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US3399451A - Methods of coating electrically conductive compositions - Google Patents

Methods of coating electrically conductive compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
US3399451A
US3399451A US443515A US44351565A US3399451A US 3399451 A US3399451 A US 3399451A US 443515 A US443515 A US 443515A US 44351565 A US44351565 A US 44351565A US 3399451 A US3399451 A US 3399451A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
rolls
coating
coating composition
bank
resistance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US443515A
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English (en)
Inventor
Smith-Johannsen Robert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Chemelex Inc
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Chemelex Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Chemelex Inc filed Critical Chemelex Inc
Priority to US443515A priority Critical patent/US3399451A/en
Priority to GB9547/66A priority patent/GB1098078A/en
Priority to FR54334A priority patent/FR1471843A/fr
Priority to NL666603994A priority patent/NL150255B/xx
Priority to DE19661621829 priority patent/DE1621829C3/de
Priority to SE4088/66A priority patent/SE316851B/xx
Priority to JP41019545A priority patent/JPS4929615B1/ja
Priority to CH456466A priority patent/CH479939A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3399451A publication Critical patent/US3399451A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/12—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain a coating with specific electrical properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/24—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/0026—Apparatus for manufacturing conducting or semi-conducting layers, e.g. deposition of metal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H05B3/36—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49099—Coating resistive material on a base
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49101—Applying terminal

