WO1983004243A1 - Ozone generator for internal combustion engines - Google Patents
Ozone generator for internal combustion engines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1983004243A1 WO1983004243A1 PCT/GB1983/000106 GB8300106W WO8304243A1 WO 1983004243 A1 WO1983004243 A1 WO 1983004243A1 GB 8300106 W GB8300106 W GB 8300106W WO 8304243 A1 WO8304243 A1 WO 8304243A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ozone generator
- ozone
- barrel half
- casting
- electrodes
- Prior art date
Links
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910001234 light alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/10—Preparation of ozone
- C01B13/11—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge
- C01B13/115—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge characterised by the electrical circuits producing the electrical discharge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/10—Preparation of ozone
- C01B13/11—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
- F02M25/10—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone
- F02M25/12—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone the apparatus having means for generating such gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
- C01B2201/20—Electrodes used for obtaining electrical discharge
- C01B2201/22—Constructional details of the electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- This invention relates to ozone generators for internal combustion engines wherein the general requirements for ideal combustion are complete vaporization of the fuel, a constant supply of air in sufficient quantities, and efficient mixing of the fuel and air to support combustion.
- An ozone generator for petrol operated internal combustion engines contains a cylindrical electrode (1) with perforations (2) and an internal electrode (3) with sawtooth edges. (4).
- the electrodes are made of steel and Tungsten, Molybdenum or Chromium, or Steel coated with an oxide film, all of which possess a high electrical resistance.
- the internal electrode (3) is located coaxially within the cylindrical electrode (1) and the two electrodes are supported and positioned between two ceramic discs (6) and (7). Screws (12) clamp the ceramic discs to the internal electrode.
- the ceramic discs have a series of holes (7a) incorporated in their construction. These holes allow air to flow through the ozone generator when it is in operation.
- the cylindrical electrode has synthetic rubber ozone resistant insulators (5) fitted at each end.
- a coil spring (8) which serves both as a packing spring and earth is connected to the internal electrode (3) via the screw (13).
- the electrodes and ceramic discs assembly are retained within a light alloy barrel half casting (14) by three screws (18) which passes through the wall of the casting and act as a Butt stops behind the ceramic disc (6).
- An ozone outlet orifice (19) is drilled in the centre of the barrel half bowl into which is screwed an ozone outlet adaptor (9) comprising a ball valve (10), and ball valve housing (11). The ball is closed when the ozone generator is inoperative.
- the high voltage necessary to establish and maintain the corona discharge is supplied by a transistorized circuit incorporating a primary coil (16) and a secondary coil (17) fig 2.
- the complete circuit is sealed within a second light alloy barrel half casting (15).
- the sealant is an ozone resistant silicon compound.
- a power supply lead-not shown passes through a hole drilled in the barrel half casting, and an earthing screw (20) is located in the centre of the casting bowl.
- Three air holes (21) are drilled immediatly behind the joint flange of the barrel half casting (15), and these are covered by filter packs supported in the thin gauge metal filter housing (22). The filter housings are secured by the screws (13) used to clamp the two barrel halves together. Lugs formed integral with the barrel half castings form the mounting (28) for the ozone generator.
- a venturi adaptor (25) is positioned in the engine intake manifold immediatly downstream of the carburettor (27), and an ozone resistant hose (24) connects the ozone outlet adaptor (9) to the venturi adaptor pipe (26).
- the power supply lead to the ozone generator is connected to an electri cal power source that is activated when the ignition is switched on.
- the vacuum created in the engine intake manifold creates a pressure differential between the air holes (21) and the ozone outlet adaptor (9).
- the differential pressure causes the ball valve (10) to open and air is induced to flow into the ozone generator.
- the air flows in at the air holes (21), throtigh the holes (7a) in the ceramic discs and into the electric field between the cylindrical electrode (1 ) and the internal electrode (3).
- the high voltage applied to the cylindrical electrode (1) arcs across to the internal electrode (3) where the sawteeth (4) create irregular distribution of the electric field between the two electrodes so as to generate a streamer corona discharge.
