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US3058857A - Doubly-oriented aluminum iron magnetic sheets - Google Patents

Doubly-oriented aluminum iron magnetic sheets Download PDF

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Publication number
US3058857A
US3058857A US601482A US60148256A US3058857A US 3058857 A US3058857 A US 3058857A US 601482 A US601482 A US 601482A US 60148256 A US60148256 A US 60148256A US 3058857 A US3058857 A US 3058857A
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Prior art keywords
sheet
aluminum
thickness
iron
alloy
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Expired - Lifetime
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US601482A
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Inventor
Pavlovic Dusan
Foster Karl
John A Osborn
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CBS Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Priority to BE559738D priority Critical patent/BE559738A/xx
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Priority to US601482A priority patent/US3058857A/en
Priority to FR744624A priority patent/FR1253208A/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/16—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of sheets
    • H01F1/18—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of sheets with insulating coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C21D8/1216—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the working step(s) being of interest
    • C21D8/1233—Cold rolling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C21D8/1216—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the working step(s) being of interest
    • C21D8/1222—Hot rolling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C21D8/1244—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the heat treatment(s) being of interest
    • C21D8/1272—Final recrystallisation annealing

Definitions

  • Patent 2,300,336 there is disclosed a process for producing sheets of magnetic aluminum iron alloy wherein the alloy is oriented to some extent.
  • the extent of desired orientation and the magnetic properties are relatively low such that the products set forth in this patent have not been as satisfactory as, nor comparable with available silicon iron alloy magnetic sheets, for example.
  • Singly oriented silicon iron magnetic sheets are so far superior to the magnetic aluminum-iron sheet available heretofore that such aluminum-iron magnetic sheets has not been competitive therewith.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing doubly oriented aluminum-iron alloy magnetic sheets having greatly improved optimum magnetic properties in two directions in the plane of the sheet.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a process for producing magnetic sheets from aluminum iron alloys by initially hot rolling a billet or ingot of the alloy to a plate of substantial thickness and then cold rolling the plate twice to apply a cold reduction of 60% to 90% each time, with an intermediate anneal and a final anneal.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a doubly oriented magnetic sheet of aluminum iron alloy produced by a double cold rolling process having substantially similar optimum magnetic properties in two directions at right angles to each other.
  • FiGURE 1 is a perspective view of a sheet with single and double oriented crystals therein;
  • FIG. 2 is a graph with curves showing the variation in permeability of single and double cold rolled aluminum iron for various angles with respect to the rolling direction;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph with torque curves of specimens of single and double cold rolled 3.5% aluminum iron alloy
  • FIG. 4 is a graph with a torque curve of double cold rolled 2.4% aluminum iron alloy
  • FIG. 5 is a graph with curves of the integrated magnetic properties for various magnetic sheets
  • FIG. 6 is a plan view of a stator punching
  • FIG. 7 is a plan view of segmental punchings
  • FIG. 8 is a plan view of an L-punching
  • FIG. 9 is a plan view of an E-punching.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the differences in the magnetic characteristics based on the crystals making up the grains of magnetic sheet where a single and double orientation, respectively, has been obtained. It is Well known for cubic crystals of alloys of this range of proportions of aluminum in iron that magnetic properties in this cube edge direction are optimum. Permeability in other directions of the crystal, such as the [110] direction, that is, on a diagonal across a cube face, is low compared to that in the cube edge or [100] direction. A in FIG.
