WO1996024080A2 - Kompakte optisch-optische schalter und wellenlängen-konverter mittels multimode-interferenz moden-konvertern - Google Patents
Kompakte optisch-optische schalter und wellenlängen-konverter mittels multimode-interferenz moden-konvertern Download PDFInfo
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- WO1996024080A2 WO1996024080A2 PCT/CH1996/000035 CH9600035W WO9624080A2 WO 1996024080 A2 WO1996024080 A2 WO 1996024080A2 CH 9600035 W CH9600035 W CH 9600035W WO 9624080 A2 WO9624080 A2 WO 9624080A2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/3515—All-optical modulation, gating, switching, e.g. control of a light beam by another light beam
- G02F1/3517—All-optical modulation, gating, switching, e.g. control of a light beam by another light beam using an interferometer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
- G02B6/2808—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using a mixing element which evenly distributes an input signal over a number of outputs
- G02B6/2813—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using a mixing element which evenly distributes an input signal over a number of outputs based on multimode interference effect, i.e. self-imaging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/225—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference in an optical waveguide structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
- G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
- G02F1/3136—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure of interferometric switch type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/212—Mach-Zehnder type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/217—Multimode interference type
Definitions
- the invention is in the field of integrated optics and telecommunications.
- the invention relates to compact optical-optical switches and wavelength converters with good on-off switching ratios.
- Optical-optical switches work with at least two optical signals.
- new multimode interference (MMI) couplers are used, which can convert at least one signal into a higher-order mode and can superpose another signal as the basic mode with the first signals.
- MMIs are very compact.
- optical signals are transmitted via fiber optic cables.
- Optical signal processing often takes place on integrated optical chips. These chips are e.g. from polymers, thin films of semiconductor materials, glass-containing materials,. . .. The light is guided in waveguides on these chips [1]. Only light that meets the boundary conditions of the waveguide and the Maxwell equations is guided. The various allowed, discrete states of light in the waveguide are called optical modes. Depending on the geometry of the intensity distribution and the phase distribution within the mode, this is assigned a different order. One speaks of basic fashions, fashions of the first order,. . ..
- MMI Interferometer
- Mode converters convert basic modes into higher order modes and at the same time allow the superposition of the higher order mode with another basic mode.
- Mode converters are used as adiabatic antisymmetric trical Y-unifiers [6] in 2x2 digital-optical switches [7] and in Mach-Zehnder
- phase modulation depending on whether the control If the signal is present or not, the phase of the input signal is modulated in the MZI, since the phase is only shifted on an interferometer arm the configuration must always contain an As m-met ⁇ e [9]
- Optical-optical switch with a signal output for switching on and off [11]
- the input signal is fed symmetrically to the MZI with the non-linear section, whereas the control signal is fed asymmetrically to an arm of the MZI using a light mixer by means of adiabatic asymmetrical Y-branches in a fashion first
- Another problem concerns the charge recombination time. This limits the switching speed of the optical-optical switches.
- a strong control signal can reduce the charge carriers in a nonlinear area of an MZI arm so much that the nonlinear area in the subsequent signal still has a reduced charge carrier concentration and switches back to the basic state only poorly.
- This problem can be avoided by introducing a time-shifted second control signal into the other arm, so that the non-linear areas are emptied symmetrically. Instead of temporally shifting the control signal, the 2 nonlinear areas on the 2 MZI arms can be shifted locally, which has the same effect [12].
- the task of coupling in the first order modes in optical-optical switches is achieved by means of new compact multimode interference couplers.
- These MMIs allow mode conversion, reverse conversion and superposition with other modes or the mapping of modes of different orders onto common waveguides with different intensities.
- the optical-optical switches can be operated as switches with 2 good on / off switching ratios, 2 asymmetries are introduced in the MZI configuration.
- the two asymmetries are chosen so that one can control both the phase and the intensity in the MZI configuration.
- the procedure is more general.
- the proposed switches can be operated in a cascaded and bidirectional manner because one works with modes of different orders that can be easily separated from one another.
- the usage A configuration with an 'inner' MZI allows the construction of cascadable, bidirectionally operable structures which do not use the above MMI Modes of different orders, which are resolved in succession through the same non-linear areas, making fast switching possible.
- Fig. 1 example of an MMI used to generate a higher order mode.
- Fig. 2 example of a general MMI structure. which serves to couple two modes onto the same waveguide and at the same time converts at least one mode to a higher order mode.
