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US3638321A - Aiming device for light weapons particularly for combating moving air targets - Google Patents

Aiming device for light weapons particularly for combating moving air targets Download PDF

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Publication number
US3638321A
US3638321A US874232A US3638321DA US3638321A US 3638321 A US3638321 A US 3638321A US 874232 A US874232 A US 874232A US 3638321D A US3638321D A US 3638321DA US 3638321 A US3638321 A US 3638321A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
lead
markings
weapon
radial line
improvement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US874232A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Hans Eglin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MATHEMA CORP REG TRUST
Original Assignee
MATHEMA CORP REG TRUST
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19681815992 external-priority patent/DE1815992C/de
Application filed by MATHEMA CORP REG TRUST filed Critical MATHEMA CORP REG TRUST
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3638321A publication Critical patent/US3638321A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G5/00—Elevating or traversing control systems for guns
    • F41G5/08—Ground-based tracking-systems for aerial targets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00—Aiming or laying means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B23/00—Telescopes, e.g. binoculars; Periscopes; Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies; Viewfinders; Optical aiming or sighting devices
    • G02B23/14—Viewfinders

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A device for detennining lead values, appears with the lead [22] I969 directions being represented as apparent flight directions, in the viewing field of a telescope or reflex sight, in the form of PP 374.132 radial line markings.
  • the radial line markings are associated with at least one lead curve which is movable relative to the line markings and is driven only as a function of the elevation nip an" aiming movement of the weapon.
  • Two lead curves are pro- [30] F mm! vided, each assigned to a respective different target speed. Dec.
  • the lead curve assigned to the faster target speed is driven in accordance with the sine function of the elevation angle of the weapon, and the lead curve assigned to the slower target speed U.S. B, is driven in cor-dance the cmine function of the eleya- [5
  • the radial line markings present [58] FieldolSeareh ..33/49; 89/41 AA lead markings formed by interruptions therein as well as by their inner ends adjacent the cross hairs of the viewing field.
  • the invention relates to an aiming device for light weapons, particularly for moving air targets, with a device for determining the lead values.
  • the directions of the lead are represented as apparent flight directions in the viewing field of a telescope or reflex sight, and in the form of radial line markings, on a transparent plate, associated with at least one lead curve, on a transparent support, which is movable, relative to the line markings, and drivable only as a function of the elevation aiming movement of the weapon.
  • the elevation angle of the weapon increases in following the target, and the lead curve moves downwardly.
  • the elevation angle value of the weapon resulting from the moment of target apprehension to the attainment of the maximum value possible, is the one in question for moving the lead curve disc.
  • the elevation angle, resulting from the apprehension of the target is composed of the angle of flight inclination and an elevation angle of the weapon indispensable for prefeeding the curve.
  • the readjustment mentioned above takes into consideration only the angle of flight inclination, and not the value required for prefeeding the curve.
  • the gun is located behind, or laterally behind, this target, the elevation angle of the weapon decreases after apprehension of the target, and the corresponding lead curve disc is moved upwardly. Since the air target pulls up several hundred meters ahead of the land target, thus leaving the straight trajectory, there results, for the prefeeding of the lead curve, a relatively small elevation aiming motion, so that the motion of the lead curve disc is hardly noticeable.
  • This invention relates to aiming apparatus for light weapons, particularly for combating moving air targets, and, more particularly, to an improved aiming apparatus which can be used successfully for tracking not only for aircraft moving along inclined flight paths but also for combating or tracking slow-moving targets, such as helicopters, which move up and down in zigzag flight.
  • An objective of the invention is to design aiming devices of the kind under discussion in an improved manner so that the above readjustment of the elevation angle need no longer be made for inclined flight paths of an airborne target being tracked.
  • the present invention solves the problem involved by making the lead curve support drivable in accordance with the cosine function of the elevation angle of the weapon, and by providing that the lateral ends of the lead curve extend vertically in amanner such that lead values are obtainable at any possible elevation angle of the weapon, as well as when the moving air targets fly past the weapon, even at the critical point.
  • the aiming device is characterized by at least two lead curves, on supports, each assigned to a different target speed.
  • the lead curve assigned to the greater target speed is drivable in accordance with the sine function
  • the lead curve assigned to the slower target speed is drivable in accordance with the cosine function, of the elevation angle of the weapon.