Definitions

  • One of .themain uses of such conductive coatings involves the production of heat by proper installation of the electrically coatedsubstrates in homes, appliances, industrialequipment, pipes, and so forth.
  • Electricallyconductivecompositions have been applied to suitable substrates by many ditferent methods such as by spraying, brushing or by varioustypes of coating'equipment.
  • Such methods involved problems of resistance control, coating composition viscosity control, etc., and necessitated the application of electrodes and covering insulation bysepai'ate operations.
  • Changing the resistance of the coating also involved a change in the coating composition which requires the separate preparationof as many'different coating compositions and coating runs as the number of endproductsof specific resistance desired.
  • This invention relates to a method of coating eleci trically conductive compositions onto asuit'able substrate in which" the resistance can be controlled uniformly throughout the length of the coating on th'eweb as well as. across the web (within 1 to 2%) without continual measurement of the resistance 'of the coating during applica: tion and in which the final resistance is stable over long periods of time both on continuous and cycling operations.
  • the invention includes a method of producing coated substrates having greatly varying resistances (in' one case from about 550'15,000' ohms per square) without altering the coating composition or the amount of'conductive material in thecoating composition.
  • the invention further includes the application of coating-compositions to a web substrate and the simultaneous application of electrodes and aninsulating covering layer thereover thus forming completed elements in one step.
  • the method of this invention broadly involves the feeding of a web of substrate material through a pair of rolls which are horizontally mounted and which form a bank at the top in which the coating composition 'is placed and controlling the speed of the rolls, the pressure'exerted by the rolls in applying the coating to the substrate and the height of the coating in the bank to produce a coated substrate of the desired resistance.
  • FIG. 1 coating rolls l and ⁇ of deformirblemate: rial such as rubber are horizontally mounted on shafts 3 and 4 forming a nip 5 and a bank portion 6 at the top which is shown containing the electrically conductive coating composition.
  • i Y coating rolls l and ⁇ of deformirblemate: rial such as rubber are horizontally mounted on shafts 3 and 4 forming a nip 5 and a bank portion 6 at the top which is shown containing the electrically conductive coating composition.
  • the r'olls can be driven by any suitable means (not shown) and the pressure between the rolls at the nip 5 can be adjusted-by movingthe rolls toward and away from'each other'by any suitable'me'a'ns (not shown) as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the substrate 7 to be coated is fed between the rolls as shown Where it comes into contact with the coating composition contained in the bank.
  • FIG. 1 also shows electrodes 8 and 9, which are preferably copper, also being fed through the coating composition in the bank and through the nip and applied to the coated substrate at the desired spaced interval.
  • the simultaneous application of an insulating covering layer 10 is also shown in FIG. 1. In the embodiment shown in the FIG. 1 the insulating layer will also receive a coating of the conductive coating composition in the same manner that the substrate will receive the coating.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the dimensions of the rolls as were actually used in carrying out the specific working examples set forth below.
  • the containing ears actually come down sufficiently far over both ends of the rolls to contain the coating composition but are cut-away in this figure to show the position of the coating composition.
  • the distance between the ears (top View) is 4.75 inches.
  • the contact nip pressure or deformation area is shown at A. As the rolls are moved toward each other, increasing in the pressure at point A, the deformation area will increase and as they are moved away from each other the pressure and deformation area will decrease. Thus, the pressure at the nip or point A can be measured and recorded by measuring the extent of deformation.
  • the amount of deformation which will be caused by the exertion of any particular pressure at the nip A will, of course, vary depending upon the deformability of the materials of which the rolls are constructed. And the pressure or the deformation area will thus have to be standardized for the particular set of rolls being used.
  • the standardized conditions for producing a product of the desired resistance must also be correlated to the size of the rolls used to perform the coating operation as well as the deformability of the material from which the rolls are made.
  • the use of larger diameter rolls will of the rollsat the nip, and the speed of the rolls will have to be set for each pair of rolls of different diameter or of different degree of deformability.
  • the three main variables to be controlled to produce the desired uniform resistance are the speed of the rolls,
  • the exact resistance desired can be uniformly obtained over the length and width of the web by correlating the speed at which the rolls are driven, the pressure exerted by the rolls on to the substrate and the coating composition and the height of the coating composition in the bank. For any given set of conditions, these three variables can be standardized and the coating composition coated on to the substrate to obtain the desired resistance under the established standard conditions of speed, pressure and height of coating in the bank.
  • the resistance increases and as the speed is decreased the resistance is decreased.
  • the pressure exerted by the rolls on to the substrate and coating composition is increased (or the deformation area) the resistance increases and a decrease in pressure decreased the resistance.
  • the increase of the height of the coating in the bank results in a decrease in the resistance while a decrease in the height of the coating composition in the nip increases the resistance.
  • the height of the coating composition in the bank and the speed of the rolls are somewhat related and could be expressed as the time during which the substrate being coated is in contact with the coating composition prior to passing through the nip if desired.
  • the rolls are forced togetherso that they are deformed to a measured amount as shown in FIG. 2 to set a predetermined pressure at the nip, a substrate is fed through the rolls as shown in the drawing together with the electrodes and insulating covering layer if desired.
  • An electrically conductive composition of known proportions and capable of producing an electrically conductive coating is placed in the bank between the rolls as shown in the drawing, preferably filling the bank to the highest level obtainable and the rolls then rotated at a constant predetermined speed. Approximately feet of the web is coated, the machine stopped the coating dried and the resistance of the coating measured under controlled or standardized conditions.
  • the equipment is again started at the same speed and the amount of coating contained in the nip maintained constant by a continuous addition thereto from an outside source (not shown in this drawing) and the desired amount of coated product at this particular resistance run off and dried.
  • the standard conditions for this particular resistance can then be recorded and used again when it is desired to produce more of the same product.
  • the pressure of the rolls or the deformation area thereof can be reduced or the height of the coating in the bank increased, or the speed can be reduced until a standard set of conditions have been obtained which will produce the desired resistance in the end product. If the resistance is too low the speed of the rolls or the pressure thereof can be increased to reach the desired resistance.
  • the resistance can be varied and standardized at the desired level by varying the speed of the rolls, pressure of the rolls and the height of the coating composition in the bank.
  • the resistance of the product will be decreased and as it is decreased the resistance will increase.
  • the resistance of the final product will also increase while the use of a rougher paper will cause a decrease in resistance.
  • An increase in viscosity of the coating composition results in a decrease in resistance while decreasing the viscosity will result in increased resistance.
  • resistance can be lowered by using a substrate less adsorbent with respect to the coatingcomposition or a substrate with a rougher surface.
