US2872724A - Oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic protective tube - Google Patents
Oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic protective tube Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2872724A US2872724A US371601A US37160153A US2872724A US 2872724 A US2872724 A US 2872724A US 371601 A US371601 A US 371601A US 37160153 A US37160153 A US 37160153A US 2872724 A US2872724 A US 2872724A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- metal ceramic
- alumina
- ceramic
- chromium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
- G01K1/08—Protective devices, e.g. casings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/36—Processes of making metal-ceramics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/131—Glass, ceramic, or sintered, fused, fired, or calcined metal oxide or metal carbide containing [e.g., porcelain, brick, cement, etc.]
- Y10T428/1317—Multilayer [continuous layer]
Definitions
- the chromiumjalumina protective tube has been given. a longer life of several hundred percent by forming a metal oxide coating on both the inner and out surfaces of such tube at an elevated temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere. -To accomplish the essentials of this invention it is necessary that at least the outersurface of the protective tube receive a continuous oxide coating.
- Fig.1 is a section on the line 1-1 of 2..
- Fig. 2 is a longitudinal view partly in sectionthrough an embodiment of this invention. 1 1
- a protective tube is an oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic to contain a thermocouple ll for immersion in liquid brass.
- This protective tube contains a body portion 12 preferablyformed by slip casting the closed end tube in a mold. After the tube has shrunk slightly to facilitate its removal from the inside of the mold it is sintered. After firing the tube to a sintering temperature in the manner pointed out in the aforementioned United States Patent and in a non-oxidizing atmosphere which is inert to the metal ceramic, the same tube is then heated to between about 1000 C. and 1400" C. in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- An oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere which will promote the formation of metal oxides. Air is a good example of such an atmosphere and has been used herein. A continuous, adherent, oxide coating is thereby formed on the surface of the metal ceramic.
- a test of the adequacy of the oxide coating for the purpose of this invention is its electrical resistance.
- the coating 13 on the inside of the tube and the coating 14 on the outside should each have an electrical resistance of at least about 100 megohms if they are to be considered as being continuous. These coatings are shown much thicker than they are because they average perhaps less than a thousandth of an inch.
- the quality of the coating, as determined by electrical resistance, appears to depend on the temperature and the time of exposure in the oxidizing atmosphere. With the higher temperature mentioned above only a short duration of exposure is needed to form a suitable oxide coating while with the lower temperature of 1000 C. about five to twenty-four hours exposure in an oxidizing atmosphere is needed. At about 1200" C. it is found approximately a two hour exposure is needed.
- the satisfactory metal oxide coating can also be formed with the aid of an oxidizing blowpipe flame when after heating the work to about 1400" C. an exposure of only about ten minutes to an oxidizing atmosphere wasfound sufficient.
- T o obtain a more uniform oxide coating on the metal ceramic, it was found that cleaning the surface by sand blasting or wire brushing prior to exposure to the oxidizing atmosphere was desirable.
- This treatment while desirable, is not essential to this invention.
- the tube may be oxidized by simply inverting it on a suitable ceramic support and thus exposing the inner and outer surfaces to the oxidizing atmosphere as mentioned above in order to obtain the desired coating.
- One appropriate size of tube was found to be 8" long, .4 outside diameter and .24 inside, diameter. Of course, other sizes may be formed.
- composition tested was the 77% chromium'and 23% by weight of alumina of the aforementioned United States Patent, the combinedchromium and alumina content being percent.
- Another tube tested contained 76.9% chromium, 21.9% alumina and 1.2% titania, the combined chromium and alumina content being 98.8
- thermocouple tube in molten brass offers other benefits beyond the improved service from a thermocouple tube in molten brass.
- Thermocouple tubes for use in other molten metals, such as aluminum and zinc, are similarly improved.
- Protective tubes for other than thermocouples and for use in corrosive media in general may thus be produced.
- the chromium-alumina metal ceramic is throught to be permeable to the entry of molten metal and the entry of metal into the structure weakens it, perhaps by the different coeflicients of expansion.