- Example of an optical-optical switch with 2 possible outputs or wavelength converter which converts the control signal into a first order mode in an "MMI converter combiner" and simultaneously leads to a waveguide arm of the MZI.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of an optical-optical switch with 1 output or a wavelength converter which works according to the principle of cross-phase modulation (XPM) and which allows the control signal to be coupled in and converted via converter-combiner-MMI .
- This reflective MZI structure is also known as the MI configuration.
- Fig. 12 Example of an XPM optical-optical switch with 2 possible outputs, which uses identical "Butterfly" MMI 131 and 132 as an asymmetrical mode coupler to couple the input signal B in and out. MMI converter combiners 133 and 137 are used to couple in the control signal.
- FIG. 13 Example of an XPM optical / optical switch with 2 possible outputs, each of which has different outputs for coupling in and out the input signal B.
- "Butterfly" MMIs used as asymmetrical mode couplers 141 and 142 and used to couple in the control signal MMI converter combiners 143 and 146.
- 14 shows an example of coupling and converting the control signal into a first-order mode, into an XPM-optical-optical switch with 2 possible outputs, using a "3x3-MMI converter combiner", FIG. 4a).
- Fig. 15 General XPM-Optical-Optical switch with 2 outputs with good on / off switching ratios.
- the couplers 161 and 162 are "butterfly" MM1 with approximately reciprocal or identical partial ratios for the signal intensities.
- the middle part 163 represents various construction options for the coupling and decoupling of the control signal, the nonlinear range and the phase shifters.
- Fig. 16 XPM optical-optical switch with 2 outputs with improved on / off switching ratios.
- the switches are characterized by 2 different sized nonlinear areas in the area 173 and 174.
- the mode coupler 171 is a 1x2
- MMI and the mode coupler 172 is a 2x2 MMI.
- Fig. 17 Example of an optical-optical switch that uses only basic modes and consists of an "outer” MZI and “inner” MZI, so that the signal B and the control signal A are well separated at the output.
- Fig. 18 XPM-optical-optical switch analogous to Fig. 17.
- "Butterfly" MMI with approximately reciprocal or identical part ratios are used as mode couplers 171 and 172, so that it has good on / off distribution ratios.
- 19 shows the compact optical-optical switch according to the invention, which only requires one coupler for the coupling in of the signal B and the control signal A and also only requires one coupler for the coupling out thereof.
- Fig. 20 Example of an XPM optical / optical switch which splits an optical signal B into 2 components B 'and B "which are distinguishable by the order of the mode and which is shifted in time into the leads to non-linear region 417, so that the control signal can be transmitted in time so that only the second signal B "experiences the change in refractive index.
- Fig. 21 Example of an XPM optical-optical switch analogous to Fig. 20, with 4x4
- Mode divider component that serves to split one or more optical modes into several optical modes. Can generally also be used as a fashion combiner.
- Phase relationship with one another on different output waveguides Can generally also be used as a mode divider.
- Mode filter Components that map modes of different orders to different waveguides.
- Control signal optical signal that is strong enough to produce a change in refractive index in a nonlinear material that can noticeably change the phase of another signal. Depending on the situation, the control signal can also be interpreted as a data signal.
- MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer
- MI Michelson interferometer
- Mapping input waveguide with good on / off switching ratios on 2 outputs are also suitable for mapping signals from 2 inputs with a good on / off switching ratio to 1 output. For this you could e.g. operate the switch in reverse or use a switch with 2 input waveguides.
- Multi-mode interferometers have the following components (FIG. 1):
- an interference part 19 (the MMI itself)
- the converted mode (higher order mode) has two features that are for a generation of the same are essential:
- the converted mode has a characteristic intensity profile.
- the converted mode has a characteristic phase image.
- the task of coupling two or more modes from different inputs into the same output waveguide can be achieved with a simultaneous mode conversion of at least one mode using MMIs. So it is e.g. possible to map a basic mode from input 21 of FIG. 2 in a first order mode to output 23 and to map another basic mode from input 22 as basic mode to the same output 23.
- the position of the waveguide input for the optical mode to be converted is at the edge of the MMI input.
- FIG. 3 An example of such an "MMI converter” is given in FIG. 3.
- the mode to be converted (here, for example, a basic mode A) is coupled into the MMI at the waveguide input.
- This MMI allows an optical basic mode A to (3AT-2) / 2 respectively
- a fourth mode D which is also mapped to a first-order mode, can also be mapped to these overlapping K outputs via a separate input. Its conversion efficiency on these overlapping K outputs is also almost 66%.
- the geometry of the MMI is determined by specifying the positions of the waveguide inputs on the MMI and the MMI geometry itself.
