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US3683361A - Process for the manufacture of flat heating conductors and flat heating conductors obtained by this process - Google Patents

Process for the manufacture of flat heating conductors and flat heating conductors obtained by this process Download PDF

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US3683361A
US3683361A US116488A US3683361DA US3683361A US 3683361 A US3683361 A US 3683361A US 116488 A US116488 A US 116488A US 3683361D A US3683361D A US 3683361DA US 3683361 A US3683361 A US 3683361A
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dispersion
carbon black
weight
conductors
electrical resistance
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US116488A
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Manfred Salzwedel
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Hoechst AG
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Hoechst AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
    • F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49083—Heater type

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of flat heating conductors and flat heating conductors obtained by this process.
  • fiat heating conductors comprising a fabric or a fleece of textile fibers or glass fibers, on to which carbon has been applied in the form of carbon black or graphite by means of a plastics dispersion or a varnish-like binder.
  • the electrical supply leads are clamped in the form of strips to the edge of the support.
  • the relatively high contact resistance which produces local overheating, is disadvantageous as well as the fact that the bond strength of the conductive carbon layer decreases upon use.
  • the heating conductors cannot readily be adapted to any object to be heated, and the heat transfer occasionally leaves something to be desired.
  • flat heating conductors also known as electrical resistance heating elements
  • the process according to the invention consists in embedding at least two metallic conductors in a layer of a film-forming plastics dispersion which has been filled with carbon black, whereupon the dispersion is dried.
  • a heating conductor is obtained with any type of a carbon black. It was found, however, that for the purpose of the present invention it is most advantageo'us to use a carbon black which has been obtained by thermal splitting of acetylene. Other types of carbon black when added to the dispersion in the same amounts impart to the heating conductors resistances which are appreciably higher.
  • fiat heating conductors according to the invention When the fiat heating conductors according to the invention are applied to a surface they need no special reinforcement.
  • short textile fibers for example, 3 mm to 5 mm long polyesteror polyamide fibers, to the plastics dispersion filled with carbon black.
  • flat heating conductors can be produced directly on the objects to be heated, for example in the form of coatings.
  • the flat heating conductors may also simultaneously serve as floor heaters.
  • the flat heating conductors may on the surface be provided with a coat of unpigmented dispersions or with a coat of dispersions containing colored pigments (but in a manner such that the dispersions are non-conductive) and are thus electrically insulated.
  • the quadratic resistance of the flat heating conductors of the invention depends on different factors. It increases as the sheet thickness decreases and decreases as the content of carbon black increases. On the other hand, it is almost independent of the temperature, and I cally to the current flow, the resistance increases but regains its original value after short heating to about C.
  • FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of a supported heating conductor
  • FIG. 2 is a view in cross-section through a self-supporting heating conductor
  • FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of one method of forming the heating conductors of the present invention.
  • a conductor is illustrated as mounted on a suitable support 1, such as a wall panel, the conductor 2 being provided with a plurality of metallic conductors 3 covered with a cover layer 4 such as wallpaper.
  • the self-supporting heating conductor shown in FIG. 2 consists essentially of a plastic dispersion 2' containing a conductive material such as carbon black and having embedded therein a plurality of strips of metallic conductors 3', e.g., in the form of wire mesh.
  • the mass was filled into a flat polyethylene mold so as to form a 1 mm thick layer.
  • Two strips of a copper cloth (200 meshes) were inserted into this layer at a distance of 50 mm in a parallel direction to one another whereupon the mold was filled up with the mass until the layer had a thickness of 2 mm. Then the mass was allowed to dry overnight.
  • a 1 mm thick coat of a dispersion of vinyl acetate/dibutyl maleate was applied to a concrete slab (dimensions: 300 X 300 X 20mm). Then strips of a copper cloth having a width of 5 mm (200 meshes) were inserted at a distance of 60 mm from one another, and a 1 mm thick coat of the dispersion was applied thereto.
  • the dispersion contained 8 percent by weight (calculated on the solids content) of carbon black obtained from acetylene.
  • a slab( 300 X 300 mm)of a needle felt carpet was placed onto the wet adhesive. After drying the heating conductor received 200 watt/sq.m. with the use of a voltage of 17 volts.
  • the temperature in the joint was 21 C above room temperature when the concrete slab was placed on a 20 mm thick sheet of polystyrene rigid foam.
  • the temperature in the joint was 35C above room temperature.
  • An electric band heater prepared in the manner described in Example 1 from a dispersion of vinyl acetate/dibutyl maleate containing 8 percent by weight (calculated on the solids content of the dispersion) of carbon black obtained from acetylene and having the dimensions 300 X 6 X 0.2 cm, was installed in a street beneath a 2 cm thick bituminous carpeting. With the use of a voltage of 30 volts, the band heater was supplied with a current of 3.4 arnperes. The following temperatures were measured on a winter-day:
  • band heater 13C At the date when the application was filed, the band heater had lain for a period of about weeks in a much frequented street beneath a factory gate without having sustained damage.
  • the novel flat heating conductors afford a wide range of application. Thy may be used as self-supporting elements for heating streets footpaths, staircases,
  • heating mats according to the process of the present invention, which mats may be employed to protect goods susceptible to freezing in the open air or, for example, as floor heaters in tents, caravans or barracks. 1
  • the process for manufacturing electrical resistance heating elements comprising the steps of preparing a liquid plastic dispersion including vinyl acetate, dibutyl maleate and carbon black, molding said dispersion into a predetermined configuration, embedding at least two metallic conductors in said dispersion in spaced relation to each other and thereafter drying said dispersion.
  • said dispersion preparing step includes the step of mixing said dispersion in a homogeneous mass including parts by weight of a copolymer of said vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate, having a 50 percent solids content, and 10 parts by weight of said carbon black.
  • said mixing step includes adding 10 parts by weight of fibers to said homogeneous mass, said fibers being selected from the group consisting of polyesters and polyamides.
  • An electrical resistance heating element comprising a sheet of plastic dispersion formed essentially of vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate filled with carbon black, and at least two metallic conductors embedded in said sheet between opposed surfaces thereof.
  • An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 7 including fiber cuttings mixed in said dispersion, said fibers being selected from the group consisting of polyesters and polyamides.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

