US3760856A

US3760856A - Building panel enclosures for valley and hip structures

Info

Publication number: US3760856A
Application number: US00209995A
Authority: US
Inventors: J Kough; O Martin; S Miller
Original assignee: DITZ CRANE
Current assignee: MARSHALL MANUFACTURING Inc A CA CORP; DITZ CRANE
Priority date: 1971-12-20
Filing date: 1971-12-20
Publication date: 1973-09-25
Anticipated expiration: 1990-09-25

Abstract

Prefabricated enclosure tip panels and a method of manufacturing the tip panels for enclosing valley and/or hip areas. The tip panel at one longitudinal end is beveled at an angle ''''a'''' which angle is dependent upon the relative angle between the two sections at the valley and/or hip joint. The other longitudinal end is adapted for interengagement with a standard panel. A method of manufacturing the tips includes segmenting a standard panel at the angle ''''a'''' to form a first valley tip panel and a first hip tip panel. A second standard panel is then segmented at an angle (180*-a) to form a second valley tip panel complementary to the first valley tip panel and a second hip tip panel complementary to the first hip tip panel. The tip panel segments are adapted to be joined in combination along the valley line and/or hip line to form a complete valley and/or hip construction and to engage standard panels. A valley flashing may be positioned along the valley center line and extend laterally relative to the center line beneath the valley tip panels to provide a hidden run-off path for water on the roof.

Description

United States Patent 1191 A Kough et al.

[ Sept. 25, 1973 [54-] BUILDING PANEL ENCLOSURES FOR VALLEY AND HIP STRUCTURES [75 Inventors: John K. Kough, Morgan Hill; Otis M.

Martin, San Jose; Silas'N. Miller, Saratoga, all of Calif.

Related US. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 856,235, Aug. 7, 1969.

Primary Examiner-Donald R. Schran Attorney-Paul D. Flehr et a1.

[ 5 7 ABSTRACT Prefabricated enclosure tip panels and a method of manufacturing the tip panels for enclosing valley and- /or hip areas. The tip panel at one longitudinal end is beveled at an angle a" which angle is dependent upon the relative angle between the two sections at the valley and/or hip joint. The other lohgitudinal end is adapted for interengagement with a standard panel. A method of manufacturing the tips includes segmenting a standard panel at the angle a to form a first valley tip [52] US. Cl 144/323, 52/92, 52/748, pane] and a first hip tip paneL A Second Standard panel 1 52/13 is then segmented at an angle (l80u) to form a sec- IITL Cl. 0nd Valley p panel complementary to the fi Valley [58] Field of Search 52/13, 14, 92, 748; tip pane] and a second hip tip pane] Complementary to 144/323 309 R; 83/745 the first hip tip panel. The tip panel segments are adapted to be joined in combination along the valley [56] References cued line and/or hip line to form a complete valley and/or UNITED STATES PATENTS hip construction and to engage standard panels. A val- 2,132,209 10/1938 Greenlee 52 13 ley flashing may be positioned along the valley center 2,353,259 7/1944 Owen et al 52/13 line and extend laterally relative to the center line be- 2,882,557 1-959 Jaeger 5 2 neath the valley tip panels to provide a hidden run-off 2,942,633 6/1960 King..... 83/745 path f water on the f 3,01 l,530 l2/l96l Lane 83/745 3 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures 4 52 5O 49 l5 l2 5* j 3-.

PATENTED SEP2 5 I975 sum 1 0F 2 nlu. A 5. F 4% 2 7 2,

, I ,HIP RAFTER COMMON RAFTER PAIENIEUSEPZSIHIS SHEET 2 0F 2 FIG.5

BUILDING PANEL ENCLOSURES FOR VALLEY AND HIP STRUCTURES RELATED APPLICATION This application is a division of my copending application Ser. No. 856,235, filed Aug. 7, 1969, for Building Panel Enclosure For Valley and Hip Structures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to prefabricated enclosure panels, incorporating commonly used surfacing materials, for enclosing roof and sides of building structures.

