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US2379397A - Anode structure - Google Patents

Anode structure Download PDF

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Publication number
US2379397A
US2379397A US465715A US46571542A US2379397A US 2379397 A US2379397 A US 2379397A US 465715 A US465715 A US 465715A US 46571542 A US46571542 A US 46571542A US 2379397 A US2379397 A US 2379397A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
target
anode
button
pocket
target surface
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US465715A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Michael J Zunick
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric X Ray Corp
Original Assignee
General Electric X Ray Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric X Ray Corp filed Critical General Electric X Ray Corp
Priority to US465715A priority Critical patent/US2379397A/en
Priority to GB18829/43A priority patent/GB602305A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2379397A publication Critical patent/US2379397A/en
Priority to FR943073D priority patent/FR943073A/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/08—Anodes; Anti cathodes
    • H01J35/112—Non-rotating anodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/08—Targets (anodes) and X-ray converters
    • H01J2235/083—Bonding or fixing with the support or substrate
    • H01J2235/084—Target-substrate interlayers or structures, e.g. to control or prevent diffusion or improve adhesion

Definitions

  • My invention relates in general to electronics and has more particular reference to an improved electrode construction particularly well suited for anodes of X-ray generators.
  • An X-ray generator comprises an electron emitting cathode and an anode at which X- rays are generated by impingement, upon a suitable target at the anode, of electrons emitted by the cathode.
  • a suitable target at the anode of electrons emitted by the cathode.
  • materials commonly used for anode targets are tungsten, nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, chromium, molybdenum, and other metals. Electron impingement on the target surface of the anode during operation of the tube results in grain growth in the target material at the target surface due to heat, liberated in the anode through electron impingementthereon.
  • Such. grain growth results in deformation or curling of the anode at the targetsurface and consequent reduction in the X-ray output of the generator; and an important. objectof the present invention is to minimize such target deformation or curling through the provision of an improved anode structure presenting the anode material at the target surface in dense'condition having a grain structure and. other characteristics particularlywell' adapted to'res'ist target'deformation or curling.
  • Another object is to minimize target deterioration by employing atarget of pure metal;ja further object being to utilize pure electrolytic Cops
  • Another important object is to provide an anode ior an X-ray generator having a target surface comprising material in which the grain structure extends in'a direction intersecting the plane of th 'target surface preferably at right angles; a further object being to utilize as an X-ray anode target a button in which the metallic grain structure extends in a direction normal to the target face of the button; a still further object being to form target buttons by first rolling a bar of suitable metallic target-material longitudinall to impart a grain-structure extending lengthwise of the bar and-then cutting discs from the bar to provide buttons in which the grain structur comprises grains having ends extendingatthe cut. face of the. button.
  • an X-ray generator H comprising a sealed envelope 13. containing an. anode l5 and a cathode ll embodying an. electron emitting filament 19, the cathode and anode beingmounted incoaxial .spaced and facing relationship within. the envelope Iii.
  • Suitable conductors for energizing the filament. t9 and for applying operating potential between the filament and the: anode from anelectrical power source outwardly of the. envelope,-of course, are. provided.
  • the X-ray generator H comes prises a generator of the short particularly well suited: for producing X-rays for the analysis of materials by X-ray diffraction.
  • the electron emitting element l9 forms, a. target, surface 2
  • the target surface 2! may, of course, comprise any suitable metallic material, suchas tungstenjmolybdenum, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron,
  • X-rays generated as a resultv of electron impingement on the target surface 21 pass outward- 1y of. the envelope through transmitting windows 23. formed. in the envelope walls opposite the anodetarget.
  • the. envelope of the generator may be enclosed in a casing, or a sleeve 25 fX -ray opaquev material, and. may b assembledaround the X-ray transmitting portions of. the) envelope. and provided with openings 21 in line with the windows 23for the purpose of blocking exit. of X-rays' from the tube except at said openings 21.
  • anX-ray generator When. anX-ray generator is in operation for production of X-rays at the? target 21, a considerable amount of heat is developed at the target surface as a result of electron impingement, such heat being dissipated through the body of the anode and thence outwardly of the envelope.
  • the temperature at the target surface of the anode may be of the order of the melting temperature of the target. material, it bein usual, in the interests of operating efilciency, to oper:- ate the generator so that its anode at the target surface functions at a temperature just short of the softening temperature of the anode material.
  • the tendency of the target surface to becom raised or curled in service is minimized by providing a target comprising substantially pure metal;
  • a target comprising substantially pure metal
  • pure electrolytic copper is preferably employed as the target material.
  • other target material such as tungsten, chromium, nickel, cobalt, iron, molybdenum or other metal is employed, appreciable improvement is obtained in the abilityof th target to resist deterioration in service, when the target material is applied and maintained in substantially pure form.
  • Target deformation and curling in service also is minimized by using compact, dense metal having a uniform grain structure characterized, preferably, in that the grains of the material extend vertically with respect to the targetsurface of the anode. Electrons impinging on such a surface strike the ends of the crystals of material forming the anode target, which, because of the compact parallel grain structure, tends to'avoid grain growth.