- a freely selectable MMI width W for example for a rectangular MMI there is a length that corresponds to that of the (3K) x (3K) -MMI according to [M. Bachmann, PA Besse, and H. Melchior, "General self-imaging properties in NxN multimode interference couplers including phase relations", Applied where K is an integer constant, n is the effective real refractive index.
- W gives the width of the MMI, whereby width is understood to mean the geometric width including the depth of penetration of the modes in the MMI into the neighboring material and finally ⁇ is the vacuum wavelength.
- the under Eq. 1 given length varies if you deviate from the rectangular MMI shape.
- the waveguide inputs (41) of mode A, which leads the basic mode A which to be converted is located on the lower and / or on the upper edge of the MMI.
- the MMI also serves as a mode divider, both for the basic mode A to the first-order modes and for the basic mode B in its basic modes.
- the 'General (4K) x (4K) -MMI converter combiner' enables splitting and overlapping to exactly K MMI outputs.
- the conversion efficiency of the basic mode A in modes of the first order on the K outputs on which an overlap is possible is theoretically almost 50%. That of basic mode B on the K outputs is theoretically 100%.
- the MMI has another advantageous property.
- a third mode D which is also mapped to a first order mode, can also be mapped to these overlapping AT outputs via a separate input. Its conversion efficiency on these overlapping K outputs is also 50%.
- the geometry of the MMI is determined by specifying the positions of the waveguide inputs on the MMI and the MMI geometry itself.
- the waveguide inputs of modes A and D are in the immediate vicinity of the MMI longitudinal edges.
- the position of the freely selectable parameter a once again determines the intensity distribution of the first order mode.
- the position of the waveguide input for mode B is at a distance of W / 2 from the MMI longitudinal edge.
- This component allows an optical basic mode A to be mapped as a first-order mode to K waveguide outputs.
- the conversion efficiency for converting to first-order modes is almost 100%. If you only use this one input, this component serves as a highly efficient mode converter and divider.
- this component enables another optical basic mode B to split into K basic modes in waveguides at the MMI output and to overlap them with the aforementioned K modes of the first order.
- 3 things are once again realized in a single component: 1.) Conversion of a basic mode A into K modes of the first order. 2.) Superimposition of the modes of the first order with the images of a second basic mode B.
- the MMI also serves as a mode divider, both for the basic mode A on the K modes of the first order and for the basic mode B on its K basic modes.
- the conversion efficiency is almost 100% both for input mode A to the converted K modes of the first order and for input mode B to the K basic modes.
- the component at the input for mode A to be converted consists of the following components: A mode divider 50:50 with 2 waveguide outputs 63. This could be, for example, a 1x2 MMI, symmetrical Y divider. , , his.
- a phase shifter 64 On one of the two there is a phase shifter 64. It is immaterial how the phase shifter is implemented. So it could be an active or passive phase shifter. An example of a passive phase shifter would be, for example, two concentric waveguide circles with different radii.
- the phase shift to be generated of the mode on one waveguide 66 compared to the mode on the other waveguide 65 is 180 ° for odd numbers K and 0 ° for even numbers K.
- FIG. 7 A further realization of such a '(1 + 1) xK MMI converter combiner ' variant 2 with K waveguide outputs is given in FIG. 7.
- This component offers the same possibilities and performance features as the variant 1 just described. It differs only in its structure: Basic mode A at input 71 is in a 2x2 MMI of length [M. Bachmann, PA Besse, and H. Melchior, "General self-imaging properties in NxN multimode interference couplers including phase relations", Applied Optics vol 33. pp. 3905-3911, July 1994]: depicted in two fashions. After the 2x2 MMI, the two modes are carried on waveguides 75 and 76.
- a phase shifter 74 follows and ensures that there is a total phase difference of 180 ° for odd K between the two modes in the waveguides, or a total phase shift of 0 ° for even K. 7, the two waveguides are guided into the 'General (4K) x (4K) -MMI converter combiners' 69 and split there into K modes of the first order.
- the basic mode B is coupled in the middle of the 2x2 MMI 77 and is unchanged again in the middle of the 2x2 MMI output.
- Basic mode B is routed via a waveguide 77 to the middle of the input side of the 'General (4K.x (4K) -MMI converter combiner' 69 and from there to K basic fashion shown.
- the above MMI structures can be used as mode filters. If only the middle waveguide input 52 is used with the 'General (4K) x (4K) -MMI converter combiner ' from FIG. 5, symmetrical modes (for example the
- the antisymmetric modes (e.g. the first order modes) are also split, but to other MMI outputs. This enables a breakdown into symmetrical and anti-symmetrical modes.
