US3826078A

US3826078A - Combustion process with selective heating of combustion and quench air

Info

Publication number: US3826078A
Application number: US00238318A
Authority: US
Inventors: H Quigg
Original assignee: Phillips Petroleum Co
Current assignee: Phillips Petroleum Co
Priority date: 1971-12-15
Filing date: 1972-03-27
Publication date: 1974-07-30
Anticipated expiration: 1991-07-30
Also published as: DE2261591A1; ES409276A1; AU4997972A; CA964870A; JPS5025088B2; SE390444B; FR2167065A5; IT971769B; JPS4865315A; GB1409788A

Abstract

A new combustion process wherein combustion efficiency is retained while reducing inlet air temperature to the combustor so as to obtain reduced nitrogen oxides emissions. A new combustor, and a new combination of combustion apparatus and heat utilization apparatus are also provided.

Description

United States Patent 1191 Q g 1 1 July 30, 1974 [54] COMBUSTION PROCESS WITH SELECTIVE 3,705,492 12/1972 Vickers 60/3951 R HEATING OF COMBUSTION AND UENCH AIR Q FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS Inventor: Harold Quigg, art1esvi11 586,602 3/1947 Great Bmain 60/39.5l [73] Assignee: Phillips Petroleum Company, OTHER PUBLICATIONS Bartlesvlne Okla' Engineering Knowhow in Engine Design part 19, Sae Flled! 1972 Publication SP 365 PIS-010922, pg. 7. [21] Appl. N0.: 238,318 Related Application a I Primary Examiner-Carlton R. Croyle [63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 208,245, Dec. 15, Assistant Exqmmer warren Olsen 1971, abandoned. v i 52 us. (:1 60/39.02, 60/3906, 60/3951, [571 ABSTRACT 51 t Cl 6 3 A new combustion process wherein combustion effld O6 g 51 cienc-y is retained while reducing inlet air temperature 1 o arc 2 to the combustor so as to obtain reduced nitrogen oxides emissions. A new combustor, and a new combination of combustion apparatus and heat utilization ap- [56] References and paratus are also provided. I UNITED STATES PATENTS 1 3,608,309 9/1971 Hill et al..; 60/3965 22 Claims, 12 Drawing Figures (EXHAUST 27 24 HEAT EXCHAN CC ZONE SIZ I I COMBUSTOR AIR'\ 10- FUEL-| 16 I L I8 I A A fTUR-BINE LOAD COMPRESSOR -25 PATENTEDJULSOIHH SHEEI t 0F 4 JmDu COMBUSTION PROCESS WITH SELECTIVE HEATING O COMBUSTION AND UEN I A R This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 208,245, filed Dec. 15, 1971, now abandoned.

This invention relates to improved combustion processes, improved combustors which can be employed in said processes, and an improved combination of combustion apparatus and heat utilization apparatus.

Air pollution has become a major problem in the i United States and other highly industrialized countries of the world. Consequently, the control and/or reduction of said pollution has become the object of major research and development effort by both governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Combustion of fossil fuel is a primary source of said pollution. it has been alleged, and there is supporting evidence, that the automobiles employing conventional piston-type engines burning hydrocarbon fuels are a major contributor to said pollution. Vehicle emission standards have been set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency which are sufficiently restrictive to cause automobile manufacturers to consider employing alternate engines instead of the conventional piston engine.

The gas turbine engine is being given serious consideration as an alternate engine. However, insofar as is presently known, there is no published information disclosing realistic and/or practical combustion processes or combustors which can be operated at conditions typical of those existing in high performance engines, and which will have emission levels meeting or reasonably approaching the standard set by said United States Environmental Protection Agency. This is particularly true with respect to nitrogen oxides emissions. Thus, there is a need for a combustion process, and a combustor of practical and/or realistic design, which can be operated in a manner such that the emissions therefrom will meet said standards. Even a process and/or a combustor giving reduced emissions approaching said standards would be a great advance in the art. Such a process or combustor would have great potential value because it is possible the presently very restrictive standards may be reduced.

In the operation of combustion processes, conservation of the thermal energy produced is essential for efficiency. For example, in current gas turbine engines being proposed for automotive service, the turbine exhaust gases are heat exchanged with the inlet air to the primary combustion zone of the combustor so as to recover heat from said exhaust gases and improve overall efficiency. However, these engines will not meet the emission standards set by said Environmental Protection Agency.

The present invention solves the above-described problems by heatexchanging the turbine exhaust gases with another air stream to the combustor, e.g., the dilution or quench air, instead of the primary inlet air. The method of the invention thus provides for reducing the temperature of the primary inlet air to the combustor. This reduces the temperature in the combustor which results in reduced nitrogen oxides emissions. Thus, the overall advantageous result of the invention includes (1) reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from the combustor while (2) maintaining thermal efficiency by returning the recovered heat to the process at a point where it has no effect on nitrogen oxides production. The invention also provides novel combustors, and a novel combination of combustion apparatus and heat utilization apparatus.

Thus, according to the invention there is provided in a method wherein a stream of air and a stream of fuel are passed to a combustion zone, at least partially mixed to form a combustible mixture which is burned to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy, and said hot combustion gases are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, the improvement comprising: dividing said stream of air into a first stream of air and a second stream of air; passing at least a portion of said first stream of air to said combustion zone; passing said second stre/am of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air and thereby utilize an additional portion of said energy; and passing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into a quench region of said combustion zone.

Further according to the invention, there is provided an apparatus for producing and utilizing heat energy,

