US2227909A - Electron discharge apparatus - Google Patents

Description

Jan. 7, R s QHL ELECTRON DISCHARGE APPARATUS Filed Sept. 27, 1959 FIG.

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A TTORA/E Y Patented Jan. 7, 1941 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE Telephone Laboratories,

Incorporated, New

York, N. Y., a corporation New York Application September 27, 1939, Serial No. 296,825

Claims. (01. 250-27) This invention relates to electron discharge apparatus and more particularly to electronic amplifiers and oscillators of the type wherein a 5 magnetic field is utilized to control the space current.

One object of this invention is to improve theefliciency and operating characteristics of mag netically controlled electronic amplifiers and oscillators. More specifically, one object of this invention is to obtain a sharp cut-on characteristic in magnetically controlled electronic devices whereby a high degree of amplification is attained.

Another object of this invention is to simplify the structure of electronic oscillators and amplifiers and to reduce the number of elements therein requisite for emcient and satisfactory operation.

In one illustrative embodiment of this invention, electron discharge apparatus comprises an anode and a cathode encompassing and coaxial withthe anode. The cathode may be of the indirectly heated equipotential type and comprise a cylindrical metallic member heated by a suitably energized resistance or induction coil encompassing the metallic member. An output circuit is connected between the cathode and the anode.

In accordance with one feature of this invention, means are provided for passing a direct current through the anode whereby a circular magnetic field is produced in the region between the cathode and anode, the field being of sumcient strength to so influence the electron trajectories at certain values of anode potential that substantially all electrons emanating from the cathode return to the cathode without impinging upon the anode.

In accordance with another feature of this in- 0 vention, the anode is provided with an integral loop portion forming a single turn coil which may be coupled to the output circuit to produce feedback whereby oscillations may be generated.

The invention and the foregoing and other features thereof will be understood more clearly and fully from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:

Fig. 1 is an elevational view mainly in section of electron discharge apparatus illustrative of one embodiment of this invention;

Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating a typical anode current-anode voltage characteristic of electron discharge apparatus constructed in accordance with this invention; and

Figs. 3 and 4 are circuit diagrams illustrating operation of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 as an oscillator and as an amplifier, respectively.

Referring now to the drawing, the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 comprises an evacuated cylindrical metallic enclosing vessel l0 having a base wall H and an exhaust tubulature l2. Disposed axially within the vessel in is an elongated, preterably circular, anode having end portions l3 and it and an intermediate reduced portion l5. The 10 end portion i3 is conductively joined to the enclosing vessel It and the end portion I 6 extends through the base wall II and is hermetically sealed thereto as by a vitreous seal l 6. The anode may be provided with an integral loop portion ll, 15 one end of which terminates in a plate It which is spaced from the base wall H by a dielectric member 89 and forms a condenser therewith.

Encompassing the intermediate reduced portion E5 of the anode and coaxial therewith is 9. cylindrical cathode 20 which may be of magnetic or non-magnetic material, the inner surface of the cathode being coated with thermionic materials, such as barium and strontium oxides. The cathode 20 may be heated indirectly by a re- 25 sistance coil 2i encompassing and coaxial with the cathode and mounted on an insulating, preferably ceramic, sleeve 22, fitted about the cathode 20. The coil 2| may be energized by a suitable alternating or direct current source, not shown, connected to leading-in conductors 23 which extend outwardly from the side wall of the vessel it] through hermetic seals 24,

Electrically integral with the cathode 2B are a pair of cylindrical metallic, preferably non-mag- 35 netic, members 25 and 26, which abut the cathode 2D and are. grooved to receive the insulating sleeve 22. The metallic members 25 and 26 are spaced concentrically from the anode by insulating discs 27 and accurately center the cathode 20 about the anode l5.

Electrical connection to the cathode 20 may be established through a leading-in conductor 28 connected to the cylinder 26 and extending from the base wall it through a hermetic seal 29. Electrical connection to opposite ends of the anode may be established through leading-in conductors 30 and 3!, one of which is connected to the enclosing vessel I5) and the other of which is connected to the end of the loop ll. 50

During operation of the device, as illustrated for example in Fig. 3, a direct current is passed through the anode l5 from a source, such as a battery 32, which is by-passed for alternating current by a condenser 33 formed by the base 5 wall II, the plate member l8 and the dielectric medium I 9 therebetween. The anode I S is maintained at a ,positive potential with respect to the cathode 20 by a source, such as a battery 34, which, as shown, may be by-passed by a condenser 35 and is in series with a multi-turn coil or winding 36 inductively coupled to the loop or single turn coil ll. As shown in Fig. 1, the coil 36 may be positioned within the coil or loop I! and coaxial therewith.

