US2538718A - Magnetic induction device for accelerating electrons - Google Patents
Magnetic induction device for accelerating electrons Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2538718A US2538718A US720544A US72054447A US2538718A US 2538718 A US2538718 A US 2538718A US 720544 A US720544 A US 720544A US 72054447 A US72054447 A US 72054447A US 2538718 A US2538718 A US 2538718A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- electron
- cathode
- streams
- magnetic induction
- grid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001091433 Itea Species 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ANTSCNMPPGJYLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlordiazepoxide Chemical compound O=N=1CC(NC)=NC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 ANTSCNMPPGJYLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005686 electrostatic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H11/00—Magnetic induction accelerators, e.g. betatrons
Definitions
- 'I1his- .invention relates tm devices-for aocelerating; electrically; charged: particles such: as; electrons; 1 to; high velocity; and, hence. high: potential by; meansof: magnetic induction; effects:
- These devices which areenow knowngenerally-as ray transformers; or betatronssaree comprised generally; 012 an. evacuated annnlarr' tube: into-. which elcctronnstreams- ElifisdiSChfiIQfidififiIIl an electron emissive cathode,,andxarlmagnetic system"; energized, by; alternating: current: which produces? a I m snetice field; Varying?
- Ops a etfiitr nuonr bZQthihZih/TGS' of the; wave i: herete natmsz. current powerysnpply' usedifor and ype f: n ration-,-., an electron 3 7 132 11 itea fieie ted inzonedirectionearoundtthe ube durin apart-pfm ce-hair;ontne-cyclenrctne l erna ng power supply, and another nd; tl 1 e;t e during a;--.part of.the V halt; of: the; alternati.I'Issj current: cycle.
- fiince h e woe ec rontreamer each: separated fronr the othenby substantially a. half cycle; of l'lre e c :eur Whfi zdiyfifl i l flmith fiquilibriunfr:circlectoime pinge upon the anode, the electrorrzstreams-are ih:: 1i y? d for herXeray reatm nt of The presentqknowni betatron usi-ngm pair: ofiielectron streams g e thniliboth;electronstreams 1:; ame ntensity:- and" vel ci y.
- i rezlileiietionnnamely lite rim: .1 z leetrens aree aecens siernt t t-are usedltheetreatment of ;mis accelerated ln';theeopppsite v imiopmsite: directions In th 'nterestaof emciencyA-t is:-desiraldle to sincennewill rarelyleverfind-two patients'eati-the same time :W'hO requireexactly theesarne intensity of radiation :or ray, hardness;
- 'Iihe object of this invention is to'provi'de an improvedconstructioniona betatron using av-pa-ir of oppositely running electron streams 1 by which one may selectively control b'oththe intensity and 1 speed of each electron stream. independently of the other.
- Fig.- 1 isavertical central section of amagnetic induction accelerator embody-mg; one form ofthe-inventiong Fig-r2ti ea horizontal sectionttakenralongline 2-2-of Fig; 1 showing a:- fragmentary section ofthe annular tube and aicontrol circuit for one of the electron emittingcathodes;
- Figs-Brand 4 areviews similar to i Fig; 7 21 but illustrating modified forms of the invention by *which independent control :of the two electronastreamsis attained; Fig; 5. is-a,-cir:- cnit'v diagram; showing circuit by which i independent control over the respective: ejection velocities ofithetwo. electron .-streams is: brought about;- and :Fig:r6r -is.-.a;-'plot-.ofthe induction :flu-x curve showing. its-va riation withrtime.
- Y is avertical central section of amagnetic in
- An annular evacuated glass tube' l8 restsr in the ai-n" gap l 4- between: the pole pieces l3--l 3' andthereby surrounds apart of the? axial pole pieces H -H'. Fonproduoing the' 'two electron streams; a pair of? coiled:filamentarycathodes 295 2-1 eare used and? these extend? for: a substane tia'hdi staneex. in r a: directioniaparallele to:.. the'eaxis of symmetry of the tube 8.