In the manufacture of a flat heating conductor, i.e., an electrical resistance heating element, at least two metallic conductors are embedded in a layer of a film-forming plastics dispersion which has been filled with carbon black, whereupon the plastics dispersion is dried.

Description

D United States Patent 1151 3,683,361 Salzwedel Aug. 8, 1972 [54] PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE [56] References Cited OF FLAT HEATING CONDUCTORS AND FLAT nm'rmc CONDUCTORS UN'TED STATES PATENT-S OBTAINED BY THIS PROCESS 2,675,420 4/1954 Yeager ..l74/I2l R X Inventor: Manfred salzwedel i 3,344,385 9/l967 B31108 ..338/2|2 nus, Germany 3,385,959 5/l968 Ames....., ..338/2l1 3,4l7,229 12 I968 Sh h .338 2| X [73] Assignee: Farbw'erke Hoechst Aktlenl Omp 0 l 2 1 gesellsehaft vormals Meister Lucius OTHER PUBLICATIONS & Bruning v The Condensed Chemical Dlctlonary Reinhold, NY. Filed: 18,1 Sixth 1211111011 1903, p. 12. 21 Appl. 110.; 116,488
Primary Examiner-E. A. Goldberg [30] Foreign Application Priority Data I mmmgy cums' Moms & safford Feb. 20, 1970 Germany ..P 2007 866.4 [57] ABSTRACT 52 us. 01. ..338/322, 338/212 29/511 manufacmre heating 51 1111. c1. "H611: 1/14 resistance heating clement least [58] Field f Search "338/210, 21 l, 212 4 322; metallic conductors are embedded in a layer of a filmforming plastics dispersion which has been filled with carbon black, whereupon the plastics dispersion is dried.
10 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FLAT HEATING CONDUCTORS AND FLAT HEATING CONDUCTORS OBTAINED BY THIS PROCESS The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of flat heating conductors and flat heating conductors obtained by this process.
- There are known fiat heating conductors comprising a fabric or a fleece of textile fibers or glass fibers, on to which carbon has been applied in the form of carbon black or graphite by means of a plastics dispersion or a varnish-like binder. The electrical supply leads are clamped in the form of strips to the edge of the support. In this method the relatively high contact resistance, which produces local overheating, is disadvantageous as well as the fact that the bond strength of the conductive carbon layer decreases upon use. Moreover, the heating conductors cannot readily be adapted to any object to be heated, and the heat transfer occasionally leaves something to be desired.
Now I have found a process for the manufacture of flat heating conductors (also known as electrical resistance heating elements) which enables the flat heating conductors to be adjusted exactly to the object to.
be heated.
The process according to the invention consists in embedding at least two metallic conductors in a layer of a film-forming plastics dispersion which has been filled with carbon black, whereupon the dispersion is dried.
Fundamentally, a heating conductor is obtained with any type of a carbon black. It was found, however, that for the purpose of the present invention it is most advantageo'us to use a carbon black which has been obtained by thermal splitting of acetylene. Other types of carbon black when added to the dispersion in the same amounts impart to the heating conductors resistances which are appreciably higher.
When the fiat heating conductors according to the invention are applied to a surface they need no special reinforcement. For the manufacture of self-supporting flat heating conductors according to the process of the invention, however, it has proved useful to add short textile fibers, for example, 3 mm to 5 mm long polyesteror polyamide fibers, to the plastics dispersion filled with carbon black.
According to the process of the invention flat heating conductors can be produced directly on the objects to be heated, for example in the form of coatings. In the form of, for example, adhesives for floor coverings, the flat heating conductors may also simultaneously serve as floor heaters. The flat heating conductors may on the surface be provided with a coat of unpigmented dispersions or with a coat of dispersions containing colored pigments (but in a manner such that the dispersions are non-conductive) and are thus electrically insulated.