  • the viscosity of the coating composition can also be varied to either lower or raise the resistance without materially affecting the solids content by the presence or absence of thickening agents.
  • Atomite is powdered cal-' Clarke and Daniels
  • Warco S-71 is a aqueous solution of a dicyandiamide formaldehyde condensate marketed by the Sun Chemical Company
  • Ludox AM is a 30% solids ,colloidal suspension of silica particles containing substantially no alkali within or combined with the silica particles and "stabilized with an aluminum compoundsimilar to the alkali stabilized silica Ludox, both of which are marketed by the Du Pont Company
  • Shawinigan Black is solid powdered acetylene black marketed by Shawinigan Chemical Company
  • Acheson 230 is a water slurry of acetylene black marketed by Acheson Colloids Company and grade 38 graphite is dry powdered graphite marketed by the National Carbon Company.
  • AC-61 is Rhoplex AC-61 is an acrylic aqueous emulsion copolymercontaining about 46-47% solids marketed by Rohm & Haas Company. Teflon is a polytetrafiuoroethylene marketed by Du Pont and Acrysol GS is a polyacr-ylic acid marketed by Rohm & Haas Company.
  • hoplex AC-61 is used as an adhesive to aid in bonding the components of the final element and to secure greater adhesion of the coating to the substrate.
  • Teflon is used since it aids in resistance stabilization if it is to be subsequently resin impregnated.
  • Acrysol GS is used as a thickening agent to control viscosity.
  • Premix A Parts Water 100 Atomite 20 Warco F-71 (on solids content) 0.1 Shawinigan Black 6 Ludox AM (on solids content) 15
  • Premix B Parts Water 100 Atomite 20 Warco F-71 (on solids content) 0.1 Shawinigan Black 6 Ludox AM (on solids content) 15
  • Premix B Parts Water 100 Atomite 20 Warco F-71 (on solids content) 0.1 Shawinigan Black 6 Ludox AM (on solids content) 15
  • Premix B Premix B:
  • Premix A was prepared by thoroughly mixing the Atomite for approximately 15 minutes under shear such as would be exerted by a Waring Blendor for approximately 15 minutes. The Warco was then slowly added to the Atomite water mix and the mixture again thoroughly dispersed under shear for approximately 15 minutes. This Atomite-Warco mixture was permitted to stand for one hour. After one hour the Shawinigan Black was then slowly added thereto while the composition was main tained under shear. The composition was again allowed to stand for one hour. The Ludox was then slowly added and the composition again thoroughly dispersed under shear for approximately 5 minutes. This master mix A was then permitted to stand 24 hours.
  • Premix B was prepared by slowly adding the Acheson 230 slurry to premix A while maintaining the composition under shear.
  • Premix C was prepared by thoroughly dispersing the grade 38 graphite in the water under shear for approximately 15 minutes and then slowly adding this graphite water dispersion to premix B while maintaining mixture under shear.
  • the following examples illustrate various coating compositions and particular standards of roll pressure or deformation, height of coating composition in the bank and roll or machine speed to obtain specific resistances. All runs were performed on the machine having the dimensions illustrated in FIG. 2 and were applied in the manner shown in FIG. 1 using a substrate, spaced copper electrodes and an insulating covering layer.
  • the substrate and insulating covering layer were both standard asbestos paper webs of about 7'mils in thickness.
  • Example 9 the Atomite was dispersed in 100 pounds of water and mixed under shear for 15 minutes and the diluted Warco slowly added'and the mixing under shear continued for an additional 15 minutes. The mixture was then allowed to stand for 1 hour. The Acheson 230 was then slowly added under shear and this mixture again permitted to stand for 1 hour. The Ludox was then slowly added and mixed under shear for 5 minutes. 5 pounds of an acrylate polymer containing about 50% solids in water marketed by Goodrich under the trade name Hycar 2600X83 was then folded into this mixture followed by 1.5 pounds of a polyacrylic acid thickening agent marketed by Rohm & Haas Company, under the trade name Acrysol GS until thoroughly dispersed.
  • Premix B 8# 8 oz. Premix A 1# 8 oz. Teflon 30 Q 10.5 oz. AO-61 1# 8 oz. Acrysol GS 6.5 oz. Nip setting (deformation) /8". Bank Half full. Machine speed 46 f.p.m. Yield, 1# 50 sq. ft.
  • Example 9 [4000 ohms/sq] Water 100#. Atomite Warco F-7l (10% solids in water) 250 gm. Water 500 gm. Acheson 220 71#. Ludox AM 15#. Nip setting (deformation) Bank Half full. Machine speed 46 f.n.m.
  • All of the above coating compositions can be applied to the substrate to produce coating compositions of a wide range of resistances by varying the height of the coating in the bank, the nip pressure or deformation and the roll speed.
  • The' formulation of Example 9, for example can be coated in a resistance range of about 1300 ohms per square to 4000 ohms per square by varying the nip pressure, 'roll" speed and height of coating contained in the bank. "Changes in the coating composition will normally change the resistance of the coating under the same coating" conditions 'as can be observed from the above examples.
  • the invention isnotflimited' to the particular coating compositions. disclosed herein as” these can 'be fvaried considerably by the elimination of various materials such as Teflon; the addition of'various other materials or by the substitution of different materials as will be apparent to those skilled in the an.
  • p 1 p l g Various adhesives can be used as well as' Rh oplex AC61 including methylacrylate; 'rnethyl'methacrylate, ethyl acrylate polymers including copolymers thereof as well as copolymer's with other copolymerizable monomers suchas acrylic acid, styrene vinyl toluene etc.
  • styrene-" butadiene copolye'rs and carboxylated 'styrene-butadiene copolyers are further examples.
  • any compatible adhesive or thickening agent can be used so long as it can furnish the desired adhesion or thickening withoutunduly afiecting the resistance and stability of the final element.
  • Various substrates can be coated according to this invention which is capable of being passed through the-rolls including cellu'losic paper, asbestos paper, cloth, plastic films; etc, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the electrically conductive coating composition contains electrically conductive particles in combination with colloidal silica particles having substantially no alkali contained therein.
  • a method of forming an electrically conductive structure comprising anelectrically conductive coating and spaced electrodes laminated between two layers of insulating material which comprises passing a pair of webs of insulating material and a pair of laterally spaced webs of conductive-electrode material in between said webs of insulating material through the nip of a pair of horizontally mounted rolls which form a bank capable of holding an electrically conductive coating composition therein between the pair of insulating webs being fed through the nip of the rolls, placing an electrically con-.
  • structure comprising an electrically conductive coating and spaced electrodes laminated between two layers of insulating material which comprises passing a pair of webs' ofinsulating material and a pair of laterally spaced webs of conductive electrode material in between said webs of insulating material through the dip of a pair of horizontally mounted rolls which form a bank capable of.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
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US443515A 1965-03-29 1965-03-29 Methods of coating electrically conductive compositions Expired - Lifetime US3399451A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US443515A US3399451A (en) 1965-03-29 1965-03-29 Methods of coating electrically conductive compositions
GB9547/66A GB1098078A (en) 1965-03-29 1966-03-04 Improvements in method of coating an electrically conductive composition on a substrate
FR54334A FR1471843A (fr) 1965-03-29 1966-03-21 Procédé d'enduisage de compositions conductrices de l'électricité
NL666603994A NL150255B (nl) 1965-03-29 1966-03-25 Werkwijze voor de vervaardiging van een elektrisch weerstandsverwarmingselement, alsmede verwarmingselement vervaardigd volgens deze werkwijze.
DE19661621829 DE1621829C3 (de) 1965-03-29 1966-03-26 Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Herstellen einer Schicht mit vorgegebener elektrischer Leitfähigkeit auf einer Trägerbahn
SE4088/66A SE316851B (xx) 1965-03-29 1966-03-28
JP41019545A JPS4929615B1 (xx) 1965-03-29 1966-03-29
CH456466A CH479939A (fr) 1965-03-29 1966-03-29 Procédé de revêtement d'un support par une composition conductrice de l'électricité

