US20100159537A1

US20100159537A1 - Escherichia coli strains that over-produce l-threonine and processes for their production

Info

Publication number: US20100159537A1
Application number: US12/691,299
Authority: US
Inventors: John N. D'Elia; Sean W. Jordan
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2005-03-11
Filing date: 2010-01-21
Publication date: 2010-06-24
Also published as: US20060205044A1; US7723097B2

Abstract

The invention relates to novel bacterial strains and constructs as well as methods for production of L-amino acids, including but not limited to L-threonine. Such novel bacterial strains may be characterized by, for instance, Escherichia coli strains in which an aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) gene is operably associated with at least one non-native promoter, non-native ribosome binding site, or both.

Description

CLAIM TO PRIORITY

This application claims priority to pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/660,951, having a filing date of Mar. 11, 2005. That application is incorporated by reference as if fully rewritten herein.

BACKGROUND

The following includes information that may be useful in understanding the present inventions. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art, or material, to the presently described or claimed inventions, or that any publication or document that is specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
The present invention relates to, but is not limited to, the fields of microbiology and microbial genetics. The invention relates, for example, to novel bacterial strains, novel nucleotide sequences, novel amino acid sequences, and processes for employing these bacterial strains, novel nucleotide sequences, and/or novel amino acid sequences for fermentative production of amino acids including, but not limited to, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-lysine, L-homoserine, and L-isoleucine. Preferably L-threonine is produced. The invention also relates to the production of animal feed additives. The invention also relates to fermentation and synthesis of fine chemicals including but not limited to those listed above.
In Escherichia coli, the amino acids L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-lysine and L-methionine derive all or part of their carbon atoms from aspartate (aspartic acid) via the following common biosynthetic pathway (G. N. Cohen, “The Common Pathway to Lysine, Methionine and Threonine,” pp. 147-171 in Amino Acids: Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation, K. M, Herrmann and R. L. Somerville, eds., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass. (1983)):
The first reaction of this common pathway is catalyzed by one of three distinct aspartate kinases (AK I, II, or III), each of which is encoded by a separate gene and differs from the others in the way its activity and synthesis are regulated.
Aspartate kinase I, for example, is encoded by thrA, its activity is inhibited by threonine, and its synthesis is repressed by threonine and isoleucine in combination. AK II, however, is encoded by metL and its synthesis repressed by methionine (although its activity is not inhibited by methionine or by paired combinations of methionine, lysine, threonine and isoleucine (F. Falcoz-Kelly et al., Eur. J Biochem. 8:146-152 (1969); J. C. Patte et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 136:245-257 (1967)). AK III is encoded by lysC, and its activity and synthesis are inhibited and repressed, respectively, by lysine.
Aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the asd gene, and its activity is regulated through multivalent repression by lysine, threonine, and methionine (K. Haziza et al., EMBO J. 1(3):379-384 (1982)). Its synthesis is also reported to be regulated through repression by glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), and through metabolic regulation by guanosine 5′-diphosphate, 3′-diphosphate. Aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of L-aspartyl-4-P to L-aspartate-semialdehyde (Chassagnole et al., Biochem. J. 356:415-423 (2001)).
Map positions and nucleotide numbers for various genes in the E. coli strain K-12, as reported in Keseler, I. M., et al., Ecocyc: A Comprehensive Database Resource for E. coli, Nucleic Acids Res, 33:D334-7 (2005) are shown below. Of course, this information is provided as illustrative only, and should not be read to limit the claims unless explicitly stated therein.


Gene	Start Nucleotide	End Nucleotide

asd	3,572,901	3,571,798
thrA	337	2,799
thrB	2801	3733
thrC	3734	5020
metL	4127858	4130290
lysC	4231256	4229907