- the perforations (2) in the cylindrical electrodes (1) help to stabilize the corona discharge, reduce the capacitance between the electrodes, prevent short circuit discharge, and surpress saturation caused by the discharge of secondary electrons.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
- Motor Or Generator Frames (AREA)
- Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
Abstract
In an ozone generator for petrol operated internal combustion engines, large quantities of ozone are generated from air that is ionized by the combined action of a self maintaining corona discharge within an electric field produced between a cylindrical electrode (1) and an internal electrode (3) mounted within a light alloy barrel half casting (14). The two electrodes are mounted coaxially between two ceramic discs (6) and (7) which support and position the electrodes within the barrel half casting. The light alloy barrel half casting has an ozone outlet orifice drilled in the centre of the closed end into which is screwed an ozone outlet adaptor (9). The high voltage necessary to produce the electric field between the electrodes is generated from a transistorized electric circuit incorporating a primary coil (16) and a secondary coil (17), (fig. 2), housed within a second light alloy barrel half casting (15). This casting incorporates air holes through which air is induced to flow when the ozone generator and the engine are in operation. A venturi adaptor (25) fits into the engine intake manifold (25) and the ozone generator is connected to it by an ozone resistant hose (24).
Description
SPECIFICATION
Ozone Generator for Internal Combustion Engines.
This invention relates to ozone generators for internal combustion engines wherein the general requirements for ideal combustion are complete vaporization of the fuel, a constant supply of air in sufficient quantities, and efficient mixing of the fuel and air to support combustion.
Most internal combustion engines are dependent on carburettors to achieve the mixing of the fuel and air, and irrespective of the degree of sophistication of the carburettor, the engine is incapable of utilizing the fuel and air mixture to maximum advantage and incomplete combustion occurs. The result of this incomplete combustion are high fuel consumption and high levels of toxic exhaust gas emission. Ozone induced into the engine intake manifold below the carburettor mixes with the fuel and air vapour and causes the fuel to be fully burnt thereby raising combustion efficiency. This gives improved fuel economy with a lower level of toxic exhaust gas emission. The object of this invention is to produce ozone in large quantities and this is achieved by using the ozone generator. In order that this invention may be more readily understood, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate the construction of the ozone generator, and in which:- fig. 1 is a cross-section through the barrel half casting containing the cylindrical electrode: fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the ozone generator and transistorized circuit: fig. 3 is three views of the ozone generator - ACTUAL SIZE. fig. 4 is a schematic view of the ozone generator connected to the intake manifold: fig. 5 is a cross-section through the venturi adaptor: For ease of reference to the drawings, those parts which correspond to the parts of the embodiment according to fig 1 are designated by the same reference numerals. An ozone generator for petrol operated internal combustion engines
contains a cylindrical electrode (1) with perforations (2) and an internal electrode (3) with sawtooth edges. (4). The electrodes are made of steel and Tungsten, Molybdenum or Chromium, or Steel coated with an oxide film, all of which possess a high electrical resistance. The internal electrode (3) is located coaxially within the cylindrical electrode (1) and the two electrodes are supported and positioned between two ceramic discs (6) and (7). Screws (12) clamp the ceramic discs to the internal electrode. The ceramic discs have a series of holes (7a) incorporated in their construction. These holes allow air to flow through the ozone generator when it is in operation. The cylindrical electrode has synthetic rubber ozone resistant insulators (5) fitted at each end.
A coil spring (8) which serves both as a packing spring and earth is connected to the internal electrode (3) via the screw (13). The electrodes and ceramic discs assembly are retained within a light alloy barrel half casting (14) by three screws (18) which passes through the wall of the casting and act as a Butt stops behind the ceramic disc (6). An ozone outlet orifice (19) is drilled in the centre of the barrel half bowl into which is screwed an ozone outlet adaptor (9) comprising a ball valve (10), and ball valve housing (11). The ball is closed when the ozone generator is inoperative.
The high voltage necessary to establish and maintain the corona discharge is supplied by a transistorized circuit incorporating a primary coil (16) and a secondary coil (17) fig 2. The complete circuit is sealed within a second light alloy barrel half casting (15). The sealant is an ozone resistant silicon compound.
A power supply lead-not shown, passes through a hole drilled in the barrel half casting, and an earthing screw (20) is located in the centre of the casting bowl. Three air holes (21) are drilled immediatly behind the joint flange of the barrel half casting (15), and these are covered by filter packs supported in the thin gauge metal filter housing (22). The filter housings are secured by the screws (13) used to clamp the two barrel halves together. Lugs formed integral with the barrel half castings form the mounting (28) for the ozone generator.