A preferred covering or enclosure material for building exteriors has been shakes applied over a sheathing and waterproofing membrane. Such materials are commonly used for roofing and siding of building structures. A considerable number of prior attempts have been made to provide shake roofing or siding which would avoid some or all of the conventional steps of bundling shakes and shingles, transporting the bundles to the site, applying sheathing, applying waterproof membrane, hoisting the bundles to the roof or scaffold, breaking the bundles and then applying the shakes, one at a time. These numerous steps involve risk of damage to the building materials and considerable installation time and expense. Heretofore, prefabricated panels have been designed overcoming these problems to a substantial degree. Such prefabricated panels have proven highly satisfactory and desirable for applying shake roofing and siding. Such panels are discussed and described in US. Pat. No. 3,440,777 granted Apr. 29, 1969 to Otis M. Martin and in US. Pat. application Ser. No. 793,865 and-775,731.

Though prefabricated panels are presently in use, it has been found that deficiencies remain in providing panels to enclose hip and valley areas. Such hips and valleys are generated by the intersection of two planes having different relative slope angles. For example, in

an L-shape building, when the two roof sections meet there is a valley and/or hip section formed at the point of intersection. In fact, depending on the building layout, there are numerous possible hip and/or valley combinations. A standard panel having a straight terminal edge is not adequate to accommodate the angle at the point of intersection. Accordingly, on-site custom fitting of panels and/or individual shingles is frequently necessary to enclose the valley and hip areas. Also, it is desirable that where valleys are formed that the flashing forming the run-off canal be hidden from view while discouraging undesirable debris from the flashing.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The present invention provides prefabricated enclosure tip panels and a method of manufacturing the tip panels for enclosing valley and/or hip areas about two engaging building structure sections of differing slopes. The teachings enable a shake roof to be built with open valleys or with closed valleys and hidden flashing. The hip and/or valley tip panel segments may be manufactured from standard panels utilized on the same roof section of they can be made as a separate manufactured item. The invention further teaches in manufacturing the tip panels from standard panels, a hip tip panel and a valley tip panel may be generated from a single common standard panel so as to utilize the entire standard panel.

In an exemplary embodimnt of the tip panels, a sheathing member, weather membrane and shakes are cut at an angle coinciding with the angle of the hip or valley line. The sheathing member, weather membrane and shakes are secured in combination to form a tip panel with a beveled edge which may be placed in parallel with the hip or valley line. The tip panel is further adapted for standard aligned engagement with a standard horizontally positioned panel on the roof section and for aligned engagement with a vertically positioned panel on the roof section.

In an exemplary method of manufacturing the panel tips, a guide-securing strip of weather resistant wood is placed on top of a standard shake roofing panel. The strip is placed over the shakes at an angle a dependent upon the angle of the valley line. The panel is then cut alon the edge of the strip. The two resultant sections form a first valley tip panel and a first hip tip panel. A second guide-securing strip is then placed on top of a second shake roofing panel over the shakes at an angle b where b is in the order of a. The second panel is cut along the edge of the strip to form a second valley tip panel segment and a second hip tip panel segment, respectively, complementary to the first valley tip panel and the first hip tip panel. Accordingly, the area about the hip may be enclosed by joining and securing a plurality of the hip tip panels along the hip line and the valley may be enclosed by joining and securing a plurality of the valley tip panels along the valley line. Each tip panel carries a standard longitudinal terminal end to allow aligned engagement with horizontally positioned standard panels. The guidesecuring strips are retained in place to secure the otherwise loose shake segments in place.

In forming a closed valley with hidden flashing, a pair of strip members are secured in place over jack rafters. The strips extend the full length of the valley in parallel with the valley line and laterally from the valley rafter. A valley metal flashing is secured to both strings along the valley over the valley rafter. A center strip is laid on top of the flashing along the valley line. The roof structure may then be built up by placing the beveled ends of the valley tip panels on the center strip and securing the valley tip panels in place. Consequently, as

valley tip panels are secured in place along and on both sides of the valley line the flashing is hidden. At the same time, there is provided a spacing intermediate the flashing and the bottom side of the valley tip panels to allow for water runoff.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially sectioned view of a partial enclosed roof of an L-shape building structure forming a valley and a hip and utilizing tip panels in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 1A diagrammatically illustrates roof framing structure including the angle relationship between roof ridges, valley lines and hip lines.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a tip panel and a standard roofing panel.

FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of a standard panel of FIG. 2 prior to being segmented at a desired angle to form a hip tip panel and a valley tip panel for enclosing the hip and valley areas of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a top view of a standard panel of FIG. 2 prior to being segmented at a desired angle to form a hip tip panel and a valley tip panel segment complementary to the tip panels of FIG. 3.

FIG. illustrates an enlarged cross-sectional view along the line 5-5 of FIG. 11 illustrating the flashing and enclosed valley structure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1A diagrammatically illustrates roof framing with terminology as used in the art. FIG. 1 illustrates in perspective a section of an L- shape building having two gable roof sections, referred to by the general refernece characters 2 and 4. The section of FIG. 1 may be viewed as within the broken line block of FIG. 1A. The sections 2 and 4 intersect to form a hip and a valley. The roof section 2 has two subsections 2A and 28 joined at an angle to form a ridge 6. The roof section 4 has two subsections 4A and 48 joined at an angle to form a ridge 8. The roof subsections 2A and 4A come into integral relationship to form a valley having a vertex referred to as a valley line 10. The roof subsections 2A and 4A come into integral relationship to form a hip having a vertex referred to as a hip line 12. FIG. 1A further illustrates the angular relationship between the

ridges

6, 8 and

line

10, 12. A plurality of rafters 13 extends from the ridge 6 to support the subsections 2A, 2B and a plurality of rafters 14 V extends from the ridge 8 to support the subsections 4A,

Enclosing the roofing structure of the roof sections 2 and 4 may be realized by use of prefabricated roofing enclosure panels 15 of uniform dimensions and select surfacing materials joined in combination. The individual panels 15 illustrated in detail in FIG. 2 are prefabricated to assume a unfirom patters such that when in aligned engagement a uniform unitary appearange is provided. The panel 15 includes a base in the form of sheathing member 15, e.g., plywood having superimposed thereon a membrane 17 of felt, asbestos or other waterproof, fireproof or other desired nature. Over the membrane 17 is secured a veneer strip 18 and a plurality of spaced apart shakes 19. The top terminal ends of the veneer strip 18 and the shakes l9 abut a furring strip 20 with the membrane 17 folded back over the strip 20. The furring strip provides for aligned abutting relationship with an upper panel 15. Near the longitudinal ends of the panels 15, the veneer strip 18 is exposed within a void space adapted to receive a shutter shingle after the panels are positioned in alighment on the roofing structure. Panels similar to the panel 15 are described in the aforementioned patent application Ser. No. 793,865. Other panels are described in the aforementioned patent, the other aforementioned patent application and in the patent application of the present inventors entitled, Panel for Surfacing Buildings, filed concurrently herewith.

As illustrated, the full panels 15 are of rectangular shape with square ends at the longitudinal terminal ends. These panels 15 are not adapted to accommodate the areas about the valley line 10 and the hip line 12 since the vertex lines 10 and 12 are not normal to the associated ridge lines. To accommodate enclosing the roofing structure about the hip and valley lines, enclosure tip panels, having one longitudinal terminal end beveled to coincide with the angle of the valley or hip vertex line is provided. The other longitudinal terminal end is adapted for aligned engagement with a standard panel 15 and the longitudinal running edges are adapted for aligned engagement with other tip enclosure panels or standard panels 15. In FIG. 2, adjacent to the standard panel 15 is depicted a tip enclosure panel 15A adapted to be used to enclose the roofing subsection 2B about the valley line 10. The materials of the tip panel 15A coincide with those of the panel 15 and the dimensions are selected to accommodate aligned engagement with the panels 15. The tip panel 15A includes a sheathing member 16A of the same width and thickness as the sheathing member 16. One longitudinal terminal end of the sheathing member 16 is cut at an angle a coinciding with the angle of the ridge 6 to the valley line 10. A membrane 17A is superimposed on the sheathing member 16A which membrane 17A is of the same material as the membrane 17. Over the membrane 17A is of the same material as the membrane 17. Over the membrane 17A is secured a veneer strip 18A and a surfacing material in the form of a plurality of spaced apart shakes 19A. The terminal ends of the veneer strip 18A and the shakes 19A abut a furring strip 20A with the membrane 17A folded back over the strip 20A. The membrane 17A, veneer strip 18A and shakes 19A are all cut at the angle a to form a valley panel tip which tip will accommodate the valley line and provide aligned engagement with a standard panel as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The bottom edge of the shakes 19A are all in substantial alignment and the longitudinal edges of the shakes 19A are substantially parallel to one another. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a plurality of the tip panels 15A may be secured along the valley line 10. Similarly, a plurality of valley tip enclosure panels 15C may be formed to complement the tip panels 15A to enclose the subsection 4B about the valley line 10. In this instance, the sheathing membrane, veneer strip and shakes are cut at an angle c coinciding with the angle of the ridge 8 and the valley line 10. Similarly, hip

