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US2618552A - Development of electrophotographic images - Google Patents

Development of electrophotographic images Download PDF

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Publication number
US2618552A
US2618552A US762005A US76200547A US2618552A US 2618552 A US2618552 A US 2618552A US 762005 A US762005 A US 762005A US 76200547 A US76200547 A US 76200547A US 2618552 A US2618552 A US 2618552A
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United States
Prior art keywords
powder
particles
image
carrier
charged
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Expired - Lifetime
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US762005A
Inventor
Edward N Wise
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Battelle Development Corp
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Battelle Development Corp
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/10—Developers with toner particles characterised by carrier particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
    • G03G15/0801—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer for cascading
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S101/00—Printing
    • Y10S101/37—Printing employing electrostatic force

Definitions

  • This invention relates to novel mixtures for developing electrostatic and electrophotographic images and to methods for applying such mixtures.
  • a common method comprises the steps of coating a, conductive metal plate with a photoconductive insulating material (such as anthra cene, sulphur, etc.) and charging the surface of the coated metal plate.
  • the charged plate may then be exposed to light through a photographic positive or negative so that all (or portions) of the charge which is on the light-receiving areas leak off leaving a latent electrostatic image on the plate.
  • the latent electrostatic image thus obtained may be developed by dusting a plate carrying a charge image with a suitable developing powder.
  • Asphaltum, dragons blood, zein powder, vinsol powder an extract from long leaf yellow pine tree stumps composed. principally of an oxidized form of abietic acid and manufactured by Hercules Powder Company, 908 Market Street,
  • clers used for this purpose are commonly known as electroscopic ipowders and are so designated throughout the remainder of this specification being, in general, finely divided resinous materials capable of being-attracted and held by electrical charges on electrophotographic plates.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a new and improved composition which eliminates the deposition of electroscopic powder on uncharged areas .and avoids excessive deposition .on charged areasduring thedeveloping of electrophotographic images.
  • a further object of this invention is to achieve sharper and clearer images than have heretofore been possible in the electrophotographic process by more accurately distributing the electroscopic powder on electrostatically charged plates in ac.- cordance with the charged and non-charged areas.
  • the invention comprises electroscopic powder-granular carrier mixtures for developing electrophotographic images, and to methods of applying the mixture.
  • latent electrostatic images may be developed by applying a mixture comprising an electroscopic powder in combination with a granular carrier to electrostatic charge images such, for example, as-the electrogstatic charge images formed on electrophotographic plates.
  • the mixture isapplied by repeated flowings over the latent image while intermittently removing excess powder by tapping and/or by frequently dispersing by means of compressed air.
  • any sub-.- stance of such configurationas to roll easilyover a plate, and having a surface having an ag-fiinity for a finely divided resinous powder and capable of holding such powder in a loosely-bound manner, being substantially larger in size than such powder is suitable for use and may be defined as a carrier in the developer mixture.
  • Tests indicate that preferred materials are more accurately defined as crystalline substances whose crystalline structure tends toward the spherical or equidimensional. For example, all granular materials having a cubic, rhombic, hexagonal, or tetragonal crystalline structure have proven satisfactory.
  • Substances having a-monoclinic structure haveproven unsatisfactory-except when capable of being broken up by being passed through a sieve or by some similar action, as has been done with potassium chlorate.
  • Agents which meet all of the above requirements are referred to as carriers or, more specifically, as granular carriers.
  • the carrier particles be substantially larger than the electroscopic powder particles.
  • Carriers ranging in size from 30-mesh to 325-mesh have proved satisfactory, with the best results apparently being obtained with granular carriers which are capable of being passed through a 30-mesh screen and being collected on a (SO-mesh screen.
  • Micronized electroscopic powders have proven very satisfactory. These micronized particles are usually between one-tenth mircon and twenty microns in diameter. However, micronizing of the powders is not essential and the powder size is not important in general, except that in any particular instance the powder particles should be substantially smaller than the carrier granules.
  • each granular carrier grain picks up a number of the smaller par- As the carrier rolls over the plate, the particles of dusting powder drop off upon contacting a charged area on the plate surface (the attraction between the powder and the charged plate area being stronger than the attraction of the carrier for Furthermore, the carriers will pick up any electroscopic particles which might tend to adhere to uncharged areas so that the net result is an even distribution of powder over the charged areas and a total absence of powder on the uncharged areas.
  • Example 1 Asphaltum powder was mixed with powdered ammonium chloride in the ratio of 1 gram of asphaltum to from '7 to 10 grams of ammonium chloride; the ammonium chloride being of such a size as to pass through an -mesh screen and to be held on a 230-mesh screen. This mixture, when applied to a plate bearing an electrostatic image, produced a clear, distinct image, without smears or signs of excessive powder collections on charged areas.
  • Example 2 A mixture of one part gilsonite with five parts of l00-200-mesh sodium chloride as a carrier was found to be very satisfactory for dusting images of line drawings and typewritten copy on charged electrophotographic plates.
  • Example 3 An electroscopic dusting powder made up of 4 parts of Velsicol AD623 (a chlorinated derivative of naphthalene manufactured by the Velsicol Corporation, E. Pearson St., Chicago, Illinois) to one part of polystryene was mixed with ammonium chloride (IOU-mesh) as a carrier and the mixture was found to produce good images, especially with a 1:1 ratio of powder to carrier.
  • Velsicol AD623 a chlorinated derivative of naphthalene manufactured by the Velsicol Corporation, E. Pearson St., Chicago, Illinois
  • IOU-mesh ammonium chloride
  • any of the suitable electroscopic powders may be used with carriers to produce sharp, clearly defined electrophotographic images.
  • the mixture of carrier and dusting powder may be applied by means of a dusting box of the type wherein the developing mixture is caused to traverse the charged plate.
  • a method of producing a powder image on an electrically charged image consisting of transporting within the attraction range of the charged image particles of insulated attractable pigmented powder of a size in the order of .10 to 20 microns held on substantially equidimensional granular carrier particles of a size to pass through a 30-mesh screen and be collected on a 60-mesh screen, said carrier particles having less attraction for the pigmented particles than has the charged image, rolling said carrier particles covered by insulated pigmented particles over the image to present the pigmented particles held on the surface of the carrier particle to the charged image, the pigmented particles being attracted from the carrier particles to the charged image, and removing the carrier particles less the pigmented particles from the surface of the charged image to thereby produce a powder image superimposed on and held by the charged image.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)

