WO1997021710A1 - Use of heteroaromatic and tricyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxo-naphthalene derivatives, resulting novel compounds and therapeutical use thereof - Google Patents
Use of heteroaromatic and tricyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxo-naphthalene derivatives, resulting novel compounds and therapeutical use thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997021710A1 WO1997021710A1 PCT/FR1996/001975 FR9601975W WO9721710A1 WO 1997021710 A1 WO1997021710 A1 WO 1997021710A1 FR 9601975 W FR9601975 W FR 9601975W WO 9721710 A1 WO9721710 A1 WO 9721710A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- dehydro
- thiazolo
- new product
- fluorophenyl
- dιoxo
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
- A61K31/4738—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4745—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems condensed with ring systems having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. phenantrolines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
- A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
- C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of tricyclic nitrogen derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts for obtaining a medicament intended for the treatment of diseases linked to a deterioration of the venous function and / or inflammatory edema and the new compounds obtained. It relates more particularly to the heteroaromatic and tricyclic derivatives of 1, 4-dihydro-1,4, dioxo-naphthalene. The invention relates to the therapeutic application of all these compounds. It is described in U.S. Patent 3,084,165, by
- A is either a sulfur atom, oxygen, or ra ⁇ dical R3N or R3 is a hydrogen atom, a radical al ⁇ Kyle C] _ to C5, an aromatic ring substituted or unsubstituted, or a heteroaromatic ring substituted or not,
- Xi, X_, X 3 , X 4 are independently of each other a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom,
- R] _ is an alkyl radical C ⁇ to C5, an aroma cycle ⁇ tick substituted or unsubstituted, or a heteroaromatic ring having one or more heteroatoms, substituted or not, R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl Cl to C5.
- the invention also relates to the following new products:
- the invention also relates to the use of tricyclic derivatives nitrogens and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts viewpoint of formula g e ⁇ eral (I) above for the production of a medicament:
- A -NH, S, O
- the present invention also relates to the salts of the salifiable compounds of formula (I).
- These salts include the addition salts of mineral acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric or nitric acid and the addition salts of organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic, oxalic, citric, maleic, fumaric, succmic, tartaric.
- the invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
- the examples indicated by a number correspond to new compounds while the examples comprising a letter correspond to known compounds.
- - Mass spectra They were performed with an AEI MS-50 type spectrometer. The ionization mode is indicated for each analysis.
- - NMR spectra The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were carried out either on a JEOL type spectrometer at 270 MHz and 68 MHz respectively, or on a BRUCKER type spectrometer at 400 MHz and 100 respectively. MHz. The deuterated solvents used are indicated for each analysis.
- the powder thus obtained is purified on a cake (support: silica; eluent: dichloromethane / isopropanol, 99/1) to provide 0.80 g of 4.9-dehydro-4, 9-de ⁇ oxo-2- (3-fluorophenyl ) -thiazolo [4, 5-g] - quinoline in the form of yellow crystals. Yid: 30% F:> 260 ° C
- the brown solid thus obtained is taken up in 600 ml of chloroform and washed with 700 ml of water. The organic phase is then dried over calcium chloride and evaporated to dryness.
- the yellow product obtained is purified on cake (support: silica; eluent: dichloromethane / isopropanol, 99/1) to provide 0.27 g of 4,9-d ⁇ hydro-4,9-d ⁇ oxo-2- (4 -fluorophenyl) -thiazolo [4, 5-g] - quinoline in the form of yellow crystals.
- Rd 23 ° o F:> 260 ° C
- the precipitate is filtered, washed with water, dried and purified on a flash column (support: silica; dry deposit; eluent: dichloromethane / ethyl acetate, 97.5 / 2.5).
- the yellow crystals obtained after evaporation of the solvents under reduced pressure are recrystallized after discoloration with animal black in methanol to give 0.308 g of 4, 9-d ⁇ hydro-4, 9-d ⁇ oxo-2- (3-furyl) -thiazolo [ 4, 5-g] quinoline in the form of yellow crystals.
