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US2589775A - Method and apparatus for refrigeration - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for refrigeration Download PDF

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Publication number
US2589775A
US2589775A US54041A US5404148A US2589775A US 2589775 A US2589775 A US 2589775A US 54041 A US54041 A US 54041A US 5404148 A US5404148 A US 5404148A US 2589775 A US2589775 A US 2589775A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fluid
heat
laminations
armature
refrigeration
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US54041A
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English (en)
Inventor
Chilowsky Constantin
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Technical Assets Inc
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Technical Assets Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Technical Assets Inc filed Critical Technical Assets Inc
Priority to US54041A priority Critical patent/US2589775A/en
Priority to GB25692/49A priority patent/GB661738A/en
Priority to FR997056D priority patent/FR997056A/fr
Priority to CH281857D priority patent/CH281857A/it
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2589775A publication Critical patent/US2589775A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N10/00—Electric motors using thermal effects
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B2321/002—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects by using magneto-caloric effects
    • F25B2321/0021—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects by using magneto-caloric effects with a static fixed magnet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B2321/002—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects by using magneto-caloric effects
    • F25B2321/0023—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects by using magneto-caloric effects with modulation, influencing or enhancing an existing magnetic field
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method and apparatus for refrigeration, and has for an object the provision of thermo-magnetic means adapted to cause refrigeration by the application of an alternating electric current as specied.
  • 2,510,801 includes not only a lamination made up of distinct zones with progressively varying Curie point temperatures, but also any agglomeration or configuration of ferromagnetic elements having, in the direction of movement of the fluid or fluids, a progressive graduation of Curie point temperature and capable of passing a magnetic flux.
  • An assembly of such composite laminations occupying a gap in an armature is termed a composite section.
  • the Curie interval is the temperature interval along which the permeability of the ferromagnetic material drops abruptly, or more or less abruptly, depending generally on the strength of the magnetic field.
  • the Aperiodical variation of the temperature may exceed the Curie interval proper of the corresponding element or corresponding composite section,
  • the fluid or fluids are moved so as to alternately heat and cool each part of the composite sectionin the neighborhood of the Curie point temperatures of said parts, thus producing variations of the magnetic flux in the armature branches and inducing an alternating electric current in the armature windings.
  • a portion of the heat supplied to the heating fluid is transformed into electric energy, the efciency of this operation when composite laminations are used (Patent No. 2,510,801) being increased overthat obtained from a single Curie point section (Patent No. 2,510,800) in approxyimately thesame'ratio as that between the total range of temperature in the rst case and the small range of the Curie interval in the second case.
  • the arrangement is such that the temperature of the iluid column varies progressively in the same direction as the Curie point temperatures of the parts of the laminations, so that each said part is heated and cooled by fluid at a temperature only slightly higher or lower than the limits of the Curie interval of said part, or even within said limits.
  • the whole composite lamination is simultaneously heated (or cooled) along its total Curie interval, by varying the temperature of each part of the lamination through a range corresponding approximately to ithe Curie interval of said part.
  • a system of composite laminations in heat-exchange relation with fluids (preferably metallic), is arranged so that the laminations may be heated and cooled internally, in the neighborhood of the graduated Curie point temperature of the several parts thereof, by magnetization or demagnetization of the laminations.
  • the circulation of the so-called heating and cooling fluids or fluid is used to draw from the laminations the high temperature heat produced bv magnetization. and to supply to the laminations the low temperature heat which they lose through demagnetization.
  • This transfer of low temperature heat from the fluid to the laminations results in the refrigeration of partsof the system in heat-exchange relation with the iluid from which the heat is withdrawn.
  • a composite section as previously described is placed in a gap of a magnetic armature, maintained at temperatures approximating the Curie points of the parts of the section and subjected simultaneously to the actionv of avariable-intensity magnetic field and to the alternating circulation of a suitable fluid.
  • This alternating circulation 3 is arranged to act in phase with the alternate magnetization and demagnetization of the section. Consequently the fluid issuing from the passages provided in the composite section during the magnetization stage and accumulated in a hot chamber will be warmer, while the fluid issuing in the opposite direction from the passages during the demagnetization stage and aocumulated in a cold chamber will be cooler.
