US2614913A - Brightening bath - Google Patents
Brightening bath Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2614913A US2614913A US191324A US19132450A US2614913A US 2614913 A US2614913 A US 2614913A US 191324 A US191324 A US 191324A US 19132450 A US19132450 A US 19132450A US 2614913 A US2614913 A US 2614913A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- bath
- brightening
- aluminum
- ammonium
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- MIMUSZHMZBJBPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC(OC)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C21 MIMUSZHMZBJBPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Chemical compound O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229940074355 nitric acid Drugs 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 6
- 229940093476 ethylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 6
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 4
- XWROUVVQGRRRMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N F.O[N+]([O-])=O Chemical compound F.O[N+]([O-])=O XWROUVVQGRRRMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 3
- DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(5-carboxythiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound S1C(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)S1 DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 etc Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021594 Copper(II) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002340 chlorooxy group Chemical group ClO[*] 0.000 description 1
- GWFAVIIMQDUCRA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Cu+2] GWFAVIIMQDUCRA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F3/00—Brightening metals by chemical means
- C23F3/02—Light metals
- C23F3/03—Light metals with acidic solutions
Definitions
- This invention relates to chemical dipping processes and is particularly directed to dipping processes for brightening the surface of aluminum and/or aluminum alloys.
- a primary object of theinvent1on to provide a chemical brightening bathfor use in connection with aluminum and/or alumia chemical brightening bath for use in connection with aluminum and/or aluminum alloys which has substantial brightening effects when using very low concentrations of the chemicals therein, said bath being of a substantially watery I consistency that minimizes drag-out loss and which facilitates rinsing.
- nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid baths for brightening aluminum and/or aluminum alloys is well known in the art, such baths create numerous industrial hazards and problems through the use of the hydrofluoric acid per se.
- nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid baths clue to the strong conjoint action of the specific acids, may be used in quite dilute condition which minimizes other production problems, for example, drag-out loss and likewise makes the rinsin of the brightened articles a relatively easy, matter as compared with the usual syrupy phosphoric acid type of brightening baths.
- the-ammonium salt of the hydrofluoric acid either as a fluoride or bifluoride gives improved results over the use of hydrofluoric acid per se even when the hydrofluoric acid is combined with other ingredients to form a salt in situ within the solution.
- the improved result is probably due to the fact that the addition of ammonium fluoride or ammonium bifluoride to the bath yields the ammonium salt ofthe hydrofluoric acid in complete combinationwith no free hydrofluoric acid nor free ammonium hydroxide or other combining reagent present. If hydrofluoric acid per se is added to the bath,its combining action with other ingredients to yield salts is never complete unless definite molar quantities of all ingredients are added to assure complete reaction.
- This bath may be modified by using cane sugar dissolved in the bath in place of ethylene glycol within the range of 20% to 1.0% with a 30% preferred and similarly ammonium fluoride may be used in place of ammonium bifluoride within the same ranges.
- the bath is made up with water as a base and is operated at an elevated temperature, for example, in the order of F. to 212 F.
- the aluminum parts to be brightened are cleaned so as to be free from grease and are then immersed in the hot brightening bath for a period ranging from 3 to 5 minutes depending upon the finish desired, after which they are removed from the bath and thoroughly rinsed in water to remove many traces of the bath therefrom. They may then be dried by preferably dipping in hot water, followed by an air dry With or Without air blast.
- Abrightening bath for use in connection with'aluminum and/or aluminum alloys Wherein thebrightening is carried out at a temperature varying between 185. -F. to 212 F. consisting of; a solutionhaving as its basic ingredients ammonium'bifiuoride 550% to nitricacid 2.0% 'to 7.5%, chromic acid.;30% to .75% and cane sugar 20% to 1.0% and wherein water makes up substantially Lthe remainder of :the
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
Description
Patented Oct. 21, 1952 BRIGHTENING BATH Harold 'J. Reindl and Stanley R. Prance, Dayton,
Ohio, assignors to General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Delaware NoDrawing. Application October 20, 1950, Serial No. 191,324
I This invention relates to chemical dipping processes and is particularly directed to dipping processes for brightening the surface of aluminum and/or aluminum alloys.
It is, therefore, a primary object of theinvent1on to provide a chemical brightening bathfor use in connection with aluminum and/or alumia chemical brightening bath for use in connection with aluminum and/or aluminum alloys which has substantial brightening effects when using very low concentrations of the chemicals therein, said bath being of a substantially watery I consistency that minimizes drag-out loss and which facilitates rinsing.