Two of the AKs, I and II, are not reported to be distinct proteins, but rather a domain of a complex enzyme that includes homoserine dehydrogenase I or II, respectively, each of which catalyzes the reduction of aspartate semialdehyde to homoserine (P. Truffa-Bachi et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 5:73-80 (1968)). Homoserine dehydrogenase I (HD I) is also encoded by thrA; its synthesis is repressed by threonine plus isoleucine, and its activity is inhibited by threonine. Homoserine dehydrogenase II (HD II) is similarly encoded by metL, and its synthesis is repressed by methionine.
Threonine biosynthesis includes the following additional reactions:
Homoserine→Homoserine Phosphate→Threonine
The phosphorylation of homoserine is catalyzed by homoserine kinase, a protein which is composed of two identical 29 kDa subunits encoded for by thrB and whose activity is inhibited by threonine (B. Burr et al., J. Biochem, 62:519-526 (1976)). The final step, the complex conversion of homoserine phosphate to L-threonine is catalyzed by threonine synthase, a 47 kDa protein encoded for by thrC (C. Parsot et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 11:7331-7345 (1983)).
Isoleucine can be produced in E. coli using threonine as a precursor (see Hashiguchi et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 63:672-679 (1999). More specifically, isoleucine is produced via the following reactions:
Threonine→α-Ketobutyrate→α-Aceto-α-Hydroxybutyrate→α,β-Dihydroxy-β-Methylvalerate→α-Keto-β-Methylvalerate→Isoleucine.
These reactions are said to be catalyzed in E. coli, respectively, by the following enzymes: threonine deaminase (ilvA); aceto-hydroxyacid synthetase I, II, or III (ilvBN, ilvGM, and ilvIH, respectively); dihydroxyacid reductoisomerase (ilvC); dihydroxyacid dehydratase (ilvD); and transaminase-B (ilvE).
The thrA, thrB and thrC genes all belong to the thr operon, a single operon located at 0 minutes on the genetic map of E. coli (J. Thze and I. Saint-Girons, J. Bacteriol. 118:990-998 (1974); J. Theze et al., J. Bacteriol. 117:133-143 (1974)). These genes encode, respectively, for aspartate kinase I, homoserine dehydrogenase I, homoserine kinase and threonine synthase. Biosynthesis of these enzymes is subject to multivalent repression by threonine and isoleucine (M. Freundlich, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 10:277-282 (1963)).
A regulatory region is found upstream of the first structural gene in the thr operon and its sequence has been reported (J. F. Gardner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1706-1710 (1979)). A thr attenuator, downstream of the transcription initiation site, contains a sequence encoding a leader peptide; this sequence includes eight threonine codons and four isoleucine codons. The thr attenuator also contains the classical mutually exclusive secondary structures that permit or prevent RNA polymerase transcription of the structural genes in the thr operon, depending on the levels of the charged threonyl- and isoleucyl-tRNAs.
Because of the problems associated with obtaining high levels of amino acid production via natural biosynthesis (e.g., repression of the thr operon by the desired product), bacterial strains have been produced having plasmids containing a thr operon with a thrA gene that encodes a feedback-resistant enzyme. With such plasmids, L-threonine has been produced on an industrial scale by fermentation processes employing a wide variety of microorganisms, such as Brevibacterium flavum, Serratia marcescens, and E. coli.
For example, the E. coli strain BKIIM B-3996 (Debabov et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,107), which contains the plasmid pVIC40, purportedly makes about 85 g/L in 36 hr. The host is a threonine-requiring strain because of a defective threonine synthase. In BKIIEM B-3996, it is the recombinant plasmid, pVIC40, that provides the crucial enzymatic activities, i.e., a feedback-resistant AK I-HD I, homoserine kinase and threonine synthase, needed for threonine biosynthesis. This plasmid also complements the host's threonine auxotrophy.
E. coli strain 29-4 (E. Shimizu et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 59:1095-1098 (1995)) is another reported example of a recombinant E. coli threonine producer. Strain 29-4 was constructed by cloning the thr operon of a threonine-over-producing mutant strain, E. coli K-12 (βIM-4) (derived from E. coli strain ATCC Deposit No. 21277), into plasmid pBR322, which was then introduced into the parent strain (K. Wiwa, et al., Agric. Biol. Chem. 47:2329-2334 (1983)). Strain 29-4 purportedly produces about 65 g/L of L-threonine in 72 hr.
Similarly constructed recombinant strains have been reported using other organisms. For example, the Serratia marcescens strain T2000 contains a plasmid having a thr operon that reportedly encodes a feedback-resistant thrA gene product and produces about 100 g/L of threonine in 96 hrs (M. Masuda et al., Applied Biochem. Biotechn. 37:255-262 (1992)). All of these strains are said to contain plasmids having multiple copies of the genes encoding the threonine biosynthetic enzymes, which allows over-expression of these enzymes. This over-expression of the plasmid-borne genes encoding threonine biosynthetic enzymes, particularly a thrA gene encoding a feedback-resistant AK I-HD I, reportedly enables these strains to produce large amounts of threonine. Other examples of plasmid-containing microorganisms are reported, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,321,325; 4,347,318; 4,371,615; 4,601,983; 4,757,009; 4,945,058; 4,946,781; 4,980,285; 5,153,123; and 5,236,831.
Non-plasmid containing microorganisms have also been reported as threonine producers. Strains of E. coli such as H-8460, which is obtained by a series of conventional mutagenesis and selection for resistance to several metabolic analogs makes about 75 g/L of L-threonine in 70 hours (Kino, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,918). Strain H-8460 does not carry a recombinant plasmid and has one copy of the threonine biosynthetic genes on the chromosome. The lower productivity of this strain compared to the plasmid-bearing strains, such as BKIIM B-3996, is believed to be due to lower enzymatic activities (particularly those encoded by the thr operon) as these non-plasmid containing strains carry only a single copy of threonine biosynthetic genes.