  • the structure of material having parallel grain arrangement, with the grain ends presented at the target surface may conveniently be designated by the term end grain.
  • the entire anode may be formed of material having the desired grain structure, including grains ending or terminating at the target surface, it is not necessary to make the entire anode of the relatively expensive end grain material, and it is preferable to form the. body 29 of the anode in any suitable or convenient manner, as by forming the same as a casting, preferably comprising vacuum melting copper.
  • the body of the anode is formed with a pocket 31' in the surface thereof which faces the cathode and a. target button is fixed in said pocket, as by soldering the same in place.
  • the button 33 in the illustrated embodiment, comprises a suitable metallic target material, such as pure electrolytic copper, or other metallic target material, in which the grains extend in a direction normal to the target surface 2Iof the button.
  • a suitable metallic target material such as pure electrolytic copper, or other metallic target material, in which the grains extend in a direction normal to the target surface 2Iof the button.
  • Such granular structure may be accomplished by rolling .or otherwise working a bar of the selected target material in order to accomplish the desired parallel grain structure in a direction longitudinally of the bar, and then'cutting the bar in sections at right angles to the grain direction in order to provide the target button 33, having the so-called end grain structure.
  • the button 33 may be'secured' inthe'pocket 3
  • a target material comprising pure metal.
  • pure electrolytic copper should be used as the target material.
  • Commercial Vacuum melted copper of the sort ordinarily employed in X-ray tube anodes is appreciably contaminated with foreign material and shows a very definite tendency to blister or curl when used as a target material, even if treated to provide vertical grain structure. Pure electrolytic copper, however, even in the absence of the desirable end grain arrangement, provides a sat- .isfactory substantially non-bulging target, the
  • solder 35 When in operation at high temperature there is a tendency for the solder 35 to flow along and between the parallel grains of the button 33, and solder may, in this way undesirably reach the face of the target.
  • the same may be directly united with a backing disc 31 of like material in which the grains extend crosswise of the disc, as shown in Figure 4.
  • the composite backed button thus produced may besoldered in the pocket 3
  • X-ray tube anodes made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention are characterized in that they are substantially immune to target surface deformation in service.
  • An anode structure comprising a body of pure electrolytic copper forming a target surface, said body having an internal grain structure normal to the target surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a body of metal forming a target surface, said body having an internal grain structure normal to the target surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a body" of metal forming a target surface, said body being in substantially pure condition without contamination and having an internal grain structure substantially normal to the target surface.
  • An anode structure comprising'a copper base having a pocket and a body of metal forming a target button secured in said pocket, said button said button providing a target surface and having an end grain structure at said surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a copper base having a pocket and a body of pure electrolytic copper forming a target button secured in said pocket, said button forming a target surface and having an internal grain structure normal to the target surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a base of vacuum cast copper formed with a pocket and a target button of pure electrolytic copper secured in said pocket, said button forming a target surface and having an internal grain structure normal to the target surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a base having a pocket, a metal target button having end grain structure secured'in the pocket, and a backing disc of metal in the pocket behind said target button.
  • An anode structure comprising a base having a pocket, a metal target button having end grain structure secured in the pocket, and a backing disc of metal in the pocket behind said target button, said backing disc having cross grain structure.
  • An anode structure comprising a metallic base having a pocket, a metal target button having end grain structure in said pocket, and a backing disc of metal in the pocket behind said target button and directly bonded to said target button, said backing disc having internal cross grain structure and being soldered in place in the pocket whereby to prevent contamination of the target button by the solder.
  • An anode structure comprising a base having a pocket, and a target button secured in said pocket and having a target surface, said target button comprising metal having an internal grain structure substantially normal to the target surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a copper base having a pocket, and a target button secured in said pocket and providing a target surface, said target button comprising metal in substantially pure condition without contamination and having an internal grain structure substantially normal to the target surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a base of vacuum cast copper formed with a pocket, and a target button secured in said pocket and providing a target surface, said target button comprising metal in substantially pure condition without contamination and having an end grain structure at said surface.
  • An anode structure comprising a base having a pocket, a target button secured in said pocket and providing a target surface, said button comprising metal in substantially pure condition without contamination and having an end grain structure at said surface, and a backing disc of metal in the pocket behind said target button.
  • An anode structure comprising a base having a pocket, 2. target button secured in said pocket and providing a target surface, said button comprising metal in substantially pure condition without contamination and having an end grain structure at said surface, and a backing disc of metal in the pocket behind said target button, said backing disc having cross grain structure.

