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US3587460A - Dampening system for rotary offset press - Google Patents

Dampening system for rotary offset press Download PDF

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Publication number
US3587460A
US3587460A US729118A US3587460DA US3587460A US 3587460 A US3587460 A US 3587460A US 729118 A US729118 A US 729118A US 3587460D A US3587460D A US 3587460DA US 3587460 A US3587460 A US 3587460A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
roller
transfer roller
dampening
film
speed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US729118A
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English (en)
Inventor
Louis Jean Chambon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe dEtudes de Machines Speciales SA
Original Assignee
Societe dEtudes de Machines Speciales SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR107233A external-priority patent/FR1531541A/fr
Application filed by Societe dEtudes de Machines Speciales SA filed Critical Societe dEtudes de Machines Speciales SA
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3587460A publication Critical patent/US3587460A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F7/00—Rotary lithographic machines
    • B41F7/20—Details
    • B41F7/24—Damping devices
    • B41F7/26—Damping devices using transfer rollers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/24—Tubes wherein the point of impact of the cathode ray on the anode or anticathode is movable relative to the surface thereof

Definitions

  • a metering roller having a resilient and deformable surface coacts with the transfer roller with sufficient pressure between them to deform the metering roller inwardly so that the thickness of the film of dampening fluid is maintained uniform peripherally and axially of the transfer roller regardless of out-of-roundness of the transfer roller and flexure of the transfer and metering rollers.
  • the device is provided with a drive that allows the driven dampened roller to drive the transfer roller variably in dependence upon changes of the thickness of the film of dampening fluid between the dampened roller and the transfer roller.
  • the dampened roller will vary the speed of the transfer roller so that it increases or decreases the thickness of the film of dampening fluid thereon as a function of its speed changes so that the film thickness is maintained constant automatically.
  • the present invention relates to dampening systems, notably for rotary offset printing presses.
  • a device designed. for dampening the etched plate or cylinder of an offset printing machine is already known, wherein this dampening step is performed prior to the inking proper, by means of rubber form rollers covered with a fabric lining soaked with a dampening fluid, as a rule water. These rollers roll on the press plate. Due to the unequal transfer of water to the plate between the etched'and unetched portions thereof, a transverse adjustment of the water feed must be made as a function ofiwater consumption. Now this adjustment is generally difficult and sometimes impossible in the case of a sudden variation. Moreover, this known device requires an adjustment of the position of the form rollers in case of a change in the paper or web size.
  • Another dampening device which comprises two tangent rollers rolling on each other without slipping and without exerting a mutual pressure.
  • the effect of flextures or bending must be corrected either by resorting to elaborate adjustments or by using special constructional or mechanical arrangements taking due account of this bending, these solutions obviously making this mechanism particularly costly.
  • this dampening device notably for an offset rotary printing machine, comprises a hard transfer roller having an hydrophilic surface from which a film of a dampening fluid is transferred to another surface in contact with the transfer roller such as an etched plate or cylinder of the printing machine.
  • a soft wiping or metering roller having a resilient peripheral surface contacting the transfer roller, is provided.
  • the hard transfer roller is constantly partially'immersed in a trough containing the dampening fluid means are provided by which the soft metering roller is held against rotation, and other means are provided for urging the soft metering roller against the hard transfer roller with a force sufficient to cause the thickness of the film of dampening-fluid adhering to the peripheral surface of the transfer roller to be practically independent of pressure variations likely to be caused by mechanical defects, flections and out-of-roundness.
  • means are also provided for varying the peripheral velocity of the transfer roller in relation to the plate speed, so as to permit the proper adjustment of the thickness of thelfllm of dampening fluid, on said plate.
  • the dampening device according to this invention is also advantageous in that it makes it possible to'form on the surface of the transfer roller a film having a constant or uniform thickness throughout the cylinder length by using particularly I simple means.
  • the arrangement according to the. present invention permits dispensing with the hitherto customary means for effecting the transverse adjustment of the water pick up, and the water consumption corresponds exactly to the amount necessary for properly dampening the plate.