An L-threonine producing strain of E. coli, KY10935, produced by multiple rounds of mutation, is reported in K. Okamoto, et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61:1877-1882 (1997). When cultured under optimal conditions with DL-methionine, strain KY10935 is reported to produce as much as 100 g/liter L-threonine after 77 hours of cultivation. The level of L-threonine produced is believed to result from the inability of this strain to take up L-threonine that accumulates extracellularly, resulting in a decrease in the steady-state level of intracellular L-threonine and the release of the remaining regulatory steps in the L-threonine production pathway from feedback inhibition.
Other examples of non-plasmid containing microorganisms are reported, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,939,307; 5,474,918; 5,264,353; 5,164,307; 5,098,835; 5,087,566; 5,077,207; 5,017,483; 4,463,094; 3,580,810; and 3,375,173.
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Although the applicants do not wish to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that in both the non-plasmid and plasmid containing strains of E. coli, the thr operon is controlled by the particular strain's respective native threonine promoter. As described above, the expression of the native promoter is regulated by a mechanism controlled by a region of DNA that encodes a leader peptide and contains a number of threonine and isoleucine codons. This region is translated by a ribosome which senses the levels of threoninyl-tRNA and isoleucinyl-tRNA. When these levels are sufficient for the leader peptide to be translated, transcription is prematurely terminated, but when the levels are insufficient for the leader peptide to be translated, transcription is not terminated and the entire operon is transcribed, which, following translation, results in increased production of the threonine biosynthetic enzymes. Thus, when threonyl-tRNA and/or isoleucinyl-tRNA levels are low, the thr operon is maximally transcribed and the threonine biosynthetic enzymes are maximally made.
In the E. coli threonine-producing strain BKIIM B-3996, the threonine operon in the plasmid is controlled by its native promoter. As a result, the thr operon is only maximally expressed when the strain is starved for threonine and/or isoleucine. Since starvation for threonine is not possible in a threonine-producing strain, these strains have been rendered auxotrophic for isoleucine in order to obtain a higher level of enzymatic activity.
Another way of overcoming attenuation control is to lower the level(s) of threonyl-tRNA and/or isoleucinyl-tRNA in the cell. A thrS mutant, for example, having a threonyl-tRNA synthase which exhibits a 200-fold decreased apparent affinity for threonine, results in over-expression of the thr operon, presumably due to the low level of threonyl-tRNA (E. J. Johnson, et al., J. Bacteriol., 129:66-70 (1977)).
In fermentation processes using these strains, however, the cells must be supplemented with isoleucine in the growth stage because of their deficient isoleucine biosynthesis. Subsequently, in the production stage, the cells are deprived of isoleucine to induce expression of the threonine biosynthetic enzymes. A major drawback, therefore, of using native threonine promoters to control expression of the threonine biosynthetic enzymes is that the cells must be supplemented with isoleucine.
E. coli strains have recently been reported that contain chromosomally integrated thr operons under the regulatory control of a non-native promoter (Wang, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,307, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). One of these strains, ADM Kat 13, was reported to produce as much as 102 g/L of L-threonine after 48 hours in culture. E. coli strains have also been reported that are produced by inserting in the chromosome of an E. coli cell at least one threonine operon operably linked to a non-native promoter to produce a parent strain, followed by performing at least one cycle of mutagenesis on the parent strain, followed by screening the mutagenized cells to identify E. coli that produce specified amounts of L-threonine (United States Published Application No. US2002/0106800 A1, to Liaw et al.).
There remains a need in the art for microorganism strains that are culturable and produce amounts of amino acids such as threonine and isoleucine.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The inventions described and claimed herein have many attributes and encompass many embodiments including, but not limited to, those set forth in this Summary. The inventions described and claimed herein are not limited to or by the features or embodiments identified in this Summary, which is included for purposes of illustration only and not restriction.
One object of the invention is to provide microorganisms that efficiently produce an amino acid or amino acids (e.g. L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, and/or L-Isoleucine) in large amounts and/or high yields. In general, microorganisms of the invention do not have any unusual amino acid nutritional requirements, though one could of course design the microorganisms such that unusual nutritional requirements (including, for example, the requirement that an amino acid or amino acids be supplied) could exist.
In one aspect the invention includes a strain of the microorganism E. coli, wherein at least one chromosome of the strain contains at least one aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) gene operably associated with at least one non-native promoter, and the strain over-produces L-threonine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, L-isoleucine and/or L-lysine. The strain may over-produce L-threonine when compared to L-threonine production by a wild-type strain of E. coli, for example the E. coli strain K-12, and/or when compared to a parent strain.