However, it is also possible to make self-supporting flat heating conductors. To this effect a mold, to whose surface the plastics dispersion does not adhere, is filled with the dispersion to about half the thickness desired. The necessary metallic supply leads are inserted into this layer, and then the mold is filled up with the dispersion until the desired thickness is obtained. The dispersion must then be dried. To this effect it may be heated, in which case care has to be taken that blisters do not form owing to the evaporation of the water. The heating conductor sheets so obtained are mechanically very stable.
As metallic supply leads there may fundamentally be used wires. However, it has proved especially useful to manufacture the metallic supply leads from finemeshed screen cloth or wire netting. As material there may .be used any type of metal whose electric resistance is low enough. However, aluminum should not be used when there is a possibility that the heating conductors become moist. Copper has proved most useful as a conductive material, the contact resistance in copper being especially low.
The quadratic resistance of the flat heating conductors of the invention depends on different factors. It increases as the sheet thickness decreases and decreases as the content of carbon black increases. On the other hand, it is almost independent of the temperature, and I cally to the current flow, the resistance increases but regains its original value after short heating to about C.
The essential elements of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of a supported heating conductor; and
FIG. 2 is a view in cross-section through a self-supporting heating conductor,
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of one method of forming the heating conductors of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. I, a conductor is illustrated as mounted on a suitable support 1, such as a wall panel, the conductor 2 being provided with a plurality of metallic conductors 3 covered with a cover layer 4 such as wallpaper. The self-supporting heating conductor shown in FIG. 2 consists essentially of a plastic dispersion 2' containing a conductive material such as carbon black and having embedded therein a plurality of strips of metallic conductors 3', e.g., in the form of wire mesh.
The electrical and mechanical properties of the novel flat heating conductors will be shown in the examples following hereunder.
EXAMPLE 1 The specimens were obtained in the following manner:
From I50 parts by weight of a plastics dispersion having a solids content of 50 percent (copolymer of vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate) 10 parts by weight of carbon black and/or graphite 10 parts by weight of 3 to 5 mm long polyester fibers which had been tempered at C a homogeneous mass was prepared, with agitation.
As indicated schematically in FIG. 3, the mass was filled into a flat polyethylene mold so as to form a 1 mm thick layer. Two strips of a copper cloth (200 meshes) were inserted into this layer at a distance of 50 mm in a parallel direction to one another whereupon the mold was filled up with the mass until the layer had a thickness of 2 mm. Then the mass was allowed to dry overnight.
As carbon black there were used a furnace carbon black from crude oil, a German gas carbon black and a carbon black obtained by thermal splitting of acetylene. With the use of the latter carbon black a quadratic resistance of 600 ohms was measured. With all other types of carbon black, as well as with graphite and ground charcoal, quadratic resistances above 100 kiloohm were obtained when applying the same amounts as in the case of acetylene carbon black. EX- AMPLE 2 Dependence of the power input on the filling of carbon black. I e
The following values were measured in flat heating conductors (dimensions: 50 X 50 X 2 mm), prepared as described above:
power input wattlsq.m./40 volts EXAMPLE 3 Flat heating conductor as floor heater.