comprising, in combination: an'air supply conduit; a

combustion means for burning a fuel to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy; a fuel inlet means for introducing a fuel into said combustion means; a primary air conduit means connected to said air supply conduit and said combustion means for introducing a stream of air comprising primary air into said combustion means; a heat exchange means; a quench air conduit means connected to said air supply conduit, said heat exchange means, and said combustion means for delivering a stream of air comprising quench air from said air supply conduit, through said heat exchange means, and into said combustion means; a heat energy utilization means for utilizing a portion of said heat energy; an effluent conduit means for passing said hot combustion gases from said combustion means to said heat energy utilization means; and an exhaust conduit means connecting said heat energy utilization means and said heat exchange means for passing said hot combustion gases from said heat utilization means and into heat exchange relationship with said stream of quench air to heat said quench air and thereby utilize an additional portion of said heat en- Still further according to the invention, there is provided a combustor comprising, in combination: an outer tubular casing; a flame tube disposed concentrically within said casing and spaced apart therefrom to form a first annular chamber between said flame tube and said casing; an air inlet means for introducing a stream .of air comprising primary air into the upstream end portion of said flame tube; a fuel inlet means for introducing fuel into the upstream end portion of said flame tube; an imperforate sleeve surrounding an upstream portion of said flame tube and spaced apart therefrom to longitudinally enclose an upstream portion of said first annular chamber and define a second annular chamber between said sleeve and said outer casing; a wall member closing the downstream end of said secondannular chamber; a baffle member closing the upstream end of said enclosed portion of said first annular chamber; at least one opening provided in the wall of said flame tube at a first station located intermediate the upstream and downstream ends thereof; a first conduit means extending from said second annular chamber into communication with said opening located at said first station for admitting a second stream of air from said second annular chamber into the interior of said flame tube; at least one other opening prolocated downstream from said first station for admitting a third stream of air from said first annular chamber into the interior of said flame tube; and a second conduit means extending through said outer casing, said second annular chamber, said sleeve, and into communication with said enclosed portion of said first annular chamber for admitting a stream of air thereto.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic flow sheet illustrating methods of producing and utilizing heat energy in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of methods and apparatus in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 3 is a view in cross section of a combustor in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 4, 5, 6, and 7 are views in cross section taken along the lines 4-4, 5-5, 6-6, and 77, respectively, of FIG. 3.

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary perspective view of a combustor flame tube illustrating another type of fin or extended surface which can be employed thereon.

FIG. 9 is a partial view in cross section of another combustor in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 10 is a front elevation view taken along the lines 10-10 of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a cross section view in elevation of the swirl plate of the dome or closure member in the combustor of FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view, partially in cross section of another combustor in accordance with the invention.

Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are employed to denote like elements, the invention will be more fully explained. In FIG. 1 a stream of air from an air supply conduit 10 is divided into a first stream of air in conduit 12 and a second stream of air in conduit 14. In one embodiment, at least a portion of said first stream of air 12 is passed into combustion zone 16. A stream of fuel is introduced into said combustion zone via conduit 18. Said combustion zone can comprise any suitable type of combustion zone for burning a mixture of fuel and air to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy. For example, said combustion zone can be a combustor in a gas turbine engine, a combustor in an aircraft jet engine, a combustor or other furnace employed in a boiler for generating steam, or other types of stationary power plant, etc.

Said fuel and said first stream of air are at least partially mixed to form a combustible mixture which is burned to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy. Said hot combustion gases are passed via conduit to heat energy utilization zone 22 so as to utilize a portion of the heat energy in said gases. Said heat energy utilization zone can comprise any suitable method and/or means for utilizing or putting to use the heat energy contained in said hot combustion gases. For example, a turbine in a gas turbine engine wherein heat energy is converted to mechanical energy, or the heat exchange tubes in a boiler where water is connected to steam, etc.

Said second stream of air in conduit 14 is passed through heat exchange zone 24 in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream in conduit 26 from heat energy utilization zone 22 so as to heat said air and thereby utilize an additional portion of said heat energy. Said heat exchange zone can comprise any suitable method and/or means for effecting heat exchange between two separate streams of fluids, e.g., indirect heat exchange. The heated second stream of air is passed from said heat exchange zone via conduit 15 and returned to said combustion zone 16, preferably at a downstream location therein, to serve as a diluent or quench medium to lower the temperature of the effluent gases in conduit 20 before they are passed to the heat energy utilization zone 22.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, said combustion zone 16 can comprise a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench or dilution region located downstream from said secondary combustion region. In this and other embodiments, said first stream of air in conduit 12 is further divided into a stream comprising primary air and another stream comprising secondary air. Said primary air is introduced into said primary combustion region and said secondary air is introduced into said secondary region via conduit 30. At least a portion of said heated second stream of air is introduced into said quench or dilution region via conduit 15, as before.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, a portion of said heated second stream of air in conduit 15 can be passed via conduit 31 into conduit 30 for mixing with and increasing the temperature of the secondary air therein. The valves in said

conduits

30 and 31 can be employed to regulate the relative proportions of the two streams of air.

FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the invention wherein the effluent gases from combustor 16 are passed via conduit 20 to a turbine 25. In turbine 25 a portion of the heat energy in said gases is converted to mechanical energy to drive shaft 28 which can be connected to any suitable load. Exhaust gases from turbine 25 are passed via conduit 26 to heat exchanger 24 and exhausted therefrom via conduit 27.

In FIG. 3 there is illustrated a combustor in accordance with the invention, denoted generally by the reference numeral 40, which comprises an elongated flame tube 42. Said flame tube 42 is open at its downstream end, as shown, for communication with a conduit leading to a turbine or other utilization of the combustion gases. A closure or dome member, designated generally by the reference numeral 44, is provided for closing the upstream end of said flame tube, except for the openings in said dome member. An outer housing or casing 46 is disposed concentrically around said flame tube 42 and spaced apart therefrom to form a first annular chamber 48 around said flame tube and said dome or closure member 44. Said annular chamber 48 is closed at its downstream end by any suitable means such as that illustrated. Suitable flange members, as illustrated, are provided at the downstream end of said flame tube 42 and outer housing 46 for mounting same and connecting same to a conduit leading to a turbine or other utilization of the combustion gases from the combustor. Similarly,

suitable flange members

50 and 52 are provided at the upstream end of said flame tube 42 and said outer housing 46 for mounting same and connecting same to a suitable conduit means which leads from a compressor or other source of air. As illustrated in the drawing, said upstream flange members comprise a portion of said outer housing or casing 46 which encloses dome member 44 and forms the upstream end portion of said first annular chamber 48. It will be understood that outer housing or casing 46 can be extended, if desired, to enclose dome 44 and said upstream flanges then relocated on the upstream end thereof. While not shown in the drawing, it will be understood" that suitable support members are employed for supporting-said flame tube 42 and said closure member 44 in the outer housing 46 and said flange members. Said supporting members have been omitted so as to simplify the drawing.

An air inlet means is provided for introducing a swirling mass or stream of air into the upstream end portion of flame tube 42. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 6, said air inlet means comprises a generally cylindrical swirl chamber 54 formed in said dome member 44. The downstream end 'of swirl chamber 54 is in open communication with the upstream end of flame tube 42. A; plurality of air conduits 56 extend from said first annular chamber 48, or other suitable source of air, into, swirl chamber 54 tangentially with respect to the inner? wall thereof.

