WO1987005955A1 - Method of shaping, preferably bending, hardened wood fiber boards - Google Patents
Method of shaping, preferably bending, hardened wood fiber boards Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1987005955A1 WO1987005955A1 PCT/SE1987/000159 SE8700159W WO8705955A1 WO 1987005955 A1 WO1987005955 A1 WO 1987005955A1 SE 8700159 W SE8700159 W SE 8700159W WO 8705955 A1 WO8705955 A1 WO 8705955A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- boards
- heating
- bending
- chemical solution
- shaping
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 alkyl sulphate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 abstract description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001307210 Pene Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27H—BENDING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; COOPERAGE; MAKING WHEELS FROM WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL
- B27H1/00—Bending wood stock, e.g. boards
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N7/00—After-treatment, e.g. reducing swelling or shrinkage, surfacing; Protecting the edges of boards against access of humidity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C53/00—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
- B29C53/02—Bending or folding
- B29C53/04—Bending or folding of plates or sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
- B31F1/36—Moistening and heating webs to facilitate mechanical deformation and drying deformed webs
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21J—FIBREBOARD; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM CELLULOSIC FIBROUS SUSPENSIONS OR FROM PAPIER-MACHE
- D21J1/00—Fibreboard
- D21J1/10—After-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2711/00—Use of natural products or their composites, not provided for in groups B29K2601/00 - B29K2709/00, for preformed parts, e.g. for inserts
- B29K2711/12—Paper, e.g. cardboard
- B29K2711/126—Impregnated
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of shaping, preferably bending, hardened flat fibre boards consisting of cellulose fibres, lignin and hardening oil by moistening, heating, bending and subsequent cooling.
- Hardened wood fibre boards which comprise short, brittle cellulose fibres and intermediate lignin as well as a percentage of cured hardening oil, which is a drying oil having the task of forming a bridgehead for so-called hydrogen bridges, can be bent principly in two different ways, namely using a high temperature or a low temperature combined with moisture.
- the fibre boards are normally hardened during the manufacturing process at about 165°C. If the temperature is raised a few degress above 165°C, the board will self-ignite in the presence of oxygen. In such a case the fibres are over-hardened, the hydrogen bridges are broken down and a carbonising process begins, which leads to rapid lowering of the board strength. If the lignin is therefore to be softened up at about 200°C in order to bend the board, this should take place in the absence of oxygen and preferably in an autoclave where steam under pressure is present to ensure the reformation of the hydrogen bridges.
- the board cannot be bent until it has been completely heated, which means that very hot contact plates are required if this is to take place rapidly with conventional heating, and so that the moisture will remain in the board.
- the heat from these plates breaks down the surface fibres before the heat has reached the middle of the board. If heating is carried out more slowly and without the presence of moisture and oxygen, a complicated and expensive process is required where hydrogen gas or some other inert gas is continuously supplied.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method in bending wood fibre boards of the kind mentioned in the introduction, in which the above-mentioned drawbacks have been eliminated.
- the moistening is carried out with the aid of a chemical solution, which temporarily dissolves the lignin, facilitates the pene ⁇ tration of liquid and releases the fibre bonds, that the boards are heated to about 80-120°C and that the boards are subsequently bent or moulded to the desired, pre ⁇ determined shape.
- the fibre board which is to shaped, preferably by bending, is flat, and comprises cellulose fibres, lignin and hardening oil. During a first operation it is moistened by a chemical solution at the zone or zones where it is to be
- This chemical solution is applied in a suitable ⁇ manner, e.g. by painting on, spraying or the like, on the
- the solution includes a surfactant, water and an alkali salt.
- the surfactant is preferably of the alkyl sulphate type and
- the alkali salt is preferably of the sodium hydroxide type.
- the chemical mixture suiably comprises about 1-5% alkyl sulphate, 80-95% water and about 5-20% sodium hydroxide.
- a solution which has been found to be- parti ⁇ cularly suitable may contain 1-3% alkyl sulphate, about
- the board After applying the chemical solution, the board is heated to about 80-120°C with the aid of heating plates or similar contact heat, heat radiation or by high- frequency induction heat.
- the board is maintained in the bent state until it is cooled to a suitable temperature for preventing any tendency to return to its original shape. After the board has cooled and has dried out, it is then ready for use in its bent state, where the bend or bends have the same strenght properties as the rest of the board.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
- Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Method of shaping, preferably bending, hardened, flat wood fiber boards comprising cellulose fibers, lignin and hardening oil by moistening, heating, bending and subsequent cooling. Moistening is carried out with a chemical solution which temporarily dissolves the lignin, facilitates the penetration of liquid and releases the fibre bonds, whereafter the boards are heated to about 80-120°C, subsequent to which they are bent or moulded to the desired, predetermined shape.
Description
Method of shaping, preferably h nr.ing;, hardened wood fibre _____-__J___l≤
The present invention relates to a method of shaping, preferably bending, hardened flat fibre boards consisting of cellulose fibres, lignin and hardening oil by moistening, heating, bending and subsequent cooling.