- MMI structures are given which enable a symmetrical (eg basic mode) and an anti-symmetrical mode (eg a first order mode) with different intensities to be mapped onto K output waveguides.
- inputs and outputs are given as examples in FIG. If one chooses any positions / ' and. ' For the inputs of the symmetrical and the antisymmetric mode. " , so very different partial ratios are obtained at the outputs for the two modes. Variations in the geometry of the MMI can lead to different partial ratios.
- the converter-combiner MMIs have applications in various areas of integrated optics.
- the application discussed below in optical-optical switches is only one application among many.
- the converter is described and ways of executing it are shown.
- the switches are being developed in such a way that they map 1 input to 2 outputs with good on / off switching ratios.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of an optical-optical switch with 2 possible outputs, which works on the principle of cross-phase modulation (XPM) and allows the coupling and conversion of the control signal via MMI.
- XPM cross-phase modulation
- a mode divider 111 if the component is operated forward, or 112 if the component is operated in the opposite direction, which splits an optical input signal B between the 2 different arms of the MZI configuration.
- the number of inputs in the mode divider can be arbitrary, it is only important that the input signal is mapped onto the waveguide arms in a certain ratio.
- a mode combiner 112 or 111 which combines the input signal and, depending on the phase relationship and shares in the two MZI arms, in one
- An active or passive phase shifter 115 and / or 119 can be placed anywhere on the MZI arms.
- An example of a passive phase shifter would be 2 MZI arms of different lengths.
- Semiconductor amplifiers can also be used as phase shifters. However, these must then be placed appropriately.
- the semiconductor amplifier 115 would have to be arranged between the components 116 and 112 or between 111 and 113.
- the control signal is coupled directly into one of the MZI arms 5 or 6 in the switch just outlined.
- the optical control signal is coupled in via an "MMI converter combiner" 113 and or 117.
- the basic mode of the optical control signal A is converted into a first order mode and at the same time combined with the optical input signal B. This is an "MMI converter combiner" according to the text relating to FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7,
- the optical control signal is coupled out again in components 116 and / or 120.
- the control signal could e.g. can be decoupled again in a "1 + lxl -MMI converter combiner” operated in reverse, and separated from the input signal or decoupled in an MMI filter.
- Another possibility would be to use components 116 and / or 120 to couple in a different optical signal (e.g. another control signal, pump signal, ).
- the component sketched in FIG. 10 can be operated as a switch with 2 outputs. Inputs 1 and 4 or, conversely, inputs 8 and 9 can be used as possible inputs for the optical control signal.
- the optical input signal can be operated via the inputs on the left or the right side, depending on the choice of the mode dividers 111 and combiners 112.
- the component can be used as a wavelength converter when the optical control signal A of the wavelength ⁇ j corresponds to an optical signal B of the wavelength ⁇ 2 on one of the outputs.
- the possibility of decoupling the control signal at a separate output or strongly suppressing it at the output of signal B allows the component to be cascaded and / or operated bidirectionally.
- Fig. 1 1 is an example of an optical-optical switch or wavelength converter with 1 possible output, which works on the principle of cross-phase modulation (XPM) and allows the coupling and conversion of the control signal via MMI , outlined. It consists of:
- a mode coupler 121 which distributes an optical input signal B to the 2 different arms of the MZI configuration.
- the number of inputs in the coupler can be arbitrary, it is only important that the input signal is in one certain ratio is mapped to the two waveguide arms
- At least one component 122 and / or 125 which allows an optical control signal to be coupled
- Non-linear material 124 or / and 127 At least one or two areas with non-linear material 124 or / and 127. Depending on whether the optical control signal A is present or not, a phase shift is generated on the signal B in this area.
- the non-linear material can be placed anywhere on the interferometer arm
- An active or passive phase shifter 123 and or 126 can be placed anywhere on the MZI arms.
- the control signal is coupled directly to one of the MZI arms 5 or 6.
- the optical control signal is sent via an "MMI converter combiner "122 and / or 126 coupled in.
- the basic mode of the optical control signal A is converted into a first order mode and at the same time combined with the optical input signal.
- This is an "MMI converter combiner" according to FIG. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. Both the input signal and the control signal are transmitted to the reflecting line Layer reflected back Depending on the choice of the MMI 122 and / or 125, the control signal is completely or partially coupled out again.