A fuel inlet means is provided for introducing a stream of fuel into the upstream end portion of flame tube 42. As illustrated in FIG. 3, said fuel inlet. means comprises a hollow conduit 58 for introducing a stream of fuel into the upstream end of swirl chamber 54 and;

axially with respect to said swirling stream of air. Any other suitable fuel inlet'means can be employed.

A flared expansion passageway 60 is formed in the downstream end portion of dome or closure member 44. Saidflared passageway flares outwardly from the downstream end of swirl chamber 54 to a point on the inner wall of flame tube 42. 4

An imperforate sleeve 62 surrounds an upstream portion of said flame tube 42. The outer wall of said sleeve; can be insulated, if desired and thus increase its effectiveness'as a heat shield. Said sleeve 62 is spaced apartfrom flame tube 42.so as to longitudinally enclose an upstream portion 48 of said first annular chamber 48 and define a second annular chamber 64 between said sleeve 62 and outer casing 46. An annular wall member 66, secured to the inner periphery of casing 46, is pro-l vided for closing'the downstream end of said second annular chamber 64. An annular baffle member 68, secured to the outer wall of flame tube 42 and the inner wall of sleeve 62, is provided for closing the upstream end of said enclosed portion 48' of first annular space 48. At least one opening is provided in the wall of. flame tube 42 at a first station located intermediate the ends of said flame tube. In most instances, it will be preferred to provide a plurality of openings 70, as illus trated. A generally tubular conduit means 72 extends; from said second annular chamber 64 into communica-- tion with said opening 70 for admitting a second stream of air from said second annular chamber 64 into the in-v terior of flame tube 42. When a plurality of openings, 70 are provided, a plurality of said tubular conduits 72- are also provided, with each individual conduit 72; being individually connected to an individual opening? 70. The above-described structure thus provides an imperforate conduit means comprising second annular chamber 64 andtubularconduius) 72 for admitting a second stream ofair into the interior of flame tube 42. ,r At least one other opening 74 is provided in the wall:

of flame tube 42 at a second station located down-;

stream and spaced apart from said first station for admitting a third stream of air from first annular chamber; 48 into the interior of flame tube 42. In most instances,

' it will be preferred to provide a plurality of

openings

74 and 78 can be arranged in rows which extend around the periphery of the flame tube 42,.andwhich are spaced apart longitudinally on-said flame tube. The fins or tabs 76, in each row thereof, can be spaced apart circumferentially to provide passageways 77 therebetween. See FIG. 4. Similarly, passageways 79 can be provided between the circumferentially spaced apart fins or tabs 42. See FIG. 5. FIG. 8 illustrates another type of fin which can be employed. In FIG. 8 the fins 80 extend longitudinally of flametube 42. Said fins 76,

78, and 80 can extend into enclosed portion 48' any desired distance. j

FIG. 7 illustrates one type of structure, which can be employed to provide tubular conduits 72'. A plurality of boss members 82, spaced apart circumferentially in a rowaround the periphery of flame tube 42, is provided downstream from the last row of fins 78. Said boss members 82 havethe general shape of

fins

76 and 78 and'passageways 83 are provided therebetweemsimilarly as for

passageways

77 and 79 in the rows of fins I 76 and 78. Said imperforate sleeve62 extends over boss members 82, similarly as for

fins

76 and 78, and

said conduits 72 can be formed by cutting through said 'sleeve 62 and said boss members 80 into communication with openings 70 in flame tube 42. Said

passage ways

77, 79 and 83 thus provide communication through enclosed portion 48, around tubular conduits 72, and into the downstream portion of first annular chamber 48.

g a fuel conduit 92 leading from a source of fuel, commuh I v chamber 64, said sleeve 62, and into communication Referring now to FIG. 9, there is illustrated the upstream portion of another combustor in accordance with the invention. The downstream portion of the combustor of FIG. 9 is like the combustor of FIG. 3. A closure member or dome, designated generally by the reference numeral 85, is mounted in the-upstream end of flame tube 42 so as to close the upstream end of said flame tube except for the openings'provided in said closure member. Said closure member can befabricated integrally, i.e., as one element. However, in most instances it will be preferred to fabricate said closure member in a plurality of pieces, e.g., an upstream element86, a swirl plate 87 (see FIG. 11), and a downstream element or radiation shield 88. An air inlet '10, and 11, said air inlet means comprises a plurality of

air conduits

90 and 90' extending through said upstream member 86 and said swirl plate 87, respectively.

A plurality of angularly disposed baffles 91, one for each of said air conduits 90, are formed on the downstream side of said swirl plate adjacent the outlets of said air conduits.

A fuel inlet means is provided for introducing a stream of fuel into the upstream end of flame tube 42. As illustrated in FIG. 9, said fuel inlet means comprises nicating with a passageway 93 formed in upstream elea satifi his in m a ni lqa satesx tlt smbsr s4;'sisamaieaaeieihem's6; A spray nozzle 95 is.

mounted in a suitable opening in the downstream side of said element 86 and is in communication with said chamber 94. Any other suitable type of spray nozzle and fuel inlet means can be employed, including other air assist atomization nozzles. For example, it is within the scope of the invention to employ other nozzle types for atomizing normally liquid fuels such as nozzles wherein a stream of air is passed through the along with the fuel.

FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic illustration of another type of combustor which can be employed in the practice of the inventiQmThis combustor is similar to the combustor illustrated in FIG..3. In the combustor of FIG. 12

the tubular conduits 72' extend transversely throughv In a preferred method of operating the combustor of FIG. 3, a stream of air from a compressor or other source (not shown) is divided into a first stream of air and a second stream of air, said first stream of air'is passed, via a conduit connected to flange 52, into the? upstream end of annular space 48. Said first stream of air is further divided into a stream comprising primary air and a stream comprising secondary air. Said primary air-is passed from annular space 48, through tangential conduits 56, and into swirl chamber 54. Said tangentialconduits impart a helical or swirling motion to the airentering said swirl chamber and exiting therefrom. This swirling motion creates a strong vortex action resulting in a reverse circulation of hot gases within flame tube 42.

A stream of fuel, preferably prevaporized, is admitted, via conduit 58, axially of said swirling stream of air. Controlled mixing of said fuel and said air occurs at the interface therebetween. The fuel and air exit from swirl chamber 54 via expansion passageway 60 wherein they are expanded in a uniform and graduated manner, d ur-.

ing at least a portion of the mixing thereof, from the volume in the region of the initial contact therebetween to the volume of the primary combustion region, i.e., the upstream portion of flame tube 42.