  • the device according to this invention permits forming an extremely thin film of water for dampening'the plate.
  • the hard transfer roller of the variable rotational speed type, is tangent to. a resilient applicator or form roller.
  • the quantity of water delivered to the press plate is adjusted by the velocity or speed of rotation of the transfer roller.
  • this adjustment is subordinate to the linear printing speed of the machine: the higher the transfer roller speed, the thicker the waterfilm delivered to the plate.
  • the hard transfer roller is rotatably driven from a DC motor of the constant but adjustable speed type, the drive being transmitted from the motor to the roller through the medium ofa freewheel device.
  • the transfer roller driving system comprises a shunt motor controlled through a bridge rectifier; in this case the freewheel action is obtained when the motor operates as a no-load generato due to the provision of the rectifier.
  • the transfer roller driving system comprises a series motor, i.e. a motor of which the velocity of rotation is inversely proportional to the reaction torque.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic vertical section view showing a dampening device according to this invention, associated with an offset rotary press;
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view partly in section showing the same device
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of an elevation view illustrating the inking and dampening systems embodying the invention incorporated in a rotary offset press;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram of a fragmentary elevation view illustrating a modified form of embodiment of the dampening device according to this invention.
  • FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 are diagrams of graphs illustrating plots of the variation in the thickness of the film of water deposited on the peripheral surfaceof a soft applicator roller as a function of various parameters.
  • the dampening device illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises a sump or trough I containing a certain amount of a dampening fluid, for example water, of which the level can be kept at a constant value by means of a suitable pumping system (not shown).
  • a dampening fluid for example water
  • a transfer roller 2 rotatably mounted on a horizontal shaft 3 has its lower portion constantly immersed or dipped in the dampening fluid contained in the trough 1
  • This transfer roller 2 is rotatably driven in a counterclockwise direction as viewed in the drawing and at an adjustable speed, either through gears 4, from a variable-speed motor or, as illustrated more particularly in the drawing, through a variable speed transmission 5 interposed between the transfer roller 2 and a main power shaft 6 of the machine.
  • the peripheral surface of the transfer roller 2 consists of a relatively hard, substantially nonresilient lining material, preferably chromium, having an affinity for water that is hydrophilic.
  • a fixed wiping or metering roller 7 is mounted parallel to the transfer roller for engagement with the transfer roller 2 in a contact region or zone 8 overlying the horizontal plane containing the axis of the transfer roller shaft 3.
  • the fixed metering roller 7 comprises a central core 70 of relatively hard material such as steel, and a surface layer or lining 7b of soft material such as rubber.
  • means are provided for pressing the soft metering roller 7 against the movable transfer roller 2 with a relatively high pressure, at least sufficient to cause the soft surface layer 7b of metering roller 7 to be deformed inwardly or compressed with force in said contact zone 8 against the hard transfer roller 2.
  • Various conventional means may be used for adjustably pressing the fixed metering roller 7 against the movable transfer roller 2.
  • the transfer roller 2 will thus entrain at the outlet end of said contact zone 8 a film of water 17 of reduced and constant thickness, which is deposited at a variable speed on a roller 18 also lined with soft material which is tangent to the aforesaid transfer roller 2 and revolves at a constant speed.
  • this roller 18 may be either the applicator or form roller engaging the etched plate or cylinder of the printing machine, or alternately an immediate distributor roller.
  • the peripheral surface of roller 18 will thus receive a film of water of variable thickness, this thickness being proportional to the velocity of rotation of the transfer roller 2.
  • the quantity of water delivered to the plate of the offset press is on the one hand dependent on the thickness of the film of water 17 formed on the transfer roller 2 and on the other hand directly proportional to the velocity of rotation of the transfer roller 2.
  • the thickness ho/2 of the water film 17 formed on the peripheral surface of transfer roller 2 may be expressed by the following equality:
  • the quantity of water delivered to roller 18 can be adjusted very easily bevarying the velocity of rotation v of the transfer roller 2, this variation being obtained by properly controlling the variable speed transmission 5 or the variablespeed motor.
  • the shaft 9 of wiping or metering roller 7 is locked against rotation by means of a friction device.