tip enclosure panels

15B and 15D may be formed to enclose the subsections 2A and 28, respectively, about the hip line 12. The hip panel tip 153 may have one longitudinal terminal end assuming an angle b coinciding with the angle between the ridge 6 and the hip line 12. The hip panel tip 15D may have one longitudinal terminal end assuming an angle d" coinciding with the anglebetween the ridge 8 and the hip line 12. Viewing FIGS. 1 and 2, it may be noted that the

tip panels

15A, 15B, 15C and 15D all provide for aligned engagement with standard panels 15 and with adjacent tip panels. The bottom edges of the shakes of the tip panels are all in substantial alignment with the shakes of the panels 15 on the associated roofing subsection to provide a uniform pattern, and the longitudinal running edges of the individual shakes on the tip panels and full panels on the individual subsections 2A, 28, 4A and 4B are substantially parallel to provide a uniform appearance.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a method of manufacturing tip panels. FIG. 3 illustrates the standard panel 15 with a guide-secure strip 20 of weather resistant material, e.g., redwood, cedar, etc. stapled across the top of the shakes 19 by a plurality of staples 20 or other acceptable fastening means. A staple 21 is positioned to join each shake l9 intersected by the strip 20. The strip may be in the nature ofa lath strip of inch X l inches. Relative to the top longitudinal running edge, the strip 20 forms an angle a and an angle b." The angle a is selected to coincide within a common plane the angle formed by the ridge 6 and the valley line 10. Also, in this embodiment, the angle b" coincides within a common plane the angle formed by the ridge 6 and the hip line 12. The length of the guide-secure strip 20 is selected to extend from the bottom edge of the shakes 19 to a point coinciding with the end of the overlap of a panel placed in vertical alignment when secured to the roofing structure. The panel 15 is then cut along the right edge of the strip 20 to form a panel segment 15A and a'panel segment 158. As illustrated by the two nail lines 22, the shakes 19 of the panel 15 are commonly secured near the top edge such that the overhang of a vertically adjacent panel extends over the nail lines. Consequently, the lower areas of the shakes 19 are not secured. The strip 20 remains with the tip panel 158 and secures the otherwise unsecured shake segments in place while simultaneously functioning as a guide. The segment 15A serves as a first valley tip panel while the segment 15B serves as a first hip tip panel as previously discussed. To form the complementary of the

tip panels

15A and 15B a second panel 15 is utilized. As illustrated in FIG. 4, another strip 20 is placed across the second panel 15 to form a pair of angles c and d relative to the top longitudinal running edge. The strip is secured by staples 21. The angle coincides with the angle within a common plane between the ridge 8 and the valley line 10. Also, in this instance since there is a common hip panel generated with the valley panel, the angle d coincides with the angle formed by the ridge 8 and the hip line 12 within a common plane. The second panel 15 is then cut along the strip 20 to form the

panels

15C and 15D. The panel 15C serves as a second valley tip panel complementary to the tip panel 15A and the panel 15D serves as a second hip tip panel complementary to the tip panel 15B. Viewing FIG. 1, the various tip panels may be used in combination to enclose the roof structure about the valley line 10 and hip line 12. The tip panels fall in alignment for full panels l and may be interengaged with a common shutter shingle 24.