  • a doubly oriented grain as shown in B of FIG. 1 has two cube edges lying in the plane of the sheet so that there are two directions perpendicular to one another within the plane of the sheet which give optimum magnetic properties.
  • Magnetic sheets having double crystal orientation such that two cube edges lie in the plane of the sheet may be produced from the aluminum iron alloys comprising from 1% to 10% by weight of aluminum and the balance being iron except for incidental impurities, by a process comprising: (1) initially hot rolling of an aluminum iron ingot or billet to a thickness of the order of from 0.25 to 0.6 inch, (2) cold rolling the plate to effect a reduction in thickness of 60% to (3) annealing the resulting cold rolled sheet for a period of time at a temperature to remove stresses and recrystallize the 'metal, (4) again cold rolling the sheet to ellect a second reduction in thickness of from 60% to 90% to produce a sheet having the desired gauge of the order of 0.03 inch and less, and (5) finally annealing the sheet fora specified time and temperature.
  • aluminum iron alloys for the practice of the present invention are prepared from ingots, billets or slabs of an alloy from 1% to 10% aluminum, the balance being iron, except for incidental components and impurities.
  • the incidental impurities preferably should not exceed 0.01% carbon, and sulphur and phosphorus are usually present in amounts of less than 0.005%, and only small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen are present in the alloy.
  • the alloy may be prepared by melting in an electric furnace under vacuum or in air, the desired proportions of relatively pure iron and aluminum. Good results have been obtained from the alloys melted in an open air induction furnace. Attention should be directed to insuring substantially uniform admixture of the aluminum with the iron.
  • a melt of relatively pure iron may be prepared by an oxygen purification treatment as set forth in US. Patents 2,741,554 and 2,741,555 and to the molten iron there is added the pure aluminum in the 3 required proportions, usually in a second crucible under a protective atmosphere, with appropriate measures taken to assure a thorough admixture of the aluminum into the relatively pure iron.
  • the aluminum-iron ingots or heavy billets or forged slabs of the alloy in the desired composition are heated to a temperature of the order of from 800 C. to 1 100 C. and hot rolled or hot forged to produce a plate of a thickness of from 0.25 inch to 0.6 inch thickness.
  • the plate may be of any suitable width.
  • the hot rolled plate is cooled to substantially room temperature, below at least 600 C. and preferably below 100" C., and then is drastically cold rolled to effect a reduction in thickness of from 60% to 90%.
  • a plate of about 0.5 to 0.6 inch in thickness the reduction in thickness will be greater, that is, about 90%, while when working with the thinner hot rolled plate the reduction in thickness will be of the order of 70%;
  • this first cold rolling there will be produced a relatively thick cold rolled sheet which is then annealed at a temperature of from 700 C. to 1050 C. for at least fifteen minutes in order to remove stresses and to recrystallize the metal. Longer annealing times may be employed and good success has been had with annealing times of one hour at 1000 C.
  • the annealed sheet is then cooled to substantially room temperature and subjected to further severe cold rolling to effect a second reduction in thickness of from 60% to 90% to produce a sheet of a thickness to meet the requirements of the particular electrical device to be made therefrom. Ordinarily, the sheet will be of a'thickness of not in excess of 0.03 inch.
  • the crystal structure resulting from the first anneal is effectively changed. It is the crystal structure after the second cold rolling, which is not present after the first cold rolling step, that is necessary for the development of a structure orientation during the final anneal.
  • the thin cold rolled sheet produced by the second cold rolling is then subjected to a second anneal at a temperature of from 900 C. to 1050 C. for a period of time of at least one hour.
  • the annealing may be applied to the sheets for as long as 12 hours at 1000 C. without detriment. However, if the annealing temperature is 1100 C. or higher, a magnetically inferior product results.
  • This second anneal results in a diiferent texture than was present in the sheet after the first annealing treatment. A 'very high proportion of all of the crystals or grains of the sheet after the second anneal now have a cube on face orientation in the plane of the sheet.