  • This device illustrated diagrammatically in the HQ, comprises a disc 19 rigid with a shaft 20 held against rotation.
  • This disc 19 is urged by a spring 21 against an antagonistic disc 22 rigid with the end of shaft 9 of cylinder 7.
  • the tension of spring 21 may be adjusted by means of a screw-threaded adjustment member 23 engaged by said spring 21 and screwed in a yoke 24 rigid with the frame structure 10 of the machine.
  • This friction locking device operates as follows: when the machine is started, the peripheral surface of transfer roller 2 is dry as well as that of metering roller 7. As a result, the coefficient of friction between the contacting surfaces is relatively high. The tension of spring 21 is so adjusted that under these conditions the driving torque exerted by the transfer roller 2 on the metering roller 7 exceeds the reaction torque exerted by the friction disc 19 on the antagonistic disc 22.
  • the transfer roller 2 will drive the metering roller 7 in a clockwise direction.
  • the above-described arrangement is advantageous in that each time the machine is started the peripheral surface portion of the soft or flexible layer 7b which contacts the rotary transfer roller 2 is changed, so that any premature wear of the surface layer 7b is safely avoided, as contrasted with arrangements wherein the transfer roller 2 is in constant engagement with the same portion of said soft layer.
  • the offset rotary press comprises an inktrough 25, a hard inking roller 26, a flexible pickup roller 27 brought in contact by turns with said inking roller 26 and another hard roller 28 constituting the inking plate.
  • This roller 28 is tangential to a soft distributor roller 29 tangential in turn to a hard loading roller 31 tangentiallto the distibutor or applicator roller 18 of FIG. 1.
  • the loading roller 31 is also tangential to a soft transmitter roller 32'tangent in turn to a pair of hard rollers 33 and 34 to which a lateral reciprocating motion is imparted.
  • the laterally reciprocating roller 33 is also tangential to the distributor roller 18 and to a pair of soft inking rollers 35 and 36 contacting the etched plate or roller 37
  • the reciprocating roller 34 is on the other hand to a soft transmitter roller 38 tangent in turn tangential to a pair of hard rollers 39 and 41 tangential to a common soft roller 42.
  • Roller 39 is also reciprocated axially and contacts two soft inking rollers 43 and 44 also rolling on the etched plate or roller 37.
  • the two pairs of inking rollers 35, 36 and 43, 44 are disposed symmetrically in relation to a vertical plane containing the axis of rotation of the etched plate or roller 37, on the one hand, and the axes of rollers 26 and 34, on the other hand.
  • FIG. 3 shows in dash and dot lines the variations in the positions of the inking rollers 36 and 44 when the etched plate or roller has the minimum size, and thick lines corresponding to the use of the largest size.
  • the transfer roller 2 may be brought in direct contact with an inking roller such as roller 36.
  • an inking roller such as roller 36.
  • FIG. 4 illustrating a modified form of embodiment of this invention.
  • the soft applicator roller 18 is rotatably driven through suitable means (not shown) from the offset rotary press. Its velocity of rotation is therefore variable as a function of the machine speed.
  • the hard transfer roller 2 is rotatably driven from an electric motor 50 through a freewheel device 51 and a train of gears 4.
  • the transfer roller 2 is driven only as a consequence of its peripheral contact with the soft applicator roller 18, at a tangential speed V lying in the range from (since the metering roller 7, held against rotation, acts as a brake) to V which is the tangential velocity of applicator roller 18v driving the transfer roller 2 by frictional contact.
  • the pressure exerted between the soft metering roller 7 and the hard transfer roller 2 is adjusted at a sufficient value to which corresponds a constant crushing d, of the flexible surface 7b of roller 7, so that a constant thickness ha/2 of the film of water on the peripheral surface of transfer roller 2 is obtained throughout the roller length, irrespective of the cylinder flexure.
  • the pressure and therefore the "crushing d of the surface layer of roller I8 are adjustable.
  • This formula (2) shows that the thickness e of the film of water distributed over the inking system will vary as the square root of theytinear printing speed V This law governing the variation is therefore parabolic when graphed and FIG. illustrates a series of parabolic curves corresponding to different values d (1,, d of parameter d, i.e. of the degree of crushing of roller 18.
  • dampening effect thus obtained will be satisfactory for a printing machine speed V but if the machine is operated at a lower speed the dampening will not be sufficient and if the machine is operated at a higher speed the dampening will be in excess of the normal desired value.
  • the motor 50 drives the transfer roller 2 through the medium of the freewheel device 51.
  • the roller 2 if the roller 2 is driven from the applicator roller 18 at a speed higher than that imparted thereto by the motor 50, the transfer roller can rotate at said speed without any stress.
