US2591289A - Frothing agents for use in froth flotation processes - Google Patents
Frothing agents for use in froth flotation processes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2591289A US2591289A US121054A US12105449A US2591289A US 2591289 A US2591289 A US 2591289A US 121054 A US121054 A US 121054A US 12105449 A US12105449 A US 12105449A US 2591289 A US2591289 A US 2591289A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- froth flotation
- ore
- pulp
- frothing
- ethoxy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000009291 froth flotation Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 PROPOXY Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical class [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 239000010665 pine oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000003253 isopropoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(O*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QSVIFMIHOCWOPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetraethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCC(OCC)(OCC)OCC QSVIFMIHOCWOPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KOPMZTKUZCNGFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-triethoxybutane Chemical compound CCCC(OCC)(OCC)OCC KOPMZTKUZCNGFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052952 pyrrhotite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012991 xanthate Substances 0.000 description 2
- KVJHGPAAOUGYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane Chemical group CCOC(OCC)CC(OCC)OCC KVJHGPAAOUGYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPDFVOVLOXMSBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-propan-2-yloxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOC(C)C GPDFVOVLOXMSBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150049479 CCNC gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100409194 Rattus norvegicus Ppargc1b gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LTIPUQSMGRSZOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[C].[O] Chemical compound [C].[C].[O] LTIPUQSMGRSZOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZOOODBUHSVUZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxymethanedithioic acid Chemical compound CCOC(S)=S ZOOODBUHSVUZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052683 pyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrite Chemical compound [Fe+2].[S-][S-] NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011028 pyrite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- IRZFQKXEKAODTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;propan-2-yloxymethanedithioate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(C)OC([S-])=S IRZFQKXEKAODTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/001—Flotation agents
- B03D1/004—Organic compounds
- B03D1/008—Organic compounds containing oxygen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2201/00—Specified effects produced by the flotation agents
- B03D2201/02—Collectors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2201/00—Specified effects produced by the flotation agents
- B03D2201/04—Frothers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2203/00—Specified materials treated by the flotation agents; Specified applications
- B03D2203/02—Ores
- B03D2203/04—Non-sulfide ores
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S209/00—Classifying, separating, and assorting solids
- Y10S209/901—Froth flotation; copper
Definitions
- This invention relates to froth flotation processes for the concentration of materials amenable to such processes, including the noble and base metal ores and their products, the non-metallic ores, coal and valueless materials which are selectively floated from valuable materials, in which processes iroths are produced by the addition of frothing agents to the flotation pulp.
- the invention consists in a process or processes utilising frothing agents in the same manner and for the same purpose as steam-distilled pine oil, but which by their nature need to be used in substantially smaller quantities than pine oil in order to produce closely similar results.
- frothing agent in addition to well-known promoting and collecting agents such as the xanthates et cetera there is present as frothing agent a tetra-alkoxyparafiln having from two to five carbon atoms in the parafiin chain, a pair of alkoxy radicalsalkoxy being limited to methoxy, ethoxy, normal propoxy, or isopropoxy being attached (by the carbon-oXygen-carbon at ether linkage) to; each terminal carbon atom of the chain.
- the two pairs of alkoxy radicals need not necessarily be, though they may be, the same; for instance a pair of ethoxy radicals may be attached to one carbon atom and a pair of isopropoxy radicals attached to the other or another carbon atom, or there may be two pairs of ethoxy radicals or any similar combination of the four alkoxy radicals methoxy, ethoxy, normal propoxy, and isopropoxy.
- Example 3 15 1 1 ethoxy-4 4 isopropoxy-butane 00in, l/
- PROCEDURE -ON SECOND ORE 2000 grams of moist ore was ground for 35 minutes in a ballmill with 1200 cubic centimeters of tapwater. The pulp was washed out stream of water being added to the pulp at the back of the machine. This constitutes the secondary concentrate. Suction-air valve was closed, bottom plug opened, and the tailings v(residue) pulp washed out into a bucket. Primary concentrates, secondary concentrates, and tail-ings (residue) were filtered, dried at 110 cent. and analysed.