  • the lead curve moving downwardly during aiming motion of the weapon when the flight path of the airborne target is inclined, as when the weapon is in front of or laterally in front of the land object, is driven in accordance with the cosine function of the elevation angle of the weapon.
  • this lead curve moves by such small values that no lead values are yet developed therefrom, or only lead values small enough to be of no practical significance.
  • the hitherto required manual readjustment of the elevation angle is obviated, which leads to a correspondingly simpler operation of the aiming device.
  • this lead curve disc furnishes, in addition, lead values for slow, horizontally flying air targets, such as helicopters.
  • the other disc is driven, as heretofore, in accordance with the sine function of the elevation angle, and, therefore, is excellently suited, in a known manner, for combating horizontally flying and preferably fast-moving air targets.
  • the radial line markings display lead markings formed by interruptions therein, as well as lead markings formed by the inner ends by the radial line markings adjacent crosshairs in the viewing field. This makes it possible to combat, with one and the same aiming device, very fast-moving and very slowmoving air targets, such as helicopters flying in a so-called zigzag pattern. Lead markings of this type do not interfere with the sighting in the viewing field of the aimer, nor do they blur.
  • lead markings were in the form of complete curves or complete ellipses, and if they appeared in the immediate vicinity of the crosshairs or sighting center of the viewing field, due to the small lead values in question, the lead curves thus developing would intersect the vertical radial lines so that they could be confused with the crosshairs and cause lead errors in magnitude and direction.
  • the line disc does not have this disadvantage, because, in the invention line disc, the lead markings are formed by the distance between the crosshairs and the inner ends of the radial lines, as well as by the interruptions in these radial lines.
  • the inner ends of the radial lines which, as known, are closest to the crosshairs and are thus closest to the theoretical point of impact, represent a first target distance, and the interruptions of the radial lines represent a second target distance.
  • the inner ends of the radial line markings correspond to slow target speeds while the interruptions are correlated with faster target speeds.
  • An object of the invention is to provide an aiming device of the type mentioned in which readjustment of the elevation angle, for inclined flight paths, is no longer necessary,
  • Another object of the invention is to provide such an aiming device which can be employed for combating slow-moving targets, such as helicopters, which move up and down in zig zag flight.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide such an aiming device in which the lead curve support or disk is drivable in accordance with the cosine function of the elevation angle of the weapon.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide such an aiming device in which the lateral ends of the lead curve extend vertically in such a manner that lead values are obtainable at any possible elevation angle.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide such an aiming device including at least two lead curves assigned to respective different target speeds.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide such an aiming device in which the lead curve assigned to the greater target speed is drivable in accordance with the sine function, and the lead curve assigned to the slower target speed is drivable in accordance with the cosine function. of the elevation angle of the weapon.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide such an aiming device in which the radial line markings display lead markings formed by interruptions therein as well as by the inner ends of the radial line markings adjacent the crosshairs of the viewing field.
  • FIG. I is a graphical illustration of the geometric relationships and the course of the elevation aiming motions of the weapon when the weapon, having the aiming device of the invention, is located in front of, or laterally in front of, the object to be protected;
  • FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing the geometric relations and the course of the elevation aiming movements of the weapon when the latter is located behind, or laterally behind, the object to be protected;
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the driving device for the discs supporting the lead curves of an aiming device embody ing the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of a line plate for an aiming device embodying the invention.
  • the inclined flight path of the airborne targets to be combated will first be examined more closely.
  • a gun is placed at a distance ekW in front of an object X being approached by an airborne target F at an angle of inclination V.
  • the gun barrel which has not been illustrated, is turned in the direction O-F, with a resultant elevation angle 7-F.
  • the gun barrel executes another elevation aiming movement, namely, -y-V. If the airborne target is pursued to the critical point eW, the gun barrel can perform an elevation aiming motion totaling y-tot.
  • a lead curve disc provided for inclined flight paths, is shifted in accordance with the sine function of the elevation angle of the gun, it would furnish, upon target tracking i.e., afler the elevation angle has passed through the range 'y-F, too great a lead, and the lead error would be proportional to the angle of inclination V, because the elevation angle, required for moving the lead curve disc must begin only from the straight line 0-F' which extends parallel to the flight path F-X. Therefore, the angle V has been subtracted from the elevation angle 'y-tot or y-F, by a manually operable readjustment, so that there remained, for the further motion of the lead curve disc, only the angle y-V'.