  • This freewheer effect can also be obtained electrically if the transfer roller 2 is driven from a shunt motor 50 energized through a bridge rectifier 52, when this shunt motor operates as a no-load generator due to the presence of said bridge rectifier.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates in dash lines the curve II corresponding to a curve of FIG. 5 i.e. the curve corresponding to the value 11 of parameter d) and showing the variation in the thickness e as g a function of the speed V,- of roller 18, as already explained hereinabove.
  • A-B is essentially dependent on the adjustment of V that is, on the driving speed of motor 50, and arc B-C is essentially dependent on the crushing effect d, therefore on the pressure existing between the transfer roller 2 and the soft applicator roller 18 of the inking system.
  • the adjustment of point A is obtained by adjusting the speed V of motor 50 as required for a low-pressspeed
  • the adjustment of point C is obtained by adjusting the crushing d of the soft roller 18 of the inking system, for a high press speed.
  • the constant-speed motor-50 is replaced by a series-wound motor, that is, a motor of which the speed is a reverse function of the reaction torque (reversible control).
  • This motor adjusted at a low speed V, of the printing machine permits of determining the point A; then, when the speed V of the press increases, the torque necessary for driving the transfer roller 2 from the electric motor 10 decreases, due to the fact that the transfer roller 2 is driven from the soft applicator roller 18 of the inking system.
  • the speed at which the transfer roller 2 is driven may increase, this increment is attended by a corresponding increment in the thickness of the film of water in relation to that corresponding arc A-B.
  • a dampening device for an offset-type rotary printing press comprising, means defining a trough for containing therein in operation a dampening fluid, a rotatably driven first roller to which a film of said dampening fluid is to be transferred and automatically maintained peripherally and axially thereon at a substantially uniform and constant thickness irrespective of peripheral speed of rotation variations thereof, a rotatably driven transfer roller having a hard, hydrophilic peripheral surface circumferentially and axially thereof, first mounting means mounting said transfer roller in position with a portion axially thereon in said trough immersed in said dampening fluid for adhering a film of said dampening fluid disposed peripherally on and circumferentially of said transfer roller and variable in thickness in dependence upon varying of ,8 the peripheral speed of rotation of said transfer roller, said first mountin means being dis ose d mounting said transfer roller paralle to said first rol er, in contact therewith for transfer of said film of dampening fluid to said first roller, said first-mount
  • a dampening device for an offset-type rotary printing press in which said second mounting means includes means for variably shifting the axis of said metering roller relative to the axis of said transfer roller in a parallel relationship to change said contact pressure in said contact region.
  • a dampening device for an offset-type rotary printing press according to claim 1, in which said means allowing varying the peripheral speed of said transfer roller under control of said first roller comprises a freewheel device.
  • a dampening device for an offset-type rotary press according to claim, 3 in which said drive means comprises a DC electric motor having a constant but adjustable speed for rotatably driving said transfer roller.
  • a dampening device for an offset-type rotary printing press according to claim 4, in which said freewheel device is disposed intermediate said motor and said transfer roller.
  • a dampening device for an offset-type rotary printing press in which said electric motor comprises a series wound DC motor having a speed of rotation inversely proportional to reaction torque.
  • a dampening device for an offset-type rotary printing press in which said holding means comprises, a first friction disc mounted to rotate in conjunction with said metering roller and connected thereto, a second friction disc movably mounted for variable frictional engagement under pressure with the first friction disc and means to adjust pressure applied by the second friction disc to the first friction disc to thereby adjust frictional engagement between the frictional discs, whereby the metering roller is rotated by the transfer roller in the absence of a film of dampening fluid therebetween in said contact region and said metering roller is held from rotating only when said film of dampening fluid is disposed in said contact region.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Rotary Presses (AREA)
  • Inking, Control Or Cleaning Of Printing Machines (AREA)
  • Assembled Shelves (AREA)
US729118A 1967-05-22 1968-05-14 Dampening system for rotary offset press Expired - Lifetime US3587460A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR107233A FR1531541A (fr) 1967-05-22 1967-05-22 Dispositif de mouillage notamment pour une imprimeuse rotative du type offset
FR132101A FR93677E (fr) 1967-05-22 1967-12-13 Dispositif de mouillage, notamment pour une imprimeuse rotative du type offset.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3587460A true US3587460A (en) 1971-06-28