  • Heat may be removed from the hot chamber by i regulation of the intensity of magnetization and demagnetization, as a function of the deviation of the temperatures from their desired ranges, by means of a thermocouple adjacent the cold side of the section controlling the intensity of the alternating current and a thermocouple adjacent the hot side controlling the rate of heat dispersion.
  • This refrigeration system can be adapted for ,operation with a wide variety of circulating fluids.
  • vMetallic liquids have the advantage f high speciiic heat, while a suitable Na-K alloy can go down to 12 C. and Hg can go almost to C.
  • Gases, particularly underpressure, may also be used, such gases including air,rare' gases, helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.; and nonmetallic liquids having a sufficiently low freezing point are also suitable.
  • a gas may be circulated and itself become liquefied, or a liquid may be cooled frozen in the course of the refrigeration procedure, by continuously supplying the gas or liquid to the hot chamber and removing them from the cold chamber.
  • Ni-Si alloys with 6%'Si has a Curie temperature of C.
  • Ni-Mo alloys also have Curie points in the low temperature range.
  • the total Curie interval of the composite laminations should preferably include temperatures in the vicinity of the ambient temperature at the place of use of the system in order to facilitate starting of the operation; but even if started at temperatures of low eiiiciency the system will more or less promptly become stabilized at normal operating temperatures.
  • Fig. 1 represents a horizontal section through the apparatus on the line I-I of Fig. 2, parts of the magnet and a winding being broken away and shown in section;
  • Fig. 2 represents a vertical section through the magnet, hot and cold fluid chambers and composite sections, taken on the line Il-II of Fig. 1;
  • Fig.,3 represents a vertical section through a modiiied form of hot chamber, corresponding to the upper part of Fig. 2;
  • Fig. 4. represents a detail vertical section showing on a larger scale the check valves of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5 represents diagrammatically, in elevation, a modified arrangement of the magnet, armature, and flux-controlling means, and
  • Fig. 6 represents a section on the line VI-VI of Fig. 5.
  • a permanent magnet I is shown as having on its ends branched armatures 2, 2', the magnetic ux being divided between the right branches 3, 3 and the left branches 4'.
  • the gaps between the ends of the respective branches are occupied by chambers 5, 6, in which the composite laminations 1 are mounted.
  • the laminations lie vertically, extending from side to side of the chambers 5, 6 in the direction of the magnetic iiux, and are spaced apart to leave vertical channels for the circulation of the fluid preferably in contact with both surfaces of each lamination.l
  • the branches 3, 3 and 4, 4 are provided with windings 8, 8' and 9, 9 respectively, through ⁇ which is passed an alternating magnetization current; the current through the windings 8 and 8' being dephased by 180 with respect to the current through the windings 9 and 9', as by suitable selection of the direction of winding.
  • the composite laminations 'I in the chambers 5 and I5 are subjected, in the two branches, to an internal heating and cooling produced by the magnetization and the demagnetiza-
  • the heatings and coolings in the right branch are phase-displaced, in relation to those in the left part, by 180.
  • the chambers 5, G have circular upper openings Il, II and lower openings I2, I3, the upper openings communicating with the ends of an inverted U-shaped hot chamber I 4 and the lower openings communicating with the ends of a U- shaped cold chamber I5.
  • the right andleft parts ofthe chamber I4 are connected by the horizontal middle part in which may be placed a sliding piston I0 adapted to be oscillated by the electromagnetic coupling Il; the oscillations of the piston being stabilized by its connection to the springs i8 on adjusting screws I9. Dispersion of heat from the iiuid in the hotchamber I4 is facilitated by the provision of internal vertical ns 20 and external annular fins 2i.
  • the cold chamber I5 is also preferably provided with internal vertical fins 22 and external annular ns 23, to improve the absorption of heat by the fluid in the chamber from the space to be refrigerated (indicated by the enclosure A). If desired, the piston I5 and associated parts may be located in the cold chamber, or the hot and cold chambers may be reversed.
  • the openings I0, Il, I2, I3 are shown as forming nozzles, out of which the fluid passes to the respective chambers I4, I5 with considerable turbulence and radial circulation, thereby further limproving-the exchange of heat betweenthe iluld and the walls of the chambers.