Viewing FIG. 1, while water will run away from the hip line 12 of the enclosed roof, water will run to the valley. Accordingly, it is necessary to provide a trough at the valley to accommodate run-off water. Though open valleys adequately provide for run-off, aesthetically hidden valley structures are more desirable since the flashing is not visible from the exterior. FIGS. 1 and 5 illustrate the structure of the hidden flashing within the closed valley of the present embodiment. The structure includes a pair of lateral support strips 30 and 32, e.g., 1 inch by 6 inches positioned on opposite sides of and parallel to the valley line 10. The strip 30 rests over and is connected to a plurality of rafters 14 of the roofing subsection 48 and the strip 32 rests over and is connected to a plurality of rafters 13 of the roofing subsection 28. The

strips

30 and 32 extend from the bottom edge of the roof subsections 4B and 28 to the

ridges

8 and 6 to coincide with the length of the valley, A valley rafter 34 runs along the valley line interconnecting the subsections 2B and 4B. Extending between the

strips

30 and 32 and over the top edge surface of the rafter 34 is a metal flashing member 36. The metal flashing member is preferably cut from sheet metal such as copper, galvanized steel or the like and extends the full length of the valley line 10 and the

strips

30 and 32. The flashing 36 is secured to the

strips

30 and 32 by standard securing means such as nails 38. The lateral positioning of the

strips

30 and 32 may be selected to allow the flashing to extend laterally from the valley line a select distance in accordance with local building codes, e.g., l 1 inches. Directly over the flashing 36 and the valley rafter 34 is a center valley strip member 40, e.g., a 2 inches by 4 inches board to form a sandwich type structure with the flashing 36 intermediate the rafter 34 and the strip memberv40. The center strip 40 is not nailed in place so as to avoid violating the waterproof integrity of the flashing.

To close the subsection 2B about the valley line 10 a plurality of valley tip panels 15A may be secured to adjacent rafters 13 in vertical alignment from the bottom of the subsection 28 to the ridge 6 with the bevel edge surfaces supported on the center strip 40. The segments 15A may also be secured to the strip 32 within the area adapted to receive a shutter shake and- /or along the nailing line 22. To close the subsection 4B about the valley vertex 10 a plurality of valley tip panels 15C may be secured to adjacent jack rafters 14 in vertical alignment from the bottom of the section 4B to the ridge 8 with the bevel edge surfaces supported on the center strip 40. The segment 15C may also be secured to the strip 30 within the area adapted to receive a shutter shingle and/or along the nailing line 22. The

panel segments

15A and 15C may be secured to the center strip 40 by nails 42 or other securing means with the nails 42 positioned within the nailing lines 22. Te overhang fromthe vertically adjacent tip panel extends over the nails 42. Again, the nails 42 preferably do not protrude through the strip member 40. As illustrated, the center strip member 40 supports the

panel segments

15A and 15C above the flashing 36 to provide a triangular shaped spacing beneath the tip panels. Accordingly, run-off water is able to seep to the flashing 36 between

adjacent tip panels

15A and 15C and run to the bottom of the valley. At the same time, the

panels

15A and 15C are in proper position and alignment to engage full panels 15 to complete enlosing of the roofing subsections 2B and 4B.

To close the subsection 2A about the hip line 12 a plurality of hip tip panels 158 are secured to adjacent jack rafters 13 in vertical alignment from the bottom of the subsection 2A to the ridge 6 with the bevel edge surfaces on the hip line 12. To close the subsection 4A about the hip line 12 a plurality of hip tip panels 15D are secured to adjacent jack rafters 14 in vertical alignment from the bottom of the section 4 to the ridge 8 with the bevel edge surfaces on the hip line. The hip panel tips may be secured to a hip rafter 48 by fastening means such as nails 49 extending through the guidesecure strips 20. The guide-secure strips 20 being selected so as to extend from the bottom edge of the shake segments to the edge of the overhang area allows for abutting alignment of the guide-secure strips 20 as vertically adjacent hip tip panels are secured in place. After the subsections 2A and 4A are enclosed a segment of felt 50 or other membrane material similar to that of the membrane 17 and a plurality of ridge shakes 52 may be secured along the hip line 12 to cover the strips 20. The end result, as depicted in FIG. 1, is a unitary enclosure with the surfacing material (shakes) assuming a uniform pattern.