Hardened wood fibre boards which comprise short, brittle cellulose fibres and intermediate lignin as well as a percentage of cured hardening oil, which is a drying oil having the task of forming a bridgehead for so-called hydrogen bridges, can be bent principly in two different ways, namely using a high temperature or a low temperature combined with moisture.
In the use of the high temperature technique, the fibre boards are normally hardened during the manufacturing process at about 165°C. If the temperature is raised a few degress above 165°C, the board will self-ignite in the presence of oxygen. In such a case the fibres are over-hardened, the hydrogen bridges are broken down and a carbonising process begins, which leads to rapid lowering of the board strength. If the lignin is therefore to be softened up at about 200°C in order to bend the board, this should take place in the absence of oxygen and preferably in an autoclave where steam under pressure is present to ensure the reformation of the hydrogen bridges. The board cannot be bent until it has been completely heated, which means that very hot contact plates are required if this is to take place rapidly with conventional heating, and so that the moisture will remain in the board. However, the heat from these plates breaks down the surface fibres before the heat has reached the middle of the board. If heating is carried out more slowly
and without the presence of moisture and oxygen, a complicated and expensive process is required where hydrogen gas or some other inert gas is continuously supplied.
In the use of low temperature technique with heating up to about 100°C, trials have shown that the fibre boards can be bent to desired radii if the boards have "a sufficient moisture content in the zones where bending is to take place. However, it has been found to take a long time as well as being very difficult to get water to penetrate into the boards to the sufficient extent to achieve a moisture content inside the boards which is sufficient for them not to carck during bending.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method in bending wood fibre boards of the kind mentioned in the introduction, in which the above-mentioned drawbacks have been eliminated. Essentially distinguishing for the method in accordance with the invention is that the moistening is carried out with the aid of a chemical solution, which temporarily dissolves the lignin, facilitates the pene¬ tration of liquid and releases the fibre bonds, that the boards are heated to about 80-120°C and that the boards are subsequently bent or moulded to the desired, pre¬ determined shape.
By reson of the invention, there is very rapidly obtained a moisture content inside the boards which is sufficient for bending. Compared with the use of pure water the penetration is increased by about 100 times. In a con¬ tinuous bending process, rapid penetration of moisture into the boards is necessary.
The invention will now be described in detail below with the aid of a preferred embodiment.
The fibre board which is to shaped, preferably by bending, is flat, and comprises cellulose fibres, lignin and hardening oil. During a first operation it is moistened by a chemical solution at the zone or zones where it is to be
_- 5 bent. This chemical solution is applied in a suitable \ manner, e.g. by painting on, spraying or the like, on the
*» upper and/or underside of the fait board. The solution includes a surfactant, water and an alkali salt. The surfactant is preferably of the alkyl sulphate type and
10 the alkali salt is preferably of the sodium hydroxide type. The chemical mixture suiably comprises about 1-5% alkyl sulphate, 80-95% water and about 5-20% sodium hydroxide. A solution which has been found to be- parti¬ cularly suitable may contain 1-3% alkyl sulphate, about
15 85% water and about 10-15% sodium hydroxide. After applying the chemical solution, the board is heated to about 80-120°C with the aid of heating plates or similar contact heat, heat radiation or by high- frequency induction heat. The combination of alkyl sulphate and
20 sodium hydroxide achieves high penetration of water into the board.
Compared with pure water, this penetration is increased by up to 100 times. The alkali additive causes swelling of the cellulose fibres, which thus suck up water rapidly in
25 combination with low surface tension caused by the surfactant. There is furthermore achieved softening of the ligno-sulphonic acids in the board in the same way as with sulphate digestion. When the alkali is then neutralised by the acidic substances in the interior of the board, the
30 lignin hardens again after the bending process, the moistening also achieving a concentration of high-frequency energy, if such is used for heating. When the board has been bent to the desired shpae with the aid of suitable surface pressure on one side thereof, with
35 simultaneous counter pressure on the other side thereof, the board is maintained in the bent state until it is
cooled to a suitable temperature for preventing any tendency to return to its original shape. After the board has cooled and has dried out, it is then ready for use in its bent state, where the bend or bends have the same strenght properties as the rest of the board.
Claims
1. Method of shaping, preferably bending, hardened, flat wood fibre boards comprising cellulose fibres, f* ligning and hardening oil by moistening, heating, bending
/ and subsequent cooling, characterized in that the 5 moistening is carried out with the aid of a chemical solution which temporarily dissolves the ligning, facilities liquid penetration and releases the fibre bonds, in that the boards are heated to about 80-120°C and in that the boards are then bent or moulded to the 10 desired, predetermined shape.
2. Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the chemical solution is applied to the upper and/or undersides of the flat boards at the zones which are to be shaped, the solution including a surfactant of preferably
15 the alkyl sulphate type, water and an alkali salt of preferably the sodium hydroxide type.
3. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the chemical solution comprises about 1-5% sulphate, 80-95% water and 5-20% sodium hydroxide.