- the cathodes are suitably supported within and near the outer wall of tube H3 and are partially enclosed within opposite sections of an H-shaped electrode 22 that is positively charged relative to the cathodes and 2
- an H-shaped electrode 22 that is positively charged relative to the cathodes and 2
- is controlled includes a transformer 26 for heating the oathode, the secondary side 2612 of the transformer being connected in circuit with cathode 2
- occurs is controlled by a grid controlled valve 30.
- the plate 36a of valve 30 is connected to cathode 2
- the primary winding 33a of transformer 33 is connected to terminals 35 supplied from an alternating current source.
- the grid 390 of valve 3B is connected through battery 36 to rotatable winding 31 of a phase shifting device as that is powered from B-phase mains 39 suitably related in phase to the phase of the alternating current supplied at terminals Thus, for example, terminals I! could be supplied by one phase of the B-phase mains 39.
- the charge on condenser 32 is discharged at the proper instant in each cycle of the alternating current which supplies the electromagnetic field for accelerating the electrons by swinging the potential on the grid 300 of valve 39 with the aid of the phase shifter 38 to render valve 3
- valve 30 becomes unblocked, the voltage on charged condenser 32 is applied to the cathode 2
- takes place as related to the phase of the electromagnetic accelerating field may be varied as desired.
- through the valve 30 may be such that the condenser potential is applied at the start T1 of a half cycle of the time varied magnetic field B, or if desired, electron injection may be delayed until time T2 by changing the position of the Winding 31 on phase shifter 38.
- for the condenser discharge is connected to the anode of tube 30.
- the current impulse reaching cathode 24 may be switched in by a relay instead of directly through the grid controlled valve 39, in which event the relay would be located in the anode circuit of a valve similar to valve 30.
- a modified form of double and independently controlled cathode arrangement for a magnetic induction device is shown in'Fig. 3.
- the two cathodes 42, G3 are alike in construction and are controlled, in part, by grids 24, 45 which are placed, respectively, in front of the cathodes.
- the electron stream injected into the tube i8 from cathode 42 can be adjusted as desired by placing a potential on grid 44 from battery 45 having suitable potential taps for this purpose.
- the electron stream injected into the tube from cathode 43 may be adjusted by means of the battery that is connected in circuit with grid 45.
- initial control'over the direction of the electron streams emitted from the cathodes 42 and 43 is provided by right angled plate electrodes 48, 49 which are placed back-to-back to partially enclose and shield the cathodes from each other and a flat plate electrode 55, which may be closest to the orbital path of the electrons, arranged parallel with one side of each of electrodes 48, 49.
- Electrode 50 is grounded and electrodes 48, 49 are charged negatively or eventually also positively with respect to plate 58 by means of a battery 5
- the direction of the electron stream emitted from cathode 42 is substantially tangent to the outer wall of the annular tube l8.
- the potential on electrode 48 may be made negative with respect to electrode 50 and the resulting change in the electrostatic field between these electrodes will then cause the electron stream from cathode 42 to be deflected away from the tangential path, the magnitude of the deflection being dependent upon the extent of the difference in potential between electrodes 48 and 50.
- the initial direction of the electron stream emitted from the other cathode 43 at substantially a half cycle later in the induction flux cycle may be changed in a similar manner by altering the position of the voltage tap at the right side of battery 5
- the respective initial directions of the emitted electron treams as selected by the separate'adode "51! 'for Cathode 52 that controls acceleration of an ac-same "'justmentcr -the 'electrostatic'field's between the "two sets of electrodes are "deter-'rn'inativecfthe length of time that the electron streams remain in the tube 18, so that in this way th'eir final velocity can be adjusted separately'to' the desired extent.
- the remainder of the circuit for the control of grid '54 is comprised of a relay "56 "through which the potential of a condenser is applied to the grid 55, a grid controlled valve "58 for controlling 'ener'gization of relay "56, a
- phase shifter 59 powered from 3 phase mains til and having a rotatable winding 62 by which the potential on grid 58a of valve 58 is swung periodically to render valve fifi'conductive, an'da rectifier ESied from "transformer 66 for charging condenser 51.