  • the average grain diameter is from 0J1 to 0.5 millimeter.
  • the annealing is preferably carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere in order to reduce oxides and remove carbon.
  • the atmosphere may comprise an. inert gas, such as argon, alone, or admixed with hydrogen.
  • the gases should be of a low dew-point, for example 20 C. and lower.
  • the resulting magnetic sheets after the final anneal will 4 be of a thickness of from about 0.03 inch to 0.005 inch and thinner.
  • particularly desirable sheet thicknesses are from 0.03 inch to 0.02 inch.
  • sheets of a thickness of 0.04 inch are required.
  • the aluminum iron alloy magnetic sheets produced by the double cold rolling and double annealing treatment of the present invention exhibit substantially higher magnetic properties in the two directions along which preferred orientation takes place as compared to sheets otherwise similarly produced by a single cold rolling and annealing process.
  • FIG. 2 of the drawings there is illustrated the permeability at 10 oersteds for 2.4% aluminum iron magnetic sheets.
  • the sheet from which the data of curve A were obtained was produced by hot rolling the aluminum iron ingot to a plate of a thickness of one-half inch which was then cold rolled twice, effecting areduction of each time, the final sheets having a thickness of 0.025 inch, with an anneal at '1000 C.
  • the double cold rolled aluminum iron has a permeability at 10 oersteds approximately 50 greater at both the 0 and orientation as compared to the single cold rolled sheet.
  • This difference in permeability in the zero and 90 directions is a substantial improvement and quite meaningful in the application thereof in electrical devices.
  • the dip in permeability at 45 orientation is meaningful, for if there is little change in permeability as the direction of flux tothe sheet changes, there is little crystal orientation. It necessarily follows that an increase in double orientation will bring about a dip in permeability at the 45 angle relative to that at 0 or 90.
  • FIG. 3 is a plot of torque curves for single and double cold rolled 3.5% aluminum iron alloy.
  • FIG. 4 is the curve for double cold rolled 2.4% aluminum alloy.
  • the four torque peaks are substantially greater for the double cold rolled aluminum iron as compared to the single cold rolled aluminum iron.
  • the differences between the successive peak torque values are less, both numerically and percentagewise, for the double rolled aluminum iron alloy than for the single cold rolled aluminum iron alloy. It is desirable for use in the electrical apparatus that the torque peaks be reasonably equal for best results. It will be noted that the differences between the torque peaks are of the order of 13% for the double cold rolled alloy and over 20% for the single cold rolledv alloy.
  • Example I There was melted in a vacuum furnace electrolytic iron and aluminum bar of a purity of 99.9%, the aluminum being introduced to provide approximately 3% by weight of aluminum in iron. During the melting the iron was introduced first into the crucible and was purified by passing thereover a stream of wet hydrogen and then dry hydrogen in order to reduce the carbon and oxygen content. The aluminum was added under an argon an 80% The sheet specimens were then annealed two hours at 15,000 gausses.
  • the melt was cast into a vertical steel mold to produce an ingot of the alloy.
  • the ingot was heated to a temperature of approximately 1000 C. and
  • the hot rolled plate was annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere for one ing the plate to room temperature, it was cold rolled to efiect a reduction of 80%.
  • the resulting thick sheet was cut into a number of specimens.
  • the thick sheet specimens were heat treated at different temperatures, some at 700 C., others at 1000 C. and still others at 1200" C. forone hour. Dry hydrogen of a -50 C. dew-point was used as the annealing atmosphere.
  • the annealed specimens were then given a second cold rolling to efiect reduction to a final thickness of 0.025 inch.
  • Example 11 i In another series of tests on a 3% iron aluminum alloy, produced as in Example I, the annealing temperature after the first cold rolling operation was 1000 C. for one hour. The specimens were then uniformly cold rolled to 0.025 inch and then annealed for one hour at temperatures of 1000 C. for one group, at 1100 C. for a second group, and at 1250 C. for a third group. The average grain diameter for the members annealed at 1000 C. was approximately 0.1 millimeter and the induction at 10 oersteds was 14,700. The samples annealed at 1100 C. and 1250 C. had an average grain diameter in excess of one millimeter and the induction was 14,200 and 14,100 gausses, respectively, in a field of 10 oersteds.