20 4. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the chemical solution comprises 1-3% alkyl sulphate, about 85% water and 10-15% sodium hydroxide.
5. Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that heating takes place with the aid of heating plates or a 25 like contacting heating arrangement.
6. Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that heating takes place using high-frequency heating.
7. Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that heating takes place by heat radiation.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE8601453-7 | 1986-03-27 | ||
| SE8601453A SE452036B (en) | 1986-03-27 | 1986-03-27 | PROCEDURE FOR SHAPING, PREFERRED BENDING, OF HARD FIBER DISC |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1987005955A1 true WO1987005955A1 (en) | 1987-10-08 |
Family
ID=20364005
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE1987/000159 WO1987005955A1 (en) | 1986-03-27 | 1987-03-27 | Method of shaping, preferably bending, hardened wood fiber boards |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU7169987A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE452036B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1987005955A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1998045099A1 (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 1998-10-15 | Mdf Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US6312540B1 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2001-11-06 | Mdf, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a flat wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US6689301B1 (en) | 1997-04-10 | 2004-02-10 | Mdf, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| EP1512507A3 (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 2005-07-20 | Masonite Entry Door Corporation | A molded door skin and door with such a door skin |
| WO2012056045A1 (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-03 | Brav-O-Tech | Wetting agents |
| US8597455B1 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2013-12-03 | Metacomb, Inc. | Translucent building material comprising corrugated cardboard |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2338685A (en) * | 1938-05-16 | 1944-01-04 | Dee Herbert Cyril | Process of bending grainless lignocellulose fiberboard |
| US2595501A (en) * | 1946-07-27 | 1952-05-06 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Method of molding insulating material |
| US3675692A (en) * | 1968-01-25 | 1972-07-11 | Graham Wilton Jeans | Methods of making articles from fiber board |
| US3948708A (en) * | 1973-03-26 | 1976-04-06 | Van Dresser Corporation | Method of forming a panel |
| US4073672A (en) * | 1974-12-30 | 1978-02-14 | Masonite Corporation | Post-press embossing of a consolidated man-made board |
-
1986
- 1986-03-27 SE SE8601453A patent/SE452036B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1987
- 1987-03-27 WO PCT/SE1987/000159 patent/WO1987005955A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1987-03-27 AU AU71699/87A patent/AU7169987A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2338685A (en) * | 1938-05-16 | 1944-01-04 | Dee Herbert Cyril | Process of bending grainless lignocellulose fiberboard |
| US2595501A (en) * | 1946-07-27 | 1952-05-06 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Method of molding insulating material |
| US3675692A (en) * | 1968-01-25 | 1972-07-11 | Graham Wilton Jeans | Methods of making articles from fiber board |
| US3948708A (en) * | 1973-03-26 | 1976-04-06 | Van Dresser Corporation | Method of forming a panel |
| US4073672A (en) * | 1974-12-30 | 1978-02-14 | Masonite Corporation | Post-press embossing of a consolidated man-made board |
Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1512507A3 (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 2005-07-20 | Masonite Entry Door Corporation | A molded door skin and door with such a door skin |
| US6073419A (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 2000-06-13 | Premdor, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US6079183A (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 2000-06-27 | Mdf, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| WO1998045099A1 (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 1998-10-15 | Mdf Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US6689301B1 (en) | 1997-04-10 | 2004-02-10 | Mdf, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US9109393B2 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2015-08-18 | Masonite Corporation | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a flat wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US9464475B2 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2016-10-11 | Masonite Corporation | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a flat wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US7856779B2 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2010-12-28 | Masonite Corporation | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a flat wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US6312540B1 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2001-11-06 | Mdf, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a flat wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US8833022B2 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2014-09-16 | Masonite Corporation | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a flat wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US8650822B2 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2014-02-18 | Masonite Corporation | Method of manufacturing a molded door skin from a flat wood composite, door skin produced therefrom, and door manufactured therewith |
| US8597455B1 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2013-12-03 | Metacomb, Inc. | Translucent building material comprising corrugated cardboard |
| US9796153B1 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2017-10-24 | Metacomb, Inc. | Translucent building material comprising corrugated cardboard |
| US10434743B2 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2019-10-08 | Metacomb, Inc. | Translucent building material |
| US11472155B2 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2022-10-18 | Metacomb, Inc. | Translucent building material |
| CN103209811A (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2013-07-17 | 布瑞沃技术有限公司 | Wetting agents |
| US9192898B2 (en) | 2010-10-29 | 2015-11-24 | Bravo-O-Tech Gmbh | Wetting agents |
| EA024125B1 (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2016-08-31 | Брав-О-Тек Гмбх | Wetting agents |
| WO2012056045A1 (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-03 | Brav-O-Tech | Wetting agents |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE452036B (en) | 1987-11-09 |
| AU7169987A (en) | 1987-10-20 |
| SE8601453D0 (en) | 1986-03-27 |
| SE8601453L (en) | 1987-09-28 |
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