- the metal phase in the metal ceramic is believed to be coated by a substantially continuous layer of metal oxide. This oxide layer is believed to be in substantial part, the oxide of chromium, Cr 0 The aforementioned U. S.
- Patent 2,698,990 discloses the sintering temperature of the chromium-alumina metal ceramic to be preferably between about l450 C. to 1800 C.
- the temperatures mentioned herein for oxidation of the metal to form a continuous coating of oxide will be seen to be below those sintering temperatures.
- Any metal oxide formed in the prior application before or after sintering was found not to be continuous nor possessed of the high insulation resistance herein mentioned as an indication of continuity in the oxide coating of the finished product.
- Said prior patent disclosed continuity in the metal phase to exist when the Q Ca metal content of the metal ceramic was between about 50% to 75% by volume and the ceramic content of the metal ceramic between about 50% to 25% by volume.
- -a sintered metal ceramic consisting substantially of chromium and alumina and having a combined chromium and alumina content constituting at least 62.8 percent by weight of said metal ceramic
- the improvement which increases the resistance of said metal ceramic to penetration by molten metals, comprising a continuous, metal oxide coating 011 a surface of said metal ceramic of alumina and oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal which is in at least a substantial part chromium oxide, said metal oxide coating having an electrical resistance of at least about 100 megohms.
- a metal ceramic object according to claim 1 which is a tube having a closed end'and having said metal oxideon at least an outer surface.
- a method of forming an oxide coated metal ceramic object consisting essentially of chromium and alumina and having a combined chromium and alumina content constituting at least 62.8 percent by weight of said metal ceramic and also having a continuous metal oxide surface coating of alumina and oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal which comprises sintering said metal ceramic in an atmosphere inert to said metal ceramic, and then, after sintering, heating said metal ceramic in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature below that at which said metal ceramic was sintered but above 1000 C. thereby forming said continuous metal oxide surface coating on said object which comprises in at least a substantial part chromium oxide, and continuing said heating until said coating has an electrical resistance of at least about 100 megohms.
- a sintered metal ceramic object consisting essentially of chromium and alumina and containing between about 50% to 75% by volume of chromium metal and between about 50% to 25% by volume of aluminum oxide ceramic with the metal being in continuous phase
- said improvement comprising a metal oxide coating which is continuous, comprises alumina and an oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal, has an electrical insulation resistance of at least about 100 megohms, and is at least in substantial part chromium oxide on a surface of said metal ceramic.
- a sintered metal ceramic object consisting essentially of chromum and alumina and having between about to by volume of chromium metal, between about 50% to 25% by volume of aluminum oxide ceramic with the metal being in continuous phase
- the improvement for enhancing the resistance of said metal ceramic to penetration by molten brass which comprises a metal oxide coating of alumina and oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal which is continuous, has an electrical insulation resistance of at least, about megohms, and is at least in substantial part chromium oxide on a surface of said metal ceramic.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measuring Temperature Or Quantity Of Heat (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Description
Feb. 10; 1959 CQNANT 2,872,724
OXIDIZED CHROMIUM-ALUMINA METAL CERAMIC PROTECTIVE TUBE Filed July 31. 1953 United States Patent Ofll 2,872,724 Patented Feb. 10, 1959 OXIDIZED CHROMIUlVI-ALUMINA METAL CERAMIC PROTECTIVE Louis A. Conant, Tonawanda, N. Y., assignor to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation otYNew York Application July 31, 1953, Serial No. 371,601 8 Claims. c1. 29-1825) Metal ceramic protective tubes have been constructed of the chromium-alumina type metal ceramic of the prior application of L. A. Conant et al., Serial No.'140,442,
filed January 25, 1950 and issued on January 11, 1955 ;as U. S. Patent No. 2,698,990. Such were found to be better than ceramic tubes for some purposes However .these chromium-alumina. metal ceramicprotective tubes were found to have a comparatively short life in liquid brass.