- the reflected input signal from the waveguide arms 5 and 6 is fed to the mode divider combiner and combined depending on the phase relationship in the Waveguide arms 5 and 6, the input signal is routed to an output different from the waveguide input
- This reflective MZI structure is also referred to as the MI configuration.
- the component sketched in FIG. 2 can be operated as a switch with 1 output.
- Inputs 1 and 4 can be considered as possible inputs for the optical control signal.
- the optical input signal can be via the input 2 or 3 are introduced
- the component can be used as a wave position converter when the optical control signal A of the wavelength ⁇ j corresponds to an optical signal B of the wavelength ⁇ on one of the outputs
- a phase shift ⁇ ] and an intensity ratio pl between the input signals on the two MZI arms include a certain switching state on an output. If you change the phase shift to ⁇ 2 and the intensity ratio to p2, the input signal is routed to the second output.
- the control signal for example on the MZI arm 5, switches the
- Phase of the input signal in the area of the nonlinear medium changed.
- a phase change usually also leads to a change in intensity of the same signal.
- the Kramers-Kronig relation (KK) describes this connection.
- the control signal changes 2 characteristic quantities of the input signal on the MZI arm 5: the phase and the intensity.
- the switch with mode dividers and combinations that deviate from the 50:50 division ratio allows these 2 sizes to be controlled: 1.) by selecting the intensity of the control signal, a phase shift from ⁇ j to ⁇ is made on a waveguide arm in the input signal 2 induced as a function of the intensity of the control signal.
- phase shift ⁇ j induced in the input signal on MZI arm 5 is accompanied by a change in intensity ⁇ I in the input signal on the same waveguide arm of the MZI according to Kramers-Kronig (KK).
- KK Kramers-Kronig
- the task of obtaining an optical-optical switch with 1 possible good output can be achieved with the switch or wavelength converter given in FIG. 11 and the choice of a mode coupler 121 which differs from the 50:50 division ratio. As with the switch with 2 possible outputs, this mode coupler 121 allows the 2 sizes that occur in an XPM switch to be checked.
- the task of obtaining an optical-optical switch with 2 outputs with good on-off switching ratios can be achieved with the switch or wavelength converter given in the text for FIG. 10 and the choice of asymmetrical mode couplers 11 1 and 112. Thanks to the freedom of choice of dividers and unions with different division ratios, the switches can be designed such that the phase shifter to achieve the switching state is superfluous, since the second asymmetrical combiner 112 can be adapted to the phase relationships.
- “Butterfly” MMI's [P.A. Besse, et al., ECOC 1994, Sept 25-29 1994, p.669-67, Firenze]. They offer different dividing ratios as a divider and a few. It is possible to select two different "butterfly" MMIs as the divider combiner 1 1 1 and combiner / divider 112, so that the switch can be constructed in such a way that the phase shifter to achieve the switching state becomes superfluous, since the second asymmetrical combiner / Divider 1 12 can adapt to the phase relationships.
- FIG. 12 shows an example of an XPM optical / optical switch with 2 possible outputs, the identical "Butterf] y" MMI for coupling in and out the input signal B, as an asymmetrical mode coupler and for coupling in the control signal "MMI converter combiner" used.
- "Butterfly” MMIs that have 2 inputs and outputs, for example, can be used as a mode coupler. The choice of the intensity of the control signal and the asymmetry in the mode couplers allows the two switching states to be optimized.
- Input 3 we use the phase shifts ⁇ 2 'and ⁇ 2 "accordingly, whereby we again refer to the shift of MZI arm 6 compared to that on MZI arm 5 In principle, the phase differences of arm 6 are always calculated relative to arm 5 ⁇ , is the necessary offset phase shift.
- ⁇ 2 is the phase shift generated by the control signal
- the two signals on the two MZI arms have a phase shift of ⁇ relative to one another, so that these two signals on the MZI arms 5 and 6 at the "Butterfly" MMI combiner 132.
- the one with the "Butterfly "-MMI 131 is structurally identical, to be combined again into a single signal at output 8, the signals must still have the intensity ratio pl and the phase relationship
- the control signal which we couple into the MZI arm 6, for example, also makes this necessary The required phase shift ⁇ 2 is generated on the MZI arm 6.
- FIG. 13 shows the example of an XPM optical / optical switch with 2 possible outputs, which uses different "butterfly" MMIs, as asymmetrical mode divider / cleaner 141 and combiner / divider 142, for coupling the input signal B in and out used for coupling the control signal "MMI converter combiner” 143 and 146. Thanks to the freedom of choice of divider and union with different division ratios, the switches can be constructed in such a way that the phase shifter 135 and 139, as was still required in FIG. 12, becomes superfluous to achieve the switching states, since the second asym ⁇ metric combiner / divider 142 can adapt to the phase relationships.