In a further aspect of the invention, the strain of E. coli described above further comprises a non-native ribosome binding site operably associated with said asd gene and said non-native promoter. A non-native ribosome binding site may be selected from, for example, but is not limited to, a lac ribosome binding site, a thrA ribosome binding site, a folA ribosome binding site, an araC ribosome binding site, an araB ribosome binding site, a galE ribosome binding site, an ompA ribosome binding site, a trpE ribosome binding site, a lamB ribosome binding site, an MS2 coat ribosome binding site, and a Qβ coat ribosome binding site.
In one aspect of the invention, the non-native ribosome binding site used in the invention is selected from a strain of E. coli. For instance, the non-native ribosome binding site may be selected from E. coli strain TH25.79. References to ribosome binding sites may include but not be limited to consensus sequences, sequences found in nature, and mutated sequences,
A non-native promoter and/or a non-native ribosome binding site may be introduced, for example, by recombination or by mutagenesis of a native asd promoter or binding site.
In a yet further aspect of the invention, the previously discussed at least one non-native promoter may be selected from the group consisting of, for example, a tac promoter, a trc promoter, a lac promoter, a trp promoter, a lambda-P_Lpromoter, a lambda-P_Rpromoter, a lacUV5 promoter, an araBAD promoter, a lpp promoter, a constitutive Ptac-like promoter (SEQ ID NO: 16), and a lpp-lac promoter. References to promoters may include but not be limited to consensus sequences and mutated sequences.
In a further aspect of the invention, a strain of the invention may be less sensitive to regulation by lysine and other compounds than a wild-type strain of E. coli, and/or a parent strain of E. coli, for example less sensitive than the K-12 strain.
In further aspect of the invention includes a DNA construct comprising an aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene operably associated with at least one promoter heterologous to Escherichia coli. This DNA construct may further comprise at least one ribosome binding site operably associated with an asd gene and a promoter, wherein at least one ribosome binding site is not the E. coli asd ribosome binding site. The ribosome binding site may be, for example, but is not limited to, a lac operon ribosome binding site,
A DNA construct of the invention may be but is not limited to, for example, an extrachromosomal element. An extrachromosomal element may be for example, but is not limited to a vector. A vector of the invention may be, for example, but is not limited to a cosmid, plasmid, virus, phage, transposon, or minichromosome.
A DNA construct of the invention may include at least one promoter selected from, but not limited to, a trc promoter, a tac promoter, a trp promoter, a lac promoter, a lambda-P_Rpromoter, a constitutive Ptac-like promoter (SEQ ID NO: 16), a lambda-P_Lpromoter, a lacUV5 promoter, an araBAD promoter, a lpp promoter, and a lpp-lac promoter.
A further aspect of the invention includes a host cell comprising a DNA construct according to the invention. Such a host cell may be, for example, an E. coli cell. A host cell may be a cell that over-produces L-threonine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-lysine, and/or L-homoserine. Preferably a host cell is a cell that overproduces L-threonine.
A yet still further aspect of the invention includes a process for producing L-threonine, comprising culturing an E. coli strain of the invention and/or a host cell of the invention in a culture medium.
In another aspect of the invention, a process for producing L-threonine using host cells and/or strains of the invention produces between about 40 and about 200 g/L of L-threonine in about 35 to about 60 hours of growth in culture; between about 60 and about 140 g/L of L-threonine in about 40 to about 55 hours of growth in culture; or between about 70 to about 100 g/L of L-threonine in about 45 to about 50 hours of growth in culture.
In a further aspect, the invention includes a strain of E. coli comprising an asd gene operably associated with a non-native promoter, where the asd gene product has a specific activity of between about 200 nmol/min/mg to about 30,000 nmol/min/mg.
In a yet still further aspect, the invention includes a strain of E. coli comprising an asd gene operably associated with a non-native promoter, where the asd gene product has a specific activity of between about 600 nmol/min/mg to about 9,000 nmol/min/mg.
Another aspect of the invention includes a method of making an E. coli cell that over-produces an amino acid, by selecting an E. coli parent cell that produces an amino acid in a given yield, then replacing a native asd promoter in the parent cell with a non-native promoter to produce an E. coli cell that produces the amino acid in a yield greater than the yield of the parent cell. This may also be accomplished by addition of a plasmid including at least one E. coli asd gene operably associated with a native and/or non-native promoter to a parent strain.
In a still further aspect, the invention includes the strains of E. coli selected from S4397-117-1, S4480-155-2, S4480-182-1, S4480-182-4, and TH25.79 including at least one copy of plasmid p4202-133-1. The invention may further include plasmid p4202-133-1.
In a further aspect, the invention may include a culture medium comprising a host cell and/or strain of the invention. The invention may also include a constitutive Ptac-like promoter (SEQ ID NO: 16).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. FIG. 1 depicts homologous recombination to exchange promoters used to express the asd gene. spcR=spectinomycin resistance cartridge, rightward facing arrows show approximate position of heterologous promoters (either Ptac or Ptrc). A linear PCR product (top line) containing spcR and a heterologous promoter are crossed into the chromosome (middle line) to yield strain with a heterologous promoter driving asd expression with a spectinomycin resistance immediately upstream of the heterologous promoter.