A 1 mm thick coat of a dispersion of vinyl acetate/dibutyl maleate was applied to a concrete slab (dimensions: 300 X 300 X 20mm). Then strips of a copper cloth having a width of 5 mm (200 meshes) were inserted at a distance of 60 mm from one another, and a 1 mm thick coat of the dispersion was applied thereto. The dispersion contained 8 percent by weight (calculated on the solids content) of carbon black obtained from acetylene. A slab( 300 X 300 mm)of a needle felt carpet was placed onto the wet adhesive. After drying the heating conductor received 200 watt/sq.m. with the use of a voltage of 17 volts. The temperature in the joint was 21 C above room temperature when the concrete slab was placed on a 20 mm thick sheet of polystyrene rigid foam. When the sheet lying on a wooden board was covered with a similar sheet of rigid foam, the temperature in the joint was 35C above room temperature.
EXAMPLE 4 Flat heating conductor as street heater.
An electric band heater, prepared in the manner described in Example 1 from a dispersion of vinyl acetate/dibutyl maleate containing 8 percent by weight (calculated on the solids content of the dispersion) of carbon black obtained from acetylene and having the dimensions 300 X 6 X 0.2 cm, was installed in a street beneath a 2 cm thick bituminous carpeting. With the use of a voltage of 30 volts, the band heater was supplied with a current of 3.4 arnperes. The following temperatures were measured on a winter-day:
air 7C street surface 4C heated street surface 2C band heater 13C At the date when the application was filed, the band heater had lain for a period of about weeks in a much frequented street beneath a factory gate without having sustained damage.
The novel flat heating conductors afford a wide range of application. Thy may be used as self-supporting elements for heating streets footpaths, staircases,
entrances of garages and the like. They may, furthermore, be employed as coats of paint or adhesives in housing schemes for floor, wall or ceiling heaters. They have proved useful preferably as coats of paint for heating boilers and pipes. 1
Finally it is possible to manufacture heating mats according to the process of the present invention, which mats may be employed to protect goods susceptible to freezing in the open air or, for example, as floor heaters in tents, caravans or barracks. 1
lclaim: I 1
1. The process for manufacturing electrical resistance heating elements comprising the steps of preparing a liquid plastic dispersion including vinyl acetate, dibutyl maleate and carbon black, molding said dispersion into a predetermined configuration, embedding at least two metallic conductors in said dispersion in spaced relation to each other and thereafter drying said dispersion.
2. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein said dispersion preparing step includes the step of mixing said dispersion in a homogeneous mass including parts by weight of a copolymer of said vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate, having a 50 percent solids content, and 10 parts by weight of said carbon black.
3. The method as defined in claim 2 wherein said mixing step includes adding 10 parts by weight of fibers to said homogeneous mass, said fibers being selected from the group consisting of polyesters and polyamides.
4. The method as defined in claim 3 wherein said carlayer of said dispersion in said mold over said conductors and said first layer and drying said dispersion layers with said conductors embedded therebetween.
6. An electrical resistance heating element comprising a sheet of plastic dispersion formed essentially of vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate filled with carbon black, and at least two metallic conductors embedded in said sheet between opposed surfaces thereof.
7. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 6 wherein said carbon black is obtained by thermal splitting of acetylene.
8. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 7 including fiber cuttings mixed in said dispersion, said fibers being selected from the group consisting of polyesters and polyamides.
9. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 8 wherein said metallic conductors are formed of fine-meshed screen cloth.
10. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 9 wherein said dispersion includes 150 parts by weight of a copolymer of said vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate, parts by weight of said carbon black, and 10 parts by weight of said fibers.