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US729118A Expired - Lifetime US3587460A (en) 1967-05-22 1968-05-14 Dampening system for rotary offset press

Country Status (15)

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US (1) US3587460A (nl)
AT (1) AT303082B (nl)
BE (1) BE715185A (nl)
CH (1) CH517592A (nl)
DE (1) DE1761404C3 (nl)
DK (1) DK135157B (nl)
ES (1) ES354441A1 (nl)
FR (1) FR93677E (nl)
GB (1) GB1219828A (nl)
IE (1) IE31915B1 (nl)
IL (1) IL29986A (nl)
LU (1) LU56084A1 (nl)
NL (1) NL146094B (nl)
NO (1) NO126558B (nl)
SE (1) SE338574B (nl)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3709147A (en) * 1970-12-03 1973-01-09 W Granger Ink transfer cylinder mounting with adjustable drive clutch
US3785285A (en) * 1970-07-10 1974-01-15 Etudes De Machines Speciales Damping device for rotary offset press
US3805700A (en) * 1970-08-17 1974-04-23 Etudes De Machines Speciales Damping device for rotary offset printing machine
US3818830A (en) * 1972-05-15 1974-06-25 Int Machine Prod Inc Arrangement for supplying ink for a printing machine
US3902334A (en) * 1974-02-13 1975-09-02 Compensating Tension Controls Constant torque clutch
US3937141A (en) * 1974-06-17 1976-02-10 Dahlgren Harold P Dampener for lithographic printing plates
US3986452A (en) * 1960-05-02 1976-10-19 Dahlgren Manufacturing Company, Inc. Liquid applicator for lithographic systems
US4000691A (en) * 1973-02-28 1977-01-04 Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg Ag Rotary printing press with improved inking system
US4127067A (en) * 1974-02-15 1978-11-28 Dahlgren Harold P Method for inking printing plates
WO1979001110A1 (en) * 1978-04-18 1979-12-13 H Dahlgren Newspaper printing system
WO1980000144A1 (en) * 1978-04-18 1980-02-07 H Dahlgren Reversible newspaper press
US4237785A (en) * 1978-04-18 1980-12-09 Dahlgren Harold P Inker for applying newsprint type ink
US4461208A (en) * 1981-12-15 1984-07-24 Luigi Ghisalberti Wetting device and method in offset printing
US5265535A (en) * 1991-12-28 1993-11-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Isowa Printing machine for corrugated board sheet
US6257144B1 (en) * 1998-06-04 2001-07-10 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Aktiengesellschaft Method of metering dampening solution when printing with a printing form for offset printing
US20060185536A1 (en) * 2004-12-22 2006-08-24 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Printing press roll and cylinder