- a load resistor 65 is provided in the c'onnectionsto grid 54 for the discharge from condenser 51.
- the Fig. 4 arrangement operates much in the same manner as that shown in Pg 2. Briefly, each time that the voltage in windingtii of the phase shifter 59 reaches its maximum value, the
- valve 58 conductive and a pulse o'f'current flows through the energ zing winding of relay 58 which is connected in the cathode anode circuit of valve 58.
- the source of anode current for valve 5 3 is the battery so.
- the -'electron streamiira niag-netic iii 'duction accelerator is divertedfromthe equilibrh um circle after it has reached the"dsird velocity maximum and caused to impinge upona target anode to produce'X ray radiations.
- Fig' 5 illnStratesa ereieriedarrangementrcrcontrolling the electron streams independently, the "circuit there shcwii iS "seen to be comprised a pair or phase shifters c1568 pcwderean cmtphase mains" c9, a an 'df' grid control v lves [0,
- the induction fiuxcycle is driven'radi lyinwa'rdly rrom the eciiuibi ium circle k to 'u'pon th'e target anode '23.
- the induction flux reverses and approaches its maximum value in Winding and wi t nowadays wh n rim. "that had becn'ir'itrbdllcfl by cat ode 2
- the exact time in the induction flux cycle at which the two electron streams are diverted respectively from the equilibrium circle may be controlled independently of each other by means of the phase shifters B? and 68.
- the instant T3 at which the grid 10a of control valve 19 renders the valve H5 conductive and which thereby permits the condenser 12 to discharge through the auxiliary winding 83 and drive the then accelerating electron stream injected for example at time T1 radially inward against the target anode 23 may be varied by adjusting the position of winding 15 on phase shifter 67.
- a change in the time of electron release to the target anode 23 thus changes their maximum speed as may be required to suit a particular condition.
- the time of release of the other electron stream which follows at substantially a half cycle later in the induction flux cycle may be similarly controlled by varying the position of the winding 78 on phase shifter 68. If desired, electron ejection from the equilibrium circle is may be delayed until time T4 which coincides with the maximum of the induction flux, in which case the electron streams would both be at maximum velocity.
- a magnetic induct on accelerator comprising, a chamber within which charged particles such as electrons may follow a closed orbital path, means adjacent said chamber for producing a cyclically varying magnetic field of alternating polarity, said field having such spacial distribution as to normaly confine the electrons to said orbital path while continuously accelerating them along said path, means including electron emission cathode means operated in timed relation w th the variation in said magnetic field for periodically injecting electron streams into said chamber for acceleration respectively in opposite directions along said path, the direction of the acceleration of a particu ar stream being dependent upon the polarity of said magnetic field, means operated in timed relation with the variation in said magnetic field for ejecting the accelerated electron stream of each direction, and independentlyoperated control means individual to the electron streams accelerated in opposite direct ons respectively for effecting independent changes in a characteristic of the electron streams of each direction.
- a magnetic induction device as defined in claim 1 wherein the means for controlling electron streams of opposite direction includes means for independent adjustment of the intensity of each stream.
- a magnetic induction device as defined in c aim 1 wherein the means controlling electron streams of opposite direction includes means for independent adjustment of the maximum velocity of each stream.
- a magnetic induction device as defined in claim 1 wherein the means for controlling electron streams of opposite direction includes means for independent adjustment of the respective periods during which said streams are accelerated.
- a magnetic induction devce as defined in claim 1 wherein the means for controlling electron streams of opposite direction includes means by which the entering angle of said streams may be independently adjusted.