Claims (9)

  1. 2. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein said dispersion preparing step includes the step of mixing said dispersion in a homogeneous mass including 150 parts by weight of a copolymer of said vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate, having a 50 percent solids content, and 10 parts by weight of said carbon black.
  2. 3. The method as defined in claim 2 wherein said mixing step includes adding 10 parts by weight of fibers to said homogeneous mass, said fibers being selected from the group consisting of polyesters and polyamides.
  3. 4. The method as defineD in claim 3 wherein said carbon black is obtained by thermal splitting of acetylene.
  4. 5. The process for manufacturing electrical resistance heating elements comprising the steps of preparing a liquid plastic dispersion including vinyl acetate, dibutyl maleate, carbon black, obtained by thermal splitting of acetylene, and cut polyester fibers, placing a first layer of said dispersion in a hold having a predetermined configuration, placing at least two metallic conductors on the upper surface of said layer, in spaced relation to each other, thereafter embedding said conductors in said dispersion by placing a second layer of said dispersion in said mold over said conductors and said first layer and drying said dispersion layers with said conductors embedded therebetween.
  5. 6. An electrical resistance heating element comprising a sheet of plastic dispersion formed essentially of vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate filled with carbon black, and at least two metallic conductors embedded in said sheet between opposed surfaces thereof.
  6. 7. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 6 wherein said carbon black is obtained by thermal splitting of acetylene.
  7. 8. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 7 including fiber cuttings mixed in said dispersion, said fibers being selected from the group consisting of polyesters and polyamides.
  8. 9. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 8 wherein said metallic conductors are formed of fine-meshed screen cloth.
  9. 10. An electrical resistance heating element as defined in claim 9 wherein said dispersion includes 150 parts by weight of a copolymer of said vinyl acetate and dibutyl maleate, 10 parts by weight of said carbon black, and 10 parts by weight of said fibers.
US116488A 1970-02-20 1971-02-18 Process for the manufacture of flat heating conductors and flat heating conductors obtained by this process Expired - Lifetime US3683361A (en)