The direct current flowing through the anode l5 by virtue of the potential applied across the anode by the battery 32 produces a magnetic field between the anode l5 and cathode 20, the lines of force of the field being circles about and coaxial with the anode 15. The strength of this field at any point outside of the surface of the anode may be expressed as:

where H is the strength of the field, i the current through the anode, and R the distance from the longitudinal axis of the anode. From this rela tion it will be seen that the magnetic field varies inversely with the distance from the axis of the anode.

It is known that an electron moving in a magnetic field is deflected and caused to traverse a curved path, the radius of curvature of which is expressed by the relation where p is the radius of curvature, m and care respectively the mass and charge of an electron, v is the velocity of the electron, and H is the strength of the field.

The velocity of the electrons is related, of course, to the potential through which they fall and may be expressed mathematically by the relation where V is the potential, in electrostatic units, acting upon the electrons, E is the anode potential in volts, and the remaining characters are as defined above.

From the above equations it will be seen that the magnetic field increases in strength from the cathode to the anode and that in a device wherein the distance an electron travels inwardly is large compared to the radius of the anode, the radius of curvature p of the path traversed by electrons emanating from the cathode 20 decreases as the electrons approach the anode l 5. Although in an electron discharge device the velocity 1: generally is not constant, it will be noted from Equation 2 above that the velocity increases only in proportion to the square root of the voltage E so that the radius of curvature p decreases as the electrons approach the anode even in the presence of the electric field.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the magnetic field and anode potential may be so correlated that all electrons emanating from the cathode are so deflected that they do not reach the anode but return to the cathode and, therefore, a sharp cut-off characteristic may be obtained.

As will be apparent, the strength of the magnetic field is directly proportional to the current flowing through the anode. Changes in this current will result in changes in the magnetic field azcaooo and, hence, in changes in the space current to the anode. A typical operating characteristic for devices constructed in accordance with this invention is illustrated in Fig. 2. As shown in this figure, at an anode potential E and with a magnetic field Ho, 9. space current to will fiow to the anode. If the current through the anode is varied so as to increase the magnetic field by the quantity AHo for the same anode potential E, the space current will be decreased greatly to a value to because of the sharp cut-ofl characteristic. Conversely, if the current through the anode is varied to decrease the magnetic field by the quantity AH for the same anode potential E, the space current to the anode will be increased greatly. Thus, small variations in He will result in relatively large changes in the space current to the anode whereby a high degree of amplification is obtained.

As will be apparent from Fig. 3, the coil 38 coupled to the loop or coil ll produces feedback so that upon closing of the anode-cathode circuit oscillations will be produced.

When the device is operated as an amplifier, as illustrated for example in Fig. 4, the output wind ing 36 is coupled to a coil 31 connected to an output device 38 such as a receiver. The circuit through the anode l5 includes, in addition to the battery 32, the inner conductor 39 of a coaxial cable which terminates in a suitable input device 40. Signals impressed upon the cable by the input device 40 will vary the current through the anode IS with consequent variations in the current supp1ied-to the output device 38.

Although specific embodiments of this invention have been shown and described, it will be understood, of course, that they are but illustrative and that various modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. Electron discharge apparatus comprising a linear anode, a cathode encompassing said. anode, an output circuit connected between said cathode and said anode, means for passing a current through said anode to produce a magnetic field between said cathode and said anode, the lines of force of said field being substantially circular and coaxial with said anode, and means for varying the strength of said field.

2. Electron discharge apparatus comprising an elongated linear anode, a hollow cathode encompassing said anode and uniformly spaced therefrom, an output circuit coupled to said cathode and said anode, means for passing a direct current longitudinally through said anode whereby a circular magnetic field coaxial with said anode is established between said cathode and said anode, and means for superimposing avariable current upon said direct current.

3. Electron discharge apparatus comprising a linear anode having a cylindrical electron receiving surface, a cathode encompassing said surface and having a cylindrical electron-emitting surface opposite and coaxial therewith, an output circuit coupled to said cathode and said anode, means for producing a circular magnetic field between said surfaces, coaxial therewith and decreasing in strength from said anode surface to said cathode surface, and means for varying said fleld.

4. Electron discharge apparatus comprising a linear anode, a cathode encompassing said anode, a circuit including a source for passing a direct current through said anode whereby a circular magnetic field coaxial with said anode is estabu lished between said cathode and said anode, a circuit connected between said cathode and said anode, and means coupling said circuits to one another.

5. Electron discharge apparatus comprising an elongated anode having a linear portion and an integral loop portion, a cathode encompassing the linear portion of said anode, means for passing a direct current through said anode to produce a circuit magnetic fleld coaxial with said linear portion, between said linear portion and said cathode, and an output circuit including a coil inductively coupled to said loop portion.

RUSSELL S. OHL.

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