Further obiects will be apparent from the following description. I
The use of nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid baths for brightening aluminum and/or aluminum alloys is well known in the art, such baths create numerous industrial hazards and problems through the use of the hydrofluoric acid per se. On the other hand, nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid baths, clue to the strong conjoint action of the specific acids, may be used in quite dilute condition which minimizes other production problems, for example, drag-out loss and likewise makes the rinsin of the brightened articles a relatively easy, matter as compared with the usual syrupy phosphoric acid type of brightening baths.
Due to the strength of a nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid combination and the ability to use such a combination in low concentrations, the cost of the bath is reduced. mak ng a bath of this type very desirable commercially.
copper fluoride, etc, silver or gold salts, etc., plus a brightener such as ethylene glycol. These in- 7 Claims. (01. 4142) gredients may be contained in a stainless steel tank and will have excellent brightening action on aluminum and/or aluminum alloys. In fact, the action will be greatly improved over a bath utilizing nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid per se. Furthermore, we have found that the use of ammonium bifluoride extends the life of the: bath in addition to yielding improved results from a brightening standpoint. In all cases, the-ammonium salt of the hydrofluoric acid either as a fluoride or bifluoride gives improved results over the use of hydrofluoric acid per se even when the hydrofluoric acid is combined with other ingredients to form a salt in situ within the solution. In this connection, the improved result is probably due to the fact that the addition of ammonium fluoride or ammonium bifluoride to the bath yields the ammonium salt ofthe hydrofluoric acid in complete combinationwith no free hydrofluoric acid nor free ammonium hydroxide or other combining reagent present. If hydrofluoric acid per se is added to the bath,its combining action with other ingredients to yield salts is never complete unless definite molar quantities of all ingredients are added to assure complete reaction. Obviously, this is impossible in a commercial operation and therefore there is always an excess of the hydrofluoric acid or an Range Preferred Percent Percent Commercial nitric acid 2. 0 -7. 5 3. Ammonium bifiuoride .30 .75 65 Ethylene glvcol .40 l. 0 .60 Ohromic acid (ClOs) .30 75 .65 Soluble metallic salt (copper nitrate).. .002- .05 0025 Water Remainder Remainder This bath may be modified by using cane sugar dissolved in the bath in place of ethylene glycol within the range of 20% to 1.0% with a 30% preferred and similarly ammonium fluoride may be used in place of ammonium bifluoride within the same ranges. The bath is made up with water as a base and is operated at an elevated temperature, for example, in the order of F. to 212 F. The aluminum parts to be brightened are cleaned so as to be free from grease and are then immersed in the hot brightening bath for a period ranging from 3 to 5 minutes depending upon the finish desired, after which they are removed from the bath and thoroughly rinsed in water to remove many traces of the bath therefrom. They may then be dried by preferably dipping in hot water, followed by an air dry With or Without air blast.
We have found that a brightening bat of the character described herein has good life and that the drag-out loss, due to the low Viscosity of the watery solution, is maintained at a minimum. In order to keep the bath at an operatinglevel, We add additional ingredients periodically .during use as needed (this may bedetermined by the brightness of the parts being treated or by analysis of bath concentrations) in the'following concentrations: for each square foot of surface brightened We add in the order of 8.5 cc..nitric acid, .75 gram of ammonium bifiuoride and .75cc. of ethylene-'glycolor .4 gram .of sugar. Water may be added simultaneouslytomaintain the level of the bath to a givenpoint within the brightening tank.
It is to be, pointed out here that our improvements over prior art type of brighteners are directed to the use of ammonium fiuorideand particularly to the use of ammonium bifluoride together with the addition of ethylene glycol or sugar as a brightener. These improvements yield a better brightening solution. for .thefollowing reasons:
1. The brightening action of the bath is better;
2.,The control oithe bath is moreeasily maintained;
.3. The commercial hazards .of the bathare minimized; and
4. The costof the .bathlisreduced.
WhiIethe embodiments of the .present'invention as herein disclosed, constitute preferred forms, it is to be understood that other iorms might be adopted.
gredients ammonium bifluoride to ..75%,. nitric-acid 2.0% to 7.5%, chromic acid 30% to .75% and ethyleneglycol A092; .to 1.0% and wherein water makes upsubstantially .the.re-
mainder of the bath.
2. A bath as claimed in claiml with:the...added ingredient of a salt oi a metalbelow hydrogen in the electro-chemical series, .002% to 05% 3. A brightening bath for use in connection ,with aluminum and/or aluminum alloys Wherein the brightening is carried out at a temperature varying between 185 F. to 212 F. consisting of a solution having as its basic ingredients ammonium bifluoride nitric acid 3.75%, chromic acid .65% and ethylene glycol .60% together with water which makes up substantially the remainder of the bath.
i. A brightening bath for use .in-.connection with aluminum and/or aluminum alloys Wherein the brightening is carried out at a temperature varying between 185 F. to 212 F. for a .periodranging from 3 to 5 minutes, consisting of; an aqueous solution having as its basic ingredients ammonium bifluoride .65%, nitric acid ..3.75%,..chromic acid 55%, ethylene glycol .60%
together with traces of copper nitrate.