Said secondary air is passed from the upstream end of annular chamber 48 via second annular chamber 64,-,

tubular conduits 72, and openings 70 into a second region of the combustor which is located downstream from said primary combustion region.

The above-mentioned second stream of air, after via openings 74 into a third region of the combustor which is located downstream from said second region. Said second stream of air comprises and-can be referred to as quench or dilution air. Conduit 15 can communicate with enclosed portion 48', 'or the downstream portion of first annular space or chamber 48, at any desired location. However, the upstream end of ennozzle 8 closed portion 48' is a preferredlocatidfbi ause the air'flowing over the finned wall portion of flame tube 42 serves to cool said wall portion and remove heat from the interior of said flame tube, and thus cause the primary combustion region to operate at a lower temperature. This'aids further in reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. I

In one preferred method, the operation of the combustor of FIG. 9 is similar to the above-described operation of the combustor of FIG. 3, and reference is made thereto. The principal difference is in the operation of closure member (FIG. 9) and closure member 44 (FIG. 3). In FIG. 9, primary air is passed through said :openings and 90, strikes said baffles 91, and has a swirlingmotion imparted thereto in chamber 89. A swirling stream of air exits from swirl chamber 89 1 through the opening in radiation shield 88 which surrounds nozzle 95. A stream of liquid fuel is passed through conduit 92, passageway 93, chamber 94, and exits from nozzle in a generally cone-shaped discharge. Said fuel contacts said stream of air, with said air stream assisting the action of nozzle 95 in atomizing said fuel.

The'operation of the combustor illustrated in FIG. 12

,is similar to that described above for the combustors of FIGS. 3 and 9, taking into consideration the type of dome or closure member employed on the upstream ends of the flame tubes. The combustor of FIG. 12 is particularly adapted to be employed in those embodimerits of the invention wherein the stream of secondary air admitted through openings 70 can have a temperature greater than the temperature of the primary air ad mitted through dome orclosure member 44. When tubular conduits 72 are connected to the same source of air as is supplying chamber 48, the temperature of the secondary air can be substantially the same as the primary air. Or, the temperature of the secondary air can be increased to be greater than the temperature of the primary air by means of a connection between said combustors or combustion zones employed in the practice of the invention under any conditions which will give the improved results of the invention. For example, it is within the scope of the invention to operate said combustors or combustion zones at pressures within the range of from "about I to about 40 atmospheres, or higher; at flow velocities withinthe range of from about 1 to about 500 feet per second, or higher; and at heat input rates within the range of from about 30 to about 1,200 Btu per pound of air. Since the invention provides for reducing the temperature of the primary inlet air to the combustor or combustion zone, to values less than those normally employed, so as to reduce'nitrogen oxides emissions, it is preferred that the temperature of the inlet primary air be within the range of from ambient to about 700 F., more preferably from ambient to about 500 F. In a preferred em- However, it is within the scope of the invention for the temperature of the secondary air to be greater, e.g.,

l carbon was measured by the technique described by Lee and Wimmer, SAE Paper 680769. Each pollutant measured is reported in terms of pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel fed to the combustor. The results of flame tube wall or is heated by having a portion of the th r ns wer as follow heated air in conduit 15 mixed therewith via conduit 31, see FIGS. 1 and 2. The temperature of the dilution Test Conditions or quench air can be any suitable temperature depend- Combustor operating variames Idle Power i ing upon materials of construction in the equipment T 900 1100 employed downstream from the combustor, e.g., turg' f f a g 50 HO bme blades, and. how much it is desired to cool the Velocity, Cold Flow, ft./sec. 250 250 combustor effluent. Generally speaking, operating co'n- Heat Rate' 200'. ditions in the combustors employed in the practice of Emissi ns, l s 10001115, Omar the invention will depend upon where the combustor is employed. For example, when the combustor is emggggg'hgf gf z ,3' 8 ployed with a high pressure turbine, higher pressures Hydrocarbons 0.6 0.2

and higher inlet air temperatures will be employed in the combustor. Thus, the invention is not limited to any particular operating conditions.

In another series of runs wherein the combustor was operated (using the same fuel) at a pressure of 450 The relative volumes of the above-described primary; iinches of Hg..abs., a gas velocity of 140 feet per second,

secondary, and quench or dilution air streams will depend upon the other operating conditions. Generally speaking, the combined volume of said primary air and said secondary air will usually be a minor proportion of the total air to the combustor, e.g., less than about 50 volume percent, with" said primary air being in the range of up to about volume percent and said secondary air being in the range of up to about 24 volume percent. The volume of said quench or dilution air will usually be a major portion of the total air to the combustor, e.g., more than about 50 volume percent. The relative volumes of said primary, secondary, and quench air streams can be controlled by varying the sizes of the openings, relative to each other, through which said streams of air are admitted to the flame tube. Any other suitable meansof controlling said air volumes can be employed, e. g., flow meters on each air stream.

The term air is employed generically herein and in the claims, for convenience, to include air and other combustion-supporting gases.

The following examples will serve to further illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE I A series of runs was made in a combustor typical of? prior art combustors. Said combustor basically embodied the princill features of combustors employed in,

modern aircraft turbine engines. The combustor was a; straight-through can-type combustor employing fuel atomization by a single simplex-type nozzle. The combustor liner (flame tube) was fabricated from 2-inch' pipe, with added internal deflector skirts for air film; cooling of surfaces exposed to the flame. Exhaust emis-f sions from this combustor, when operated at comparable conditions for combustion, are in general agree-i ment with measurements presently'available from scv-i eral different gas turbine engines. A commercial Typei A jet fuel was employed in these test runs. Runs were made at operating conditions simulating idle conditions; and at operating conditions simulating maximum; power conditions. Analyses for content of nitrogen oxides (reported as NO), carbon monoxide, and hydro-, carbons (reported as carbon) in-the combustor exhaust! gases were made at each test condition. The method for measuring nitrogen oxides was based on the Saltzman ;;and a variable heat input rate, it was found that when the air inlet temperature was increased over a range from 400 F. to about l,l50 F., the nitrogen oxides emissions increased substantially uniformly from about ,3 to about 23.5 lbs. per 1,000 lbs. of fuel burned.