FIG. 2. FIG. 2 depicts the sequence of PCR primers used (SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, as shown). Bold residues provide sequence homology to asd allele and allow PCR product to be crossed into the chromosome via homologous recombination. Underlined residues encode promoter or a portion of a promoter (either Ptrc (SEQ ID NO: 5) or Ptac (SEQ ID NO: 6)). Boxed residues encode the start codon of asd.

FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows the sequence of promoter regions of five different constructs with the start codon (ATG) boxed. Ptac with asd ribosome binding site as integrated in strain s4397-117-1 (SEQ ID NO:7). Ptrc with asd ribosome binding site as integrated in strain s4480-155-2 (SEQ ID NO:8). Ptac with lac ribosome binding site as integrated in strain s4480-182-1 (SEQ ID NO:9). Ptrc with lac ribosome binding site as integrated in strain s4480-182-4 (SEQ ID NO:10). Constitutive Ptac-like promoter with asd binding site as found in plasmid p4202-133-1, included in a TH25.79 host cell (SEQ ID NO: 11).

FIG. 4. FIG. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence of the asd gene of E. coli strain K-12 (SEQ ID NO: 12) as reported in Kessler, I. M., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 33:D334-7 (2005).

FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows the nucleotide sequence of the asd gene, as well as the preceding 500 base pairs and succeeding 500 base pairs, of E. coli strain K-12 (SEQ ID NO: 13) as reported in Keseler, I. M., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 33:D334-7 (2005).

FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows the sequence of PCR primers used in Example 7 (SEQ ID NOS: 14-15, as shown). Bold and underlined sequences show restriction endonucleases sites. Bold sequences show linker and/or bases flanking the endonucleases sites. Underlined sequences show the residues of the Ptac promoter. Normal sequences show the where the PCR product is crossed into the chromosome via homologous recombination. A constitutive Ptac-like promoter of the invention is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides strains of novel microorganisms that, when grown in culture, produce relatively large amounts of amino acids, for example, L-threonine, L-lysine, L-homoserine, methionine and/or L-isoleucine. Also provided are methods for producing the strains and methods for use of the strains to produce amino acids, for example, L-threonine, L-lysine, L-homoserine, methionine and/or L-isoleucine.