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  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
US465715A 1942-11-16 1942-11-16 Anode structure Expired - Lifetime US2379397A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US465715A US2379397A (en) 1942-11-16 1942-11-16 Anode structure
GB18829/43A GB602305A (en) 1942-11-16 1943-11-12 Improvements in and relating to electrode structure for x-ray generators
FR943073D FR943073A (fr) 1942-11-16 1947-03-12 Perfectionnements aux tubes à rayons chi

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US465715A US2379397A (en) 1942-11-16 1942-11-16 Anode structure

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2379397A true US2379397A (en) 1945-06-26

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US465715A Expired - Lifetime US2379397A (en) 1942-11-16 1942-11-16 Anode structure

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US2379397A (fr)
FR (1) FR943073A (fr)
GB (1) GB602305A (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2482053A (en) * 1945-11-13 1949-09-13 Gen Electric X Ray Corp Anode construction
US2688709A (en) * 1949-11-12 1954-09-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp X-ray anode and method of making same by electric welding
US4771447A (en) * 1985-04-30 1988-09-13 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation X-ray source
US4899354A (en) * 1983-08-26 1990-02-06 Feinfocus Rontgensysteme Gmbh Roentgen lithography method and apparatus
EP3840009A1 (fr) * 2019-12-20 2021-06-23 Varex Imaging Corporation Cibles, systèmes et procédés de formation de structure granulaire alignée

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2482053A (en) * 1945-11-13 1949-09-13 Gen Electric X Ray Corp Anode construction
US2688709A (en) * 1949-11-12 1954-09-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp X-ray anode and method of making same by electric welding
US4899354A (en) * 1983-08-26 1990-02-06 Feinfocus Rontgensysteme Gmbh Roentgen lithography method and apparatus
US4771447A (en) * 1985-04-30 1988-09-13 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation X-ray source
EP3840009A1 (fr) * 2019-12-20 2021-06-23 Varex Imaging Corporation Cibles, systèmes et procédés de formation de structure granulaire alignée

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR943073A (fr) 1949-02-25
GB602305A (en) 1948-05-25

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