Based on the above data, it was calculated that a "combustor or combustion zone operated in accordance with the method of the invention, at a primary air inlet temperature of about 300 F., would have nitrogen oxides emissions of about 0.6 pound per 1,000 pounds of fuel at idle conditions, and about 09 pound per 1,000 pounds of fuel at maximum power conditions.

EXAMPLE H Y A series of test runs was carried out employing com bustors A and B. Combustor A was like the combustor illustrated in FIG. 3 except that conduit 15 was omitted and a row of fins 76 replaced baffle 68. Combustor B was like the combustor illustrated in FIG. 9 except that conduit 15 was omitted and a row of fins 76 replaced baffle 68. Additionally, the fins on the flame tube of combustor B were modified by placing l/8 inch bars longitudinally through each row of fins 76 and each row of fins 78. This provided a more linear path h hst slq sdassafi r s details of a t bustors-are set forth in Table 11 below. Said combustors and the design details thereof are here used for illustrative purposes only and the invention is not to be coni strued as limited thereto. Any suitable combustor having any suitable dimensions can be employed in the practice of the invention. In these runs the heat input (fuel flow) was varied, with the air flow remaining fixed, at different combinations of combustor pressure, reference velocity, and inlet air temperature. Combustor A was run using a prevaporized fuel. Combustor B was run using a liquid atomized fuel. Properties of the fuel used in both combustors are setforth in Table 1 below.

The method of operation was the same for bothcombustors. For example, referring to FIG. 3, a stream of air from a compressor was passed into the upstream end of annular space 48 and there divided. A portion of said air was passed as primary air via inlet conduits 56 into the primary combustion region of the combustor. -A second portion of said air was passed as secontechnique, Analytical Chemistry 26, No. 12, 1954, pages l,949-l,955. Carbon monoxide was measured by a conventional chromatographic technique. Hydrothe combustorfi third portion of said air was passed dary air via annular chamber 64 tubular conduits 72, and openings into a secondary combustion region of portion of afiFuEiF'EFafiiBer 4'8; iidbp h'i ggm into PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TEST FUEI. the quench region of the combustor. Like flows were a used in the combustor illustrated in FIG. 9. Using said flows, each of said combustors was operated at the test vummw I M d V A 0 points or conditions set forth in Table III below. Analyrm l d) (Cu n) ses for emissions content in the combustor exhaust smichiomemc Fuel/Air Ratio Mm 0.0676

gases were carried out as in Example I. Emissions data .for said testruns, mean values from duplicate runs at each test condition, are set forth in Tables IV and V be- TA BLE II v COMBUSTOR DESIGN low. v

. Combustor Number Variable A B TABLE I Closure Member 0 875 p t h .6

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TEST FUEL f i f g es Tangent 3 Hole Diameter, inches 0.188 0.250

Philjet A-50 Number of Holes 6 6 Total Hole Area, square inches 0.166 0.295

ASTM Distillation F Total Combustor Hole Area 3.213 S 5.5171

Initial Boiling Point 340 gyfi l f ib eg fgggfi g Fuel Tube Diaineter, inches 0.250

20 vol. evaporated I 371 Fl 1 vol. evaporated 376 1232:55

' VOL evaporated 387 25 Hole Diameter, inches 5/16X1* 5/15X1 evaporated 398 I v Total Number of Holes a s vol. evaporated 409 Total l-Iole Area, square inches 2.500 2.500 vol. evaporated 424 Total Combustor Hole Area 48.393 47.214 vol. evaporated 442 Second-Station vol. evaporated 461 I Hole Diameter, inches 5/16Xl 5/l6Xl" vol. evaporated 474 Total Number of Holes 8 8 End Point I 496 Total Hole Area, square inches 2.500 2.500 Residue, VOL p 03 30 %.Total Combustor Hole Area 48.393 47.214 Loss, vol. 0.0

Gravity, degrees API 46.6 'gl gglgustor Cross-Section Area, square 3.355 3.355

Density, lbs/gal. v 6.615 I Heat of Combustion. net, Btu/lb. 18,670 'l gg Hole Area Square 5'295 I Hydrogen Content. I Cross-Sectional Area 153.933 157.777

Smoke Point. mm 27.2 35 I Sulfur. w 01101 .Combustorlnside Diameter, inches 2.067 2.067

Gum, mg/ ml 1 0. Primary Zone Length, inches 7.375 7.375

Composition, vol. Volume, cubic inches 7 24.748 24.748 Paraffins 52- Combustor Length, inches 18.437 18.437 Cycloparaffins 34.5 Volume, cubic inches 61.867 61.867 Olefins 0.1 v Aromatics 12.6 "Holes are 5/16 inch diameter at ends; slots are 1 inch long.

TABLE III TEST CONDITIONS COMBUSTORS A 8L B Test Condition Primary Inlet Air Combustor Cold Flow Heat Input, Btu/lb. Air Flow plbJsec. Fuel Flow, lb./hr.

Number Tempcraturc, F. Pressure, in Hg. Reference Air I a Vclocity, ft./sec.

1 1100 I10 I 250 75 0.545 '75) 2 do. do. do. do. 11.6 3 do. do. do. do. 15.8 4 do. I dol do. do. 19.4 5 do. do. do. 225 do. 236 6 do. do. do. 260 do. 27.3 7 do. do. do. I 300 do.- 31.5

I s 900 110 250 75 0.625 9.0 9 do. do. do. 110 do. 13.3 10 do. do. do. 150 do. 18.1 11 do. do. do. 185 I do. 22.3 12 do. do. do. 225 do. 27.1 13 do. do. do. 260 do. 31.3 14 do. do. do. 300 do. 36.2

15 700 110 I 250 75 0 733 10.6 16 do do do. 110 o 15.5 17 do do do. 150 do 21.2 18 do do do. 185 do 26.1 19 do do do. 225 do 31.8 20 do do do. 260 do 36.7 2| do do do. 300 do 42.4

22 5011 I10 250 .75 0885 12.8 31 do. do. y do. 110 do. 18.8 24 do. do. do. 150 do. 2.5.6 2 do. do. do. 185 do. 31.6 20 do. do. do. 225 do. 18.4 27 do. I do. do. 260 do, 44.4 28 do. do. do. 300 do. 51.2