- [5,4-f] isoquinoline To the 13 g (5/4 mmol) of 7-ammo-6-chloro-5, 8- dehydro-5, 8-d ⁇ oxo- ⁇ soqumolme, we add at room temperature 7 '80 g (32 '5 mmol) of sodium sulfide nona ⁇ hydrate in solution in 6 ml of water. After 4 hours of stirring at 45 ° C., 572 ⁇ l (5 '4 mmol) of 2-fluorobenzaldehyde are added to the reaction medium, which has turned blue. 1250 ml of glacial acetic acid.
- the compounds are solubi ⁇ lized in pure aqueous solution or containing DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide).
- Contractile effects are measured m v tro under static conditions on vascular rings with capacitance or resistance of saphenous, femoral, jugular, mesenteric veins, and on femoral arteries, carotids, basilar, mesenteric, thoracic aorta or abdominal ... rat (Wistar, 200 to 250 g), rabbit (New Zealand, 2 to 2.5 kg), guinea pig (Dunkin Hartley 250 to 300 g).
- the rings are placed in an isolated organ chamber
- the developed voltages generate an electrical signal only via a force sensor (Wheastone bridge). This signal is amplified before being either displayed on a Kipp & Zonen recorder, or digitized for processing by computer (IOS, EMKA).
- IOS equimolar pressure
- Pharmacological studies are carried out after a few preliminary contractile stimulations standardized by a depolarizing solution (hyperpotassic obtained by replacing NaCl with KC1 in equimolar quantities), rinses and equilibration periods in pure physiological solution. The presence of endothelium is verified by the relaxation induced by increasing concentrations of acetylcholme after stabilization of a vascular pre-contraction.
- the contraction forces developed by the vascular rings in response to the various compounds are studied on quiescent or electrically stimulated vessels (5-8 Hz), using a hyperpotassic "polarizing" physiological solution (Kcl: 20, 40 mM), by the no-radrenalme (increasing concentrations), serotonin (increasing concentrations) ...
- the contractions are expressed in mg force or as a percentage of the maximum contraction upon depolation by a hyperpotassic "physiological" solution.
- the animal's back is shorn and epilated so as to be able to place an observation chamber (Prof. GEBHARD, Heidelberg) on the skin of the back.
- the two parts of the chamber are sewn after having carefully removed the skin thicknesses which may hinder observation.
- a jugular catheter is placed for IV administration of the products, 48 hours after the operation.
- the vascular permeability is studied m vi vo by measuring the extravasation of albumin whose quantity e is determined using an albumin binding dye (Evans Blue). Hyperpermeability is induced by in ⁇ tradermal injection of a histamme, bradykmine or zymosan solution. The technique is derived from that described by BEACH
- the rats (Wistars, 200 to 230 g) are shorn on their abdominal wall one hour before the start of the experiment.
- the product to be tested is injected i.p. or per hour 1 to 4 hours before the sacrifice.
- the rats are anesthetized with a mixture of halothane.
- they receive an intradermal injection on the abdomen of 0.10 or 0.15 ml (that is to say 6.7 or 10 micrograms) of inflammatory agent and an intravenous injection of one ml d 0.5% Evans blue solution in the vein of the penis. These injections are given 30 minutes before euthanasia.
- the rats are euthanized by cervical dislocation.
- the skin is cut and placed in glass tubes with a round neck containing 3 ml of fuming hydrochloric acid.
- the digestion of the skin is carried out by contact for at least one hour in a water bath at 37 ° C.
- Three ml of benzalkonium chloride at 12.880 are then added.
- 7 ml of declorlorhane are added.
- the tubes are agitated periodically for one minute.
- the aqueous phase is removed by suction and the organic phase "dichloro- methane "is filtered.
- the optical densities are quantified by absorption spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 620 nm, against a blank containing only dichloromethane.
- the averages of the optical densities of the different batches of treated or control animals are calculated, then a percentage change in the values corresponding to the treated animals compared to those of the control animals is calculated.
- the effect of the compounds on the hyperpermeability induced by inflammatory agents, such as histamma and bra ⁇ ykinme is also studied after injection.
- the increase in the capillary resistance is ap ⁇ voltageciée by the modification of the petechial index (negative pres ⁇ sion inducing the extravasation of erythrocyte your) measured by a method derived from the angiosterro- meter of Parrot.