- a magnetic induction accelerator comprising, a chamber Within which charged particles such as electrons may follow aclosed orbital path, means adjacent said chamber for producing a cyclically varying magnetic field of alternating polarity, said field having such spacial distribution as to normally confine the electrons to said orbital path while continuously accelerating them along said path, a pair of cathodes, means operated in alternation and in timed relation with the variation in said magnetic field for discharging streams of electrons from one cathode in alternat on with electron streams discharged from the other cathode for acceleration respectively in opposite directions along said path, the direction of acceleration of a particular stream being dependent upon the polarity of said magnetic field, means operated in alternation and in t med relation with the variation in said magnetic field for ejecting the accelerated electron streams of each direction, and independently operated control means individual to each said cathode for adjusting the electron emission from one cathode independently of the electron emission from the other cathode.
- a magnetic induction accelerator comprising; a chamber within which charged particles such as electrons may follow a closed orbital path, a Wind ng adjacent said chamber and energized from a source of alternating current for producing a cyclically varying magnetic field of alternating poarity, said field having such spacial distribution as to normally confine the electrons to said orbital path while continuously accelerating them along said path, means operated periodically in timed relation with the variation in said magnetic field for periodically injecting electron streams into said chamber for acceleration respectively in opposite directions along said path, the direction of the acceleration of a particular stream beng dependent upon the polarity of said magnetic field, auxiliary winding means disposed adjacent said chamber and which when energized produces a magnetic field efiective to cause ejection of said electron streams from said path, and independently controlled circuit means for efiecting periodic energization of said auxiliary winding means in opposite directions, respectively, in tmed relation with the variation in said magnetic field, each said circuit means including a grid controlled va've, an adjustable phase shifter connected to said source
- a magnetic induction accelerator comprising, a chamber Within which charged particles such as electrons may follow a closed orbital path, means including a magnetic structure and energizing winding therefor disposed adjacent said chamber for producing a cyclically varying magnetic field of alternating polarity, said field having such spacial distribution as to normally confine the electrons to said orbital path while continuously accelerating them along the path, means operated in alternation and in timed relation with the variation in said magnetic field for periodically injecting electron streams into said chamber for acceleration of successive injected streams respectively in opposite directions along said orbit, the direction of acceleration of a particular stream being dependent upon the polarity of said magnetic field, anode means, means operated in alternation and in timed relation with the variation in said magnetic field ejecting the accelerated electron streams of each direc- ,WMM 10 tion from said path and efiecting impingement of said streams against said anode means, and independently operated control means individual to the electron streams accelerated in opposite directions respectively for effecting independent changes in a characteristic of the electron streams of each direction
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
- X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH652247X | 1946-08-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2538718A true US2538718A (en) | 1951-01-16 |
Family
ID=4526210
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US720544A Expired - Lifetime US2538718A (en) | 1946-08-06 | 1947-01-07 | Magnetic induction device for accelerating electrons |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2538718A (de) |
| BE (1) | BE475005A (de) |
| CH (1) | CH251244A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE851094C (de) |
| FR (1) | FR950548A (de) |
| GB (1) | GB652247A (de) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2754419A (en) * | 1951-06-29 | 1956-07-10 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2797322A (en) * | 1952-08-19 | 1957-06-25 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Magnetic induction electron accelerator |
| US2839680A (en) * | 1952-05-14 | 1958-06-17 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Process and device for testing materials by means of energy-rich x-rays |
| US2890348A (en) * | 1957-07-08 | 1959-06-09 | Ohkawa Tihiro | Particle accelerator |