According toithis invention the chromiumjalumina protective tube has been given. a longer life of several hundred percent by forming a metal oxide coating on both the inner and out surfaces of such tube at an elevated temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere. -To accomplish the essentials of this invention it is necessary that at least the outersurface of the protective tube receive a continuous oxide coating.
Referring to the drawing:
Fig.1 is a section on the line 1-1 of 2..
" Fig. 2 is a longitudinal view partly in sectionthrough an embodiment of this invention. 1 1
A protective tube is an oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic to contain a thermocouple ll for immersion in liquid brass. This protective tube contains a body portion 12 preferablyformed by slip casting the closed end tube in a mold. After the tube has shrunk slightly to facilitate its removal from the inside of the mold it is sintered. After firing the tube to a sintering temperature in the manner pointed out in the aforementioned United States Patent and in a non-oxidizing atmosphere which is inert to the metal ceramic, the same tube is then heated to between about 1000 C. and 1400" C. in an oxidizing atmosphere. An oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere which will promote the formation of metal oxides. Air is a good example of such an atmosphere and has been used herein. A continuous, adherent, oxide coating is thereby formed on the surface of the metal ceramic.
A test of the adequacy of the oxide coating for the purpose of this invention is its electrical resistance. The coating 13 on the inside of the tube and the coating 14 on the outside should each have an electrical resistance of at least about 100 megohms if they are to be considered as being continuous. These coatings are shown much thicker than they are because they average perhaps less than a thousandth of an inch. The quality of the coating, as determined by electrical resistance, appears to depend on the temperature and the time of exposure in the oxidizing atmosphere. With the higher temperature mentioned above only a short duration of exposure is needed to form a suitable oxide coating while with the lower temperature of 1000 C. about five to twenty-four hours exposure in an oxidizing atmosphere is needed. At about 1200" C. it is found approximately a two hour exposure is needed. The satisfactory metal oxide coating can also be formed with the aid of an oxidizing blowpipe flame when after heating the work to about 1400" C. an exposure of only about ten minutes to an oxidizing atmosphere wasfound sufficient.
T o obtain a more uniform oxide coating on the metal ceramic, it was found that cleaning the surface by sand blasting or wire brushing prior to exposure to the oxidizing atmosphere was desirable. This treatment, while desirable, is not essential to this invention. The tube may be oxidized by simply inverting it on a suitable ceramic support and thus exposing the inner and outer surfaces to the oxidizing atmosphere as mentioned above in order to obtain the desired coating. One appropriate size of tube was found to be 8" long, .4 outside diameter and .24 inside, diameter. Of course, other sizes may be formed.
One composition tested was the 77% chromium'and 23% by weight of alumina of the aforementioned United States Patent, the combinedchromium and alumina content being percent. Another tube tested contained 76.9% chromium, 21.9% alumina and 1.2% titania, the combined chromium and alumina content being 98.8
ceramic was penetrated by molten brass those of the present invention were not The 'ben'ding strength-of the unoxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic-was lowered due to penetration'by the liquidbrass from about 40,000 pounds per square'inch to about 20,000 pounds per square inch, whereas tubes of the present invention were not penetrated by the liquid brass nor was their strength weakened. As mentioned above, a criterion of a good coating is its electricalresistance. 'In testing for the electrical resistance; the oxidizedtubeymay -be immersed in mercury and mercury then placed within'the tube and the electrical resistance between the two bodies of mercury measured in some customary manner.
This invention offers other benefits beyond the improved service from a thermocouple tube in molten brass. Thermocouple tubes for use in other molten metals, such as aluminum and zinc, are similarly improved. Protective tubes for other than thermocouples and for use in corrosive media in general may thus be produced. The chromium-alumina metal ceramic is throught to be permeable to the entry of molten metal and the entry of metal into the structure weakens it, perhaps by the different coeflicients of expansion. In the present invention the metal phase in the metal ceramic is believed to be coated by a substantially continuous layer of metal oxide. This oxide layer is believed to be in substantial part, the oxide of chromium, Cr 0 The aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,698,990 discloses the sintering temperature of the chromium-alumina metal ceramic to be preferably between about l450 C. to 1800 C. The temperatures mentioned herein for oxidation of the metal to form a continuous coating of oxide will be seen to be below those sintering temperatures. Any metal oxide formed in the prior application before or after sintering was found not to be continuous nor possessed of the high insulation resistance herein mentioned as an indication of continuity in the oxide coating of the finished product. Said prior patent disclosed continuity in the metal phase to exist when the Q Ca metal content of the metal ceramic was between about 50% to 75% by volume and the ceramic content of the metal ceramic between about 50% to 25% by volume.