- the study is carried out on male Wistar rats weighing an average of 200 g (around six weeks old). The region of the lower back is shaved and then depilated using a paste based on an ⁇ é ⁇ ve of thioglycolic acid and calcium hydroxide. After about thirty minutes, the skin is thoroughly rinsed and dried.
- the rats were kept unconstrained. A vacuum of 80 mm of mercury is applied. If the petechies (extravasation of erythrocytes) have not appeared within 15 seconds, the depression is increased by compensating by keeping the suction cup in the same place.
- the minimum depression for which the petechies appear expresses, in mm of mercury, the value of basic capillary resistance (before any treatment). Two measurements are made for each test at different locations on the back.
- the rats are treated orally. After a determined time (generally 2, 4, 6 hours) depending on the treatment, the test is repeated on different areas of skin, until the appearance of petechiae, providing a new index of depression. All measurements are made blind. A percentage change in the capillary resistance of the treated animals with respect to their basic capillary resistance is calculated for each study compound, at each treatment time and compared with the control group (excipient only) or the reference group. Effects on induced pleurisy in rats:
- the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds is also studied by measuring the inhibition of edema and leukocyte migration after induction of rain in the rat by injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity (ALMEIDA et al ., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Rap., 1980, 214: 74).
- the rats are treated per os with the compounds 2 hours before the injection of carrageenan, as well as 2 and 4 hours after this injection. After a determined time (6 hours) following the induction of pleurisy, the rats are euthanized and the pleural fluid recovered by aspiration and its volume is measured. The leukocyte cells are counted by "cell counter”.
- the results are expressed in number of leukocytes in the exudate relative to 100 g of animal weight and compared to those of the control batch.
- the compounds of the invention and their possible salts selectively increase in the majority of cases the contraction of the animal veins produced by the noradrenal, by electrical stimulation or by a depolarizing hyperpotassic solution.
- Example d 5 mg / kg -23 -7 Example a 0.1 mg / kg 9 -41
- Example b 0.1 mg / kg -5 -23
- Example 4 0.1 mg / kg 3 -37
- Example 10 0.1 mg / kg -7 -14
- Example 15 0.1 mg / kg -14 -17
- the compounds of the invention and their possible salts are very little toxic. For example, after a single oral administration of 500 mg / kg in the penny ⁇ laugh, no ooservable toxicity and no mortality was observed for the majority of compounds espe- link for Example c, Example d, Example 2, Example 3 (orange urine), Example 5.
- the compounds of the invention and their possible salts can be used in human and animal therapy. They are particularly indicated in functional, organic venous insufficiency and hemorrhoidal pathologies by their vascular and anti-inflammatory components, as well as in typically inflammatory conditions and in shock states constituted by a significant drop in blood pressure. . In the latter case, an improvement in venous return is likely to maintain the cardiac output and consequently blood pressure.
- Functional venous insufficiency is characterized by dilation and hyperdistensitivity of the superficial veins of the lower limbs, edemas, impatience type paresthesias, restless leg. This type of pathology can progress towards organ venous insufficiency characterized by the development of varicose veins, valve incontinence, even towards phlebothromobosis and trophic disorders leading to ulcerative lesions.
- the present invention therefore comprises the use of the above-mentioned compounds and their possible salts, as active substances for the preparation of medicaments and pharmaceutical compositions for human and veterinary use, comprising at least one of said compounds and salts in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier or diluent.
- compositions will obviously depend on the desired route of administration, in particular oral, parenteral, topical (cutaneous) and rectal, and they can be formulated according to conventional techniques with the use of carriers and usual vehicles.
- oral administration they can be in the form of tablets, tablets, capsules, solutions, syrups, emulsions, suspensions, powder, granules, soft capsule, lyophili ⁇ sate, microcapsule, microgranule.
- the tablets, tablets and capsules contain the active substance together with a diluent (for example lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, maltitol, xylitol, sorbitol or cellulose), a lubricant (for example silica, talc or stearate), a binder (for example ami ⁇ don, methylcellulose or gum arabic), a disintegrating agent (algmate for example) and they are produced by known techniques for example of mixing, granulation, pastillage, coating, compression etc ...
- a diluent for example lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, maltitol, xylitol, sorbitol or cellulose
- a lubricant for example silica, talc or stearate
- a binder for example ami ⁇ don, methylcellulose or gum arabic
- a disintegrating agent for example
- the syrups can contain, as a support, glycerol, mannitol and / or sorbitol.