- the pH of the tailings pulp was found to be approximately 8.0 and "the degree of grinding approximately 8il% minus 100-mesh Evenja'fter long standing ⁇ the "water in the tailings lll was very colloid-y. This "particular ore notoriously gave rather low recoveries er the pyrrhotite,
- a process of concentrating material comprising subjecting the material to froth flotation in the presence of a collecting agent and a frothing agent consisting essentially of a tetraalkoxy parafiin having in the paraffin chain from two to five carbon atoms, a pair of alkoxy radicals selected from the group methoxy, ethoxy, normal propoxy and iso-propoxy being attached to each terminal carbon atom in the chain.
- a process of concentrating material comprising subjecting the material to froth flotation in the presence of a collecting agent and a frothing agent consisting of a bisacetal of ethane. propane, butane and pentane.
Landscapes
- Paper (AREA)
Description
Patented Apr. 1, 1952 FROTHING AGENTS FOR USE IN FROTH FLOTATION PROCESSES Roger F. Powell, Gwelo, Southern Rhodesia, and
Herbert Muggleton Stanley, Tadworth, England No Drawing. Application October 12, 1949, Serial No. 121,054 In the Union of South Africa, August 17, 1948 6 Claims. 1
This application is a continuation-in-part of our application Serial Number 112,842 filed on 27th August 1949, now abandoned.
This invention relates to froth flotation processes for the concentration of materials amenable to such processes, including the noble and base metal ores and their products, the non-metallic ores, coal and valueless materials which are selectively floated from valuable materials, in which processes iroths are produced by the addition of frothing agents to the flotation pulp.
The invention consists in a process or processes utilising frothing agents in the same manner and for the same purpose as steam-distilled pine oil, but which by their nature need to be used in substantially smaller quantities than pine oil in order to produce closely similar results.
According to the invention in a froth flotation process, in addition to well-known promoting and collecting agents such as the xanthates et cetera there is present as frothing agent a tetra-alkoxyparafiln having from two to five carbon atoms in the parafiin chain, a pair of alkoxy radicalsalkoxy being limited to methoxy, ethoxy, normal propoxy, or isopropoxy being attached (by the carbon-oXygen-carbon at ether linkage) to; each terminal carbon atom of the chain. In any such tetra-alkoxy-paraffin the two pairs of alkoxy radicals need not necessarily be, though they may be, the same; for instance a pair of ethoxy radicals may be attached to one carbon atom and a pair of isopropoxy radicals attached to the other or another carbon atom, or there may be two pairs of ethoxy radicals or any similar combination of the four alkoxy radicals methoxy, ethoxy, normal propoxy, and isopropoxy.
The following examples serve to make quite plain the scope of the generalised structure described above:
Ercample 1 1:1. 2: 2 tetraethoxy-ethane Example 2 1 :1, 4 4 tetramethoxy-butane H OCH:
OCH:
Eat-H 10 O CH:
Example 3 15 1 1 ethoxy-4 4 isopropoxy-butane 00in, l/
O.CH(CH|)2 O.CH(CHs)2 H Carefully standardised laboratory flotation tests were carried out in a 2000-gram Denver- Fahrenwald fixed-speed flotation machine without the addition of any air other than that sucked in in the normal manner. Two different ores, each from a different mine, were tested: in each the valuable minerals to be floated were chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, the latter only being auriferous. The two ores differed in the percentages of these minerals present, in their natural pH after grinding, and in the amount of deleterious colloidal material present. On each ore there was first done a control test using as frother commercial triethoxybutane, whose properties have been established as superior to steam-distilled pine oil on several large wellknown ore concentrators for several years.
45 PROCEDURE ON FIRST ORE 2000 grams of moist ore was ground for 50 minutes in a ballmill with 1200 cubic centimeters of tap-water and 1.2 grams of copper-sulphate.