I claim:
1. In -a sintered metal ceramic consisting substantially of chromium and alumina and having a combined chromium and alumina content constituting at least 62.8 percent by weight of said metal ceramic, the improvement, which increases the resistance of said metal ceramic to penetration by molten metals, comprising a continuous, metal oxide coating 011 a surface of said metal ceramic of alumina and oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal which is in at least a substantial part chromium oxide, said metal oxide coating having an electrical resistance of at least about 100 megohms.
2. A metal ceramic object according to claim 1 which is a tube having a closed end'and having said metal oxideon at least an outer surface.
I 3. A protective tube according to claim 2haviug said metal oxide also on an inner surface.
4. A method of forming an oxide coated metal ceramic object consisting essentially of chromium and alumina and having a combined chromium and alumina content constituting at least 62.8 percent by weight of said metal ceramic and also having a continuous metal oxide surface coating of alumina and oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal which comprises sintering said metal ceramic in an atmosphere inert to said metal ceramic, and then, after sintering, heating said metal ceramic in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature below that at which said metal ceramic was sintered but above 1000 C. thereby forming said continuous metal oxide surface coating on said object which comprises in at least a substantial part chromium oxide, and continuing said heating until said coating has an electrical resistance of at least about 100 megohms.
5. A method according to claim 4 in which the heating in an oxidizing atmosphere was between about 1000 C. and 1400 C.
6. A method of treating a metal ceramic tube according to claim 4 in which the surface of a metal ceramic tube is mechanically cleaned before the same is subjected to said oxidizing atmosphere. 7
7. In a sintered metal ceramic object consisting essentially of chromium and alumina and containing between about 50% to 75% by volume of chromium metal and between about 50% to 25% by volume of aluminum oxide ceramic with the metal being in continuous phase,
the combination therewith of the improvement for enhancing the resistance of said metal ceramic to penetration by molten metals, said improvement comprising a metal oxide coating which is continuous, comprises alumina and an oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal, has an electrical insulation resistance of at least about 100 megohms, and is at least in substantial part chromium oxide on a surface of said metal ceramic.
8. In a sintered metal ceramic object consisting essentially of chromum and alumina and having between about to by volume of chromium metal, between about 50% to 25% by volume of aluminum oxide ceramic with the metal being in continuous phase, the improvement for enhancing the resistance of said metal ceramic to penetration by molten brass, which comprises a metal oxide coating of alumina and oxide of interdispersed continuous phase metal which is continuous, has an electrical insulation resistance of at least, about megohms, and is at least in substantial part chromium oxide on a surface of said metal ceramic.
in Ceramic Industry page 94.
Blackburn et al.: Fundamental Study etc. pub. Mar. 1, 1949, in vol. 32, No. 3, Journal of the Am. Ceramic Soc., pp. 81-890.
Hausner: .Metal Ceramics, pub. May 14, 1948, in Metal Industry, pp. 405-407.
Westbrook: Metal Ceramic Composites pub. June 1952, in vol. 31, No. 6, Ceramic Bulletin, pp. 205-208.
