US3006827A - Method of pickling titanium and compositions used therein - Google Patents
Method of pickling titanium and compositions used therein Download PDFInfo
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- US3006827A US3006827A US785123A US78512359A US3006827A US 3006827 A US3006827 A US 3006827A US 785123 A US785123 A US 785123A US 78512359 A US78512359 A US 78512359A US 3006827 A US3006827 A US 3006827A
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- titanium
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 title claims description 19
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 19
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title description 10
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-hydroxy-2-propan-2-ylsulfonylethanimidamide Chemical compound CC(C)S(=O)(=O)CC(N)=NO LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical class OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QCUOBSQYDGUHHT-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium sulfate Chemical compound [Cd+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QCUOBSQYDGUHHT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000331 cadmium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013056 hazardous product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F1/00—Electrolytic cleaning, degreasing, pickling or descaling
- C25F1/02—Pickling; Descaling
- C25F1/04—Pickling; Descaling in solution
- C25F1/08—Refractory metals
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method for pickling titanium and titanium alloys and compositions used therein. More particularly this invention relates to a method for descaling and deoxidizing titanium and titanium alloys by the combined action of a pickling bath and electrolysis.
- Oxides of titanium and oxide scale are formed on the surfaces of articles formed from titanium and titanium alloys when such articles are manufactured or fabricated by methods using heat treatment in the forming or tempering thereof. Proper finishing of such articles requires that the adherent scale and unsightly appearing discolorations be removed. Conventional methods of descaling are diflicult to carry out and often result in such damage to the article itself in way of etching, pitting, discoloration and decrease in the thickness of the articles that they were no longer fit for the purpose intended and have to be discarded.
- Abrasion cleaning is limited by the shape of the articles to be worked on.
- the articles having irregular, complex or tortuous surfaces are practically impossible to clean completely or evenly because of the inaccessability of portions of the surface.
- Molten salt treatment is not recommended since it is carried out at relatively high temperatures and usually result in discoloration of the article which requires a second treatment to remove the stain resulting from the first.
- the articles cleaned in this manner often are scratched, pitted and generally of a roughed appearance.
- the surface is usually of an uneven texture and the gauge thickness of articles so treated usually is worn down unevenly.
- Acid cleaning usually results in etched, pitted surfaces and from which complete removal of scale must be accomplished by mechanical means such as wire brushing.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for pickling titanium and titanium alloys to remove oxide films and scale without severe treatment of the article.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and bath for pickling titanium and titanium alloys which does not substantially pit or etch the surface of the article treated but which results in the complete removal of oxide scale therefrom without removal of any appreciable amount of unoxidized metal.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a method of cleaning the surface of articles made of titanium and titanium alloys which combines chemical pickling with electrolytic treatment.
- the present invention comprises using certain pickling bath compositions in conjunction with electrolytic treatment of the articles of titanium and titanium alloys.
- This combination permits the use of a pickling bath which is less severe in its attack on the metal surface but more selective in its attack on oxide scale when the article of titanium or titanium alloy is alternately used as the anode and then the cathode by periodically reversing the flow of current in a direct current electrolysis in which the pickling bath compositions form the electrolyte.
- the cathode is made from a titanium or a ferrous metal. Stainless steel, graphite, platinum and gold may also be used.
- the voltage of the direct current is in the range from 6 to 30 volts. The duration of this treatment varies in accordance with the amount of scale and stain present on the article.
- the pickling bath compositions must be selected with the utmost care in order to be effective in removing oxide scale and brightening the metal surfaces without being so harsh as to pit, etch or materially decrease the surface of the articles to be treated therewith in conjunction with the application of direct current thereto.
- the following fonnulae have proven particularly effective in the present invention:
- the preferred nitric acid concentration of the pickling baths disclosed herein may vary from about 5.25 to 8.20 percent by volume, and that the preferred hydrofluoric acid concentration of the baths may vary from about 0.48 to 0.60 percent by volume.
- the present invention utilizes bath solutions made in accordance with the formulae set forth above in combination with galvanic action on the article to be descaled and cleaned.
- the combination produces the desired result using a milder etching solution operating more efficiently than heretofore.
- the acid attack on the metal surface is lessened apparently because of the inclusion of sulfamic acid and the group II metal sulfate buffer.
- sulfamic acid is a dry material which can be stored in that condition until it is desired to use it in preparing the bath composition.
- the sulfate salts of group H metals are also used in the dry state until incorporated into the bath composition.
- the present invention operates satisfactorily utilizing less than the amounts of active ingredients conventionally included in compositions designed to perform in a similar manner. This increase in effectiveness results in a substantial increase in the economies of a process which in commercial contemplation may use bath solutions in batches amounting to hundreds of gallons.