.5. Abrightening bath for use in connection with'aluminum and/or aluminum alloys Wherein thebrightening is carried out at a temperature varying between 185. -F. to 212 F. consisting of; a solutionhaving as its basic ingredients ammonium'bifiuoride 550% to nitricacid 2.0% 'to 7.5%, chromic acid.;30% to .75% and cane sugar 20% to 1.0% and wherein water makes up substantially Lthe remainder of :the
bath.
6. A brightening bath .for use in connection with aluminum and/or aluminum alloys wherein the brightening is carried out at atemperature varying between.185 F. to 212 F. consisting of; a solution having as its basic ingredients ammonium bifiuoride 465%;nitric acidf3'.75%, chromic acid .65%'and cane sugar 30% together with water which makes'up 'substantially'the remainder of the bath.
7. A brightening bath foruse in "connection with aluminum and/or aluminum'alloyswherein the brightening is carried out at a'temperature varying between 185 F. to '212"F.fora period ranging from'3 to ,5 minutes, consisting of; an aqueous solution having as its basic ingredients ammonium bifiuoride ;65%,'nitriciacid 3.75%, chromic acid .65'%, cane sugar together with traces of coppernitrate.
HAROLD J. REINDL. STANLEY R. PR-ANCE.
I REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED. STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 590,966 Cornwall Oct. 5,1897 "2,168,909 Mason Aug."8, 1939 2,393,875 Van Dusen Jan; 29, 1946 2,415,724 Beall Feb.'11,'1947 2,507,314 Mason May '9, 1950
Claims (1)
1. A BRIGHTENING BATH FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH ALUMINUM AND/OR ALUMINUM ALLOYS WHEREIN THE BRIGHTENING IS CARRIED OUT AT A TEMPERATURE VARYING BETWEEN 185* F. TO 212* F. CONSISTING OF; A SOLUTION HAVING AS ITS BASIC INGREDIENTS AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE .30% TO .75%, NITRIC ACID 2.0% TO 7.5%, CHROMIC ACID .30% TO .75% AND ETHYLENE GLYCOL .40% TO 1.0% AND WHEREIN WATER MAKES UP SUBSTANTIALLY THE REMAINDER OF THE BATH.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US191324A US2614913A (en) | 1950-10-20 | 1950-10-20 | Brightening bath |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US191324A US2614913A (en) | 1950-10-20 | 1950-10-20 | Brightening bath |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2614913A true US2614913A (en) | 1952-10-21 |
Family
ID=22705032
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US191324A Expired - Lifetime US2614913A (en) | 1950-10-20 | 1950-10-20 | Brightening bath |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2614913A (en) |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2711364A (en) * | 1953-12-31 | 1955-06-21 | John G Beach | Polishing metals and composition therefor |
| US2738259A (en) * | 1954-02-24 | 1956-03-13 | Raytheon Mfg Co | Surface treatment of germanium |
| US2746849A (en) * | 1953-02-18 | 1956-05-22 | Helling Werner | Method of imparting high brilliancy to articles made of aluminum and its alloys |
| US2756131A (en) * | 1952-08-22 | 1956-07-24 | Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag | Method for glossing articles made of aluminum and particularly pure aluminum and its alloys |
| US2763536A (en) * | 1953-05-20 | 1956-09-18 | Dow Chemical Co | Etching |
| US2796334A (en) * | 1955-02-23 | 1957-06-18 | Aluminum Co Of America | Etching aluminum |
| US2828193A (en) * | 1954-08-09 | 1958-03-25 | Turco Products Inc | Method for rejuvenation of aluminum treating solutions |
| US2847286A (en) * | 1954-12-23 | 1958-08-12 | Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag | Method of forming a glossy surface |
| US2977204A (en) * | 1959-08-14 | 1961-03-28 | Donald W Shannon | Method of improving corrosion resistance of zirconium |
| US3018211A (en) * | 1959-01-26 | 1962-01-23 | Purex Corp Ltd | Composition and process for brightening aluminum and its alloys |
| US3060071A (en) * | 1957-08-06 | 1962-10-23 | Allied Res Products Inc | Process of treating zinc castings |
| US3078203A (en) * | 1958-10-20 | 1963-02-19 | Gen Motors Corp | Method of etching ferrous alloy and composition |
| US3150007A (en) * | 1954-08-02 | 1964-09-22 | Julius M Kovachy | Process for cleaning stone |
| US3230172A (en) * | 1961-04-10 | 1966-01-18 | Montedison Spa | Pickling bath for stainless steel and process for the preparation thereof |