  • Example 111 Double cold rolled sheets of a thickness of 0.025 inch produced from 0.5 inch thick hot rolled plates containing 2.4% and 3.5% aluminum iron, respectively, were prepared by following the procedure of Example I. The sheets, after being annealed at 1000 C. for one hour in hydrogen following the second cold rolling, were tested to determine their magnetic properties. The 2.4% aluminum iron alloy sheets had an induction of 15,200 gausses at 10 oersteds. :For comparison, a single cold rolled sheet of the same alloy and of the same thickness had an induction of 14,500 gausses. The double cold rolled 3.5% aluminum alloy when tested as Epstein samples had an induction of 16,200 gausses at 10 oersteds. All of these specimens showed a high magnetic induction in the plane of the sheet both in the rolling direction and in a direction 90 to the rolling direction.
  • the double cold rolled, doubly oriented aluminum iron magnetic sheets of the present invention are particularly well suited for the making of laminations for motors and generators.
  • the permeability in two directions at right angles will enable a substantial increase in the magnetic flux density in the laminations.
  • FIG. of the drawings there is illustrated curves plotting the induction in kilogausses for varying magnetizing forces for unoriented, singly oriented and doubly oriented material.
  • the two upper curves comprise theoretical calculations. All of the curves are integrated values. It will be noted that the topmost curves, calculated for double oriented material, shows a much greater induction for all magnetizing fields up to 250 oersteds than does the curve immediately below it hour at 1000 C. After coolwhich is calculated for single oriented or cube on edge magnetic material. Actual tests have been made of a number of samples of singly oriented magnetic sheets and it will be observed that the curve for such singly oriented material approaches the calculated curve at approximately oersteds.
  • the curve of FIG. 5 illustrates the improvement which may be obtained by using the doubly oriented material of the present invention for laminations of dynamoelectric machines such as motors and generators in which the magnetic flux must travel in all directions with respect to the rolling direction.
  • Motor and generator laminations comprising a complete ring punched from a single sheet of the double oriented material will exhibit the improvement in magnetic properties over singly oriented material in the same manner as the uppermost curve of FIG. 5 excels the lower curves.
  • the laminations are punched as segments or sectors as illustrated in FIG. 7.
  • An arcuate edge 30 on each segment 24 is essentially parallel to the other preferred orientation 23. Magnetic flux developed in each of the teeth 26 travels in the one direction 22 of easiest magnetization, and then passes along the arcuate edge 30 also in the other direction 23 of easiest magnetization.
  • the magnetic segments 24 of FIG. 7 will exhibit properties superior to those indicated in the top curve of FIG. 5. An assembled motor or generator comprising the lamination segments of FIG. 7 will possess outstanding characteristics.
  • the double oriented magnetic sheets may be cut or punched into various shaped laminations to take advantage of such characteristics.
  • laminations there are at least two linearly extending portions at right angles to each other, parallel to or in line with the two directions of preferred orientation of the magnetic material.
  • FIG. 8 is shown an L-punching 40 comprising one leg 42 and another leg 44 at right angles thereto.
  • the L-punching 40 is so cut from a sheet of the doubly oriented aluminum-iron material of the present invention that one preferred orientation 46 is parallel to leg 42 while the other preferred direction 48 of orientation is parallel to leg 44.
  • Transformers and other electrical devices built from the L-punchings 40 will exhibit outstanding magnetic properties.
  • an E-punching 50 comprising a side 52 from which projects lengths 54, 56 and 58 at right angles thereto.
  • the punching 50 is so made with respect to a sheet of doubly oriented aluminum-iron that one preferred direction 60 of orientation is parallel to side 52, and the other preferred direction 62 of orientation is parallel to the lengths 54, 56 and 58.
  • Such laminations will give optimum magnetic cores.

