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US3868038A - Closures for containers - Google Patents

Closures for containers Download PDF

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Publication number
US3868038A
US3868038A US234084A US23408472A US3868038A US 3868038 A US3868038 A US 3868038A US 234084 A US234084 A US 234084A US 23408472 A US23408472 A US 23408472A US 3868038 A US3868038 A US 3868038A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
closure
knurling
bottle
skirt
outwardly
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US234084A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
William Henry Hadley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Arconic Closure Systems International UK Ltd
Original Assignee
Metal Closures Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Metal Closures Ltd filed Critical Metal Closures Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3868038A publication Critical patent/US3868038A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0435—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with separate sealing elements
    • B65D41/0464—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with separate sealing elements the screw-thread or the like being formed by conforming the cap-skirt to the thread or the like formation on a container neck
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0435—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with separate sealing elements
    • B65D41/045—Discs

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [30] Foreign Application Priority Data A screw-threaded metal closure for holding products, Mar. 15, 1971 Great Britain 6888/71 Such as caYbOnated beverages under W and of the type which is deformed at the top end of its cylin- 52 11.5. c1 215/305, 215/327, 215/341 drical Skirt during application so as to form a seal with 51 Int. Cl B65d 41/04 the Side of the bottle neck is Provided with an upper [58].
  • the present invention relates to closures forcontainers for liquids and in particular containers for carbonated beverages, including beer, and to combinations of closures and containers for such purpose.
  • crown closure For many years it has been general practice to pack beer and other carbonated beverages in bottles which are sealed by means of the so-called crown closure.
  • the crown closure is commonly made of tin-plate and its fluted skirt is engaged under a peripheral rib which extends around the neck of the bottle in close proximity to its mouth.
  • the crown closure suffers from two defects, namely that it requires a special tool to remove it from the bottle and that it cannot be used to reclose the bottle.
  • it is extremely cheap to manufacture and moreover the bottles are commonly reused, so that it has not heretofore been practicable to replace the crown closure with a different type of closure since this has meant simultaneously discarding the users whole inventory of bottles.
  • non-returnable bottles have come into more general use and these have been adopted for some carbonated beverages.
  • nonreturnable bottles When nonreturnable bottles are adopted it is practicable to adopt the most convenient form of closure consistent with economy in price.
  • the most widely employed form of non-returnable bottle system for carbonated beverages has employed a bottle with an externally screwthreaded neck, having a cylindrical sealing surface between the top of the bottle and the start of the thread.
  • a closure in the form of an aluminum shell having a gasket covering the inner surface of the top of the shell and forming a thicker annulus in the angle between the top and the skirt of the shell, the gasket being formed by spinning or moulding a mass of flowed-in material.
  • the diameter of the skirt of the closure shell is sufficiently large to fit over the thread on the bottle neck at the maximum size allowed by the range of tolerances set out in the specification of the neck finish of the bottle.
  • the skirt of this shell is deformed by a threadrolling operation carried out in known way to bring it into engagement with the thread on the bottle neck.
  • the closure shell in the first stage of applying it to the bottle, the closure shell is subjected to vertical pressure to press it down firmly against the top of the bottle.
  • the thickened annulus of the gasket material makes an initial contact with the radiused surface joining the top sealing surface with the cylindrical side sealing surface on the bottle
  • the seal is improved by reducing the diameter of the top end of the skirt so as to squeeze the gasket material between the skirt and the cylindrical sealing surface on the bottle neck, thus increasing the vertical extent of the contact of the gasket material with the glass and also compensating for any ovality of the glass.
  • This reduction of diameter is effected by a cylindrical throat which engages the periphery of the top of the shell and reforms it together with the upper end of the closure skirt.
  • This reduction in diameter is however confined to a very short length of the upper end of the skirt and does not extend down as far as the row of inwardly pressed knurling provided for the gripping of the closure shell.
  • closure shell must be made from the smallest possible disc and for this purpose the overall length of the skirt must be made as small as possible consistent with satisfying the conditions set forth above.
  • any knurling as is essential for grasping the closure, must be contained in the area of the skirt above the thread.
  • a second band of knurling is formed on an outwardly curled bead at the bottom margin of the skirt. This leaves the entire length of the' skirt between the upper band of knurling and the bead free for application of thread.
  • the upper band of knurling is formed by rolling the wall of the shell with a knurling roller from inside so that the ridges of the knurling project outwardly and do not decrease the thickness of the layer of the gasket material deposited in the shell. in this way the diameter around the knurl of the upper band is nearly approximated with the knurled bead at the bottom of the skirt.