- control signal can be coupled out again in an additional component 145 and / or 148, filtered out or left in the MZI arm 5 and / or 6.
- the decoupling is advantageously carried out using the "MMI converter combiners" given in FIG. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.
- MMIs essentially consist of a broadened waveguide in which interference effects are possible.
- a "butterfly” MMI with a narrowing in the middle could be used for the "Butterfiy” MMI 141.
- the corresponding "butterfly” MMI 142 would then be a “butterfly” MMI with a reciprocal division ratio of 1 / pl. This should then become wider in the middle.
- the "3x3 MMI converter connector" (FIG. 4a) is particularly suitable for coupling the control signal into an XPM optical / optical switch with 2 good outputs.
- This component is extremely short and has a large wavelength bandwidth.
- the MMI is invisible for the input signal B, since almost 100% of it is mapped to the output.
- the control signal is mapped into the MZI arm as a first-order mode with a conversion efficiency of almost 66%.
- 14 shows an example of an XPM-optical-optical switch with 2 possible outputs, which, for coupling the input signal B in and out, has different "butterfly" MMIs, as asymmetrical mode dividers 151 and combiners 152, as in the text for FIG 13 described, used.
- control signal can be coupled out in an additional component 155 and / or 158, filtered out or left in the MZI arm 5 and / or 6.
- Optical-optical switches with 2 outputs with good on / off switching ratios can be achieved using the method given in the text for FIGS. 12 or 13.
- the way in which signal B is coupled into and out of the MZI configuration is important for the education of the good on / off switching conditions.
- the structure of the MZI arms themselves, the middle part, can deviate from the variant described in the text for FIG. 12 or FIG. 13.
- Fig. 15 there is an optical-optical switch with 2 outputs with good on / off switching ratios.
- the area with the couplers 161 and 162 follows the structure according to the text of FIG. 12 or FIG. 13.
- the middle part 163 which represents several different components, is used for coupling out a control signal and for producing the nonlinear effect - possibly also for other functions.
- MMI converter combiner but also any other coupler can be used. This could e.g. 2x2-MMI, "3dB-Directional-Coupler", asymmetrical Y-union, ...
- the control signal could also be coupled in as the basic mode. However, it is necessary that in 163 there is at least one area with a nonlinear material.
- the on / off switching ratios in an XPM switch, Fig. 16, can also be achieved by attaching 2 differently strong or large nonlinear areas (e.g. apply different currents if the nonlinear medium consists of semiconductor amplifiers, ...) that are within range 173 and 174 are improved.
- 173 and 174 represent the MZI arms, which are both elements for the Ein- and possibly. Decoupling the control signal (s) A, as well as the non-linear medium and possibly phase shifters. Assuming the control signal produces an intensity change of ⁇ 7 on the input signal on an MZI arm, for example. Arm 5, you can choose the strength of the two nonlinear media so that if there is no control signal, the input signal on arm 5 is approximately ⁇ 7 / 2 greater than on arm 6.
- the general procedure is illustrated in FIG. 17.
- the signal B is e.g. at the
- the couplers 211 and 212 form a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), here referred to as the "outer" MZI.
- MZI Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
- the division ratios in the couplers 211 and 212 are adapted. This adjustment was explained in detail above.
- the control signal A is coupled into an arm of the MZI. To distinguish this signal from signal B, the arm is built as a second MZI, called the “inner” MZI. This is based on the mode mixer 213 and the demixer 216. 213 and 216 are mode couplers with symmetrical division ratios.
- phase shifter 215a is selected so that the "inner" MZI is in the bar state, ie input 1 goes to output 7.
- the "inner” MZI always remains in this bar state, regardless of whether the control signal is coupled or not.
- the phase shifter 219 is selected without a control signal so that the probe signal comes out on one of the outputs 8 or 9.
- Another phase shifter could also be installed between the mode coupler 216 and 212.
- the control signal causes an intensity and phase change between the "inner” MZI and the arm 6.
- the change in intensity can be compensated for by the choice of the division ratios of 211 and 212 (text for FIG. 15) or the appropriate choice of modes. Couplers 211 and 212 with differently strong non-linear areas on the MZI arms of the "outer" MZI (text for Fig. 16).
- phase change causes signal B to be switched between outputs 8 and 9.
- a second "inner" MZI can be used on arm 6.