  • the laminations on that side will be strongly magnetized by the addition of the two magnetizations and will become heated, the heat being removed by the iluid passing from the cold chamber to the hot chamber in heat-exchange relation to the laminations.
  • the magnetic ux on the second side is in opposition to the permanent magnetism, so that the laminations on that side are demagnetized and cooled to a point where they take up heat from the iluid which passes them -in the direction from the hot chamber to the cold chamber.
  • the actions just described take place alternately on both sides, and there is thus a continuous absorption of heat from the space A into the cold chamber and conveyance of this heat out to the hot chamber from which it is continuously dissipated.
  • the force of the springs I8 may be chosen in such a manner that the mechanical oscillating system, constituted by the liquid column, the piston l5 and the springs I8 (symbolizing the elastic forces of the oscillating system) has a natural frequency of oscillation equal to the frequency of the electric current.
  • Fig. 3 is shown a modification of the hot chamber in which the iluid in each side is forced to circulate through pipes which are enclosed in cooling coils, providing' a more intense cooling' than is normally possible with the iin structure of Fig. 2.
  • each side of the hot chamber, above the openings lo and Il is divided into pipes 214 and 25 having at their bottom ends check valves or the like 2S, 2'! (shown diagrammatically in lT-ig. 3 and in detail in Fig. 4).
  • the valves 26 in pipes 24 permit only a downward flow and the valves 2l in pipes 25 permit only an upward flow.
  • a piston 28 is tted into the upper horizontal part 29 of the hot chamber,
  • Fig. 4 Details of the check valves 26, 21 are shown in Fig. 4, in which the xed lips 34 are mounted on supports 35 extending across the lower ends of the pipes 24, 25. Associated with each lip 34 and normally resting against it is a hinged or flexible flap 36, the lips and naps in pipe 24 being directed downward and those in pipe 25 being directed upward.
  • the magnetization and demagnetization of the composite laminations by alternating electromagnetic means as described above is particularly applicable to refrigeration installations of limited size and has the advantage of requiring no motors, compressors, or the like. In some cases, however, it may be convenient to provide mechanical means for varying periodically, at the required frequency, the magnetic flux through the armature in which is located the section of composite laminations. Such mechanical means is shown, more or less diagrammatically, in Figs. 5 and 6.
  • the composite laminations 3?, 3e correspond to the laminations I in chambers 5 and 6, and are assumed to be l0- cated in a fluid circulation system of the type described above.
  • a permanent magnet 39 is oonnected at its ends to an armature having two branches it), 4i, in which the sections of laminations 37, 38 are located, and the branches are cut completely by gaps '22, 43.
  • An axle 44,-supported on bearings 45 and arranged to be motor driven by pulley 43, is located midway between the gaps 42, 43, and a three-armed spider 41 is mounted on the axle for rotation therewith.
  • Each arm of the spider carries at its end a flat disk S of exchange iron, laminated if desired, and of a size to substantially ll the gaps in the armature without coming in contact with the sides of said gaps.
  • the disks 48 will alternately fill the gap in one branch of the armature, permitting' the magnetic flux to pass and inagnetize the corresponding laminations 31 or 38, while the gap in the opposite branch is open, and then open the rst gap While filling the opposite one.
  • rIhe speed of rotation of the spider determines the frequency oi magnetization and demagnetization of the respective laminations 3l', 38, this frequency being synchronized as required with the oscillation of the heating and coiling fluid.
  • the laminations, l, 3l and 38 are of the composite type, each having parallel zones with Curie points progressively varying in the direction of ilow of the heating and cooling fluid.
  • the eHiciency of this arrangement is substantially greater than in the case of homogeneous laminations having a single Curie point, but the latter is naturally included within the scope of the invention and may, because of its simplicity, be found useful under certainV circumstances.
  • the temperature in the space containing the material to be refrigerated can be regulated at will, notwithstanding the desirable strict maintenance of the cold end of the section near the lowest Curie temperature, as by the controlled circulation of an intermediate cooling fluid (cold brine or the like) to the point where the desired refrigeration is to occur.
  • the control (automatic or not) of the circulation of the brine permits maintaining the iinal refrigerated space at the temperatureA desired, the functioning of the thermo-magnetic refrigerator automatically stabilizing itself, as described, according to the amount of heat to be removed from the brine.