TABLE IV 1 The data irithe above Tables rv'imd'v show that do creasing the temperature of the inlet air to the primary SUMMARY OF EMISSION DATA FROM COMBUSTOR A v gcombustion zone decreases the NO, emissions. The

lrimary Zone Emissions, lb./ 1000 lb. fuel l itemperature of the inlet air to the second zone of the 5 Ecombustor (inlet at openings 70) was not measured but 9 Rwdence Y CO (as approximated the temperature of the primary air. Thus, Condition Tlme, msec Ratio, dla. NO) C) the data also show that CO emlssions increase with de- Number creasmg mlet air temperatures to the secondary combustion zone, and decrease with increasing inlet air 1 L85 193 g 10 temperatures to said secondary combustion zone. g 3: g; g: 3' The data from the above runs thus illustrate the ad- 4 4 02 vantages of operating a combustor and heat energy utido. 5.54 2.4 0.2 lization system in accordance with the invention. By 6 3 9 -28 g g; heat exchanging an exhaust gas stream from, the heat 7 h energy utilization zone (such as turbine exhaust gases) 8 7 L34 9 5 51 05 with one or more other air streams to the combustor 9 do. 2.72 4 1 .35 1.2 such as the quench air (and also heating the secondary :3 3 2;; 8 32 8g air if desired), instead of the primary air, a combustor [2 z: A 24 1 canbe operated with a low primaryair inlet tempera- 13 do. 6.40 0 9 17 0.1 ture, a controlled secondary arr inlet temperature 14 i 2 2 which can be the same as or greater than the temperature of the inlet primary air, and a heated quench air 15 76.6 1.85. 5.7 0 0.5 I h h th 16 H0 18 94 0'3 stream w 1c can ave a greater temperature an e1- 17 do. 3.70 1.4 108 0.2 ther said primary air or said secondary air. The method 18 d0. I of the invention thus provides for a low primary inlet :3 g;- 2'23 8'; 2g 8'? air temperature to give low N0, emissions values, a 217 40 j (17 controlled secondary air inlet temperature to give de- 1 s1red CO emissions values, and a heated quench mlet 22 1- 3- 2 -3 air to conserve heatenergy and incr'easethe overall ef- 23 -f1ciency of the system. 24 do. 3.70 1.1 134 0.2 1 25 do, 456 109 In'general, said data also show that vN),,, em1ss1 or1s 26 do. 5.54 0.8 72 decrease with increasing equivalence ratio in the pri- 27 W g: I mary combustion zone (increasing fuelrich mixture), 28 and tend to plateau at low levels with an increase in heat input. Said equivalence ratio s were calculated from the percent Total Combustor Hole Area for the TABLE V air inlet conduits to theprimary combustion zone. The data set forth in the above Tables IV and V show SUMMARY O EMISSION DATA FROM COMBUSTQR B 5 ,that combustors can -be operated in accordance with 40 @the invention to give low N0 low CO, and low HC emissions when using either a prevaporized fuel or an Test Residence Equivalence NOAaS CO 1 atomized liquid fuel. Said data also show that the vari- Primary Zone Emissions, lb./ 1000 lb. fuel 33,122? No) C) ous. operating variables or parameters are interrelated. Thus, a change in one variable or parameter may make 2 4 it desirable to adjust one or more of the other operating 1 44.2 1.07 18.8 0 0.5 1 2 do. 1.57 32 03 vanables or parameters in order to obtain deslrable re- 3 do. 2.14 5.7 14 0 4 gsults with respect to all three pollutants NO CO, and g:- g-g g g'i 'HC (hydrocarbons). 6 1 2 In one presently preferred method of the invention, 7 1 the primary combustion zone is preferably operated 1 8 443 L06 9.4 4 Q5 @fuel-rich with respect to the primary air admitted 9 do. -5 77 0.3 thereto. Thus, the equivalence ratio in the primary 10 do. 2.14 1.4 53 0.1- U 163 L4 22 0.3 combustion zone is preferably greater than stoichio- 12 do. 3.20 1.5 7 0.2 metric.- In this method of operation, the second zone L .38 2g? 8-? 55 (secondary combustion zone) of the combustor is pref- .erably operated fuel-lean with respect to any unburned i2 1 F 8-; fuel and air entering said second zone from said pri- 17 3: 122 mary zone, and any additional air admitted to said sec- 18 do. 2.63 1.1 76 0.2. end zone. Thus, the equivalence ratio in said second g3 38: 3:28 f3 81% zone preferably is less than stoichiometric. This 21 do. 4.26 1.2 4 0.0 method of operation is preferred when it is desired to 22 442 L07 3'1 10 L4 obtain both low NO, and low CO emissions from a 23 57 14 ()5 combustor. In general, it is preferred that the transition v24 g 8-; from the fuel-rich condition in the primary combustion g2 2: 33 5: zone to the fuel-lean condition in the secondary zone 27 do 3.70 1.0 50 0.6 be sharp or rapid, e.g., be effected as quickly as possi- .@EWEQQFBLQQPFBQWF? t thasscond 993.9!

15 Combustion zone be operatedfue l-rich as described, it is within the scope of the invention to operate the'primary combustion zone fuel-lean. Thus, it is withinthe scope of the invention to operate the primary combustion zone with any equivalence ratio which will give the improved results of the invention. v

For example, in the practice of the invention as carried out in low compression ratio combustors, e.g., compression ratios up to about 5, the equivalence ratio in the primary combustion zone can have any value such that the NO, emissions value in the exhaust gases from the combustor is not greater than about 5 pounds, preferably not greater than about 3.5 pounds, per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustor. Preferably, said equivalence ratio will be at least 1.5, more preferably at least 3.5, depending upon the other operating variables or parameters, e.g., temperature of the inlet air to theprimary combustionzone.

It will be understood that said N 0, emission values referred to in the preceding paragraph can be greater than the values there given when operating high performance combustors. For example, combustors such as the intermediate compression ratio combustors having a compression ratio of about 5 to atmospheres and the high compression ratio combustors having a compression ratio of about 15 to about 40 atmospheres usedv in jet aircraft and other high performance engines. The NO, emissions from such high performance or high compression ratio combustors will naturally be higher than the NO, emissions from low compression ratio combustors. Thus, greatly improved results in reducing N0, emissions from a high performance com bustor can be obtained without necessarily reducingsaid NO 'emissions to the same levels as would be obtained from a low performance combustor.