  • a closure blank for application to a screw threaded bottle by a thread rolling operation comprises a cup-shaped metal shell having a top and a skirt, a layer of gasket material covering the inner surface of the top and bonded thereto, said layer forming a thickened annulus in the angle between the top and the skirt, a band of outwardly pressed or embossed knurling being formed at the top end of the skirt, the skirt having an outwardly curled bead at its bottom margin, said bead also being knurled.
  • the thread rolled into the skirt of the shell must be sufficiently strong to hold the closure onto the bottle. If the thread is not sufficient, the closure may be blown off the bottle by the internal pressure before leakage between the gasket and the bottle takes place. It has now been found that by decreasing the thread pitch a closure with a very short skirt may be secured to the bottle to withstand the force exerted by a pressure of 12 atmospheres.
  • the closure was of the 26 mm type; that is to say the closure had a diameter of 26 mms approximately.
  • the vertical distance of the sealing surface from the start of thread to the top of the bottle was set at 0.075 inch 0.090 inch (1.91 2.28 mms), whilst the vertical extent of the thread on the bottle neck was set at 0.3 inches (7.62 mms), the thread being of conventional size and shape, except that the pitch was 8 threads to the inch (corresponding to a thread helix angle of 223).
  • the blank of the closure for this bottle was produced from aluminium container sheet of a thickness of 0.0085 inch (0.21 mm) and had an initial diameter of 1.710 inches (43.43 mms).
  • FIG. 1 shows the above exemplified closure blank, partly in section
  • FIG. 2 is a part section of the closure blank of FIG. 1 after application to a bottle, shown in conjunction with a tool by which it is reformed on a bottle.
  • the closure blank illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises a top 1, a skirt 2 and an outwardly curled bead 3, which is knurled.
  • a layer of gasket material 4 covers the top 1 and forms a thickened annulus 5 on the inside of the radiused corner 6 between the top 1 and the skirt 2.
  • the weight of gasket material is approximately 350 mgms and it may be formed into the desired shape from deposited, viscous material by spinning and subsequent curing or by moulding in situ.
  • the height of the shell from the top 1 to the bottom of the bead 3 approximates to the distance from the top surface of the bottle to the bottom of its thread.
  • a very narrow outwardly pressed band of knurling 7 having a vertical extent of 0.08 inch (2 mms) is arranged immediately below the radiused corner 6 and a shallow depression 8 lies at the bottom margin of the knurling 7.
  • the top margin of the knurling 7 is at a distance of only 0.04 inch (1 mm) below the top 1, this distance being virtually the same as the radius of the corner 6 between the top 1 and skirt 2.
  • the closure is applied to the bottle by means of the tool set illustrated in FIG. 2, which is of the same type as illustrated in our British Pat. No. 975,739.
  • the radiused corner portion 6 is reformed by the tool to a reduced diameter portion 6' and its external diameter is reduced to 0.975 inch (23.8 mms) from an initial value of 1.017 inches (25.8 mms).
  • This has the effect of flowing the gasket material of the annulus 5 in the cylindrical space between the reformed radiused portion 6 and the corresponding cylindrical sealing surface 11 on the bottle, the diameter of which is 0.916 t 0.010 inch (23.25 i 0.25 mms).
  • the plain portion of the skirt 2 below depression 8 is brought into engagement with the bottle thread 12 by a rolling operation in conventional manner.
  • the overall height of the closure on the bottle is only about 0.4 inch, it is found that it will retain a pressure of about -12 atmospheres.
  • the upper and lower knurling at 7 and 3 allow the closure to be adequately grasped for unscrewing and to permit it to be unscrewed by a human hand of normal strength, providing that steps are taken during the bottle-filling process to maintain adequate cleanliness of the bottle threads.
  • the reforming of the rounded corner portion 6 is effected in two consecutive movements.
  • the pressure block 19 descends onto the top of the closure and presses it firmly down against the mouth of the bottle so as to cause substantial deformation of the resilient gasket and in the second stage a throat member 21 descends to engage the peripheral portion of the top 1 by means of the rounded shoulder 22, which reforms the rounded corner portion 6 into the reduced diameter portion 6', which has an external diameter determined by the internal diameter of the throat member 21.
  • thread is rolled in the skirt by conventional thread rollers (not shown) operating in the conventional manner.
  • said shell being formed with an upper band of outwardly pressed knurling at the upper margin of the skirt adjacent said radiused corner radially outwardly of and overlapping at least in part said annular seal and a lower band of knurling in said bead, said outwardly pressed knurling having outwardly extending ribs and the metal therebetween having a diameter approximating that of the lower portion of said skirt the positioning of said annular seal radially inwardly of said outwardly pressed knurling and the
  • a closure blank according to claim 1 further characterised in that the upper band of knurling extends up to the radiused corner joining the top to the skirt.
  • a closure blank according to claim 1 further characterised in that the vertical extent of the upper band of knurling is about 2 mms.
  • closure cap comprising a single piece metal shell having a top and a skirt joined at a radiused corner with an outwardly turned bead at its lower margin; and a layer of gasket material bonded to the inner surface of said shell at least extending around said radiused corner and on the adjoining cylindrical skirt, the invention comprising the closure skirt having a reduced diameter portion lying outwardly of said cylindrical sealing surface radially compressing said gasket material against said sealing surface to form an annular seal, a threaded portion lying immediately above said bead and a narrow upper band of outwardly pressed knurling lying radially outwardly of and overlapping at least in part said annular seal of gasket material between said threaded portion and said reduced diameter portion, the positioning of said annular seal radially inwardly of said outwardly pressed knurling and the k