  • the temperature in the space A can very simply be regulated by the provision of adjustable insulation on the cold chamber, to control the rate of heat absorption thereby.
  • the automatic maintenance of both extreme Curie temperatures at the two ends of the cornposite section can also be obtained by using for the control of the operating electric current, and of the heat abduction from the hot liquid, the rectified differential current produced by two separate symmetrical windings placed on two separate parts (hot and cold) of the same armature branch adjacent to the composite section, as suggested and explained in connection with Fig. 8 of Patent No. 2,510.801.
  • the method of refrigeration in an apparatus containing ferromagnetic sections having Curie point temperatures approximating the desired temperature of refrigeration located in gaps in a closed ferromagnetic armature which comprises, causing a magnetic flux to traverse the armature, subjecting the ferromagnetic sections alternately to magnetization and demagnetization, passing a uid in heat-exchange relation with said sections alternately in opposite directions, such passage of fluid being so timed that the phase of magnetization of each section coincides with the passage of fluid in one direction and the phase of demagnetization coincides with passage in the opposite direction, removing heat from the fluid after passing a section in the former direction, and supplying heat to the fluid after passing asection in the latter direction, whereby 8 the spacefrom which heat is supplied is refrigerated.
  • each ferromagnetic section is so constituted as to have progressively varying Curie point temperatures, and in which the fluid passes said sections in directions corresponding to the variation of Curie point temperatures therein.
  • Refrigeration apparatus of the character described comprising, a permanent magnet, an armature arranged to concentrate the magnetic flux between the ends of said magnet, a ferrcmagnetic section occupying a gap in said armature, the section having channels to permit the passage of a fluid in heat-exchange relation therewith and including a part having a Curie point temperature approximating the desired temperature of refrigeration, means for alternately magnetizing and demagnetizing the section, means for passing a fluid in heat-exchange relation with the section in one direction during the magnetization phase and in the opposite direction during the demagnetization phase, means for removing heat from the fluid ⁇ after its passage in the first direction and means for supplying heat to the fluid after its passage in the opposite direction.
  • Apparatus according to claim 8 in which the magnetizing and demagnetizing means includes windings on the armature and alternating electric current supplied to said windings.
  • Apparatus according to claim 8 in which the magnetizing and demagnetizing means includes a gap in the armature and mechanical ieans for closinf' and opening said gap, whereby the magnetic ilux across said gap is alternately established and cut.
  • each section is so constituted as to have a plurality of Curie point temperatures progressively varying in directions corresponding to the direction of the passage of fluid in heat-exchange relation therewith.
  • Apparatus according to claim 12 in which the magnetization and demagnetization means includes a gap in each armature branch and 10 mechanical means for closing and opening said gaps.
  • a closed fluid circulation system comprising, an elongated cold chamber, chambers containing ferromagnetic laminations and provided with fluid passages between said laminations in communication with each end of said cold chamber, an elongated hot chamber communicating at each end with said second named chambers, means for oscillating a fiuid column through said chambers, means for facilitating the absorption of heat by uid in the cold chamber, and means for facilitating the removal of heat from the iiuid in the hot chamber.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Induction Heating (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
US54041A 1948-10-12 1948-10-12 Method and apparatus for refrigeration Expired - Lifetime US2589775A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US54041A US2589775A (en) 1948-10-12 1948-10-12 Method and apparatus for refrigeration