- the solutions and above- pens can include water and other physiologically compatible solvents and a carrier such as natural gum, agar, sodium alginate or polyvinyl alcohol.
- the drugs and compositions may take the form of solutions, emulsions or suspensions comprising the active substance and an appropriate support or solvent such as sterile water or solutions sté ⁇ - isotonic salines.
- the drugs and compositions can take the form of an ointment, cream or gel, in the form of an emulsion or suspension, solution, foam, powder.
- the drugs and compositions can take the form of capsule, cream, emulsion, gel, foam, ointment, suppository.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Diabetes (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP96941736A EP0874844A1 (en) | 1995-12-12 | 1996-12-10 | Use of heteroaromatic and tricyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxo-naphthalene derivatives, resulting novel compounds and therapeutical use thereof |
JP09521801A JP2000502081A (en) | 1995-12-12 | 1996-12-10 | Use of heteroaromatic and tricyclic derivatives of 1,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxonaphthalene, novel compounds obtained and therapeutic uses thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9514685A FR2742155B1 (en) | 1995-12-12 | 1995-12-12 | USE OF HETEROAROMATIC AND TRICYCLIC DERIVATIVES OF 1,4-DIHYDRO-1,4-DIOXONAPHTALENE, NOVEL COMPOUNDS OBTAINED AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THERAPEUTICS |
FR95/14685 | 1995-12-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997021710A1 true WO1997021710A1 (en) | 1997-06-19 |
Family
ID=9485395
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1996/001975 WO1997021710A1 (en) | 1995-12-12 | 1996-12-10 | Use of heteroaromatic and tricyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxo-naphthalene derivatives, resulting novel compounds and therapeutical use thereof |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0874844A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2000502081A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2742155B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997021710A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999032115A1 (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Advanced Research And Technology Institute, Inc. | Modulators of ryanodine receptors comprising 2-(aryl)-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles and analogues thereof |
US8541192B2 (en) | 2006-06-20 | 2013-09-24 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Methods to identify USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme complex inhibitors |
US9518032B2 (en) | 2010-04-30 | 2016-12-13 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Small molecule inhibitors of USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme activity |
US9725425B1 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2017-08-08 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Compounds and methods for treating cancer |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070098787A1 (en) * | 2003-06-20 | 2007-05-03 | Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Composition for preventing and treating varicose veins of lower extremities |
CN115286594B (en) * | 2022-07-24 | 2023-07-25 | 浙江工业大学 | A kind of method taking S8 as raw material synthetic quinone thiazole compound |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1992019211A2 (en) * | 1991-05-08 | 1992-11-12 | The Upjohn Company | Imidazobenzoquinones and composition for preventing or treating hypertension or congestive heart failure containing the same |
-
1995
- 1995-12-12 FR FR9514685A patent/FR2742155B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-12-10 JP JP09521801A patent/JP2000502081A/en active Pending
- 1996-12-10 WO PCT/FR1996/001975 patent/WO1997021710A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-12-10 EP EP96941736A patent/EP0874844A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1992019211A2 (en) * | 1991-05-08 | 1992-11-12 | The Upjohn Company | Imidazobenzoquinones and composition for preventing or treating hypertension or congestive heart failure containing the same |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999032115A1 (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Advanced Research And Technology Institute, Inc. | Modulators of ryanodine receptors comprising 2-(aryl)-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles and analogues thereof |
US8541192B2 (en) | 2006-06-20 | 2013-09-24 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Methods to identify USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme complex inhibitors |
US9518032B2 (en) | 2010-04-30 | 2016-12-13 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Small molecule inhibitors of USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme activity |
US10653676B2 (en) | 2010-04-30 | 2020-05-19 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Small molecule inhibitors of USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme activity |
US9725425B1 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2017-08-08 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Compounds and methods for treating cancer |
US10450281B1 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2019-10-22 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Compounds and methods for treating cancer |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2000502081A (en) | 2000-02-22 |
FR2742155A1 (en) | 1997-06-13 |
FR2742155B1 (en) | 1998-02-13 |
EP0874844A1 (en) | 1998-11-04 |
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