- a method of removing oxide scale and stain from the surfaces of articles of titanium and titanium based alloys which comprises immersing the article in a picklingelectrolyte bath which consists essentially of an aqueous solution of about 5.25 to 8.40 percent by volume of nitric acid, about 0.48 to 0.60 percent by volume of hydrofluoric acid, about 7 to 13 percent by weight of sulfamic acid and about 2 to 3.5 percent by Weight of a sulfate salt of a metal of group II of the periodic table of elements, connecting the immersed article as an electrode in an electrical circuit, passing a direct current between said article anda second electrode and periodically reversing the flow of current.
- a method of removing oxide scale and stain from the surfaces of articles of titanium and titanium based alloys which comprises immersing the article in a picklingelectrolyte bath which consists essentially of an aqueous solution of about 5.25 to 8.40 percent by volume of nitric acid, about 0.48 to 0.60 percent by volume of hydrofluoric acid, about 7 to 13 percent by weight of sulfamic acid and about 2 to 3.5 percent by weight of a sulfate salt of a metal of group II of the periodic table of elements, connecting the immersed article as an anode in an electrical circuit, passing a direct current having voltage of about from 6 to 30 volts between said article and a cathode, and periodically reversing the flow of current in said circuit.
- anode is a metal selected from the group consisting of ferrous metals and titanium metals.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
Description
United States Patent 3,006,827 METHOD OF PICKLING TITANIUM AND COMPOSITIONS USED THEREIN Vincent J. Capuano, Hamden, Conn., assignor to United Aircraft Corporation, East Hartford, Conn., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Jan. 6, 1959, Ser. No. 785,123
4 Claims. (Cl. 204141) This invention relates to a method for pickling titanium and titanium alloys and compositions used therein. More particularly this invention relates to a method for descaling and deoxidizing titanium and titanium alloys by the combined action of a pickling bath and electrolysis.
Oxides of titanium and oxide scale are formed on the surfaces of articles formed from titanium and titanium alloys when such articles are manufactured or fabricated by methods using heat treatment in the forming or tempering thereof. Proper finishing of such articles requires that the adherent scale and unsightly appearing discolorations be removed. Conventional methods of descaling are diflicult to carry out and often result in such damage to the article itself in way of etching, pitting, discoloration and decrease in the thickness of the articles that they were no longer fit for the purpose intended and have to be discarded.
Several conventional methods are known but the most common types are abrasion, contacting the oxidized surfaces With baths of molten salts or contacting such surfaces with acid pickling baths.
Abrasion cleaning is limited by the shape of the articles to be worked on. The articles having irregular, complex or tortuous surfaces are practically impossible to clean completely or evenly because of the inaccessability of portions of the surface. Molten salt treatment is not recommended since it is carried out at relatively high temperatures and usually result in discoloration of the article which requires a second treatment to remove the stain resulting from the first. The articles cleaned in this manner often are scratched, pitted and generally of a roughed appearance. The surface is usually of an uneven texture and the gauge thickness of articles so treated usually is worn down unevenly. Acid cleaning usually results in etched, pitted surfaces and from which complete removal of scale must be accomplished by mechanical means such as wire brushing.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for pickling titanium and titanium alloys to remove oxide films and scale without severe treatment of the article.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and bath for pickling titanium and titanium alloys which does not substantially pit or etch the surface of the article treated but which results in the complete removal of oxide scale therefrom without removal of any appreciable amount of unoxidized metal.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method of cleaning the surface of articles made of titanium and titanium alloys which combines chemical pickling with electrolytic treatment.
The present invention comprises using certain pickling bath compositions in conjunction with electrolytic treatment of the articles of titanium and titanium alloys. This combination permits the use of a pickling bath which is less severe in its attack on the metal surface but more selective in its attack on oxide scale when the article of titanium or titanium alloy is alternately used as the anode and then the cathode by periodically reversing the flow of current in a direct current electrolysis in which the pickling bath compositions form the electrolyte. The cathode is made from a titanium or a ferrous metal. Stainless steel, graphite, platinum and gold may also be used. The voltage of the direct current is in the range from 6 to 30 volts. The duration of this treatment varies in accordance with the amount of scale and stain present on the article.
The pickling bath compositions must be selected with the utmost care in order to be effective in removing oxide scale and brightening the metal surfaces without being so harsh as to pit, etch or materially decrease the surface of the articles to be treated therewith in conjunction with the application of direct current thereto. The following fonnulae have proven particularly effective in the present invention:
Water 88.5% by vol. Nitric acid (50-80%) 10.5% by vol. Hydrofluoric acid (48 60%) 1.0% by vol.