| US3296141A (en) * | 1965-03-25 | 1967-01-03 | R O Hull & Company Inc | Bright dip compositions for the treatment of steel |
| US4673521A (en) * | 1986-01-21 | 1987-06-16 | Enthone, Incorporated | Process for regenerating solder stripping solutions |
| US20080268652A1 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-30 | Bruno Delahaye | Solution used in the fabrication of a porous semiconductor material, and a method of fabricating said material |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US590965A (en) * | 1897-10-05 | Galvanizing-machine | ||
| US2168909A (en) * | 1936-12-01 | 1939-08-08 | Aluminum Co Of America | Producing etched surfaces on aluminum |
| US2393875A (en) * | 1944-05-29 | 1946-01-29 | Addressograph Multigraph | Method of etching and dampening planographic printing plates and repellent solution t herefor |
| US2415724A (en) * | 1936-10-15 | 1947-02-11 | Frank H Beall | Chromium plating |
| US2507314A (en) * | 1943-03-31 | 1950-05-09 | Aluminum Co Of America | Method of treating aluminum surfaces |
-
1950
- 1950-10-20 US US191324A patent/US2614913A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US590965A (en) * | 1897-10-05 | Galvanizing-machine | ||
| US2415724A (en) * | 1936-10-15 | 1947-02-11 | Frank H Beall | Chromium plating |
| US2168909A (en) * | 1936-12-01 | 1939-08-08 | Aluminum Co Of America | Producing etched surfaces on aluminum |
| US2507314A (en) * | 1943-03-31 | 1950-05-09 | Aluminum Co Of America | Method of treating aluminum surfaces |
| US2393875A (en) * | 1944-05-29 | 1946-01-29 | Addressograph Multigraph | Method of etching and dampening planographic printing plates and repellent solution t herefor |
Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2756131A (en) * | 1952-08-22 | 1956-07-24 | Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag | Method for glossing articles made of aluminum and particularly pure aluminum and its alloys |
| US2746849A (en) * | 1953-02-18 | 1956-05-22 | Helling Werner | Method of imparting high brilliancy to articles made of aluminum and its alloys |
| US2763536A (en) * | 1953-05-20 | 1956-09-18 | Dow Chemical Co | Etching |
| US2711364A (en) * | 1953-12-31 | 1955-06-21 | John G Beach | Polishing metals and composition therefor |
| US2738259A (en) * | 1954-02-24 | 1956-03-13 | Raytheon Mfg Co | Surface treatment of germanium |
| US3150007A (en) * | 1954-08-02 | 1964-09-22 | Julius M Kovachy | Process for cleaning stone |
| US2828193A (en) * | 1954-08-09 | 1958-03-25 | Turco Products Inc | Method for rejuvenation of aluminum treating solutions |
| US2847286A (en) * | 1954-12-23 | 1958-08-12 | Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag | Method of forming a glossy surface |
| US2796334A (en) * | 1955-02-23 | 1957-06-18 | Aluminum Co Of America | Etching aluminum |
| US3060071A (en) * | 1957-08-06 | 1962-10-23 | Allied Res Products Inc | Process of treating zinc castings |
| US3078203A (en) * | 1958-10-20 | 1963-02-19 | Gen Motors Corp | Method of etching ferrous alloy and composition |
| US3018211A (en) * | 1959-01-26 | 1962-01-23 | Purex Corp Ltd | Composition and process for brightening aluminum and its alloys |
| US2977204A (en) * | 1959-08-14 | 1961-03-28 | Donald W Shannon | Method of improving corrosion resistance of zirconium |
| US3230172A (en) * | 1961-04-10 | 1966-01-18 | Montedison Spa | Pickling bath for stainless steel and process for the preparation thereof |
| US3296141A (en) * | 1965-03-25 | 1967-01-03 | R O Hull & Company Inc | Bright dip compositions for the treatment of steel |
| US4673521A (en) * | 1986-01-21 | 1987-06-16 | Enthone, Incorporated | Process for regenerating solder stripping solutions |
| WO1987004451A1 (en) * | 1986-01-21 | 1987-07-30 | Enthone, Incorporated | Process for regenerating solder stripping solutions |
| US20080268652A1 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-30 | Bruno Delahaye | Solution used in the fabrication of a porous semiconductor material, and a method of fabricating said material |
| US8668840B2 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2014-03-11 | Altis Semiconductor | Solution used in the fabrication of a porous semiconductor material, and a method of fabricating said material |
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