Description

Patented Nov. 18, 1952 UNITED STATES ATENT OFFICE DEVELOPMENT OF ELEGTROPHQTO- GRAPHIC IMAGES Delaware No Drawing. Application July 18, 1947, Serial No. 762,005
2 Claims. 1
This invention relates to novel mixtures for developing electrostatic and electrophotographic images and to methods for applying such mixtures.
The-manner of obtaining an electrostatic image upon a charged plate is Well-known in the art of electrophotography and may be carried out in any one of several ways, as pointed out in U. S. Patent 2,297,691 issued to Chester F. Carlson on October 6, 1942. A common method comprises the steps of coating a, conductive metal plate with a photoconductive insulating material (such as anthra cene, sulphur, etc.) and charging the surface of the coated metal plate. The charged plate may then be exposed to light through a photographic positive or negative so that all (or portions) of the charge which is on the light-receiving areas leak off leaving a latent electrostatic image on the plate. The latent electrostatic image thus obtained may be developed by dusting a plate carrying a charge image with a suitable developing powder. Asphaltum, dragons blood, zein powder, vinsol powder (an extract from long leaf yellow pine tree stumps composed. principally of an oxidized form of abietic acid and manufactured by Hercules Powder Company, 908 Market Street,
Wilmington, Delaware), resin powder and other similar powders have been found very satisfactory for use in developing electrostatic images. .Pow-
clers used for this purpose are commonly known as electroscopic ipowders and are so designated throughout the remainder of this specification being, in general, finely divided resinous materials capable of being-attracted and held by electrical charges on electrophotographic plates.
Previously, in the art of electrophotography, there has been considerable diiiiculty arising from the fact that electroscopic powders, when of the proper'degree of fineness for image develcharged areas.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide a mixture for developing electrostatic images whereby streaks and smears caused by clots'of powder are eliminated.
Another object of this invention is to provide a new and improved composition which eliminates the deposition of electroscopic powder on uncharged areas .and avoids excessive deposition .on charged areasduring thedeveloping of electrophotographic images.
A further object of this invention is to achieve sharper and clearer images than have heretofore been possible in the electrophotographic process by more accurately distributing the electroscopic powder on electrostatically charged plates in ac.- cordance with the charged and non-charged areas.
Other objects and advantages of .this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description thereof.
In general, the invention comprises electroscopic powder-granular carrier mixtures for developing electrophotographic images, and to methods of applying the mixture.
It will be apparent that the following disclosure is susceptible to modification and that variations may be made without departing from the broad scope of this invention which is herein described in its preferred form for the purpose of clearly setting forth the principles involved.
It has been discovered that latent electrostatic images may be developed by applying a mixture comprising an electroscopic powder in combination with a granular carrier to electrostatic charge images such, for example, as-the electrogstatic charge images formed on electrophotographic plates. Preferably, the mixture isapplied by repeated flowings over the latent image while intermittently removing excess powder by tapping and/or by frequently dispersing by means of compressed air.
It has been found, in general, that any sub-.- stance of such configurationas to roll easilyover a plate, and having a surface having an ag-fiinity for a finely divided resinous powder and capable of holding such powder in a loosely-bound manner, being substantially larger in size than such powder is suitable for use and may be defined as a carrier in the developer mixture. Tests indicate that preferred materials are more accurately defined as crystalline substances whose crystalline structure tends toward the spherical or equidimensional. For example, all granular materials having a cubic, rhombic, hexagonal, or tetragonal crystalline structure have proven satisfactory. Substances having a-monoclinic structure haveproven unsatisfactory-except when capable of being broken up by being passed through a sieve or by some similar action, as has been done with potassium chlorate. Agents which meet all of the above requirements are referred to as carriers or, more specifically, as granular carriers.
Some materials which have been found to be satisfactory carriers are sodium chloridefamticles of electroscopic dusting powder.
the powder).
monium chloride, aluminum potassium chloride, Rochelle salt, sodium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, potassium chlorate (after treatment as noted above), methyl methacrylate resin, granular zircon, and other similar granular materials.
Generally, it is preferred that the carrier particles be substantially larger than the electroscopic powder particles. Carriers ranging in size from 30-mesh to 325-mesh have proved satisfactory, with the best results apparently being obtained with granular carriers which are capable of being passed through a 30-mesh screen and being collected on a (SO-mesh screen.
In preparing the mixture of electroscopic powder and granular carrier, no special precautions need be observed. It has been found that the ratio of electroscopic powder to carrier is not critical although it is preferred that there be sufiicient electroscopic powder in the mixture to cover, or nearly cover, each carrier grain with s a single layer of powder.
It has also been hown that the degree of contrast in the developed image may be varied by varying the ratio of carrier to electroscopic powder. Mixtures wherein the ratios of carrier to powder was as great as 100:1 have been used successfully and it does not appear that there is any limit to ratios which will work. Satisfactory ratios are largely determined by the particular powder-carrier combination used.