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US601482A 1956-08-01 1956-08-01 Doubly-oriented aluminum iron magnetic sheets Expired - Lifetime US3058857A (en)

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BE559738D BE559738A (el) 1956-08-01
US601482A US3058857A (en) 1956-08-01 1956-08-01 Doubly-oriented aluminum iron magnetic sheets
FR744624A FR1253208A (fr) 1956-08-01 1957-07-31 Tôles magnétiques fer-aluminium à cristaux à double orientation

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3102832A (en) * 1958-04-30 1963-09-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic sheets of low aluminum-iron alloys
US3212942A (en) * 1962-03-19 1965-10-19 Yawata Iron & Steel Co Process for producing double-oriented magnetic steel sheets
US3278348A (en) * 1965-01-28 1966-10-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp Process for producing doubly oriented cube-on-face magnetic sheet material
US3537918A (en) * 1968-04-25 1970-11-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method for producing cube-on-face oriented structure in a plain carbon iron
US3971678A (en) * 1972-05-31 1976-07-27 Stahlwerke Peine-Salzgitter Aktiengesellschaft Method of making cold-rolled sheet for electrical purposes
EP0206108A2 (en) * 1985-06-26 1986-12-30 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Process for producing electrical steel sheet
US20030193259A1 (en) * 2002-04-11 2003-10-16 General Electric Company Stator core containing iron-aluminum alloy laminations and method of using
US20040019271A1 (en) * 2002-07-29 2004-01-29 General Electric Company Pole pieces for magnetic resonance imaging systems

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1666191A (en) * 1924-12-12 1928-04-17 Western Electric Co Method of treating magnetizable materials
US2053162A (en) * 1936-02-18 1936-09-01 Gen Electric Core for dynamo-electric machines
US2300336A (en) * 1940-08-07 1942-10-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic alloy of iron and aluminum
US2307391A (en) * 1938-10-14 1943-01-05 American Rolling Mill Co Art of producing magnetic material
US2327256A (en) * 1941-08-02 1943-08-17 Frank F Fowle Carbon-steel alternating-current conductor
US2512358A (en) * 1948-08-06 1950-06-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic alloy
US2599340A (en) * 1948-10-21 1952-06-03 Armco Steel Corp Process of increasing the permeability of oriented silicon steels
US2688573A (en) * 1950-11-13 1954-09-07 Western Electric Co Method of heat treating magnetic iron to restore its magnetic properties
US2875114A (en) * 1957-04-12 1959-02-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Iron-aluminum materials for magnetic applications

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1666191A (en) * 1924-12-12 1928-04-17 Western Electric Co Method of treating magnetizable materials
US2053162A (en) * 1936-02-18 1936-09-01 Gen Electric Core for dynamo-electric machines
US2307391A (en) * 1938-10-14 1943-01-05 American Rolling Mill Co Art of producing magnetic material
US2300336A (en) * 1940-08-07 1942-10-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic alloy of iron and aluminum
US2327256A (en) * 1941-08-02 1943-08-17 Frank F Fowle Carbon-steel alternating-current conductor
US2512358A (en) * 1948-08-06 1950-06-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic alloy
US2599340A (en) * 1948-10-21 1952-06-03 Armco Steel Corp Process of increasing the permeability of oriented silicon steels
US2688573A (en) * 1950-11-13 1954-09-07 Western Electric Co Method of heat treating magnetic iron to restore its magnetic properties
US2875114A (en) * 1957-04-12 1959-02-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Iron-aluminum materials for magnetic applications

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3102832A (en) * 1958-04-30 1963-09-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic sheets of low aluminum-iron alloys
US3212942A (en) * 1962-03-19 1965-10-19 Yawata Iron & Steel Co Process for producing double-oriented magnetic steel sheets
US3278348A (en) * 1965-01-28 1966-10-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp Process for producing doubly oriented cube-on-face magnetic sheet material
US3537918A (en) * 1968-04-25 1970-11-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method for producing cube-on-face oriented structure in a plain carbon iron
US3971678A (en) * 1972-05-31 1976-07-27 Stahlwerke Peine-Salzgitter Aktiengesellschaft Method of making cold-rolled sheet for electrical purposes
EP0206108A2 (en) * 1985-06-26 1986-12-30 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Process for producing electrical steel sheet
US4762575A (en) * 1985-06-26 1988-08-09 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Process for producing electrical steel sheet
EP0206108A3 (en) * 1985-06-26 1988-12-28 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Process for producing electrical steel sheet
US20030193259A1 (en) * 2002-04-11 2003-10-16 General Electric Company Stator core containing iron-aluminum alloy laminations and method of using
US6803693B2 (en) 2002-04-11 2004-10-12 General Electric Company Stator core containing iron-aluminum alloy laminations and method of using
US20040019271A1 (en) * 2002-07-29 2004-01-29 General Electric Company Pole pieces for magnetic resonance imaging systems

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