A venturi adaptor (25) is positioned in the engine intake manifold immediatly downstream of the carburettor (27), and an ozone resistant hose (24) connects the ozone outlet adaptor (9) to the venturi adaptor pipe (26).
The power supply lead to the ozone generator is connected to an electri cal power source that is activated when the ignition is switched on. When the engine is started, the vacuum created in the engine intake manifold creates a pressure differential between the air holes (21) and the ozone outlet adaptor (9). The differential pressure causes the ball valve (10) to open and air is induced to flow into the ozone generator. The air flows in at the air holes (21), throtigh the holes (7a) in the ceramic discs and into the electric field between the cylindrical electrode (1 ) and the internal electrode (3). The high voltage applied to the cylindrical electrode (1) arcs across to the internal electrode (3) where the sawteeth (4) create irregular distribution of the electric field between the two electrodes so as to generate a streamer corona discharge. The air passing through this electric field is ionized, and ozone is generated which flows through the holes (7a) in the ceramic disc (7) and on into the engine intake manifold via the ozone outlet adaptor (9), the ozone resistant hose (24) and the venturi adaptor (25).
The perforations (2) in the cylindrical electrodes (1) help to stabilize the corona discharge, reduce the capacitance between the electrodes, prevent short circuit discharge, and surpress saturation caused by the discharge of secondary electrons.
Claims
1. An ozone generator for petrol operated internal combustion engines, that utilizes a self maintaining corona discharge within an electrical field produced between a perforated cylindrical electrode and a sawtoothed internal electrode to ionize air that is induced to flow through the ozone generator.
2. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the perforated cylindrical electrode can be a perforated disc electrode.
3. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sawtooth internal electrode can be of square, triangle, circular, or multisided cross-section.
4. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sawteeth on the internal electrode can be upright or slanting.
5. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sawteeth on the internal electrode can be in a straight line or displaced alternatively to the right and left.
6. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the barrel half casting containing the electrodes can be unlined or lined with a silicon lining.
7. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the barrel half joint flanges can be Butt jointed flanges or stepped joint flanges.
8. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the air holes can be less than or greater than three.
9. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the air holes can be in either of the barrel half castings.
10. An ozone generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the barrel half casting can be joined by screws, bolts, clamps, or a clamp ring.
11. An ozone generator for petrol operated internal combustion engines, substantially as described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU14710/83A AU1471083A (en) | 1982-05-24 | 1983-04-11 | Ozone generator for petrol operated internal combustion engines |
| SE8400259A SE8400259D0 (en) | 1982-05-25 | 1984-01-20 | OZONE GENERATOR FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56/078258 | 1982-05-24 | ||
| JP7825882U JPS58179859U (en) | 1982-05-25 | 1982-05-25 | rotating device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1983004243A1 true WO1983004243A1 (en) | 1983-12-08 |
Family
ID=13656959
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB1983/000106 WO1983004243A1 (en) | 1982-05-24 | 1983-04-11 | Ozone generator for internal combustion engines |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0109401A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS58179859U (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1983004243A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002042629A1 (en) * | 2000-11-21 | 2002-05-30 | Norberto Mangiarotti | Method and apparatus for adding ozone to the intake air and fuel system of an internal combustion engine for vehicles |
| WO2002042628A3 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2003-12-11 | Questair Technologies Inc | Feed composition modification for internal combustion engines |
| US6742507B2 (en) | 2000-10-27 | 2004-06-01 | Questair Technologies, Inc. | Feed composition modification for internal combustion engines |
| WO2010000909A1 (en) * | 2008-07-04 | 2010-01-07 | Hurtado Sarria Jose Juan | Device for improving the performance of an injection internal combustion engine |