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DE2923495A1 (en) * 1978-06-15 1980-01-03 Hotfoil Ltd HEATING TAPE
US4314231A (en) * 1980-04-21 1982-02-02 Raychem Corporation Conductive polymer electrical devices
US4318220A (en) * 1979-04-19 1982-03-09 Raychem Corporation Process for recovering heat recoverable sheet material
WO1982000935A1 (en) * 1980-08-28 1982-03-18 W Stumphauzer Electric heating device
WO1982001112A1 (en) * 1980-09-18 1982-04-01 Mfg Co Thermon Parallel-type heating cable and method of making same
US4534886A (en) * 1981-01-15 1985-08-13 International Paper Company Non-woven heating element
DE3433669A1 (en) * 1984-02-29 1985-08-29 Buchtal Gmbh, 8472 Schwarzenfeld AREA OF CERAMIC MOLDED BODY
US4656339A (en) * 1980-08-28 1987-04-07 Flexwatt Corporation Electrical resistance heater
US4758815A (en) * 1986-07-10 1988-07-19 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Tap element and methods, for heating, pressure measurement and circuit fabrication
US4823106A (en) * 1986-07-10 1989-04-18 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Tape element and methods, for heating, pressure measurement and circuit fabrication
US5180900A (en) * 1991-04-15 1993-01-19 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Electrical resistance element with heat-sensitive disconnect capability
US5586214A (en) * 1994-12-29 1996-12-17 Energy Convertors, Inc. Immersion heating element with electric resistance heating material and polymeric layer disposed thereon
US5835679A (en) * 1994-12-29 1998-11-10 Energy Converters, Inc. Polymeric immersion heating element with skeletal support and optional heat transfer fins
US5930459A (en) * 1994-12-29 1999-07-27 Energy Converters, Inc. Immersion heating element with highly thermally conductive polymeric coating
US6124579A (en) * 1997-10-06 2000-09-26 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Molded polymer composite heater
US6188051B1 (en) 1999-06-01 2001-02-13 Watlow Polymer Technologies Method of manufacturing a sheathed electrical heater assembly
US6233398B1 (en) 1994-12-29 2001-05-15 Watlow Polymer Technologies Heating element suitable for preconditioning print media
US6263158B1 (en) 1999-05-11 2001-07-17 Watlow Polymer Technologies Fibrous supported polymer encapsulated electrical component
US6392206B1 (en) 2000-04-07 2002-05-21 Waltow Polymer Technologies Modular heat exchanger
US6392208B1 (en) 1999-08-06 2002-05-21 Watlow Polymer Technologies Electrofusing of thermoplastic heating elements and elements made thereby
US6433317B1 (en) 2000-04-07 2002-08-13 Watlow Polymer Technologies Molded assembly with heating element captured therein
US6516142B2 (en) 2001-01-08 2003-02-04 Watlow Polymer Technologies Internal heating element for pipes and tubes
US6519835B1 (en) 2000-08-18 2003-02-18 Watlow Polymer Technologies Method of formable thermoplastic laminate heated element assembly
US20040195226A1 (en) * 2001-06-20 2004-10-07 Aldo Stabile Electrothermic membrane with metal core
US20050098684A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2005-05-12 Watlow Polymer Technologies Polymer-encapsulated heating elements for controlling the temperature of an aircraft compartment
WO2006023979A2 (en) * 2004-08-20 2006-03-02 Thermoceramix, Inc. Water heater and method of providing the same
US20060210243A1 (en) * 2005-03-17 2006-09-21 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Information recording medium and apparatus for recording information to or reproducing information from the same
US7308193B2 (en) * 2006-02-28 2007-12-11 Richard Halsall Non-metallic heating element for use in a fluid heater
US20120292306A1 (en) * 2011-05-17 2012-11-22 Lai Tso-Liang Floor-Heating Apparatus
US9982900B2 (en) 2014-01-29 2018-05-29 Trane International Inc. Method of attaching electrodes to plated thermoset plastic heated blower housing

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FR2526132A1 (en) * 1982-05-03 1983-11-04 Vasseur Georges Heating panel with mixed sources for building - uses conductive panel, giving Joule heating, sandwiched between cells containing hydrated salts which store latent heat of fusion

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Cited By (44)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2923495A1 (en) * 1978-06-15 1980-01-03 Hotfoil Ltd HEATING TAPE
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL7101981A (en) 1971-08-24
BE763143A (en) 1971-08-18
DE2007866A1 (en) 1971-09-09
CH525594A (en) 1972-07-15
FR2078828A5 (en) 1971-11-05

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