WO1998014527A1 - Metal to ceramic attachment in dental appliances - Google Patents
Metal to ceramic attachment in dental appliances Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998014527A1 WO1998014527A1 PCT/US1997/017621 US9717621W WO9814527A1 WO 1998014527 A1 WO1998014527 A1 WO 1998014527A1 US 9717621 W US9717621 W US 9717621W WO 9814527 A1 WO9814527 A1 WO 9814527A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- orthodontic
- dental appliance
- metallic insert
- insert
- appliance
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- RMCCONIRBZIDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl 1,3-dioxo-2-benzofuran-5-carboxylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 RMCCONIRBZIDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910000497 Amalgam Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- AKMXMQQXGXKHAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Ti] AKMXMQQXGXKHAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000014676 Phragmites communis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002012 Aerosil® Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C7/00—Orthodontics, i.e. obtaining or maintaining the desired position of teeth, e.g. by straightening, evening, regulating, separating, or by correcting malocclusions
- A61C7/12—Brackets; Arch wires; Combinations thereof; Accessories therefor
- A61C7/14—Brackets; Fixing brackets to teeth
- A61C7/141—Brackets with reinforcing structure, e.g. inserts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
- A61K6/30—Compositions for temporarily or permanently fixing teeth or palates, e.g. primers for dental adhesives
Definitions
- This invention relates to orthodontic and dental appliances, and, more particularly, to methods of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic
- Ceramics have been found particularly advantageous because
- ceramic materials typically used are primarily based on aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide, both of which are harder than the metals generally used in orthodontic and dental appliances, and exhibit brittle fracture behavior.
- the machining operations used to form such appliances typically leave the appliances with a relatively rough exterior surface. This roughness results in a significantly greater coefficient of friction between a ceramic appliance and an orthodontic wire compared with the coefficient of friction between a stainless
- appliances tend to cause wear and erosion of the metallic wires which contact the ceramic material, thereby further reducing the efficiency of treatment by altering wire characteristics and dimensions.
- bracket body, liner and mandrel The assembly of the bracket body, liner and mandrel is then placed in a furnace and heated to 850 * C in an argon atmosphere for twelve minutes to braze the liner to the ceramic liner before cooling.
- bracket body, liner and brazing material may be placed in a
- the ceramic brackets may tend to develop microcracks as a consequence of the stresses which are created due to the differential thermal
- This invention is directed to a method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance.
- One aspect of the invention includes soldering the metallic insert to the ceramic appliance with a low melting point solder having a melting point of less than about 500 "C.
- this method further includes the step of coating at least a portion of
- the metallic insert and appliance with a doping material, for example titanium hydrate, prior to the soldering step.
- a doping material for example titanium hydrate
- Another aspect of the inventive method includes adhering the metallic insert to the appliance with an epoxy, an adhesive including 4- methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) or a combination thereof.
- an adhesive including 4- methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) or a combination thereof.
- the method may further include the step of roughening at least a portion of the surface of the metallic insert prior to the adhering step.
- a further embodiment of the inventive method involves adhering the metallic insert to the orthodontic or dental appliance with an adhesive, with the metallic insert comprising a reactive metal.
- the reactive metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin, and combinations thereof
- This method preferably also includes the step of activating the reactive metal, for example by silanation, with
- the coating step itself may suitably be performed by a method such as plasma deposition,
- method also preferably includes the step of activating the reactive metal or oxide thereof, for example by silanation, with the silanation preferably being
- insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance includes disposing an amalgam between the insert and the appliance, and fitting the insert and appliance together with the amalgam disposed therebetween.
- the method does not require the step of injection molding once the appliance is formed.
- orthodontic or dental appliance refers to any device which may be adhered directly or indirectly to a tooth surface for the purpose of moving, aligning or fixing the positioning of a tooth or teeth.
- Non-limiting examples include brackets, buccal tubes and the like.
- metal insert refers to a metallic item of any suitable shape and size which is spatially located on or in the appliance in any position which assists in reinforcing the appliance.