GB25692/49A GB661738A (en) 1948-10-12 1949-10-06 Method and apparatus for refrigeration
FR997056D FR997056A (fr) 1948-10-12 1949-10-08 Procédé et appareil de réfrigération
CH281857D CH281857A (it) 1948-10-12 1949-10-10 Apparecchio di refrigerazione.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US54041A US2589775A (en) 1948-10-12 1948-10-12 Method and apparatus for refrigeration

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US2589775A true US2589775A (en) 1952-03-18

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CH (1) CH281857A (it)
FR (1) FR997056A (it)
GB (1) GB661738A (it)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2780069A (en) * 1954-03-18 1957-02-05 Olcott Bernard Electromagnetic energy converter for a heat pump
US3125861A (en) * 1964-03-24 Method and apparatus for heat transfer
US3413814A (en) * 1966-03-03 1968-12-03 Philips Corp Method and apparatus for producing cold
US3508974A (en) * 1964-11-12 1970-04-28 Reinhard G Bressler Thermoelectric device with fluid thermoelectric element
US4069028A (en) * 1976-11-30 1978-01-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States National Aeronautics And Space Administration Magnetic heat pumping
US4107935A (en) * 1977-03-10 1978-08-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy High temperature refrigerator
US4332135A (en) * 1981-01-27 1982-06-01 The United States Of America As Respresented By The United States Department Of Energy Active magnetic regenerator
US4392356A (en) * 1977-08-31 1983-07-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Magnetic heat pumping
JPS59122872A (ja) * 1982-12-28 1984-07-16 新技術事業団 冷却温度幅の大きい磁気冷凍装置
US4507928A (en) * 1984-03-09 1985-04-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Reciprocating magnetic refrigerator employing tandem porous matrices within a reciprocating displacer
US4507927A (en) * 1983-05-26 1985-04-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Low-temperature magnetic refrigerator
US4642994A (en) * 1985-10-25 1987-02-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Magnetic refrigeration apparatus with heat pipes
US4704871A (en) * 1986-04-03 1987-11-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Magnetic refrigeration apparatus with belt of ferro or paramagnetic material
US5231834A (en) * 1990-08-27 1993-08-03 Burnett James E Magnetic heating and cooling systems
WO2005024857A2 (en) 2003-08-29 2005-03-17 Astronautics Corporation Of America Permanent magnet assembly
DE102007023505A1 (de) * 2007-05-18 2008-11-20 Herzig, Andreas Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Gewinnung elektrischer Energie aus Wärmeenergie
WO2010106242A1 (fr) 2009-03-20 2010-09-23 Cooltech Applications S.A.S. Generateur thermique magnetocalorioue et son procede d'echange thermique
US20110192834A1 (en) * 2008-10-24 2011-08-11 Cooltech Applications Magnetocaloric thermal generator
US20110315348A1 (en) * 2009-03-20 2011-12-29 Cooltech Applications S.A.S. Magnetocaloric heat generator
US20120266607A1 (en) * 2011-04-25 2012-10-25 Denso Corporation Magneto-caloric effect type heat pump apparatus
WO2018189260A1 (fr) 2017-04-11 2018-10-18 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) Procédé d'obtention d'un matériau à effet magnétocalorique géant par irradiation d'ions
US10295225B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2019-05-21 Cooltech Applications S.A.S. Thermal apparatus

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FR2517415A1 (fr) * 1981-11-27 1983-06-03 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede de refrigeration ou de pompage de chaleur et dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
FR2580385B1 (fr) * 1985-04-15 1987-07-10 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif de refrigeration ou de pompage de chaleur a regenerateur
US8061147B2 (en) 2005-01-12 2011-11-22 The Technical University Of Denmark Magnetic regenerator, a method of making a magnetic regenerator, a method of making an active magnetic refrigerator and an active magnetic refrigerator
FR2935469B1 (fr) 2008-08-26 2011-02-18 Cooltech Applications Generateur thermique a materiau magnetocalorique
FR2935470B1 (fr) * 2008-08-26 2010-11-19 Cooltech Applications Generateur thermique a materiau magnetocalorique
KR101848592B1 (ko) 2009-08-10 2018-04-12 바스프 에스이 열자기 재료로 이루어지는 열 교환기 층