'Sulfamic acid 7-13% by wt. of liquids.
Cadmium sulfate 23.5% by Wt. of liquids.
Water 88.5% by vol. Nitric acid (5080%) 10.5% by vol. Hydrofluoric acid (48- 60%) 1.0% by vol.
Sulfamic acid 7-13% by wt. of liquids. Zinc sulfate 2-3.5 by Wt. of liquids.
III
Water 88.5% by vol. Nitric acid (5080%) 10.5% by vol. Hydrofluoric acid (48- 60%) 1.0% by vol. Sulfamic acid 713% by Wt. of liquids. Calcium sulfate 23.5% by wt. of liquids.
From the above examples, it is clear that the preferred nitric acid concentration of the pickling baths disclosed herein may vary from about 5.25 to 8.20 percent by volume, and that the preferred hydrofluoric acid concentration of the baths may vary from about 0.48 to 0.60 percent by volume.
Pickling baths of type I are preferred because of the overall uniformity of their descaling and brightening action. The baths of type II and type III have proven only slightly less efficient but quite satisfactory for the purposes of the present invention.
The present invention utilizes bath solutions made in accordance with the formulae set forth above in combination with galvanic action on the article to be descaled and cleaned. The combination produces the desired result using a milder etching solution operating more efficiently than heretofore. The acid attack on the metal surface is lessened apparently because of the inclusion of sulfamic acid and the group II metal sulfate buffer.
The baths active components being needed in less than conventional amounts makes unnecessary the storing of large amounts of hazardous material, usually in liquid form. The major component of the present invention, sulfamic acid (NH HSO is a dry material which can be stored in that condition until it is desired to use it in preparing the bath composition. The sulfate salts of group H metals are also used in the dry state until incorporated into the bath composition.
The present invention operates satisfactorily utilizing less than the amounts of active ingredients conventionally included in compositions designed to perform in a similar manner. This increase in effectiveness results in a substantial increase in the economies of a process which in commercial contemplation may use bath solutions in batches amounting to hundreds of gallons.
The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific steps, methods, compositions and improvements shown and described herein, but departures may be made within the scope of the accompanying claims without departing from the principles of the invention and without sacrificing its chief advantages.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of removing oxide scale and stain from the surfaces of articles of titanium and titanium based alloys which comprises immersing the article in a picklingelectrolyte bath which consists essentially of an aqueous solution of about 5.25 to 8.40 percent by volume of nitric acid, about 0.48 to 0.60 percent by volume of hydrofluoric acid, about 7 to 13 percent by weight of sulfamic acid and about 2 to 3.5 percent by Weight of a sulfate salt of a metal of group II of the periodic table of elements, connecting the immersed article as an electrode in an electrical circuit, passing a direct current between said article anda second electrode and periodically reversing the flow of current.
2. A method of removing oxide scale and stain from the surfaces of articles of titanium and titanium based alloys which comprises immersing the article in a picklingelectrolyte bath which consists essentially of an aqueous solution of about 5.25 to 8.40 percent by volume of nitric acid, about 0.48 to 0.60 percent by volume of hydrofluoric acid, about 7 to 13 percent by weight of sulfamic acid and about 2 to 3.5 percent by weight of a sulfate salt of a metal of group II of the periodic table of elements, connecting the immersed article as an anode in an electrical circuit, passing a direct current having voltage of about from 6 to 30 volts between said article and a cathode, and periodically reversing the flow of current in said circuit.
3. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the anode is a metal selected from the group consisting of ferrous metals and titanium metals.
4. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the voltage of the current passed through the circuit is from 6 to 30 volts.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,469,237 Mason et a1. May 3, 1949 2,538,317 Mason et a1 Jan. 16, 1951 2,550,388 Simon et a1 Apr. 24, 1951 2,711,389 Beach et al June 21, 1955 2,780,594 Dailey Feb. 5, 1957 2,798,843 Slomin et a1. July 9, 1957 2,801,813 Beuckman et a1. July 30, 1957 2,829,091 Missel Apr. 1, 1958 2,834,101 Broam May 13, 1958 OTHER REFERENCES Metallurgia, vol. 49, No. 295, May 1954, page 256.