it a
Claims (1)
1. IN A SINTERED METAL CERAMIC CONSISTING SUBSTANTIALLY OF CHROMIUM AND ALUMINA AND HAVING A COMBINED CHROMIUM AND ALUMINA CONTENT CONSTITUTING AT LEAST 62.8 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF SAID METAL CERAMIC, THE IMPROVEMENT, WHICH INCREASES THE RESISTANCE OF SAID METAL CERAMIC TO PENETRATION BY MOLTEN METALS, COMPRISING A CONTINUOUS METAL OXIDE COATING ON A SURFACE OF SAID METAL CERAMIC OF ALUMINA AND OXIDE OF INTERDISPERSE CONTINUOUS PHASE METAL WHICH IS IN AT LEAST A SUBSTANTIAL PART
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US371601A US2872724A (en) | 1953-07-31 | 1953-07-31 | Oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic protective tube |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US371601A US2872724A (en) | 1953-07-31 | 1953-07-31 | Oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic protective tube |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2872724A true US2872724A (en) | 1959-02-10 |
Family
ID=23464623
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US371601A Expired - Lifetime US2872724A (en) | 1953-07-31 | 1953-07-31 | Oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic protective tube |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2872724A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3175279A (en) * | 1962-03-23 | 1965-03-30 | Bendix Corp | Ductile chromium composition |
| US3291577A (en) * | 1963-09-12 | 1966-12-13 | Clevite Corp | Oxidation resistant material |
| US4126654A (en) * | 1977-01-18 | 1978-11-21 | Union Carbide Corporation | Alumina or alumina-chromia refractories |
| US4824623A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1989-04-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | A method of making bicomponent green and ceramic fibers |
| EP1568977A1 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2005-08-31 | Borealis A/S | Shield for use in dehydrogenation reactors |
| US20070207329A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-09-06 | Chun Changmin | Chromiun-enriched oxide containing material and preoxidation method of making the same to mitigate corrosion and fouling associated with heat transfer components |
| US20070228621A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-04 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Ceramic processing and shaped ceramic bodies |
Citations (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB190657A (en) * | 1922-01-27 | 1922-12-28 | Gen Electric | Improvements in and relating to pyrometers |
| US1675119A (en) * | 1922-04-10 | 1928-06-26 | Westinghouse Lamp Co | Manufacture of articles of refractory metal or metallic mixtures |
| US2217802A (en) * | 1939-05-25 | 1940-10-15 | Gen Motors Corp | Mold equipment and method of making same |
| US2256033A (en) * | 1940-05-18 | 1941-09-16 | Corning Glass Works | Method of making refractory bodies of tin oxide |
| US2277543A (en) * | 1941-08-18 | 1942-03-24 | Downs Thomas | Process of molding |
| US2294756A (en) * | 1940-02-07 | 1942-09-01 | Gen Electric | Method of manufacturing electrical resistors having negative temperature characteristics |
| FR883630A (en) * | 1941-05-22 | 1943-07-09 | Fides Gmbh | Sintered body |
| US2360929A (en) * | 1941-04-12 | 1944-10-24 | Selas Corp Of America | Method of forming pervious ceramic bodies |
| US2405075A (en) * | 1943-11-27 | 1946-07-30 | Brown Instr Co | Protecting tube |
| US2431660A (en) * | 1944-12-01 | 1947-11-25 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Turbine blade |
| US2432390A (en) * | 1945-04-04 | 1947-12-09 | Remington Arms Co Inc | Testing machine |
| US2446277A (en) * | 1945-09-24 | 1948-08-03 | Eitel Mccullough Inc | Glass to metal seal in electrical devices |
-
1953
- 1953-07-31 US US371601A patent/US2872724A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB190657A (en) * | 1922-01-27 | 1922-12-28 | Gen Electric | Improvements in and relating to pyrometers |
| US1675119A (en) * | 1922-04-10 | 1928-06-26 | Westinghouse Lamp Co | Manufacture of articles of refractory metal or metallic mixtures |
| US2217802A (en) * | 1939-05-25 | 1940-10-15 | Gen Motors Corp | Mold equipment and method of making same |
| US2294756A (en) * | 1940-02-07 | 1942-09-01 | Gen Electric | Method of manufacturing electrical resistors having negative temperature characteristics |
| US2256033A (en) * | 1940-05-18 | 1941-09-16 | Corning Glass Works | Method of making refractory bodies of tin oxide |
| US2360929A (en) * | 1941-04-12 | 1944-10-24 | Selas Corp Of America | Method of forming pervious ceramic bodies |