  • the lead curve disc is driven in accordance with the cosine function of the elevation angle of the weapon, the motion of the lead curve disc resulting in target apprehension, i.e., at y-F, is so small that the value V' does not appear at all.
  • the gun 0 is placed at a distance ekW behind the object X which again is approached by an airborne target F at an angle of inclination V.
  • the airborne target F does not fly to the point eW, but veers from the straight flight path F-X at point D.
  • the value of the elevation angle y-F is present in the sighting device at the moment of target apprehension, when the barrel of the weapon points in the direction O-F. Accordingly, the elevation aiming motion resulting during tracking of the target from F to V amounts to only 'y-V as yet.
  • the lead curve disc movement resulting therefrom is so small as to be of no practical significance.
  • lead markings can be plotted on the line disc, and these correspond to that flight path and also furnish still usable lead values even for dropping helicopters and fast horizontally flying airborne targets underflying the weapon.
  • FIG. 3 the respective elevation angles assumed by the barrel of a weapon, which has not been shown, are transmitted, by a clutch which also has not been shown, to discs 4 and 6 mounted on a shaft 5.
  • Discs 4 and 6 support respective pins 7 and 8, which are mutually displaced by and which engage respective slots 9 and 10 of respective transparent lead curve discs II and 12 which are mounted so as to be movable and interchangeable.
  • Lead curve discs II and 12 display or present respective lead curves Ila and 12a.
  • the discs are mounted and movable in a manner such that one of the two discs, for example the disc II, is driven in accordance with the sine function, and the other disc, for example the disc 12, is driven in accordance with the cosine function, of the elevation angle of the weapon.
  • lead curves Ila and 12a Since the upper areas of lead curves Ila and 12a are now superfluous, these curves are so shaped that their respective ends I lb and 12b extend vertically. By virtue of this measure, the lead curves always furnish a lead value at any elevation angle, even at the critical point where the apparent flight direction, in pass-by flights, always reaches 90".
  • FIG. 4 represents a line transparent disc or plate 13 which is located, as shown in FIG. 3, in front of the lead curve discs II and [2.
  • the spacings of the inner ends of the radial lines 13a and the interruptions in these radial lines, relative to the crosshairs I are chosen so that they create lead values for certain flights and air targets without resulting in a sighting image which is blurred or which interferes with the field of view.
  • the lead markings formed by the inner ends of radial lines 13a and their interruptions [3b are suited, for example, for combating air targets in whose tracking the elevation angle of the weapon decreases. This occurs, for example, in diving attacks against objects located in front of the gun emplacement, with helicopters in dropping flight, with target flights taking place below the trunnion level of the weapon, and with similar flight paths.
  • the lead markings formed by the inner ends of the radial lines 140, and their interruptions 14b, are suited, for example. for combating air targets which are in rising flight, for example helicopters.
  • the lead markings formed by the inner ends of the horizontal lines 15, and their interruptions 150, are suited for combating airborne targets in tracking which the weapon barrel performs no changes in elevation.
  • aiming apparatus for light weapons, particularly for combating moving air targets, and of the type including a device for determining lead values, with the lead directions being represented, in the viewing field of a telescope or reflex sight, as apparent flight directions in the form of radial line markings on a transparent plate, with the radial line markings including a pair of radial line markings extending horizontally in opposite directions to form a horizontal diametric line marking, the radial line markings being associated with at least one lead curve on a respective transparent support which is movable downwardly relative to the line markings, and means driving each transparent support as a function of the elevation aiming movements of the weapon; the improvement comprising said means driving at least one lead curve disk in .accordance with the cosine function of the elevation angle of the weapon; each lead curve being curved downwardly from the horizontal with its curved portion terminating at points on a horizontal line whose midpoint is aligned vertically with the center of said diametric line marking; the lateral ends of said lead curve extending vertically
  • the improvement claimed in claim 1 including at least two lead curve supports each corresponding to a respective different target speed; the lead curve corresponding to the faster target speed being driven in accordance with the sine function, and the lead curve corresponding to the slower target speed being driven in accordance with the cosine function, of the elevation angle of the vehicle.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
US874232A 1968-12-20 1969-11-05 Aiming device for light weapons particularly for combating moving air targets Expired - Lifetime US3638321A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19681815992 DE1815992C (de) 1968-12-20 Zielvorrichtung für leichte Waffen, insbesondere zum Bekämpfen von sich bewegenden Luftzielen