| US2905842A (en) * | 1957-11-22 | 1959-09-22 | Willard H Bennett | Device for producing sustained magnetic self-focusing streams |
| US3373325A (en) * | 1962-11-02 | 1968-03-12 | Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved | Method of increasing the yield of accelerated particles in a betatron or synchrotron |
| US20090153279A1 (en) * | 2007-12-14 | 2009-06-18 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Single drive betatron |
| US20090267542A1 (en) * | 2006-10-28 | 2009-10-29 | Bermuth Joerg | Betatron with a variable orbit radius |
| US20090267543A1 (en) * | 2006-10-28 | 2009-10-29 | Bermuth Joerg | Betatron with a removable accelerator block |
| US20100148705A1 (en) * | 2008-12-14 | 2010-06-17 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method of driving an injector in an internal injection betatron |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2135006A (en) * | 1936-04-21 | 1938-11-01 | Philips Nv | Rectifying device |
| US2193602A (en) * | 1938-05-06 | 1940-03-12 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Device for accelerating electrons to very high velocities |
| US2215426A (en) * | 1939-04-07 | 1940-09-17 | Machlett Lab Inc | X-ray tube |
| US2297305A (en) * | 1940-11-13 | 1942-09-29 | Gen Electric | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2331788A (en) * | 1942-01-20 | 1943-10-12 | Gen Electric | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2394071A (en) * | 1942-06-17 | 1946-02-05 | Gen Electric | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2484549A (en) * | 1947-07-30 | 1949-10-11 | Gen Electric | Electron injection apparatus |
-
0
- BE BE475005D patent/BE475005A/xx unknown
-
1946
- 1946-08-06 CH CH251244D patent/CH251244A/de unknown
-
1947
- 1947-01-07 US US720544A patent/US2538718A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1947-07-31 FR FR950548D patent/FR950548A/fr not_active Expired
- 1947-08-06 GB GB21442/47A patent/GB652247A/en not_active Expired
-
1948
- 1948-11-09 DE DEP21108A patent/DE851094C/de not_active Expired
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2135006A (en) * | 1936-04-21 | 1938-11-01 | Philips Nv | Rectifying device |
| US2193602A (en) * | 1938-05-06 | 1940-03-12 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Device for accelerating electrons to very high velocities |
| US2215426A (en) * | 1939-04-07 | 1940-09-17 | Machlett Lab Inc | X-ray tube |
| US2297305A (en) * | 1940-11-13 | 1942-09-29 | Gen Electric | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2331788A (en) * | 1942-01-20 | 1943-10-12 | Gen Electric | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2394071A (en) * | 1942-06-17 | 1946-02-05 | Gen Electric | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2484549A (en) * | 1947-07-30 | 1949-10-11 | Gen Electric | Electron injection apparatus |
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2754419A (en) * | 1951-06-29 | 1956-07-10 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Magnetic induction accelerator |
| US2839680A (en) * | 1952-05-14 | 1958-06-17 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Process and device for testing materials by means of energy-rich x-rays |
| US2797322A (en) * | 1952-08-19 | 1957-06-25 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Magnetic induction electron accelerator |
| US2890348A (en) * | 1957-07-08 | 1959-06-09 | Ohkawa Tihiro | Particle accelerator |
| US2905842A (en) * | 1957-11-22 | 1959-09-22 | Willard H Bennett | Device for producing sustained magnetic self-focusing streams |
| US3373325A (en) * | 1962-11-02 | 1968-03-12 | Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved | Method of increasing the yield of accelerated particles in a betatron or synchrotron |
| US7994740B2 (en) * | 2006-10-28 | 2011-08-09 | Smiths Heimann Gmbh | Betatron with a removable accelerator block |
| US20090267542A1 (en) * | 2006-10-28 | 2009-10-29 | Bermuth Joerg | Betatron with a variable orbit radius |
| US20090267543A1 (en) * | 2006-10-28 | 2009-10-29 | Bermuth Joerg | Betatron with a removable accelerator block |
| US8013546B2 (en) * | 2006-10-28 | 2011-09-06 | Smiths Heimann Gmbh | Betatron with a variable orbit radius |
| US20090153279A1 (en) * | 2007-12-14 | 2009-06-18 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Single drive betatron |
| US7638957B2 (en) * | 2007-12-14 | 2009-12-29 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Single drive betatron |
| US20100148705A1 (en) * | 2008-12-14 | 2010-06-17 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method of driving an injector in an internal injection betatron |
| US8362717B2 (en) | 2008-12-14 | 2013-01-29 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method of driving an injector in an internal injection betatron |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB652247A (en) | 1951-04-18 |
| DE851094C (de) | 1952-10-02 |
| BE475005A (de) | |
| FR950548A (fr) | 1949-09-29 |
| CH251244A (de) | 1947-10-15 |
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