FR2935468B1 (fr) * 2009-08-25 2011-03-11 Cooltech Applications Generateur thermique a materiau magnetocalorique

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3125861A (en) * 1964-03-24 Method and apparatus for heat transfer
US2780069A (en) * 1954-03-18 1957-02-05 Olcott Bernard Electromagnetic energy converter for a heat pump
US3508974A (en) * 1964-11-12 1970-04-28 Reinhard G Bressler Thermoelectric device with fluid thermoelectric element
US3413814A (en) * 1966-03-03 1968-12-03 Philips Corp Method and apparatus for producing cold
US4069028A (en) * 1976-11-30 1978-01-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States National Aeronautics And Space Administration Magnetic heat pumping
US4107935A (en) * 1977-03-10 1978-08-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy High temperature refrigerator
US4392356A (en) * 1977-08-31 1983-07-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Magnetic heat pumping
US4332135A (en) * 1981-01-27 1982-06-01 The United States Of America As Respresented By The United States Department Of Energy Active magnetic regenerator
JPS59122872A (ja) * 1982-12-28 1984-07-16 新技術事業団 冷却温度幅の大きい磁気冷凍装置
JPH0362983B2 (it) * 1982-12-28 1991-09-27 Shingijutsu Jigyodan
US4507927A (en) * 1983-05-26 1985-04-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Low-temperature magnetic refrigerator
US4507928A (en) * 1984-03-09 1985-04-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Reciprocating magnetic refrigerator employing tandem porous matrices within a reciprocating displacer
US4642994A (en) * 1985-10-25 1987-02-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Magnetic refrigeration apparatus with heat pipes
US4704871A (en) * 1986-04-03 1987-11-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Magnetic refrigeration apparatus with belt of ferro or paramagnetic material
US5231834A (en) * 1990-08-27 1993-08-03 Burnett James E Magnetic heating and cooling systems
EP1665293A2 (en) * 2003-08-29 2006-06-07 Astronautics Corporation Of America Permanent magnet assembly
WO2005024857A2 (en) 2003-08-29 2005-03-17 Astronautics Corporation Of America Permanent magnet assembly
EP1665293A4 (en) * 2003-08-29 2010-06-02 Astronautics Corp PERMANENT MAGNET ASSEMBLY
DE102007023505A1 (de) * 2007-05-18 2008-11-20 Herzig, Andreas Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Gewinnung elektrischer Energie aus Wärmeenergie
DE102007023505B4 (de) * 2007-05-18 2012-05-24 Andreas Herzig Vorrichtung zur Gewinnung elektrischer Energie aus Wärmeenergie
US8881537B2 (en) * 2008-10-24 2014-11-11 Cooltech Applications Societe Par Actions Simplifiee Magnetocaloric thermal generator
US20110192834A1 (en) * 2008-10-24 2011-08-11 Cooltech Applications Magnetocaloric thermal generator
CN102356286A (zh) * 2009-03-20 2012-02-15 制冷技术应用股份有限公司 磁热热发生器及其热交换方法
US20110315348A1 (en) * 2009-03-20 2011-12-29 Cooltech Applications S.A.S. Magnetocaloric heat generator
US20110314836A1 (en) * 2009-03-20 2011-12-29 Cooltech Applications S.A.S. Magnetocaloric heat generator
FR2943407A1 (fr) * 2009-03-20 2010-09-24 Cooltech Applications Generateur thermique magnetocalorique et son procede d'echange thermique
JP2012520986A (ja) * 2009-03-20 2012-09-10 クールテック アプリケーションズ エス．エイ．エス． 磁気熱量による熱発生器およびその熱交換方法
CN102356286B (zh) * 2009-03-20 2013-08-28 制冷技术应用股份有限公司 磁热热发生器及其热交换方法
WO2010106242A1 (fr) 2009-03-20 2010-09-23 Cooltech Applications S.A.S. Generateur thermique magnetocalorioue et son procede d'echange thermique
US9091465B2 (en) * 2009-03-20 2015-07-28 Cooltech Applications Societe Par Actions Simplifiee Magnetocaloric heat generator
US9134051B2 (en) * 2009-03-20 2015-09-15 Cooltech Applications Societe Par Actions Simplifiee Magnetocaloric heat generator
US20120266607A1 (en) * 2011-04-25 2012-10-25 Denso Corporation Magneto-caloric effect type heat pump apparatus
US9534814B2 (en) * 2011-04-25 2017-01-03 Denso Corporation Magneto-caloric effect type heat pump apparatus
US10295225B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2019-05-21 Cooltech Applications S.A.S. Thermal apparatus
WO2018189260A1 (fr) 2017-04-11 2018-10-18 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) Procédé d'obtention d'un matériau à effet magnétocalorique géant par irradiation d'ions

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FR997056A (fr) 1951-12-31
GB661738A (en) 1951-11-28
CH281857A (it) 1952-03-31

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