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3638321A true US3638321A (en) 1972-02-01

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US874232A Expired - Lifetime US3638321A (en) 1968-12-20 1969-11-05 Aiming device for light weapons particularly for combating moving air targets

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3638321A (de)
JP (1) JPS4929360B1 (de)
AT (1) AT309272B (de)
BE (1) BE741123A (de)
CH (1) CH525458A (de)
FR (1) FR2030898A5 (de)
SE (1) SE370786B (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4038521A (en) * 1974-12-11 1977-07-26 Sperry Rand Corporation Aiming device for firing on movable targets
WO2013106280A1 (en) * 2012-01-10 2013-07-18 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US8656630B2 (en) 1997-12-08 2014-02-25 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for aiming point calculation
US8707608B2 (en) 1997-12-08 2014-04-29 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US8893971B1 (en) 2009-05-15 2014-11-25 Horus Vision, Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10254082B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2019-04-09 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10823532B2 (en) 2018-09-04 2020-11-03 Hvrt Corp. Reticles, methods of use and manufacture
CN114494353A (zh) * 2022-02-15 2022-05-13 武汉高德智感科技有限公司 一种瞄准的方法、装置、终端及存储介质
US11976901B2 (en) 2021-06-07 2024-05-07 Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. Passively illuminated fiber optic reflex sights for firearms

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3263566A (en) * 1959-12-28 1966-08-02 Mathema Corp Reg Trust Gun sights particularly for light defensive weapons for use against moving aerial targets

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3263566A (en) * 1959-12-28 1966-08-02 Mathema Corp Reg Trust Gun sights particularly for light defensive weapons for use against moving aerial targets

Cited By (40)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4038521A (en) * 1974-12-11 1977-07-26 Sperry Rand Corporation Aiming device for firing on movable targets
US8656630B2 (en) 1997-12-08 2014-02-25 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for aiming point calculation
US8707608B2 (en) 1997-12-08 2014-04-29 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US8966806B2 (en) 1997-12-08 2015-03-03 Horus Vision, Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US9335123B2 (en) 1997-12-08 2016-05-10 Horus Vision, Llc Apparatus and method for aiming point calculation
US9068794B1 (en) 1997-12-08 2015-06-30 Horus Vision, Llc; Apparatus and method for aiming point calculation
US10731948B2 (en) 2003-11-12 2020-08-04 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10295307B2 (en) 2003-11-12 2019-05-21 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US9869530B2 (en) 2003-11-12 2018-01-16 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US9459077B2 (en) 2003-11-12 2016-10-04 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US8893971B1 (en) 2009-05-15 2014-11-25 Horus Vision, Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US9250038B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2016-02-02 Horus Vision, Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US8991702B1 (en) 2009-05-15 2015-03-31 Horus Vision, Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10948265B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2021-03-16 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US9574850B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2017-02-21 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10502529B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2019-12-10 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US8905307B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2014-12-09 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10060703B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2018-08-28 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US11421961B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2022-08-23 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10451385B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2019-10-22 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US11181342B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2021-11-23 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US20240418479A1 (en) * 2012-01-10 2024-12-19 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10488154B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2019-11-26 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10488153B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2019-11-26 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US9612086B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2017-04-04 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US9255771B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2016-02-09 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US11965711B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2024-04-23 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
WO2013106280A1 (en) * 2012-01-10 2013-07-18 Horus Vision Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US11391542B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2022-07-19 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US8959824B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2015-02-24 Horus Vision, Llc Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10254082B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2019-04-09 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US11255640B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2022-02-22 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10895434B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2021-01-19 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US11656060B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2023-05-23 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US10458753B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2019-10-29 Hvrt Corp. Apparatus and method for calculating aiming point information
US11293720B2 (en) 2018-09-04 2022-04-05 Hvrt Corp. Reticles, methods of use and manufacture
US10895433B2 (en) 2018-09-04 2021-01-19 Hvrt Corp. Reticles, methods of use and manufacture
US10823532B2 (en) 2018-09-04 2020-11-03 Hvrt Corp. Reticles, methods of use and manufacture
US11976901B2 (en) 2021-06-07 2024-05-07 Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. Passively illuminated fiber optic reflex sights for firearms
CN114494353A (zh) * 2022-02-15 2022-05-13 武汉高德智感科技有限公司 一种瞄准的方法、装置、终端及存储介质

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE370786B (de) 1974-10-28
AT309272B (de) 1973-08-10
DE1815992B2 (de) 1971-12-16
JPS4929360B1 (de) 1974-08-03
BE741123A (de) 1970-04-01
DE1815992A1 (de) 1970-07-02
CH525458A (de) 1972-07-15
FR2030898A5 (de) 1970-11-13

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