- the entire component can act as a purely optical non-linear Ix2 switch with good on / off switching ratios. It can be cascaded, since both the signal B and the control signal A can be used again in other components or are at least relatively well separated. Signal A and B can then again as a signal or as
- Control signal are needed. Both the signal B and the control signal A can be coupled in in the opposite direction, so that the switch can be used bidirectionally.
- the mode forms of signal B and control signal A are shown on all figures.
- the control signal is drawn in white.
- the signal B is black or dotted (at the output 9). All connection waveguides contain only basic modes.
- FIG. 18 An example of a construction of the optical-optical switch of FIG. 17 is given in FIG. 18.
- mode couplers 223, 226, 227 and 230 for the "inner” MZI 2x2-MMI with 50:50 division ratios used.
- "Butterfly" MMIs are used for the mode couplers 221 and 222. If no or only small changes in intensity occur, normal MMIs with a rectangular geometry and symmetrical division ratios are used. The division ratios are selected in accordance with the text of FIG. 15. In order to simplify the construction, one could construct the “inner” MZI in this way (eg.,
- phase shifters Place “inner” -MZI on arcs) that a path difference that corresponds to a ⁇ phase shift between the MZI arms results.
- the phase shifters would then be superfluous. However, it can be an advantage if you still incorporate phase shifters to correct technology-related or design-related phase shifts.
- a compact XPM optical / optical switch consisting of only a few components is described below.
- the signal B can be divided and the control signal A can be coupled in by a single component, namely by the multi-mode interference MMI mode coupler of FIG. 5a).
- the same MMI allows the signal B to be combined and the control signal to be decoupled.
- the middle input 302, the middle connection waveguide 308 and the middle output 305 are placed in the center of both MMI 311 and 312. These waveguides should be so wide that they can carry first order modes.
- the outer inputs 301, 303, the outer connecting waveguides 307, 309 and the outer outputs 304, 306 are positioned flush or at least almost flush on the MMI edge.
- Signal B is introduced in an input at the very edge of the input MMI.
- the signal B splits into two basic modes, which are guided in the waveguides 307 and 309 and a first-order mode which is guided in the waveguide 308.
- the phases must be adapted at the input of the second MMI. This can be done passively or actively with phase shifters 316, 317 and 318. For example, the following condition can be met passively by different lengths of the connecting waveguide: at the input of the second MMI, the outer connecting waveguides have a phase difference of ⁇ ⁇ / 2 compared to the inner connecting waveguides. Without a control signal, the light comes out in one of the outer outputs. If the control signal A is switched on.
- signal B switches from an outer output waveguide to to change.
- the component can be operated bidirectionally both for the control signal A and for the signal B.
- the component can be cascaded because signals A and B are separated.
- the problem of slow charge recombination time can e.g. can be solved by introducing a second, time-shifted optical control signal into the second MZI or MI arm.
- the 2 non-linear areas can be shifted against each other locally and instead the control signals can be sent simultaneously to the two MZI arms.
- All of the switches according to the invention discussed above can be operated in this way.
- the following are examples of switches that solve this problem differently. Namely, by leading the optical signals to the same non-linear area with a time shift.
- the switches can be constructed independently of polarization. They are particularly suitable as multiplexers, demulite plexers or also for generating short pulses.
- Fig. 20 shows an example of an XPM optical-optical switch which a
- Signal B in FIG. 2 splits components B 'and B "which are distinguishable by the order of the mode and leads to the non-linear region 417 at different times.
- the arrangement consists of two mode couplers 41 1 and 412, which form the MZI. This could, for example, be an MZI -Configuration according to the text of Fig. 15 (with 2 inputs) or Fig. 16 (with only one input 401). There are 2 areas where the
- waveguides 405d- The control signal could also be coupled in as a basic mode with a suitably chosen coupler on the waveguide arm 405.
- phase shifter 419a and d 419b and signal amplifier placed somewhere between coupler 416 and 412.
- Waveguides do not necessarily see the same refractive indices. How the switch works: If no control signal is coupled into 417 after passing the first signal B ', the subsequent signal B "does not experience an additional phase shift. If, on the other hand, before the signal B" or while B “in 417 is on Control signal is present, B “undergoes a phase shift. This causes the signal B to switch from one output waveguide to the other. Depending on the arrangement of the components, the switch can be operated on both sides. Additional components can be placed in the area of the waveguide 405.
- FIG. 21 shows a possible implementation of the method of FIG. 20.
- the signals are separated in time and fed back to one another by means of curves and different radii and possibly a translation of 403 or 429a compared to 404 or 429b.