I. Definitions

To provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given to terms therein, the following definitions are provided. Note that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a polynucleotide” is understood to represent one or more polynucleotides. As such, the terms “a,” “an,” “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
Chromosomal Integration. As used herein, the term “chromosomal integration” refers to insertion of an exogenous DNA fragment into the chromosome of a host organism.
Constitutive. As used herein, the term “constitutive” refers to a promoter that is expressed and not known to be subject to regulation completely ceasing expression; that is, it is always “on.”
Cosmid. As used herein, the term “cosmid” refers to a hybrid vector comprised of plasmid sequences and the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda.
Endogenous. As used herein, the term “endogenous” refers to a DNA sequence in an organism that is naturally occurring within that organism.
Exogenous. As used herein, the term “exogenous” refers to a DNA sequence in an organism that is not naturally occurring within that organism.
Extrachromosomal element. As used herein, the term “extrachromosomal element” refers to elements not associated with a chromosome. Extrachromosomal elements of the invention include, for example, but are not limited to, vectors. A vector may be, for example, but is not limited to a plasmid, cosmid, virus, phage, transposon or minichromosome.
Heterologous. As used herein, the term “heterologous” refers to structures from different sources, or having different evolutionary structure and/or function.
Homologous. As used herein, the term “homologous” refers to structures from the same source, or having the same evolutionary structure or function.
Homologous Recombination. As used herein, the term “homologous recombination” refers to the exchange of homologous or nearly homologous sequences between two DNA molecules.
Inducer. As used herein, the term “inducer” refers to a molecule that acts to stimulate transcription from an inducible promoter. The presence of an inducer (usually, but not always, an external molecule) stimulates transcription.
Isolated Polynucleotide. As used herein, the term “isolated polynucleotide” means a polynucleotide, DNA or RNA, that has been removed from its native environment. For example, recombinant DNA molecules contained in a vector are considered isolated. Further examples of isolated DNA molecules include recombinant DNA molecules maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) DNA molecules in solution. A nucleic acid molecule contained in a clone that is a member of a mixed clone library and that has not been isolated from other clones of the library or a chromosome isolated or removed from a cell or a cell lysate, is not “isolated.” Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of DNA molecules included in the invention. Isolated DNA also includes DNA that is produced by PCR amplification.
Native promoter. As used herein, the term “native promoter” refers to a promoter that is an endogenous promoter operably associated with a gene in a parent strain.
Non-native promoter. As used herein, the term “non-native promoter” may refer to a promoter that is an endogenous promoter operably associated with a different gene than that with which it is operably associated in the microorganism as it is found in nature. A non-native promoter may also be a heterologous promoter.
A non-native promoter may also be a promoter that has had its sequence changed, deleted, replaced, and/or mutated with reference to a parent strain. Such change, deletion, replacement, and/or mutation may come about through any mechanism. Some possible mechanisms include but are not limited to chemical mutagenesis, ultraviolet mutagenesis, recombination, or other means as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. A non-native promoter may be created by one or more changes, deletions, replacements, or mutations. A non-native promoter may be created by multiple and/or successive mutations, changes, deletions, and/or replacements to a series of parental strains.
Operably associated. As used herein, the term “operably associated” refers to an associated of nucleic acid elements in a functional relationship. A nucleic acid is “operably associated” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably associated with a polypeptide coding region if it affects the transcription of the polypeptide coding region. Operably associated nucleic acids are typically close together or contiguous and, where necessary, optimal, or useful, join two polypeptide coding regions, contiguous and in reading frame.
Operon. As used herein, the term “operon” refers to a contiguous portion of a transcriptional complex in which two or more open reading frames encoding polypeptides are transcribed as a multi-cistronic messenger RNA, controlled by a cis-acting promoter and possibly including other cis-acting sequences necessary for efficient transcription, as well as possibly including additional cis acting sequences important for efficient transcription and translation.
Over-produce. As used herein, the term “over-produce” refers to the production of a compound by a cell in an amount greater than the amount produced by a reference strain. A reference strain may be, for example, a parent strain used to produce a strain of the invention. A reference strain may also be a wild-type strain.
Parent strain. As used herein, the term “parent strain” refers to a strain of microorganism that is mutated, electroporated, or otherwise changed to provide a strain or host cell of the invention, or a strain that precedes a strain that has been mutated, electroporated, or otherwise changed to provide a strain or host cell of the invention.
Plasmid. As used herein, the term “plasmid” refers to a circular extrachromosomal element that may be used as a vector for cloning.
Promoter. As used herein, the term “promoter” refers to a portion of a gene containing DNA sequences that provide for binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription and thus refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. Promoter sequences are commonly, but not always, found in the 5′ non-coding regions of genes, upstream of one or more open reading frames encoding polypeptides. Sequence elements within promoters that function in the initiation of transcription are often characterized by consensus nucleotide sequences. A promoter sequence may include both proximal and more distal upstream elements. Examples of proximal elements in bacterial promoters include a -10 region and a -35 region. A promoter may be, for example, constitutive, inducible, or environmentally responsive.
A promoter may be derived in its entirety from a native gene or may be a hybrid promoter. Hybrid promoters may be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, and/or may comprise synthetic DNA segments.
Promoter, endogenous. As used herein, the term “endogenous promoter” refers to a promoter sequence that is a naturally occurring promoter sequence within the wild-type of a selected host microorganism.
Promoter, heterologous. As used herein, the term “heterologous promoter” refers to a promoter sequence that is a non-naturally occurring promoter sequence in a selected host microorganism. A non-naturally occurring promoter sequence may be from any prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism.
Promoter, synthetic. As used herein, the term “synthetic promoter” means a nucleotide sequence having promoter activity that is not known to be found in nature.
Regulation. As used herein, the term “regulation” refers to the rising and falling levels of some gene products in response to molecular signals. These gene products may be, for example, but are not limited to proteins and mRNA. Regulation may be “positive regulation,” (or “induction”) in which gene products increase under particular circumstances. Regulation may be “negative regulation,” (or “repression”) in which gene products decrease under particular circumstances.
Ribosome binding site (RBS). As used herein, the term “ribosome binding site” refers to a region of an mRNA molecule that binds a ribosome to initiate translation.
Ribosome binding site, non-native. As used herein, the term “non-native ribosome binding site” may refer to a ribosome binding site that is an endogenous ribosome binding site operably associated with a different gene than that with which it is operably associated in the microorganism as it is found in nature. A non-native ribosome binding site may also be a heterologous ribosome binding site. A non-native ribosome binding site may also be a ribosome binding site that has had its sequence changed, deleted, replaced, and/or mutated with reference to a parent strain. Such change, deletion, replacement, and/or mutation may come about through any mechanism. Some possible mechanisms include but are not limited to chemical mutagenesis, ultraviolet mutagenesis, recombination, or other means as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. A non-native ribosome binding site may be created by one or more changes, deletions, replacements, or mutations. A non-native ribosome binding site may be created by multiple and/or successive mutations, changes, deletions, and/or replacements to a series of parental strains.
Strain. As used herein, the term “strain” refers to bacteria of a particular species that have common characteristics. Unless indicated to the contrary, the terms “strain” and “cell” are used interchangeably herein.
Suppressor and Repressor. As used herein, the terms “suppressor” and “repressor” refer to molecules that act to block or reduce transcription from a derepressable promoter. A suppressor or repressor may be produced by a host cell and/or added to a medium in which a host cell is being grown or will be grown. During growth of a host cell a suppressor substance may be metabolized by the host cell, removing the host cell from culture medium and increasing transcription from the derepressable promoter.
Vector. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a DNA molecule capable of replication in a host organism.
Yield. As used herein, the term “yield” refers to the amount of a product produced in relation to the amount of raw material consumed. With respect to amino acids produced by a microorganism, yield refers to the amount of amino acid produced with respect to the amount of raw material consumed by the process. For example, when 100 grams of dextrose is consumed by a microorganism that produces 25 grams of L-isoleucine, the yield of L-isoleucine, with respect to the dextrose, is 25%.
Unless otherwise indicated, all nucleotide sequences newly described herein were determined using an automated DNA sequencer (such as the Model 373 from Applied Biosystems, Inc.). Therefore, as is known in the art, for any DNA sequence determined by this automated approach, any nucleotide sequence determined herein may contain some errors.
Nucleotide sequences determined by automation are typically at least about 90% identical, more typically at least about 95% to at least about 99.9% identical to the actual nucleotide sequence of the sequenced DNA molecule. Those skilled in the art will recognize other ways in which one might check a DNA sequence.