- the metallic insert may be attached
- solder may be used, suitable solders may include various combinations of metals
- One such low melting point solder includes about 80% gold by weight and about 20% tin by weight, and is commercially available from Wesgo of Belmont, California, under the trade name ATAU-
- a doping material for example titanium hydrate.
- a doping material improves the wetability of the insert and appliance surfaces, thereby assisting in forming a better adhesive bond between the solder, insert and appliance.
- Another aspect of the inventive method includes adhering the metallic insert to the ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with a moisture- resistant adhesive, such as an epoxy or an adhesive including 4- methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META).
- a moisture- resistant adhesive such as an epoxy or an adhesive including 4- methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META).
- 4-META may be used to advantage in attaching an insert to an appliance, especially where the metallic insert is made of a stainless steel, because, unlike many adhesives, these adhesives are capable of adhering not only to reactive metals, but to stainless steels as well.
- an epoxy is used,
- the method preferably includes a step of roughening the portion of the surface of the metallic insert to be adhered to the ceramic appliance.
- the thickness of the epoxy may be suitably adjusted by adding fumed silica to the epoxy. It has been found particularly advantageous to add enough fumed silica
- silica to the epoxy to give the epoxy a consistency between that of water and a paste. 1 Such a consistency may be achieved with most epoxies by adding
- the epoxy may be suitably applied by putting the epoxy in a
- the epoxy will cure at room temperature, the curing time may be accelerated by applying heat.
- epoxies include EP30MED and UV10MED, available from Masterbond, Inc. , of Hackensack, New Jersey.
- fumed silica may be suitably obtained from Degussa of New Jersey, under the trade name AEROSIL R-972.
- An adhesive including 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride
- (4-META) also may be used advantageously in attaching a metallic insert to an orthodontic or dental appliance.
- 4-META is available from the Sun Medical
- a further aspect of the inventive method includes adhering a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with an adhesive, with the metallic insert comprising a reactive metal.
- the reactive metal may be any metal exhibiting reactive properties, preferably the reactive metal is titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin or a combination thereof.
- suitable adhesives include: System One Plus Adhesives available from Ormco of Glendora, California; Transbond and
- metallic insert may be suitably activated by silanating the reactive metal.
- a suitable solution formed with this particular silane may include about
- the insert is exposed to an environment containing oxygen, the insert naturally will form an oxide of the reactive metal on the surface within a matter of seconds. However, if desired, the formation of this oxide may be achieved in an active method step by exposing the insert to a specific gaseous environment. Silanation generally will be used to activate the reactive metal of the metallic insert. However, if desired, in lieu of activating the metallic insert, the ceramic bracket itself may be activated by
- both the metallic insert and the ceramic appliance may be activated by silanation. If the ceramic appliance is to be silanated, and that
- appliance is formed of alumina, it is preferable to coat the ceramic bracket with silica prior to silanation.
- a further aspect of the invention includes coating at least a portion ' of at least one of the metallic insert and ceramic orthodontic or dental
- the metallic insert need not comprise a reactive metal.
- the embodiment includes
- the coating step preferably is performed by
- a method such as plasma deposition, sputtering, ion beam implantation,
- the reactive metal preferably is titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin or a combination thereof.
- the method may include the step of actively reacting the reactive metal with a gas to form an oxide on the surface of the metallic insert. This embodiment also may involve the step of activating the reactive metal or metal oxide as discussed above, for
- the metallic insert is attached to the ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance by disposing an amalgam between the insert and the appliance, and fitting the insert and appliance
- the amalgam may be any suitable dental or orthodontic amalgam, and typically will include metals such as mercury and silver.