50 Pulp was washed out and made up to standard 3 volume in a 2000-gram Denver-Fahrenwald flotation machine.
0.10 grams of sodium-isopropyl-xanthate was then added to the pulp plus one drop from a standardised capillary tube, of the substance being tested as frother (each drop found by measurement to be approximately 0.0135 00.). After 30 seconds the suction-air valve was opened, and a primary concentrate collected for exactly one hundred and twenty seconds. Suction-air valve was closed and another 0.25 grams of the xanthate added, plus 4 standardised capillary drops of the frother. Suction-air valve was opened, and froths allowed to run over the lip of the machine for 5 minutes, with a standard stream of water being meanwhile added to'the;
' capillary drops of the frother; suction air valve was opened, and froths allowed to run over the lip-of -them'achine for 5 minutes, with a standard pulp at the back of the machine. This constitutes the secondary concentrates. Suction-air valve was then closed, bottom plug was opened, and the tailings (residue) pulp washed out into a bucket. Primary concentrates, secondary concentrates, and tailings (residue) werefiltered dried at 100 cent, and analysed. 1 The pH of the tailings pulp was found to be 7 approximately 9.2, the pulp being well-flocculatedand the degree of grinding being approximately 62% minus 200-mesh.;
PROCEDURE -ON SECOND ORE 2000 grams of moist ore was ground for 35 minutes in a ballmill with 1200 cubic centimeters of tapwater. The pulp was washed out stream of water being added to the pulp at the back of the machine. This constitutes the secondary concentrate. Suction-air valve was closed, bottom plug opened, and the tailings v(residue) pulp washed out into a bucket. Primary concentrates, secondary concentrates, and tail-ings (residue) were filtered, dried at 110 cent. and analysed.
The pH of the tailings pulp was found to be approximately 8.0 and "the degree of grinding approximately 8il% minus 100-mesh Evenja'fter long standing} the "water in the tailings lll was very colloid-y. This "particular ore notoriously gave rather low recoveries er the pyrrhotite,
whatever 'frother was used (including pine oil).
The results'of the testswere a's: "follows: 1
FIRST ORE Lbs. Valuable Mineral in Product Perg r t of Substance tested as Prgduct centage ig Percent Percent Percent Ch 10 I A Valueless 2 .391 Pyrrhotitc Gangue 1 i a 1st Ccnc 8. 17 70. 1 63. Control Test:l:1:3 'Irieth- 2nd Cone 6.71 6.0 85.6 oxybutane Commercial. Combined Gone. 14. 88 76.1 149.1 Res new- 85.12 2.4 l 33. 5 Calculated 0re 100 78.5 182.6 1st Conc 7.44 67.3 58.9 lzlz2z2zTetraethoxyethane 2nd Cone 7.09 5. 9 90. 9 Combined 0on0. 14. 53 r 73.2 149. 8 Resldue 8547 1.2 26.4 Calculated Ore 100 74.4 176.2 1st Conc 9. 87 62. 2 88. 2 l:1:2:2:lotraisopropoxy- 2nd Conc 11.23 9.3 78.6 ethane Combined C0nc 21. 71. 5 166. 8 Residue 78. 9O 2. 2 g 15. 0 Calculated Ore 100 73. 7 181.8 1st Conc 9.18 69.1 76.6 l:l:2:2:Tetra-n-Propoxy- 7. 22 4.6 79.6 ethane c 16. 40 73. 7 156. 2 Residue 83. 2.0 28. 5 Calculated Ore Y 75.7 184.7
SECOND O'RE TESTED [From a difierent mine, but containing the same 2 minerals, indifierent proportions] v n Lbs. Valuable Mineral V Product f qi igff Der ton of (Dre f Substance tested as centage Product 1 7 I Weg l f 1 ent Percent Perc n Ch 1 -Oha-lcoyrrho- Valueless fi Pyrrhotite, pyrite tite Gangue n e V 1stConc.. 2.78 18.8 53.1" 28.0 10.5 29.6 7 New Control Test 1:123 2d Conc 5.47 1.9 59.8 38.3 2-1 65.4 Triethoxybutane Com- Combined Cone. 8.25 12.6 95.0 mercial. Residue 91.76 0.7 59.9 7 Oalculated 'Ore. 100 13.3 154.9 st o n nn nn 4.87 11.2 46.7 n 0110;. 6. 4 2.4 71.9 1 1 Tetraethmypw' Combined 0on0. 11.01 13. 0 118.6 Pan I Res 1due. 88.99 1.2 36.8 I, Calculated Ore 100 14.8 155.3 5312106211; 11. 0 47. 3 .onc 1.0 57.3 ag- Tetlaethlxypen' Combined Cone. 9. 02 12.0 104.6 Residue-.44... 90.98 .10 1.9 33.7 Calculated Ore 100 .69. 13.9 138.3
Norm-Such a powerful Frotherthat only hall the standard quantities used. V
We claim:
1. A process of concentrating material comprising subjecting the material to froth flotation in the presence of a collecting agent and a frothing agent consisting essentially of a tetraalkoxy parafiin having in the paraffin chain from two to five carbon atoms, a pair of alkoxy radicals selected from the group methoxy, ethoxy, normal propoxy and iso-propoxy being attached to each terminal carbon atom in the chain.