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
US234084A 1971-03-15 1972-03-13 Closures for containers Expired - Lifetime US3868038A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB688871A GB1379573A (en) 1971-03-15 1971-03-15 Closures for containers

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3868038A true US3868038A (en) 1975-02-25

Family

ID=9822643

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US234084A Expired - Lifetime US3868038A (en) 1971-03-15 1972-03-13 Closures for containers

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US3868038A (xx)
JP (1) JPS5416775Y2 (xx)
AT (1) AT317018B (xx)
AU (1) AU460164B2 (xx)
BE (1) BE780691A (xx)
CA (1) CA996889A (xx)
FI (1) FI55477C (xx)
FR (1) FR2130290B1 (xx)
GB (1) GB1379573A (xx)
IE (1) IE36153B1 (xx)
IL (1) IL38981A (xx)
IT (1) IT953505B (xx)
NL (1) NL167384C (xx)
SE (1) SE379324B (xx)
ZA (1) ZA721695B (xx)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4036388A (en) * 1974-05-28 1977-07-19 W. R. Grace & Co. Sealing gaskets for container closures
US4585135A (en) * 1982-03-10 1986-04-29 W. R. Grace & Co. Screw closure
US4658976A (en) * 1983-04-15 1987-04-21 Aluminum Company Of America Lined plastic closure
US4782969A (en) * 1987-04-30 1988-11-08 Product Investment Incorporated Twist-off bottle cap
US5263600A (en) * 1992-09-17 1993-11-23 Product Investment, Inc. Tamper-evident twist-off closure
US5862928A (en) * 1994-10-11 1999-01-26 Safety Cap System Ag Closure for a bottle or the like
US6006933A (en) * 1998-04-23 1999-12-28 Product Investment, Inc. Twist-off closure
US20020125204A1 (en) * 2001-03-06 2002-09-12 Ramsey Christopher Paul Closure
US20050284837A1 (en) * 2004-06-18 2005-12-29 James Taber Composite closure with barrier end panel
US20070187352A1 (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-08-16 Stephen Kras Retortable package with plastic closure cap
US20080296309A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2008-12-04 Valois Sas Cover Member, Method of Producing One Such Member and Dispenser Comprising One Such Member
US20090178995A1 (en) * 2008-01-15 2009-07-16 Rexam Beverage Can Company Outsert for a metal container
US20090224005A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2009-09-10 Valois Sas Cover member, method of producing one such member and a fluid product dispenser using one such member
US20090261101A1 (en) * 2008-04-21 2009-10-22 Rexam Beverage Can Company Ventable resealing can end closure
US20090277862A1 (en) * 2006-04-17 2009-11-12 Daiwa Can Company Can container with screw
US20100096356A1 (en) * 2008-10-21 2010-04-22 Rexam Beverage Can Company Cap for a lug-type closure
US20100213159A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2010-08-26 Valois Sas Cover member, method of producing one such member and fluid product dispenser using one such member
US20100282707A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2010-11-11 Alcan Packaging Capsules Stopper capsule with multilayer joint
US20130146594A1 (en) * 2010-09-29 2013-06-13 Shigeru Hirano Three-piece resealable can for acidic liquid
US8496131B2 (en) 2008-10-21 2013-07-30 Rexam Beverage Can Company Cap for a lug-type closure
US20170081087A1 (en) * 2014-03-27 2017-03-23 Heinz HILLMANN Crown cap closure and closure method
US20200317410A1 (en) * 2019-04-03 2020-10-08 Pelliconi & C. S.P.A. Cap for containers, plant, method and forming device for making said cap
US11242176B2 (en) * 2016-02-23 2022-02-08 Sacmi Cooperativa Meccanici Imola Societa' Cooperativa Closure element for a container