- the method minimizes the possibility of creating microcracks or other flaws in the ceramic structure, which otherwise would lead to fracture and ultimate failure of the appliance.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
Abstract
This invention is directed to a method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance by an attaching method selected from the group consisting of: (a) soldering with a low melting point solder having a melting point of less than about 500 °C, (b) adhering with an adhesive selected from the group consisting of an epoxy, an adhesive which includes 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and combinations thereof, (c) adhering with an adhesive wherein said insert comprises a reactive metal, (d) adhering with an adhesive after coating at least a portion of at least one of the insert and the appliance with a reactive metal or an oxide thereof, and (e) disposing amalgam between the insert and the appliance, and fitting the insert and the appliance together, with the amalgam disposed thereinbetween.
Description
METAL TO CERAMIC ATTACHMENT IN DENTAL APPLIANCES
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to orthodontic and dental appliances, and, more particularly, to methods of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic
orthodontic or dental appliance.
Background of the Invention
The use of ceramic in forming orthodontic and dental appliances is well known. Ceramics have been found particularly advantageous because
of their aesthetic appeal relative to conventional metallic appliances. However, the physical properties or characteristics of ceramic materials may present
several limitations when ceramics are used in orthodontic and dental appliances.
For example, ceramic materials typically used are primarily based on aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide, both of which are harder than the metals generally used in orthodontic and dental appliances, and exhibit brittle fracture behavior.
This characteristic renders ceramic appliances susceptible to fracture during treatment, which may compromise their function and effectiveness. In addition,
the machining operations used to form such appliances typically leave the appliances with a relatively rough exterior surface. This roughness results in a significantly greater coefficient of friction between a ceramic appliance and an orthodontic wire compared with the coefficient of friction between a stainless
steel appliance and an orthodontic wire. This increased coefficient of friction may compromise treatment efficiency by preventing the smooth sliding of wire
along or through a particular appliance. Furthermore, because ceramic
materials generally are harder than the metals used in orthodontic and dental appliances, and because of the surface roughness of ceramic appliances, such
appliances tend to cause wear and erosion of the metallic wires which contact the ceramic material, thereby further reducing the efficiency of treatment by altering wire characteristics and dimensions.
Various attempts have been made to minimize these limitations
of ceramic materials in orthodontic and dental appliances by means such as rounding appliance corners, smoothing the archwire slot area in ceramic
brackets, and coating the ceramic appliance with materials having a greater toughness. However, none of these approaches has met with commercial
success. More recently, with respect to orthodontic brackets, n has been suggested to position a metallic archwire slot liner into the elongated channel of the bracket body, whereby a metallic orthodontic wire contacts the metallic liner as opposed to the ceramic body portion of the bracket. Specifically, in Reed et al. US Patent No. 5,358,402, it has been suggested that this metallic liner may be positioned in the orthodontic bracket either by brazing or by being formed in situ. With the Reed brazing process, a metal brazing material is dispensed into the elongated channel of the ceramic bracket body and a metallic archwire slot liner is inserted into the channel. After excess brazing material is wiped away, a rectangular mandrel is inserted into the liner to assist in maintaining the archwire slot configuration. The assembly of the bracket body, liner and mandrel is then placed in a furnace and heated to 850* C in an argon atmosphere for twelve minutes to braze the liner to the ceramic liner before cooling.
Alternatively, the bracket body, liner and brazing material may be placed in a
furnace at 850 under vacuum for five minutes. Although the brazing process
may serve to join the liner and bracket body, it has a significant drawback. The
ceramic and metallic materials have very different thermal expansion and contraction properties; and because the brazing process requires such extremely
high temperatures, the ceramic brackets may tend to develop microcracks as a consequence of the stresses which are created due to the differential thermal
expansion/contraction between the metallic archwire slot liner and the ceramic
bracket. These microcracks may ultimately lead to fracture of the ceramic appliance. Although the Reed in situ process may not require such severe
temperatures, it has limitations of its own in that it requires the use of a metal injection molding machine and process once the ceramic bracket is formed, in order to inject molten metal powder under pressure through a channel in the
mold assembly to form the liner. Accordingly, it would be desirable to have an alternative method for attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance which does not require exposing the metallic insert and ceramic appliance to extremely
high temperatures resulting in stressing and cracking of the appliance due to differential thermal expansion and contraction. It also would be beneficial to
have a method which does not require the use of an additional metal injection molding process after having formed the ceramic appliance.