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US443515A US3399451A (en) 1965-03-29 1965-03-29 Methods of coating electrically conductive compositions

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US3399451A true US3399451A (en) 1968-09-03

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US443515A Expired - Lifetime US3399451A (en) 1965-03-29 1965-03-29 Methods of coating electrically conductive compositions

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US (1) US3399451A (xx)
JP (1) JPS4929615B1 (xx)
CH (1) CH479939A (xx)
GB (1) GB1098078A (xx)
NL (1) NL150255B (xx)
SE (1) SE316851B (xx)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4888259A (en) * 1988-12-05 1989-12-19 Honeywell Inc. Electrode composition and method of making
US4900588A (en) * 1986-11-11 1990-02-13 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Method for the production of a carbon electrode

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6022436A (en) * 1997-03-07 2000-02-08 Koslow Technologies Corporation Electrode manufacturing process and flow-through capacitor produced therefrom

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US565336A (en) * 1896-08-04 Machine for manufacturing roofing-paper
US1195408A (en) * 1916-08-22 George h
US1818009A (en) * 1929-06-14 1931-08-11 Lancaster Asphalt Inc Method of making roofing products
US2803566A (en) * 1953-04-28 1957-08-20 S J Chemical Company Method of coating articles with heatresistant electrically conducting compositions
US3082292A (en) * 1957-09-30 1963-03-19 Gore & Ass Multiconductor wiring strip
US3264385A (en) * 1963-01-14 1966-08-02 American Scient Corp Method of casting a printed pattern on a plastic sheet

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US565336A (en) * 1896-08-04 Machine for manufacturing roofing-paper
US1195408A (en) * 1916-08-22 George h
US1818009A (en) * 1929-06-14 1931-08-11 Lancaster Asphalt Inc Method of making roofing products
US2803566A (en) * 1953-04-28 1957-08-20 S J Chemical Company Method of coating articles with heatresistant electrically conducting compositions
US3082292A (en) * 1957-09-30 1963-03-19 Gore & Ass Multiconductor wiring strip
US3264385A (en) * 1963-01-14 1966-08-02 American Scient Corp Method of casting a printed pattern on a plastic sheet

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4900588A (en) * 1986-11-11 1990-02-13 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Method for the production of a carbon electrode
US4888259A (en) * 1988-12-05 1989-12-19 Honeywell Inc. Electrode composition and method of making

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL6603994A (xx) 1966-09-30
SE316851B (xx) 1969-11-03
DE1621829B2 (de) 1975-10-23
JPS4929615B1 (xx) 1974-08-06
DE1621829A1 (de) 1971-06-03
NL150255B (nl) 1976-07-15
CH479939A (fr) 1969-10-15
GB1098078A (en) 1968-01-03

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