Claims (1)
1. A METHOD OF REMOVING OXIDE SCALE AND STAIN FROM THE SURFACES OF ARTICLES OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM BASED ALLOYS WHICH COMPRISES IMMERSING THE ARTICLE IN A PICKLING ELECTROLYTE BATH WHICH CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF ABOUT 5.25 TO 8.40 PERCENT BY VOLUME OF NITRIC ACID, ABOUT 0.48 TO 0.60 PERCENT BY VOLUME OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID, ABOUT 7 TO 13 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF SULFAMIC ACID AND ABOUT 2 TO 3.5 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF A SULFATE SALT OF A METAL OF GROUP II OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS, CONNECTING THE IMMERSED ARTICLE AS AN ELECTRODE IN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT, PASSING A DIRECT CURRENT BETWEEN SAID ARTICLE AND A SECOND ELECTRODE AND PERIODICALLY REVERSING THE FLOW OF CURRENT.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US785123A US3006827A (en) | 1959-01-06 | 1959-01-06 | Method of pickling titanium and compositions used therein |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US785123A US3006827A (en) | 1959-01-06 | 1959-01-06 | Method of pickling titanium and compositions used therein |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3006827A true US3006827A (en) | 1961-10-31 |
Family
ID=25134509
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US785123A Expired - Lifetime US3006827A (en) | 1959-01-06 | 1959-01-06 | Method of pickling titanium and compositions used therein |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3006827A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3239440A (en) * | 1964-11-23 | 1966-03-08 | Titanium Metals Corp | Electrolytic pickling of titanium and titanium base alloy articles |
| US3371021A (en) * | 1963-10-01 | 1968-02-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Process for electrolytic etching of zirconium and zirconium-base alloys |
| US4269677A (en) * | 1979-02-19 | 1981-05-26 | Blomsterberg Karl Ingemar | Anodic deburring or brightening of steel articles |
| US4375396A (en) * | 1981-11-17 | 1983-03-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Thin wire pointing method |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2469237A (en) * | 1945-10-25 | 1949-05-03 | Reynolds Metals Company Inc | Electrolytic sealing of anodized aluminum surfaces |
| US2538317A (en) * | 1945-12-28 | 1951-01-16 | Reynolds Metals Co | Treatment of aluminum sheets |
| US2550388A (en) * | 1945-05-12 | 1951-04-24 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Surface treatment of aluminum and aluminum alloys |
| US2711389A (en) * | 1953-05-15 | 1955-06-21 | John G Beach | Method of applying adherent electroplates to zirconium surfaces |
| US2780594A (en) * | 1955-08-05 | 1957-02-05 | Temco Aircraft Corp | Electrolytic descaling |
| US2798843A (en) * | 1953-10-29 | 1957-07-09 | Rohr Aircraft Corp | Plating and brazing titanium |
| US2801813A (en) * | 1954-08-06 | 1957-08-06 | Chase Brass & Copper Co | Method of and apparatus for packaging strand material |
| US2829091A (en) * | 1956-06-04 | 1958-04-01 | Menasco Mfg Company | Method for electroplating titanium |
| US2834101A (en) * | 1955-02-23 | 1958-05-13 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Method of brazing titanium |
-
1959
- 1959-01-06 US US785123A patent/US3006827A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2550388A (en) * | 1945-05-12 | 1951-04-24 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Surface treatment of aluminum and aluminum alloys |
| US2469237A (en) * | 1945-10-25 | 1949-05-03 | Reynolds Metals Company Inc | Electrolytic sealing of anodized aluminum surfaces |
| US2538317A (en) * | 1945-12-28 | 1951-01-16 | Reynolds Metals Co | Treatment of aluminum sheets |
| US2711389A (en) * | 1953-05-15 | 1955-06-21 | John G Beach | Method of applying adherent electroplates to zirconium surfaces |
| US2798843A (en) * | 1953-10-29 | 1957-07-09 | Rohr Aircraft Corp | Plating and brazing titanium |
| US2801813A (en) * | 1954-08-06 | 1957-08-06 | Chase Brass & Copper Co | Method of and apparatus for packaging strand material |
| US2834101A (en) * | 1955-02-23 | 1958-05-13 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Method of brazing titanium |
| US2780594A (en) * | 1955-08-05 | 1957-02-05 | Temco Aircraft Corp | Electrolytic descaling |
| US2829091A (en) * | 1956-06-04 | 1958-04-01 | Menasco Mfg Company | Method for electroplating titanium |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3371021A (en) * | 1963-10-01 | 1968-02-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Process for electrolytic etching of zirconium and zirconium-base alloys |
| US3239440A (en) * | 1964-11-23 | 1966-03-08 | Titanium Metals Corp | Electrolytic pickling of titanium and titanium base alloy articles |
| US4269677A (en) * | 1979-02-19 | 1981-05-26 | Blomsterberg Karl Ingemar | Anodic deburring or brightening of steel articles |
| US4375396A (en) * | 1981-11-17 | 1983-03-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Thin wire pointing method |
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