Summarv of the Invention
The subject matter of this application is related to that of co- pending Patent Application Serial No. , entitled "INSERT
FOR REINFORCING AN ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME", filed simultaneously herewith. The specification of that co- pending application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention is directed to a method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance. One aspect of the invention includes soldering the metallic insert to the ceramic appliance with a low melting point solder having a melting point of less than about 500 "C.
Preferably, this method further includes the step of coating at least a portion of
at least one of the metallic insert and appliance with a doping material, for example titanium hydrate, prior to the soldering step.
Another aspect of the inventive method includes adhering the metallic insert to the appliance with an epoxy, an adhesive including 4- methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) or a combination thereof.
The method may further include the step of roughening at least a portion of the surface of the metallic insert prior to the adhering step.
A further embodiment of the inventive method involves adhering the metallic insert to the orthodontic or dental appliance with an adhesive, with the metallic insert comprising a reactive metal. Preferably, the reactive metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin, and combinations thereof This method preferably also
includes the step of activating the reactive metal, for example by silanation, with
the activating step performed before the adhering step.
Yet a further embodiment of the method includes coating at least
a portion of at least one of the metallic insert and ceramic appliance with a reactive metal or an oxide thereof, and adhering the metallic insert to the
ceramic appliance with an adhesive after the coating step. The coating step itself may suitably be performed by a method such as plasma deposition,
sputtering, ion beam implantation, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, anodization or any combination including these methods. This
method also preferably includes the step of activating the reactive metal or oxide thereof, for example by silanation, with the silanation preferably being
performed after the coating step and before me adhering step.
A further aspect of the inventive method of attaching a metallic
insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance includes disposing an amalgam between the insert and the appliance, and fitting the insert and appliance together with the amalgam disposed therebetween.
This inventive method offers several benefits and advantages over
existing methods of attaching a metallic insert to an orthodontic or dental appliance. For example, several embodiments of the inventive method discussed above require little to no temperature elevation, thereby avoiding the differential thermal expansion/contraction and concurrent stressing and fracturing problems encountered with the prior art. In addition, the aspect of the invention involving soldering employs a low melting point solder, thereby
also avoiding the severe differential thermal expansion/contraction problems
found in the prior art brazing method. Also, the method does not require the step of injection molding once the appliance is formed.
These and other benefits and advantages will become readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the following detailed description of the invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
As used herein, the term "orthodontic or dental appliance" refers to any device which may be adhered directly or indirectly to a tooth surface for the purpose of moving, aligning or fixing the positioning of a tooth or teeth. Non-limiting examples include brackets, buccal tubes and the like. The term
"metallic insert" refers to a metallic item of any suitable shape and size which is spatially located on or in the appliance in any position which assists in reinforcing the appliance.
In one aspect of the invention, the metallic insert may be attached
to the ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance by soldering the insert to the
appliance with a low melting point solder having a melting point of less than
about 500 'C, and preferably, less than about 300° C. The use of such low melting point solders is highly advantageous, especially because one may avoid the severely elevated temperatures required in brazing, thereby avoiding the ceramic stressing and cracking due to differential thermal expansion and
contraction of the different materials. Although any such low melting point
solder may be used, suitable solders may include various combinations of metals
such as gold, tin and/or gallium. One such low melting point solder includes
about 80% gold by weight and about 20% tin by weight, and is commercially available from Wesgo of Belmont, California, under the trade name ATAU-
20SN. When a low melting point solder is used, it is preferred to coat the portions of the insert and appliance to be adhered with a doping material, for example titanium hydrate. A doping material improves the wetability of the insert and appliance surfaces, thereby assisting in forming a better adhesive bond between the solder, insert and appliance.