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1588105A (en) * 1978-05-31 1981-04-15 Metal Closures Ltd Method and apparatus for applying closures to containers
GB2124596A (en) * 1982-07-23 1984-02-22 Eidels Dubovoy Samuel Resealable easy-opening container
DE59706305D1 (de) * 1997-02-07 2002-03-21 Oberburg Engineering Ag Oberbu Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Verschlusskapsel
PT3099591T (pt) * 2014-01-30 2023-04-03 Americo Coelho Relvas Sucessores S A Tampa metálica de rosca para garrafa

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1513135A (en) * 1923-01-11 1924-10-28 James Sterling B Smith Catchup cap
US1524487A (en) * 1922-12-30 1925-01-27 Empire Metal Capco Inc Receptacle closure
US2063615A (en) * 1934-08-28 1936-12-08 Empire Metal Cap Co Inc Receptacle and closure therefor
US2443086A (en) * 1945-05-03 1948-06-08 Wilfred J Turenne Container and closure and dispensing means therefor
US3219004A (en) * 1962-04-27 1965-11-23 Metal Closures Ltd Closures

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB814437A (en) * 1956-06-01 1959-06-03 Hermann Ritzenhuff Sealing cap for bottles, jars, canisters and similar containers
FR1354675A (fr) * 1963-04-26 1964-03-06 Metal Closures Ltd Procédé de bouchage de récipients à goulot fileté extérieurement et capsules utilisées pour l'obtention d'un bouchage sous vide ou résistant à de fortes pressions

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1524487A (en) * 1922-12-30 1925-01-27 Empire Metal Capco Inc Receptacle closure
US1513135A (en) * 1923-01-11 1924-10-28 James Sterling B Smith Catchup cap
US2063615A (en) * 1934-08-28 1936-12-08 Empire Metal Cap Co Inc Receptacle and closure therefor
US2443086A (en) * 1945-05-03 1948-06-08 Wilfred J Turenne Container and closure and dispensing means therefor
US3219004A (en) * 1962-04-27 1965-11-23 Metal Closures Ltd Closures