2. A process of concentrating material comprising subjecting the material to froth flotation in the presence of a collecting agent and a frothing agent consisting of a bisacetal of ethane. propane, butane and pentane.
3. The process claimed in claim 1 in which the frothing agent is tetra-ethoxy-ethane.
6 4. The process claimed in claim 1 in which the frothing agent is tetra-ethoxy-propane.
5. The process claimed in claim 1 in which the frothing agent is tetra-ethoxy-pentane.
6. The process claimed in claim 2 in which the frothing agent is tetra-ethoxy-butane.
ROGER F. POWELL. HERBERT MUGGLETON STANLEY.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
Richters Organic Chemistry, second English edition, formulated by Percy E. Spielman, published by P. Blakistons Son & Co., 10l2 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., vol. 1, pages 346-348.
Claims (1)
1. A PROCESS OF CONCENTRATING MATERIAL COMPRISING SUBJECTING THE MATERIAL TO FROTH FLOTATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A COLLECTING AGENT AND A FROTHING AGENT CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF A TETRAALKOXY PARAFFIN HAVING IN THE PARAFFIN CHAIN FROM TWO TO FIVE CARBON ATOMS, A PAIR OF ALKOXY RADICALS SELECTED FROM THE GROUP METHOXY, ETHYOXY, NORMAL PROPOXY AND ISO-PROPOXY BEING ATTACHED TO EACH TERMINAL CARBON ATOM IN THE CHAIN.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA2591289X | 1948-08-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2591289A true US2591289A (en) | 1952-04-01 |
Family
ID=25588422
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US121054A Expired - Lifetime US2591289A (en) | 1948-08-17 | 1949-10-12 | Frothing agents for use in froth flotation processes |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2591289A (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2687214A (en) * | 1949-06-14 | 1954-08-24 | Powell | Frothing agents for use in froth flotation processes |
| US2690260A (en) * | 1951-10-16 | 1954-09-28 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | Froth flotation process |
| US2776749A (en) * | 1949-06-14 | 1957-01-08 | Nat Chem Prod Ltd | Alkoxy benzene in froth flotation process |
| US2776748A (en) * | 1950-06-13 | 1957-01-08 | Nat Chem Prod Ltd | Beta alkoxy crotonic acid esters in froth flotation processes |
| US2950818A (en) * | 1955-03-05 | 1960-08-30 | Hoechst Ag | Flotation process |
| US4504385A (en) * | 1982-12-30 | 1985-03-12 | Sherex Chemical Company, Inc. | Ester-alcohol frothers for froth flotation of coal |
| US4589980A (en) * | 1982-10-14 | 1986-05-20 | Sherex Chemical Company, Inc. | Promoters for froth flotation of coal |
| US20080194453A1 (en) * | 2005-03-15 | 2008-08-14 | Frank-Peter Lang | Washing and Cleaning Agents Containing Acetales as Organic Solvents |
-
1949
- 1949-10-12 US US121054A patent/US2591289A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2687214A (en) * | 1949-06-14 | 1954-08-24 | Powell | Frothing agents for use in froth flotation processes |
| US2776749A (en) * | 1949-06-14 | 1957-01-08 | Nat Chem Prod Ltd | Alkoxy benzene in froth flotation process |
| US2776748A (en) * | 1950-06-13 | 1957-01-08 | Nat Chem Prod Ltd | Beta alkoxy crotonic acid esters in froth flotation processes |
| US2690260A (en) * | 1951-10-16 | 1954-09-28 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | Froth flotation process |
| US2950818A (en) * | 1955-03-05 | 1960-08-30 | Hoechst Ag | Flotation process |
| US4589980A (en) * | 1982-10-14 | 1986-05-20 | Sherex Chemical Company, Inc. | Promoters for froth flotation of coal |
| US4504385A (en) * | 1982-12-30 | 1985-03-12 | Sherex Chemical Company, Inc. | Ester-alcohol frothers for froth flotation of coal |
| US20080194453A1 (en) * | 2005-03-15 | 2008-08-14 | Frank-Peter Lang | Washing and Cleaning Agents Containing Acetales as Organic Solvents |
| US7632793B2 (en) * | 2005-03-15 | 2009-12-15 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Washing and cleaning agents containing acetals as organic solvents |
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