Another aspect of the inventive method includes adhering the metallic insert to the ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with a moisture- resistant adhesive, such as an epoxy or an adhesive including 4- methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META). Epoxies and adhesives
including 4-META may be used to advantage in attaching an insert to an appliance, especially where the metallic insert is made of a stainless steel, because, unlike many adhesives, these adhesives are capable of adhering not only to reactive metals, but to stainless steels as well. When an epoxy is used,
the method preferably includes a step of roughening the portion of the surface of the metallic insert to be adhered to the ceramic appliance. In addition,
because many epoxies tend to be relatively thin, it may be advantageous to add a thickener to the epoxy prior to applying the epoxy to the insert or appliance.
The thickness of the epoxy may be suitably adjusted by adding fumed silica to the epoxy. It has been found particularly advantageous to add enough fumed
silica to the epoxy to give the epoxy a consistency between that of water and a paste.1 Such a consistency may be achieved with most epoxies by adding
approximately 1-5 % fumed silica by weight, and preferably about 3 % fumed
silica by weight. The epoxy may be suitably applied by putting the epoxy in a
syringe with a fine tip, and subsequently applying the epoxy along the insert
surface which is to be contacted with the appliance. The insert and appliance
then may be joined together. Although the epoxy will cure at room temperature, the curing time may be accelerated by applying heat. For
example, in attaching a metallic archwire slot liner to an archwire slot of a
ceramic bracket, it has been found advantageous to place the joined insert and appliance in an oven at a temperature of about 50-60 'C for about one hour. Examples of suitable epoxies include EP30MED and UV10MED, available from Masterbond, Inc. , of Hackensack, New Jersey. In addition, if fumed silica is used to thicken the particular epoxy, fumed silica may be suitably obtained from Degussa of New Jersey, under the trade name AEROSIL R-972.
An adhesive including 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride
(4-META) also may be used advantageously in attaching a metallic insert to an orthodontic or dental appliance. 4-META is available from the Sun Medical
Co. of Kyoto, Japan under the trade name 4-META.
A further aspect of the inventive method includes adhering a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with an adhesive, with the metallic insert comprising a reactive metal. Although the reactive metal may be any metal exhibiting reactive properties, preferably the reactive metal is titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin or a combination thereof. Examples of suitable adhesives include: System One Plus Adhesives available from Ormco of Glendora, California; Transbond and
Concise adhesives made by 3M of St. Paul, Minnesota; and adhesives available
from Reliance Orthodontic Products, Inc. of Itasca, Illinois. The method
preferably further includes the step of activating the reactive metal. The
metallic insert may be suitably activated by silanating the reactive metal.
Although the invention is not so limited, beneficial results have been achieved using a silanation solution formed with 3-gamma methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane. A suitable solution formed with this particular silane may include about
2 gm of the silane, about 84 gm of 99.7% isopropanol, about 8 gm of reagent grade acetic acid and about 7 gm of deionized water. If desired, the method
also may include the step of actively reacting the reactive metal with a gas to
form an oxide of the reactive metal on the surface of the metallic insert prior to the adhering step. If the metallic insert is exposed to an environment containing oxygen, the insert naturally will form an oxide of the reactive metal on the surface within a matter of seconds. However, if desired, the formation of this oxide may be achieved in an active method step by exposing the insert to a specific gaseous environment. Silanation generally will be used to activate the reactive metal of the metallic insert. However, if desired, in lieu of activating the metallic insert, the ceramic bracket itself may be activated by
silanation. Alternatively, both the metallic insert and the ceramic appliance may be activated by silanation. If the ceramic appliance is to be silanated, and that
appliance is formed of alumina, it is preferable to coat the ceramic bracket with silica prior to silanation.
A further aspect of the invention includes coating at least a portion' of at least one of the metallic insert and ceramic orthodontic or dental
appliance with a reactive metal or an oxide of the reactive metal, and adhering
the insert to the appliance with an adhesive after the coating step. In this
particular embodiment, the metallic insert need not comprise a reactive metal.