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4036388A (en) * 1974-05-28 1977-07-19 W. R. Grace & Co. Sealing gaskets for container closures
US4585135A (en) * 1982-03-10 1986-04-29 W. R. Grace & Co. Screw closure
US4658976A (en) * 1983-04-15 1987-04-21 Aluminum Company Of America Lined plastic closure
US4782969A (en) * 1987-04-30 1988-11-08 Product Investment Incorporated Twist-off bottle cap
US5263600A (en) * 1992-09-17 1993-11-23 Product Investment, Inc. Tamper-evident twist-off closure
USRE36334E (en) * 1992-09-17 1999-10-12 Product Investment, Inc. Tamper-evident twist-off closure
US5862928A (en) * 1994-10-11 1999-01-26 Safety Cap System Ag Closure for a bottle or the like
US6006933A (en) * 1998-04-23 1999-12-28 Product Investment, Inc. Twist-off closure
US20020125204A1 (en) * 2001-03-06 2002-09-12 Ramsey Christopher Paul Closure
US20040074863A1 (en) * 2001-03-06 2004-04-22 Ramsey Christopher Paul Crown closure with curled lower edge
US20050284837A1 (en) * 2004-06-18 2005-12-29 James Taber Composite closure with barrier end panel
US8844770B2 (en) 2005-10-04 2014-09-30 Aptar France Sas Cover member, method of producing one such member and a fluid product dispenser using one such member
US20080296309A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2008-12-04 Valois Sas Cover Member, Method of Producing One Such Member and Dispenser Comprising One Such Member
US8668097B2 (en) * 2005-10-04 2014-03-11 Aptar France Sas Cover member for mounting on a fastener ring for a dispenser, method of producing one such member and fluid product dispenser using one such member
US20090224005A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2009-09-10 Valois Sas Cover member, method of producing one such member and a fluid product dispenser using one such member
US20100213159A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2010-08-26 Valois Sas Cover member, method of producing one such member and fluid product dispenser using one such member
US8596477B2 (en) 2005-12-28 2013-12-03 Silgan White Cap LLC Retortable package with plastic closure cap
US20070187352A1 (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-08-16 Stephen Kras Retortable package with plastic closure cap
US20090277862A1 (en) * 2006-04-17 2009-11-12 Daiwa Can Company Can container with screw
US20100282707A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2010-11-11 Alcan Packaging Capsules Stopper capsule with multilayer joint
US9957076B2 (en) 2008-01-15 2018-05-01 Rexam Beverage Can Company Outsert for a metal container
US20090178995A1 (en) * 2008-01-15 2009-07-16 Rexam Beverage Can Company Outsert for a metal container
US8336728B2 (en) 2008-04-21 2012-12-25 Rexam Beverage Can Company Ventable resealing can end closure
US20090261101A1 (en) * 2008-04-21 2009-10-22 Rexam Beverage Can Company Ventable resealing can end closure
US20100096356A1 (en) * 2008-10-21 2010-04-22 Rexam Beverage Can Company Cap for a lug-type closure
US8496131B2 (en) 2008-10-21 2013-07-30 Rexam Beverage Can Company Cap for a lug-type closure
US8333294B2 (en) * 2008-10-21 2012-12-18 Rexam Beverage Can Company Cap for a lug-type closure
US9061787B2 (en) * 2010-09-29 2015-06-23 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Three-piece resealable can for acidic liquid
US20130146594A1 (en) * 2010-09-29 2013-06-13 Shigeru Hirano Three-piece resealable can for acidic liquid
US20170081087A1 (en) * 2014-03-27 2017-03-23 Heinz HILLMANN Crown cap closure and closure method
US10343822B2 (en) * 2014-03-27 2019-07-09 Khs Gmbh Crown cap closure and closure method
US11242176B2 (en) * 2016-02-23 2022-02-08 Sacmi Cooperativa Meccanici Imola Societa' Cooperativa Closure element for a container
US20200317410A1 (en) * 2019-04-03 2020-10-08 Pelliconi & C. S.P.A. Cap for containers, plant, method and forming device for making said cap
US11866238B2 (en) * 2019-04-03 2024-01-09 Pelliconi & C. S.P.A. Cap for containers, plant, method and forming device for making said cap

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA721695B (en) 1973-10-31
IL38981A (en) 1974-07-31
NL167384B (nl) 1981-07-16
JPS4722054U (xx) 1972-11-11
FI55477B (fi) 1979-04-30
AU460164B2 (en) 1975-04-01
AU3997972A (en) 1973-09-20
NL7203336A (xx) 1972-09-19
BE780691A (fr) 1972-09-15
IT953505B (it) 1973-08-10
NL167384C (nl) 1981-12-16
FR2130290B1 (xx) 1977-12-23
JPS5416775Y2 (xx) 1979-06-30
DE2212167B2 (de) 1976-10-07
IE36153B1 (en) 1976-09-01
GB1379573A (en) 1975-01-02
FR2130290A1 (xx) 1972-11-03
SE379324B (xx) 1975-10-06
CA996889A (en) 1976-09-14
AT317018B (de) 1974-08-12
IE36153L (en) 1972-09-15
DE2212167A1 (de) 1972-09-28
FI55477C (fi) 1979-08-10
IL38981A0 (en) 1972-05-30

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