Accordingly, there is taught herein prefabricated tip panels and method of manufacturing such tip panels to allow for enclosing hip and valley roof sections requiring no or minimal on-site custom fitting. The tip panels are adapted for interengagement with standard panels to provide for rapid and easy installation. At the same time, there is taught a method of providing a closed valley structure in which the flashing is not visible from the exterior. Though the discussion has centered about a method of generating a hip closure panel segment and a valley closure panel segment from a common panel it will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that two valley or hip closure panel segments may be generated from a common panel. For example, viewing the panel of FIG. 3, the desired segment 15A or 158 is retained. Then over the other segment a strip 20 is secured at the desired angle. For example, if the

valley tip panels

15A and 15C are desired from a common standard panel, the panel 15 of FIG. 3 is severed along the strip 20. Then over the panel segment 15B is secured a strip 20 at the angle and then sawn.

I claim:

1. A method of manufacturing prefabricated hip and valley tip enclosure panels from standard generally rectangular prefabricated enclosure panels of the type including sheathing having a plurality of units of surfacing material secured thereto for enclosing two intersecting roof sections having ridges whereby a valley line and a hip line are formed by the intersecting roof sections and wherein a first'hip angle is formed between the hip line and ridge of one roof section and a second hip angle is formed between the hip line and ridge of the other roof section and wherein a first valley angle is formed between the valley line and the ridge of the one roof section and a second valley angle is formed between the valley line and the ridge of the other roof section and wherein the first hip angle and the first valley angle are complementary and the sec- 0nd hip angle and the second valley angle are complementary, comprising the steps of cutting a first standard generally rectangular prefabricated enclosure panel along an angle with respect to its rectangular dimension approximately equal to the first hip angle whereby a first hip tip enclosure panel is formed having a beveled edge at the first hip angle and a first valley tip enclosure panel is formed at the same time having a beveled edge at the first valley angle, cutting a second standard generally rectangular prefabricated enclosure panel along an angle with respect to its rectangular dimension approximately equal to the second hip angle whereby a second hip tip enclosure panel is formed having a beveled edge at the second hip angle and a second valley tip enclosure panel is formed at the same time having a beveled edge at the second valley angle, whereby two hip tip enclosure panels are formed for disposition on opposite sides of the hip line with their beveled edges following the hip line and two valley tip enclosure panels are formed for disposition on opposite sides of the valley line with their beveled edges following the valley line.

2. A method in accordance with claim 1 including the step of securing guide strips to the first and second generally rectangular prefabricated enclosure panels along the respective hip angles to facilitate cutting the first and second panels along the hip angles thereof.

3. A method in accordance with claim 2 wherein the guide strips are retained on the hip tip panels and where each of the units of surfacing material on the hip tip panels across which the guide strip extends are fixedly secured to the guide strip.

Claims

1. A method of manufacturing prefabricated hip and valley tip enclosure panels from standard generally rectangular prefabricated enclosure panels of the type including sheathing having a plurality of units of surfacing material secured thereto for enclosing two intersecting roof sections having ridges whereby a valley line and a hip line are formed by the intersecting roof sections and wherein a first hip angle is formed between the hip line and ridge of one roof section and a second hip angle is formed between the hip line and ridge of the other roof section and wherein a first valley angle is formed between the valley line and the ridge of the one roof section and a second valley angle is formed between the valley line and the ridge of the other roof section and wherein the first hip angle and the first valley angle are complementary and the second hip angle and the second valley angle are complementary, comprising the steps of cutting a first standard generally rectangular prefabricated enclosure panel along an angle with respect to its rectangular dimension approximately equal to the first hip angle whereby a first hip tip enclosure panel is formed having a beveled edge at the first hip angle and a first valley tip enclosure panel is formed at the same time having a beveled edge at the first valley angle, cutting a second standard generally rectangular prefabricated enclosure panel along an angle with respect to its rectangular dimension approximately equal to the second hip angle whereby a second hip tip enclosure panel is formed having a beveled edge at the second hip angle and a second valley tip enclosure panel is formed at the same time having a beveled edge at the second valley angle, whereby two hip tip enclosure panels are formed for disposition on opposite sides of the hip line with their beveled edges following the hip line and two valley tip enclosure panels are formed for disposition on opposite sides of the valley line with their beveled edges following the valley line.