- Couplers 425 and 426 are 4x4 converter combiner MMIs (Fig. 5a). This choice makes it possible to map the signal from waveguide 404 to almost 100% on waveguide 406 and the control signal to waveguide 402 to almost 100% on 408.
- the active or passive phase shifters 428a-c can be used to correctly set the phases on the 3 waveguides.
- 429a and b are additional useful but not necessary phase shifters.
- Signal amplifiers 430a and b are useful but not essential.
- the control signal A leads to a phase and charge carrier change in all 3 nonlinear areas. However, only the one on the non-linear area 427b is important for the signal B ". Depending on how strong this phase change was, the signal is switched from output 409a to output 409b and vice versa.
- the non-linear areas 427a-c do not have to have the same geometry.
- the optically controlled switches according to the text of FIGS. 15 and 16 with good on / off switching ratios can also be operated as electrically controlled switches. 22 and 23, the inputs and outputs and the couplers for the optical control signal are omitted.
- the MZI is constructed according to the method of FIG. 15 and or FIG. 16.
- Semiconductor amplifiers 513, 514, 523 and 524 are used as non-linear areas. The change in refractive index and intensity is now determined by applying a modulable current to one of the nonlinear regions, e.g. B. 513 and 523 respectively. The other non-linear area is fed with a constant current.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP8523142A JPH11502634A (ja) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-29 | マルチモード干渉モードコンバータを使用した小型光−光スイッチおよび波長コンバータ |
US08/875,714 US5933554A (en) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-29 | Compact optical-optical switches and wavelength converters by means of multimode interference mode converters |
DE59610596T DE59610596D1 (de) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-29 | Kompakte optisch-optische schalter und wellenlängen-konverter mittels multimode-interferenz moden-konvertern |
EP96900818A EP0817980B1 (de) | 1995-02-01 | 1996-01-29 | Kompakte optisch-optische schalter und wellenlängen-konverter mittels multimode-interferenz moden-konvertern |
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CH50895 | 1995-02-22 | ||
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CH2177/95-3 | 1995-07-25 |
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JPH1090537A (ja) * | 1996-09-13 | 1998-04-10 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光合分波回路 |
EP0933963A2 (de) * | 1998-01-30 | 1999-08-04 | Jds Fitel Inc. | Optischer Leistungsteiler mit variabelem Verhältnis und optische Schalter |
EP1005247A2 (de) * | 1998-11-24 | 2000-05-31 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Kompakter, blockierungsfreier aussetzungsloser optischer Schalter mit Modenumwandlung |
US6222955B1 (en) | 1998-01-30 | 2001-04-24 | Jds Fitel Inc. | Integrated 1×N optical switch |
US6366382B1 (en) * | 1997-08-27 | 2002-04-02 | Imec | Optical decision circuit and use thereof |
JP2002543477A (ja) * | 1999-04-30 | 2002-12-17 | テレフオンアクチーボラゲツト エル エム エリクソン(パブル) | 光波長フィルタリング装置ならびに方法 |
DE10361879A1 (de) * | 2003-12-19 | 2005-03-10 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Optisches Bauelement mit einem MMI-Koppler |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH1090537A (ja) * | 1996-09-13 | 1998-04-10 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光合分波回路 |
US6366382B1 (en) * | 1997-08-27 | 2002-04-02 | Imec | Optical decision circuit and use thereof |
EP0933963A2 (de) * | 1998-01-30 | 1999-08-04 | Jds Fitel Inc. | Optischer Leistungsteiler mit variabelem Verhältnis und optische Schalter |
EP0933963A3 (de) * | 1998-01-30 | 2000-09-20 | Jds Fitel Inc. | Optischer Leistungsteiler mit variabelem Verhältnis und optische Schalter |
US6222955B1 (en) | 1998-01-30 | 2001-04-24 | Jds Fitel Inc. | Integrated 1×N optical switch |
EP1005247A2 (de) * | 1998-11-24 | 2000-05-31 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Kompakter, blockierungsfreier aussetzungsloser optischer Schalter mit Modenumwandlung |
EP1005247A3 (de) * | 1998-11-24 | 2006-12-06 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Kompakter, blockierungsfreier aussetzungsloser optischer Schalter mit Modenumwandlung |
JP2002543477A (ja) * | 1999-04-30 | 2002-12-17 | テレフオンアクチーボラゲツト エル エム エリクソン(パブル) | 光波長フィルタリング装置ならびに方法 |
DE10361879A1 (de) * | 2003-12-19 | 2005-03-10 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Optisches Bauelement mit einem MMI-Koppler |
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