Micronized electroscopic powders have proven very satisfactory. These micronized particles are usually between one-tenth mircon and twenty microns in diameter. However, micronizing of the powders is not essential and the powder size is not important in general, except that in any particular instance the powder particles should be substantially smaller than the carrier granules.
It is an essential characteristic of these carrierpowder mixtures that they be good insulators. Conductive combinations tend to discharge the electrophotographic plate without developing the electrostatic image. However, it has been found that the granular carriers need not be insulators provided that the electroscopic powder is present in sufficient quantity to render the combination insulating. This is an additional reason for the requirement for sufficient electroscopic powder to cover each carrier grain with a layer of powder.
After due consideration and observation, it is believed that this invention functions according to the following mechanism: Each granular carrier grain picks up a number of the smaller par- As the carrier rolls over the plate, the particles of dusting powder drop off upon contacting a charged area on the plate surface (the attraction between the powder and the charged plate area being stronger than the attraction of the carrier for Furthermore, the carriers will pick up any electroscopic particles which might tend to adhere to uncharged areas so that the net result is an even distribution of powder over the charged areas and a total absence of powder on the uncharged areas.
Examples of mixtures of electroscopic powders and granular carriers which have proven satisfactory for developing latent electrostatic images are. listed below. These examples are merely illustrative of suitable mixtures and are not to beinterpreted as limiting the present invention.
Example 1 Asphaltum powder was mixed with powdered ammonium chloride in the ratio of 1 gram of asphaltum to from '7 to 10 grams of ammonium chloride; the ammonium chloride being of such a size as to pass through an -mesh screen and to be held on a 230-mesh screen. This mixture, when applied to a plate bearing an electrostatic image, produced a clear, distinct image, without smears or signs of excessive powder collections on charged areas.
Example 2 A mixture of one part gilsonite with five parts of l00-200-mesh sodium chloride as a carrier was found to be very satisfactory for dusting images of line drawings and typewritten copy on charged electrophotographic plates.
Example 3 An electroscopic dusting powder made up of 4 parts of Velsicol AD623 (a chlorinated derivative of naphthalene manufactured by the Velsicol Corporation, E. Pearson St., Chicago, Illinois) to one part of polystryene was mixed with ammonium chloride (IOU-mesh) as a carrier and the mixture was found to produce good images, especially with a 1:1 ratio of powder to carrier.
Other tests have shown that any of the suitable electroscopic powders may be used with carriers to produce sharp, clearly defined electrophotographic images.
It will be apparent from the above description that means and methods have been discovered for producing superior electrophotographic images wherein certain undesirable features of previous means and methods have been overcome.
Variations and changes will, of course, suggest themselves to those skilled in the art according to the different conditions encountered in the use of this invention. For example, the mixture of carrier and dusting powder may be applied by means of a dusting box of the type wherein the developing mixture is caused to traverse the charged plate. This and similar obvious variations of the preferred method are intended to be included within the broad scope of the invention, which is defined in the following claims:
What is claimed is:
l. A method of producing a powder image on an electrically charged image consisting of transporting within the attraction range of the charged image particles of insulated attractable pigmented powder of a size in the order of .10 to 20 microns held on substantially equidimensional larger granular carrier particles by attraction, said carrier particles being of a size in the order of 30 to 60 mesh and having less attraction for the pigmented particles than has the charged image, rolling said carrier particles covered by insulated pigmented particles over the image to present the pigmented particles held on the sorfaces of the carrier particles to the charged image, the pigmented particles being attracted from the carrier particles to the charged image, and removing the carrier particles less the image adhering pigmented particles from the surface of the charged image to thereby produce a powder image superimposed on and held by the charged image.
2. A method of producing a powder image on an electrically charged image consisting of transporting within the attraction range of the charged image particles of insulated attractable pigmented powder of a size in the order of .10 to 20 microns held on substantially equidimensional granular carrier particles of a size to pass through a 30-mesh screen and be collected on a 60-mesh screen, said carrier particles having less attraction for the pigmented particles than has the charged image, rolling said carrier particles covered by insulated pigmented particles over the image to present the pigmented particles held on the surface of the carrier particle to the charged image, the pigmented particles being attracted from the carrier particles to the charged image, and removing the carrier particles less the pigmented particles from the surface of the charged image to thereby produce a powder image superimposed on and held by the charged image.
EDWARD N. WISE.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
Magnetism and Electricity, Brooks & Poyser, 1927, Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd, N. Y. Page 53.