| EP2078844A3 (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2010-03-10 | David Michael Clack | Apparatus for improving efficiency and emissions of combustion |
| WO2018158688A1 (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2018-09-07 | Innovation Green Technology Srl | Ozone generator device for internal combustion engine |
| US11255301B2 (en) | 2020-03-06 | 2022-02-22 | Clack Technologies, Llc | Apparatus for improving efficiency and emissions of combustion |
| US11384718B2 (en) | 2020-03-06 | 2022-07-12 | Clack Technologies, Llc | Apparatus for improving efficiency and emissions of combustion |
Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB191304355A (en) * | 1913-02-20 | 1913-12-24 | Claude William Denny | Improvements in Electric Ozone Generators. |
| US1948240A (en) * | 1932-07-30 | 1934-02-20 | Milprint Products Corp | Ozone generator |
| FR854058A (en) * | 1938-12-07 | 1940-04-04 | Ozone device for explosive engines and its applications, in particular for motor vehicles | |
| GB824238A (en) * | 1958-07-25 | 1959-11-25 | Hannes Trub | Improvements in or relating to ozonisers |
| FR1382012A (en) * | 1963-02-12 | 1964-12-14 | British Oxygen Co Ltd | Advanced ozonator |
| US3565776A (en) * | 1968-09-26 | 1971-02-23 | John H Arff | Generator for producing allotropic oxygen |
| US3801791A (en) * | 1971-11-15 | 1974-04-02 | R Schaefer | Ozone generator |
| US3959690A (en) * | 1972-03-20 | 1976-05-25 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Corona discharge element |
| DE2724428A1 (en) * | 1975-09-06 | 1978-11-30 | Imris Pavel | Appts. for prodn. of ozone from air or oxygen |
| GB2008369A (en) * | 1977-10-14 | 1979-05-31 | Elf Aquitaine | Ozone generator |
| GB2014419A (en) * | 1978-02-14 | 1979-08-22 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Apparatus for the production of ozone |
-
1982
- 1982-05-25 JP JP7825882U patent/JPS58179859U/en active Pending
-
1983
- 1983-04-11 WO PCT/GB1983/000106 patent/WO1983004243A1/en unknown
- 1983-04-11 EP EP83901212A patent/EP0109401A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB191304355A (en) * | 1913-02-20 | 1913-12-24 | Claude William Denny | Improvements in Electric Ozone Generators. |
| US1948240A (en) * | 1932-07-30 | 1934-02-20 | Milprint Products Corp | Ozone generator |
| FR854058A (en) * | 1938-12-07 | 1940-04-04 | Ozone device for explosive engines and its applications, in particular for motor vehicles | |
| GB824238A (en) * | 1958-07-25 | 1959-11-25 | Hannes Trub | Improvements in or relating to ozonisers |
| FR1382012A (en) * | 1963-02-12 | 1964-12-14 | British Oxygen Co Ltd | Advanced ozonator |
| US3565776A (en) * | 1968-09-26 | 1971-02-23 | John H Arff | Generator for producing allotropic oxygen |
| US3801791A (en) * | 1971-11-15 | 1974-04-02 | R Schaefer | Ozone generator |
| US3959690A (en) * | 1972-03-20 | 1976-05-25 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Corona discharge element |
| DE2724428A1 (en) * | 1975-09-06 | 1978-11-30 | Imris Pavel | Appts. for prodn. of ozone from air or oxygen |
| GB2008369A (en) * | 1977-10-14 | 1979-05-31 | Elf Aquitaine | Ozone generator |
| GB2014419A (en) * | 1978-02-14 | 1979-08-22 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Apparatus for the production of ozone |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002042628A3 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2003-12-11 | Questair Technologies Inc | Feed composition modification for internal combustion engines |
| US6742507B2 (en) | 2000-10-27 | 2004-06-01 | Questair Technologies, Inc. | Feed composition modification for internal combustion engines |
| WO2002042629A1 (en) * | 2000-11-21 | 2002-05-30 | Norberto Mangiarotti | Method and apparatus for adding ozone to the intake air and fuel system of an internal combustion engine for vehicles |
| EP2078844A3 (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2010-03-10 | David Michael Clack | Apparatus for improving efficiency and emissions of combustion |
| WO2010000909A1 (en) * | 2008-07-04 | 2010-01-07 | Hurtado Sarria Jose Juan | Device for improving the performance of an injection internal combustion engine |
| WO2018158688A1 (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2018-09-07 | Innovation Green Technology Srl | Ozone generator device for internal combustion engine |
| US11255301B2 (en) | 2020-03-06 | 2022-02-22 | Clack Technologies, Llc | Apparatus for improving efficiency and emissions of combustion |
| US11384718B2 (en) | 2020-03-06 | 2022-07-12 | Clack Technologies, Llc | Apparatus for improving efficiency and emissions of combustion |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS58179859U (en) | 1983-12-01 |
| EP0109401A1 (en) | 1984-05-30 |
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