| FR883630A (en) * | 1941-05-22 | 1943-07-09 | Fides Gmbh | Sintered body |
| US2277543A (en) * | 1941-08-18 | 1942-03-24 | Downs Thomas | Process of molding |
| US2405075A (en) * | 1943-11-27 | 1946-07-30 | Brown Instr Co | Protecting tube |
| US2431660A (en) * | 1944-12-01 | 1947-11-25 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Turbine blade |
| US2432390A (en) * | 1945-04-04 | 1947-12-09 | Remington Arms Co Inc | Testing machine |
| US2446277A (en) * | 1945-09-24 | 1948-08-03 | Eitel Mccullough Inc | Glass to metal seal in electrical devices |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3175279A (en) * | 1962-03-23 | 1965-03-30 | Bendix Corp | Ductile chromium composition |
| US3291577A (en) * | 1963-09-12 | 1966-12-13 | Clevite Corp | Oxidation resistant material |
| US4126654A (en) * | 1977-01-18 | 1978-11-21 | Union Carbide Corporation | Alumina or alumina-chromia refractories |
| US4824623A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1989-04-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | A method of making bicomponent green and ceramic fibers |
| EP1568977A1 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2005-08-31 | Borealis A/S | Shield for use in dehydrogenation reactors |
| WO2005083378A2 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2005-09-09 | Borealis As | Shield for use in dehydrogenation reactors |
| WO2005083378A3 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2009-01-08 | Borealis As | Shield for use in dehydrogenation reactors |
| US20070207329A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-09-06 | Chun Changmin | Chromiun-enriched oxide containing material and preoxidation method of making the same to mitigate corrosion and fouling associated with heat transfer components |
| US8037928B2 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2011-10-18 | Exxonmobil Research & Engineering Company | Chromium-enriched oxide containing material and preoxidation method of making the same to mitigate corrosion and fouling associated with heat transfer components |
| US8465599B2 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2013-06-18 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Chromiun-enriched oxide containing material and preoxidation method of making the same to mitigate corrosion and fouling associated with heat transfer components |
| US20070228621A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-04 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Ceramic processing and shaped ceramic bodies |
| US7824602B2 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2010-11-02 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Ceramic processing and shaped ceramic bodies |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US2843646A (en) | Laminated metal ceramic | |
| US3011006A (en) | Process and apparatus for measuring high temperatures | |
| US5474618A (en) | Protective ceramic device for immersion pyrometer | |
| US2872724A (en) | Oxidized chromium-alumina metal ceramic protective tube | |
| US3252827A (en) | Refractory carbide bodies and method of making them | |
| JPS61262625A (en) | Protective pipe for thermocouple and its preparation | |
| JP2592501B2 (en) | Thermal insulation coating of refractory objects | |
| US3106493A (en) | Thermocouple | |
| US3390013A (en) | High-temperature resistant structural body | |
| US2820727A (en) | Method of metallizing ceramic bodies | |
| US3037878A (en) | Process for coating and heat treating a metal article and coating composition | |
| US2839292A (en) | Refractory reservoir for aluminum | |
| US2560593A (en) | Method of making a glass-to-metal seal | |
| US1773826A (en) | Pyrometer tube | |
| US2398809A (en) | Process for casehardening hollow metal members | |
| US2256033A (en) | Method of making refractory bodies of tin oxide | |
| US1773825A (en) | Pyrometer tube | |
| GB270301A (en) | Metal-containing electric resistances and method of production thereof | |
| US2837428A (en) | Method of sintering chromium-alumina metal ceramics | |
| US1442910A (en) | Electrically-heated vessel | |
| US3451860A (en) | Thermocouple with reducing atmosphere producing sheath | |
| US3352552A (en) | Refractory-coated oxygen lance | |
| US2866060A (en) | Electrical resistance thermometer of low heat capacity | |
| JP2023092016A (en) | Corrosion-resistant silicon carbide heating elements and method for manufacturing the same | |
| JPS6087A (en) | Far infrared ray heater |