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3700984A (en) * 1971-03-08 1972-10-24 North American Rockwell Dampener control system for lithographic printing press
GB1585510A (en) * 1976-05-03 1981-03-04 Am Int Lithographic moisture system and method
CA1129247A (en) * 1979-02-26 1982-08-10 Edward P. Macconnell Fluid roller
IT1195383B (it) * 1983-06-17 1988-10-19 Luigi Ghisalberti Metodo e dispositivo per la bagnatura ed inchiostratura contemporanea della matrice per la stampa offset
DD238574A1 (de) * 1985-06-25 1986-08-27 Polygraph Leipzig Verfahren und einrichtung zur beseitigung von putzen auf der druckplatte

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3986452A (en) * 1960-05-02 1976-10-19 Dahlgren Manufacturing Company, Inc. Liquid applicator for lithographic systems
US3785285A (en) * 1970-07-10 1974-01-15 Etudes De Machines Speciales Damping device for rotary offset press
US3805700A (en) * 1970-08-17 1974-04-23 Etudes De Machines Speciales Damping device for rotary offset printing machine
US3709147A (en) * 1970-12-03 1973-01-09 W Granger Ink transfer cylinder mounting with adjustable drive clutch
US3818830A (en) * 1972-05-15 1974-06-25 Int Machine Prod Inc Arrangement for supplying ink for a printing machine
US4000691A (en) * 1973-02-28 1977-01-04 Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg Ag Rotary printing press with improved inking system
US3902334A (en) * 1974-02-13 1975-09-02 Compensating Tension Controls Constant torque clutch
US4127067A (en) * 1974-02-15 1978-11-28 Dahlgren Harold P Method for inking printing plates
US3937141A (en) * 1974-06-17 1976-02-10 Dahlgren Harold P Dampener for lithographic printing plates
WO1979001110A1 (en) * 1978-04-18 1979-12-13 H Dahlgren Newspaper printing system
WO1980000144A1 (en) * 1978-04-18 1980-02-07 H Dahlgren Reversible newspaper press
US4208963A (en) * 1978-04-18 1980-06-24 Dahlgren Manufacturing Company Newspaper printing system
US4237785A (en) * 1978-04-18 1980-12-09 Dahlgren Harold P Inker for applying newsprint type ink
US4461208A (en) * 1981-12-15 1984-07-24 Luigi Ghisalberti Wetting device and method in offset printing
US5265535A (en) * 1991-12-28 1993-11-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Isowa Printing machine for corrugated board sheet
US6257144B1 (en) * 1998-06-04 2001-07-10 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Aktiengesellschaft Method of metering dampening solution when printing with a printing form for offset printing
US20060185536A1 (en) * 2004-12-22 2006-08-24 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Printing press roll and cylinder

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
LU56084A1 (nl) 1968-09-09
IE31915L (en) 1968-11-22
DE1761404C3 (de) 1975-09-18
NO126558B (nl) 1973-02-26
FR93677E (fr) 1969-05-02
DE1761404B2 (de) 1975-02-13
AT303082B (de) 1972-11-10
NL6807253A (nl) 1968-11-25
DK135157B (da) 1977-03-14
BE715185A (nl) 1968-09-30
ES354441A1 (es) 1970-02-16
IL29986A (en) 1973-04-30
DE1761404A1 (de) 1971-09-02
IL29986A0 (en) 1968-07-25
CH517592A (fr) 1972-01-15
DK135157C (nl) 1977-09-12
GB1219828A (en) 1971-01-20
SE338574B (nl) 1971-09-13
IE31915B1 (en) 1973-02-07
NL146094B (nl) 1975-06-16

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