As used herein and in the claims, unless otherwisespecified, the term equivalence ratio for a particular zone is defined as the ratio of the fuel flow (fuel avail-5 able) to the fuel requiredfor stoichiometric combus-j tion with the air available. Stated another way, said; equivalence ratio is the ratio of the actual fuel-air mixture to the stoichiometric fuel-air mixture. For exam-' vention is not limited'to any particular range or value.

for said inlet air temperature. It is within the scope ofl the invention to use any primary air inlet temperature; which will give the improved results of the invention, for example, from ambient or atmospheric temperatures or lower to about l,500 F. or higher. l-low'ever, considering presently available practical materials of construction, about l,200 F. to about l,500 F. is a practical upper limit for said primary air inlet temperature in most instances. Considering other practical aspects such as not having to cool the compressor dis-? charge stream, about 200 to 400 F. is a practical lower limit for said primary air inlet temperature in' many instances. However, it is emphasized that primary air inlet temperatures lower than 200F. can be used, e.g., in low compression ratio combustors.

The data in the above examples also show that the .said inlet primary air.

the combustor is'zsanaary'ad'rhtu's'iibfi a irYcan be 7 an 7 important operating variable or parameter, particularly when the lower primary air inlet temperatures are used, and it is desired to obtain low CO emission values as well as low NO, emission values. Said data show that both low NO, emission values and low CO emission values can be obtained when the temperature of the inlet air to both the primary combustion zone and the second zone of the combustor are at least about 900 F. As the temperature of the inlet air to said zones decreases, increasingly improved (lower) values for NO, emissions are obtained,but it becomes more difficult to obtain desirably low CO emission values. It is preferred that the temperature of the inlet air to the primary .combustion zone not be greater than about 700 F.

Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, it is preferred that the temperature of the secondary air admitted to the second zone of the combustor be greater than the temperature of the'primary air admitted to the primary combustion zone. For example, depending combustion zone, it is preferred that the temperature of the inlet secondary air be in the range of from about to about 500 F. greater than the temperature of As a guide to those construed as necessarily limiting on the invention, the' presently preferred operating ranges for other variables or parameters arerheat input, from 30m 500 Btu per lb. of total air to the combustor; combustor pressure, from 3 to 10 atmospheres; and reference air velocity, from 50 to 250 feet per second. v Reference has been made herein to vehicle emission standards which have been set by the United States En-- vironmental Protective Agency for 19751976. These standards or goals have been related to gas turbine engine combustors, by assuming 10.0 miles per gallon fuel economy and 6.352 pounds per gallon JP-4 fuel, as follows:-

Emission Level Criteria EPA Vehicle Gas Turbine Engine Particulates The data set forth in the above examples show that' the invention can be practiced to give pollutant emission levels meeting tha above standards or goals. Ho'wlever, the invention is not limited to meeting said stan-, dards or goals. Many persons skilled in the art consider esaid standards or goals to be unduly restrictive. It is {possible that said standards or goals may be relaxed. Thus, a combustor, and/or. a method of operating acombustor, to obtain reduced levels of pollutant emissions approaching said standards or goals has greatpo .tential value. While it is not to be considered as limiting upon the temperature of the inlet air to the primary Skaters." Haiti "Barnard a :on the invention, it is believed that practical maximumsfor low compression ratio gas turbine engine goals.

I would be in the order of, in lbs. per 1,000 lbs. of fuel} to values ofnot more t han about 2 5,pr'eferably not more than about 1.8, pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned at idle conditions; and not more than about 5, preferably not more than about 3.5, pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned at maximum power conditions, the invention is not limited to said values.

Thus, while certain embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative purposes, the invention is not limited thereto. Various other modifica tions or embodiments of the invention'will be apparent: to those skilled in the art in view of this disclosure, Such modifications or embodiments are within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

1 claim:

1. In a method wherein a stream of air and a stream. of fuel are passed to a combustion zonecomprising a; primary combustion region, a secondary combustiong region located downstream from said primary combus-l tion region, and a quench region located downstream; from said secondarycombustion region, said fuel and said air are at least partially mixed to form a combustiblemixture which is burned to produce hot combustionf gases containing heat energy, and said hot combustion;

gases are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to uti-g lize a portion of said heat energy, the improvement; comprising:

dividing said stream of air into a and'a second stream of air;- further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary air and another stream comprising secondaryair; introducing a stream of said fuel into-said primary combustion region; V introducing said stream comprising primary air into s i ar as?!.sem ii nrasiaaa burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary air into said secondary combustion region at a temperature within the range of from about 100 to about 500 F. greater than the temperature of said primary air;

first stream of airpassing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air and thereby utilize an additional portion of said energy; and

passing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the temperature of said primary air is not greater than about 700 F.

3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region is greater than stoichiometric and is adjusted to a value such that the N01, emissions value in the exhaust gases from said combustion zone is not greater than about pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustion zone.

4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the CO emissions value in the exhaust gases from said combustion zone is not greater than about 25 pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustion zone.

5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region is at 9aa-- ...W

6. A method for forming and burning a combustible mixture of a fuel and air in a combustion zone having a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combus tion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are passed to a heat energy utilization zoneto utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises:

dividing a stream of air into a first stream of air and a'second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a Stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region at a temperature not greater than about 700 F.;

burning said fuel; v

introducing said stream comprising secondary combustion air into said secondary region at a temperature within the range of from about to about 500 F. greater than the temperature of said primary air; passing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air; and introducing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone. 1

7. A method for forming and .buming a combustible mixture of a fuel and airin a combustion zone having a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are lpassed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises:

dividing a stream of air into a first stream of air and a second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region at a temperature not greater than about 700 F. and inan amount relative to said fuel sufficient to provide a fuel-rich mixture having an equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region greater than stoichiometric; burning said fuel;

introducing said stream comprising secondary compassing said second stream of air in heat exchange re- 19 energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air; and introducing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone at a temperature greater than the temperature of said secondary air. 1

8. A method according to claim 7 wherein said stream of air comprising primary combustion air is not more than about 25 percent of the total air introduced into said combustion zone.

9. A method according to claim 8 wherein said stream of air comprising primary combustion air is not more than about 5.6 percent of the total air introduced into said combustion zone.

10. A method according to claim 7 wherein said equivalence ratio is adjusted to a value such that the NO, emissions value inthe exhaust gases from said combustion zone is not greater than about pounds per l,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustion zone. 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein said equivalence ratio is at least about 1.5.

12. A method according to claim l0'wherein said;

equivalence ratio is at least about 3.5.