II. Strains

Aspects of the invention include both methods of producing cells that over-produce an amino acid or amino acids as well as cells produced by those methods, descendants of those cells, and cells with similar characteristics. Although the invention is discussed herein in the context of the production of L-threonine, it is to be understood that methods, strains, and constructs of the invention may be used to produce other amino acids, including but not limited to L-methionine, L-isoleucine, and L-lysine.
Strains of the invention may include chromosomes and/or vectors including one or more asd genes, wherein at least one of the asd genes is operably associated with at least one promoter that is not a native asd promoter. Although applicants do not wish to be bound by any theory, it is believed that having an asd gene operably associated with a promoter that is not a native asd promoter will reduce or eliminate the regulation of the asd gene by the presence of lysine, which is believed to suppress production of aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
A non-native promoter with or without a non-native ribosome binding site may replace a native asd promoter and/or a native asd ribosome binding site, wherein the native asd promoter and/or native asd ribosome binding site is deleted, interrupted, or partially deleted and partially interrupted. For example, in strains S4397-117-1, S4480-155-2, S4480-182-1, and S4480-182-4, nucleotide sequences upstream of the transcriptional start site are derived entirely from the synthetic promoter and/or the synthetic RBS, with the native asd sequence beginning after the location of the start of transcription. By way of further example, plasmid p4202-133-1 includes a constitutive Ptac-like promoter, which includes the -10 region of the Ptac promoter, but nucleotides -1 through -5 (and, of course, others) when counted from the transcriptional start site are from the native asd promoter region. In a further aspect of the invention, the non-native promoter may be inserted in addition to a native promoter in the operon.
As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, one or more marker genes may be included in a chromosome and/or vector in addition to the non-native promoter. For example, a spectinomycin gene and a spectinomycin gene promoter may be inserted in a chromosome between the native promoter and the asd gene.
A number of promoters may be suitable for the invention. They include, for example, but are not limited to, the promoters tac, trc, lac, lpp, trp, lambda-P_L, lambda-P_R, lacUV5, araBAD, and lpp-lac. Exemplary nucleotide sequences for the promoters trc and tac are set forth in FIG. 2, and are SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6, respectively.
A plasmid, chromosome or chromosomes of the strains of the invention may include more than one asd gene, and each gene may independently have either a non-native or native promoter operably associated with that gene. If there are more than one asd gene in a chromosome, they may include non-native promoters that are the same or different.
In addition to including a promoter that is not a native asd promoter operably associated with at least one asd gene, a strain of the invention may include a ribosome binding site operably associated with an asd gene and a non-native promoter, where the ribosome binding site is either a native asd ribosome binding site or a non-native ribosome binding site. Non-native ribosome binding sites for use in the invention include ribosome binding sites from lac, thrA, folA, araC, araB, galE, ompA, trpE, lamB, MS2 coat, and Qβ coat.
The native asd promoter in wild-type E. coli is said to be susceptible to regulation by lysine. In one aspect of the invention, a non-native promoter and/or non-native ribosome binding site is selected to decrease or eliminate lysine regulation of asd in a strain of the invention relative to a parent E. coli strain.
It should be understood that throughout this disclosure, nucleotide sequences and/or promoters disclosed in this invention should be construed to include both the consensus sequences for those sequences and/or promoters, and, in some aspects of the invention, nucleotide sequences that are at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a disclosed sequence. Unless explicitly stated in the claims, it is not the intention of the inventors to be bound to a particular nucleotide sequence; those skilled in the art will recognize that some variation is both possible and customary within the above parameters, particularly but not limited to variation among strains in different laboratories or other environments.
As a practical matter, whether any particular nucleotide sequence is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence can be determined conventionally using sequence analysis computer programs such as OMIGA® Version 2.0 for Windows, available from Oxford Molecular, Ltd. (Oxford, U.K.) or the GCG Wisconsin Package®. OMIGA® uses the CLUSTAL W alignment algorithm using the slow full dynamic programming alignment method with default parameters of an open gap penalty of 10 and an extend gap penalty of 5.0, to find the best alignment between two nucleotide sequences. When using CLUSTAL W or another sequence alignment program to determine whether a particular sequence is, for instance, 95% identical to a reference sequence, the parameters may be set such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the reference nucleotide sequence such that gaps, mismatches, or insertions of up to 5% of the total number of nucleotides in the reference sequence are allowed. Other sequence analysis methods and programs as known in the art may be used in the invention.
Experiments described in this disclosure used the GCG® Wisconsin Package® (Wisconsin Package Version 10.3, Accelrys Inc., San Diego, Calif. Portions of SeqLAb are based on the “Genetic Data Environment (GDE)”, originally developed in the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Ill., USA, and licensed to GCG), a sequencing program available from Accelrys®. Elements of the Wisconsin Package® that were used include GAP, SSEARCH, FASTA, and BLAST.
Gap considers all possible alignments and gap positions between two sequences and creates a global alignment that maximizes the number of matched residues and minimizes the number and size of gaps. A scoring matrix is used to assign values for symbol matches. In addition, a gap creation penalty and a gap extension penalty are required to limit the insertion of gaps into the alignment. Gap uses the alignment method of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48; 443-453 (1970)) that has been shown to be equivalent to Sellers, SIAM, J. of Applied Math 26; 787-793 (1974)).
SSearch uses William Pearson's implementation of the method of Smith and Waterman, Advances in Applied Mathematics 2; 482-489 (1981), to search for similarities between one sequence (the query) and any group of sequences of the same type (nucleic acid or protein) as the query sequence.
FastA uses the method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85; 2444-2448 (1988)) to search for similarities between one sequence (the query) and any group of sequences of the same type (nucleic acid or protein) as the query sequence.
In the first step of this search, the comparison can be viewed as a set of dot plots, with the query as the vertical sequence and the group of sequences to which the query is being compared as the different horizontal sequences. This first step finds the registers of comparison (diagonals) having the largest number of short perfect matches (words) for each comparison. In the second step, these “best” regions are rescored using a scoring matrix that allows conservative replacements, ambiguity symbols, and runs of identities shorter than the size of a word. In the third step, the program checks to see if some of these initial highest-scoring diagonals can be joined together. Finally, the search set sequences with the highest scores are aligned to the query sequence for display.
A FastA word is any short sequence (n-mer or k-tuple) where one has set n to some small integer less than or equal to six. For example, the word GGATGG is one of the 4,096 possible words of length six that can be created from an alphabet consisting of the four letters G, A, T, and C. By way of further example, the word QL is one of the 400 possible words of length two that one can make with the 20 letters of the amino acid alphabet.
BLAST, or Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, uses the method of Altschul, et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990)) to search for similarities between a query sequence and all the sequences in a database.
The release of BLAST used in deducting sequences as described herein implements version 2 of BLAST from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) described in Altschul, et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17): 3389-3402 (1997). BLAST is known as “gapped BLAST” because, in addition to offering a three-fold speedup over the original BLAST, it generates gapped alignments between query and database sequences,