Claims (1)

1. A METHOD OF PRODUCING A POWDER IMAGE ON AN ELECTRICALLY CHARGED IMAGE CONSISTING OF TRANSPORTING WITHIN THE ATTRACTION RANGE OF THE CHARGED IMAGE PARTICLES OF INSULATED ATTRACTABLE PIGMENTED POWDER OF A SIZE IN THE ORDER OF .10 TO 20 MICRONS HELD ON SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIDIMENSIONAL LARGER GRANULAR CARRIER PARTICLES BY ATTRACTION, SAID CARRIER PARTICLES BEING OF A SIZE IN THE ORDER OF 30 TO 60 MESH AND HAVING LESS ATTRACTION FOR THE PIGMENTED PARTICLES THAN HAS THE CHARGED IMAGE, ROLLING SAID CARRIER PARTICLES COVERED BY INSULATED PIGMENTED PARTICLES OVER THE IMAGE TO PRESENT THE PIGMENTED PARTICLES HELD ON THE SORFACES OF THE CARRIER PARTICLES TO THE CHARGED IMAGE, THE PIGMENTED PARTICLES BEING ATTRACTED FROM THE CARRIER PARTICLES TO THE CHARGED IMAGE, AND REMOVING THE CARRIER PARTICLES LESS THAN IMAGE ADHERING PIGMENTED PARTICLES FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CHARGED IMAGE TO THEREBY PRODUCE A POWDER IMAGE SUPERIMPOSED ON AND HELD BY THE CHARGED IMAGE.
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Cited By (103)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US2851373A (en) * 1955-11-21 1958-09-09 Bruning Charles Co Inc Developing electrostatic latent images on photo-conductive insulating material
US2862816A (en) * 1954-03-26 1958-12-02 Rca Corp Method of and means for reducing triboelectric forces in electrophotography
US2877132A (en) * 1955-02-18 1959-03-10 Haloid Xerox Inc Method for development of electrostatic images
US2889234A (en) * 1955-07-13 1959-06-02 Haloid Xerox Inc Xerographic development process
US2892794A (en) * 1955-01-03 1959-06-30 Haloid Xerox Inc Electrostatic developer and toner
US2895847A (en) * 1953-12-21 1959-07-21 Battelle Development Corp Electric image development
US2917460A (en) * 1955-06-17 1959-12-15 Ibm Powder compositions useful as electroscopic toners
US2919247A (en) * 1954-12-23 1959-12-29 Haloid Xerox Inc Tripartite developer for electrostatic images
US2943950A (en) * 1953-05-07 1960-07-05 Haloid Xerox Inc Electrostatic developing apparatus and method
US2995393A (en) * 1957-10-30 1961-08-08 Nalco Chemical Co Method and apparatus for increasing the coefficient of friction between metal surfaces
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