiving part of the link.
- this third part may consist of a plate -or of a cylinder- of substantial thickness composed of an elastic material -an elastomer, for example- linked to at least one of the parts of the bond.
- a third part can be inserted between the two parts of the connection, constituted by an elastic standard element - a Paulstra seal (registered trademark) or an elastic coupling, for example - each of whose two end components is linked to one of the parts of the bond.
- FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary embodiment using an elastic coupling (72).
- the bore of the end component of said element engages on the cylindrical end (73a) of the drive part (63b) of the connection and the assembly is held in position by the action of a screw pressure (70) blocked using a tool passing through the opening (75) made in the part (62b).
- the bore of the component located at the other end of the elastic coupling (72) is engaged on the cylindrical end (73b) of the receiving part (49b) of the connection and secured by a second pressure screw (70), said receiving part is directly engaged in the bore (68) belonging to the handle (62b) and detachably held by the pressure screw (76a), for example, screwed into the sleeve (76b ) stuck in said handle (62b).
- the drive part of the link (63b) has, on the side opposite to the standard element, a bore (64) allowing the connection with the cylindrical end of the drive handle (61b).
- the end of the latter is engaged in said bore (64) and pressurized by the end of a screw (74), screwed radially in the driving part (63b) , coming to bear on the bottom of a groove, and blocked manually by the user using a knurled head, for example.
- the handles can be assembled on the parts of the connection in a non-removable manner by an assembly means - a bonding, for example - identical to that described above and illustrated in FIG. 14.
- the invention therefore makes it possible, for educational purposes, to visualize the movements between the two parts of a mechanical connection and to transmit in a tactile way, by means of handles directly graspable by the hands of the learners, the elements of reduction of the associated torsor mechanical actions transmissible by said link. These reduction elements are sensory materialized by means arranged in three orthogonal directions which avoid a fixed support.
- the device relates to connections with or without friction, rigid or elastic, involving standard elements or not, it is simple to handle, without assembly and disassembly operation on a support, and does not involve any modification of the mechanical actions transmitted. by connections in the hands of learners.
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
- Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
- Computational Mathematics (AREA)
- Algebra (AREA)
- Educational Administration (AREA)
- Educational Technology (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Instructional Devices (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
- Pivots And Pivotal Connections (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU62455/01A AU6245501A (en) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-05-18 | Sensory teaching scale model of mechanical linkages |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR00/06394 | 2000-05-18 | ||
FR0006394A FR2809218B1 (fr) | 2000-05-18 | 2000-05-18 | Maquette didactique sensorielle de liaisons mecaniques |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001088880A2 true WO2001088880A2 (fr) | 2001-11-22 |
WO2001088880A3 WO2001088880A3 (fr) | 2002-02-28 |
Family
ID=8850390
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2001/001526 WO2001088880A2 (fr) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-05-18 | Maquette didactique sensorielle de liaisons mecaniques |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU6245501A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2809218B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2001088880A2 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN115083241A (zh) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-09-20 | 日照职业技术学院 | 一种用于线性代数教学的机械装置 |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2691825A1 (fr) * | 1992-05-26 | 1993-12-03 | Bernay Automation | Appareil didactique de démonstration des degrés de liberté d'un assemblage mécanique. |
FR2696002B1 (fr) * | 1992-09-18 | 1994-12-23 | Jeulin Sa | Dispositif de mesure de la résultante et/ou du moment d'un torseur. |
-
2000
- 2000-05-18 FR FR0006394A patent/FR2809218B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-05-18 WO PCT/FR2001/001526 patent/WO2001088880A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2001-05-18 AU AU62455/01A patent/AU6245501A/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN115083241A (zh) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-09-20 | 日照职业技术学院 | 一种用于线性代数教学的机械装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2809218A1 (fr) | 2001-11-23 |
FR2809218B1 (fr) | 2002-08-09 |
WO2001088880A3 (fr) | 2002-02-28 |
AU6245501A (en) | 2001-11-26 |
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