Regardless of the particular metal used, however, the embodiment includes
coating at least a part of one of the surfaces to be joined with a reactive metal or an oxide of the reactive metal. The coating step preferably is performed by
a method such as plasma deposition, sputtering, ion beam implantation,
chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, anodization or the like.
Also, the reactive metal preferably is titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin or a combination thereof. Additionally, the method may include the step of actively reacting the reactive metal with a gas to form an oxide on the surface of the metallic insert. This embodiment also may involve the step of activating the reactive metal or metal oxide as discussed above, for
example by silanation. If desired, this silanation step also may be used to activate the ceramic bracket itself. In yet a further aspect of the invention, the metallic insert is attached to the ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance by disposing an amalgam between the insert and the appliance, and fitting the insert and appliance
together with the amalgam disposed therebetween. The amalgam may be any suitable dental or orthodontic amalgam, and typically will include metals such as mercury and silver.
The method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic appliance discussed in the various embodiments presented above, is particularly advantageous over prior art methods. Because the inventive method is
performed at ambient temperatures or at a relatively low soldering temperature,
the method minimizes the effect and significance of the variation in thermal
coefficients of the materials being attached. And by minimizing the effect and significance of this variation, the method minimizes the possibility of creating microcracks or other flaws in the ceramic structure, which otherwise would lead to fracture and ultimate failure of the appliance.
While the invention has been described above with regard to several specific embodiments, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific details, methods and illustrative examples described herein and departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit and scope of applicant's general inventive concept.
Claims
1. A method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance, comprising the step of: attaching said metallic insert to said orthodontic or dental appliance by a method selected from the group consisting of:
(a) soldering with a low melting point solder having a melting point of less than about 500°C,
(b) adhering with an adhesive selected from the group consisting of an epoxy, an adhesive which includes 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and combinations thereof,
(c) adhering with an adhesive, wherein said insert comprises a reactive metal,
(d) adhering with an adhesive after coating at least a portion of at least one of said insert and said appliance with a reactive metal or an oxide thereof, and
(e) disposing amalgam between said insert and said appliance, and fitting said insert and said appliance together, with said amalgam disposed therein between.
2. A method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance, comprising the step of:
soldering said metallic insert to said ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with a low melting point solder having a melting point of less than about 500°C.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said low melting point solder has a melting point of less than about 300°C.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein said low melting point solder includes a metal selected from the group consisting of gold, tin, gallium and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein said low melting point solder includes gold and tin, said gold representing about 80% by weight and said tin representing about 20% by weight.
6. The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of coating at least a portion of at least one of said metallic insert and said ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with a doping material prior to said soldering step.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said doping material includes titanium hydrate.
8. A method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance, comprising the step of: adhering said metallic insert to said ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with an adhesive selected from the group consisting of an epoxy, an adhesive which includes 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said metallic insert comprises stainless steel.
10. The method of claim 8 further including the step of roughening
at least a portion of the surface of said metallic insert prior to said adhering step.
11. The method of claim 8 further comprising the step of adding a
thickener to said epoxy.
12. A method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance, comprising the step of:
Adhering said metallic insert to said ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with an adhesive, said metallic insert comprising a reactive metal.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein said reactive metal is selected
from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of reacting
said reactive metal with a gas to form an oxide of said reactive metal on the surface of said metallic insert prior to said adhering step.
15. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of activating said reactive metal.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein said activating step includes silanation.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said silanation is performed before said adhering step.
18. A method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic
or dental appliance, comprising the steps of: coating at least a portion of at least one of said metallic insert and said ceramic orthodontic or dental appliance with a reactive metal or an oxide thereof; and adhering said metallic insert to said ceramic orthodontic or dental
appliance with an adhesive after said coating step.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein said coating step is performed
by a method selected from the group consisting of plasma deposition, sputtering, ion beam implantation, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, anodization and combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein said reactive metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, silicon, beryllium, zirconium, boron, tin and combinations thereof.
21. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of reacting said reactive metal with a gas to form an oxide of said reactive metal on the
G surface or said metallic insert prior to said adhering step.
22. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of activating said reactive metal or oxide thereof.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein said activating step includes
silanation.
5 24. The method of claim 23 wherein said silanation is performed after said coating step and before said adhering step.
25. A method of attaching a metallic insert to a ceramic orthodontic
or dental appliance, comprising the steps of:
disposing amalgam between said metallic insert and said
orthodontic or dental appliance; and fitting said metallic insert and said orthodontic or dental appliance together, with said amalgam disposed thereinbetween.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein said amalgam includes mercury and silver.
27. The orthodontic or dental appliance produced by the method of claim 1.
28. The orthodontic or dental appliance produced by the method of claim 2.
29. The orthodontic or dental appliance produced by the method of
claim 8.
30. The orthodontic or dental appliance produced by the method of
claim 12.
31. The orthodontic or dental appliance produced by the method of
claim 18.
32. The orthodontic or dental appliance produced by the method of claim 25.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP51680398A JP2002511775A (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1997-10-02 | Metal attachment to ceramic in dental instruments |
| EP97909906A EP0935643A1 (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1997-10-02 | Metal to ceramic attachment in dental appliances |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US72274196A | 1996-10-02 | 1996-10-02 | |
| US08/722,741 | 1996-10-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1998014527A1 true WO1998014527A1 (en) | 1998-04-09 |
Family
ID=24903185
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1997/017621 WO1998014527A1 (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1997-10-02 | Metal to ceramic attachment in dental appliances |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0935643A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002511775A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998014527A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007070633A3 (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-08-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Orthodontic articles with silicon nitride coatings |
| US10890318B2 (en) | 2015-03-06 | 2021-01-12 | Schott Ag | Hermetically sealed LED light and method for manufacturing a hermetically sealed LED light |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3193424A (en) * | 1961-10-31 | 1965-07-06 | Olin Mathieson | Process for adhesive bonding |
| US3755065A (en) * | 1971-05-11 | 1973-08-28 | Owens Illinois Inc | Oxidic solder sealing compositions and their use in forming laminates |
| US4853300A (en) * | 1986-09-24 | 1989-08-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Amorphous hydrated metal oxide primer for organic adhesively bonded joints |
| US5131582A (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1992-07-21 | Trustees Of Boston University | Adhesive metallic alloys and methods of their use |
| US5256062A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1993-10-26 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. | Combination metallic ceramic orthodontic bracker |
-
1997
- 1997-10-02 JP JP51680398A patent/JP2002511775A/en active Pending
- 1997-10-02 WO PCT/US1997/017621 patent/WO1998014527A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-10-02 EP EP97909906A patent/EP0935643A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3193424A (en) * | 1961-10-31 | 1965-07-06 | Olin Mathieson | Process for adhesive bonding |
| US3755065A (en) * | 1971-05-11 | 1973-08-28 | Owens Illinois Inc | Oxidic solder sealing compositions and their use in forming laminates |
| US4853300A (en) * | 1986-09-24 | 1989-08-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Amorphous hydrated metal oxide primer for organic adhesively bonded joints |
| US5131582A (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1992-07-21 | Trustees Of Boston University | Adhesive metallic alloys and methods of their use |
| US5256062A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1993-10-26 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. | Combination metallic ceramic orthodontic bracker |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007070633A3 (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-08-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Orthodontic articles with silicon nitride coatings |
| WO2007075347A3 (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-09-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Orthodontic articles with zirconium oxide coatings |
| US10890318B2 (en) | 2015-03-06 | 2021-01-12 | Schott Ag | Hermetically sealed LED light and method for manufacturing a hermetically sealed LED light |
| US11933485B2 (en) | 2015-03-06 | 2024-03-19 | Schott Ag | Hermetically sealed LED light and method for manufacturing a hermetically sealed LED light |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2002511775A (en) | 2002-04-16 |
| EP0935643A1 (en) | 1999-08-18 |
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