13. A method'according to claim 7 wherein the greater than stoichiometric and is adjusted to a value equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region is 15. A method according to claim 14 wherein said equivalence ratio is at least about 1.5.

16. A method according to claim 14 wherein saidequivalence ratio is at least about 3.5.

17. A method for forming and burning a combustible mixture of a fuel and air in a combustion zone having' a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises:

dividing .a stream of air into a first stream of air and a second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region; burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary combustion air into said secondary region at a temperature at least 100 F. greater than the temperature stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone. I

18. A method according to claim 17 wherein said heated second stream of air is passed in heat exchange with an outer wall of said primary combustion region so as to remove heat from the interior of said primary combustion region and further heat said air, and is then introduced into said quench region.

19. A method according to claim 17 wherein:

1 said heated second stream of air is passed in a first annular stream surrounding an outer wall of said primary-combustion region and a portion of said secondary combustion region, and is then introduced into said quench region; and

said secondary air is passed in a second annular stream surrounding but separated from said first annular stream, and is then introduced into said secondary combustion region.

20. A method according to claim 17 wherein the tem- 21. A method according to claim 17 wherein a portion of said heated second stream of air is mixed with said secondary air-so as to increase the temperature of said secondary air.

22. A method for forming and burning a combustible mixture of a fuel and air in a combustion zone having a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises:

dividing a stream of air into a first stream of air and z. second s ea f a further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region in an amount relative to said fuel sufficient to provide a fuel-rich mixture having an equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region greater than stoichiometric; burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary combustion air into said secondary region, in an amount sufficient to provide a fuel-lean mixture in said secondary region with respect to any unburned fuel entering said secondary region from said primary region, and at a temperature at least F. greater than the temperature of said introduced primary air;

passing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air; and

introducing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone at a temperature greater than the temperature of said secondary air.

Claims

1. In a method wherein a stream of air and a stream of fuel are passed to a combustion zone comprising a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, said fuel and said air are at least partially mixed to form a combustible mixture which is burned to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy, and said hot combustion gases are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, the improvement comprising: dividing said stream of air into a first stream of air and a second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary air and another stream comprising secondary air; introducing a stream of said fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary air into said primary combustion region; burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary air into said secondary combustion region at a temperature within the range of from about 100* to about 500* F. greater than the temperature of said primary air; passing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air and thereby utilize an additional portion of said energy; and passing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the temperature of said primary air is not greater than about 700* F.

3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region is greater than stoichiometric and is adjusted to a value such that the NOx emissions value in the exhaust gases from said combustion zone is not greater than about 5 pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustion zone.

5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region is at least about 3.5.

6. A method for forming and burning a combustible mixture of a fuel and air in a combustion zone having a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises: dividing a stream of air into a first stream of air and a second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region at a temperature not greater than about 700* F.; burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary combustion air into said secondary region at a temperature within the range of from about 100* to about 500* F. greater than the temperature of said primary air; passing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air; and introducing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone.

7. A method for forming and burning a combustible mixture of a fuel and air in a combustion zone having a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises: dividing a stream of air into a first stream oF air and a second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region at a temperature not greater than about 700* F. and in an amount relative to said fuel sufficient to provide a fuel-rich mixture having an equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region greater than stoichiometric; burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary combustion air into said secondary region, in an amount sufficient to provide a fuel-lean mixture in said secondary region with respect to any unburned fuel entering said secondary region from said primary region, and at a temperature within the range of from about 100* to about 500* F. greater than the temperature of said introduced primary air; passing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air; and introducing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone at a temperature greater than the temperature of said secondary air.

10. A method according to claim 7 wherein said equivalence ratio is adjusted to a value such that the NOx emissions value in the exhaust gases from said combustion zone is not greater than about 5 pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustion zone.

11. A method according to claim 10 wherein said equivalence ratio is at least about 1.5.

12. A method according to claim 10 wherein said equivalence ratio is at least about 3.5.

13. A method according to claim 7 wherein the equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region is greater than stoichiometric and is adjusted to a value such that the NOx emissions value in the exhaust gases from said combustion zone is not greater than about 5 pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustion zone.

14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the CO emissions value in the exhaust gases from said combustion zone is not greater than about 25 pounds per 1,000 pounds of fuel burned in said combustion zone.

15. A method according to claim 14 wherein said equivalence ratio is at least about 1.5.

16. A method according to claim 14 wherein said equivalence ratio is at least about 3.5.

17. A method for forming and burning a combustible mixture of a fuel and air in a combustion zone having a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises: dividing a stream of air into a first stream of air and a second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region; burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary combustion air into said secondary region at a temperature at least 100* F. greater than the temperature of said primary combustion air; passing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air; and introducing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone.

19. A method according to claim 17 wherein: said heated second stream of air is passed in a first annular stream surrounding an outer wall of said primary combustion region and a portion of said secondary combustion region, and is then introduced into said quench region; and said secondary air is passed in a second annular stream surrounding but separated from said first annular stream, and is then introduced into said secondary combustion region.

20. A method according to claim 17 wherein the temperature of said first stream of air is not greater than about 700* F.

21. A method according to claim 17 wherein a portion of said heated second stream of air is mixed with said secondary air so as to increase the temperature of said secondary air.

22. A method for forming and burning a combustible mixture of a fuel and air in a combustion zone having a primary combustion region, a secondary combustion region located downstream from said primary combustion region, and a quench region located downstream from said secondary combustion region, to produce hot combustion gases containing heat energy which are passed to a heat energy utilization zone to utilize a portion of said heat energy, which method comprises: dividing a stream of air into a first stream of air and a second stream of air; further dividing said first stream of air into a stream comprising primary combustion air and another stream comprising secondary combustion air; introducing a stream of fuel into said primary combustion region; introducing said stream comprising primary combustion air into said primary combustion region in an amount relative to said fuel sufficient to provide a fuel-rich mixture having an equivalence ratio in said primary combustion region greater than stoichiometric; burning said fuel; introducing said stream comprising secondary combustion air into said secondary region, in an amount sufficient to provide a fuel-lean mixture in said secondary region with respect to any unburned fuel entering said secondary region from said primary region, and at a temperature at least 100* F. greater than the temperature of said introduced primary air; passing said second stream of air in heat exchange relationship with an exhaust stream from said heat energy utilization zone to heat said second stream of air; and introducing at least a portion of said heated second stream of air into said quench region of said combustion zone at a temperature greater than the temperature of said secondary air.