III. DNA Constructs

In another aspect, the invention includes DNA constructs (e.g. extrachromosomal elements) that comprise at least a portion of an asd operon, for instance an asd gene, or for instance an E. coli asd gene operably associated with at least one promoter that is not the native asd promoter. DNA constructs of the invention may further include a ribosome binding site that is not the native E. coli asd gene ribosome binding site, for instance the lac ribosome binding site. Of course, DNA constructs of the invention may include other elements known to those in the art.
DNA constructs of the invention may be a vector or vectors. Vectors of the invention may comprise at least one regulatory element. For example, a regulatory element may be a promoter, operator, activator, and/or repressor. Vectors may also comprise an initiation sequence or sequences and/or a ribosome binding site or ribosome binding sites. Vectors may further comprise a selectable marker. Regulatory elements may be located on chromosomes of host cells and/or within other vectors.
DNA used for chromosomal integration as described in the invention may be generated, for example, using PCR (the polymerase chain reaction). PCR processes are set forth, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,202, 4,683,195, 4,965,188, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Vectors of the invention may be, but are not limited to, a virus, a phage, a cosmid, a plasmid, a transposon, or a minichromosome. In a further aspect of the invention, a promoter operably associated with an asd gene in a DNA construct may be, for example, but is not limited to, tac, trc, lac, trp, lambda-P_L, lambda-P_R, lacUV5, araBAD, lpp, and lpp-lac.
In a further aspect of the invention, a host cell is provided that includes a DNA construct of the invention. A host cell may be a microorganism, including, for example, an E. coli cell, and may include further modifications or inclusions as will be recognized those skilled in the art. The host cell may produce at least one of L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and/or L-homoserine. In one aspect, the host cell produces at least one of L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, and/or L-homoserine in higher yield than a wild-type host cell that does not bear at least one DNA construct of the invention.

IV. Culture Media and Processes for Amino Acid Production

The invention is also directed to use of the above-described and below-claimed strains and host cells in fermentation processes for production of amino acids in general. Such amino acids may include, for example, amino acids of the asparate family. Amino acids of the aspartate family may include, for example, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine and L-lysine. Amino acids may be obtained, for example, by culturing strains or host cells of the invention in a synthetic or natural medium containing at least one carbon source, at least one nitrogen source, and, as appropriate, inorganic salts, growth factors, and the like.
Examples of suitable carbon sources include but are not limited to carbohydrates, such as dextrose, fructose, starch, sucrose, starch hydrolysate, cellulose hydrolysate and molasses; organic acids, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, formic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and fumaric acid; and alcohols, such as glycerol and ethanol.
Examples of suitable nitrogen sources include but are not limited to ammonia, including ammonia gas and aqueous ammonia; ammonium salts of inorganic or organic acids, such as ammonium chloride, ammomium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium acetate; and other nitrogen-containing substances, including meat extract, peptone, corn steep liquor, casein hydrolysate, soybean cake hydrolysate and yeast extract.
Culture media suitable for use with the invention includes but is not limited to the following media:
1. Minimal Medium. Davis minimal media (per 1 liter 7.0 g dipotassium phosphate, 2.0 g monopotassium phosphate, 0.5 g/l sodium citrate, 0.1 magnesium sulfate, 1.0 g ammonium sulfate, pH 7.0 supplemented with a carbon source (typically dextrose) to 0.1% (w/v) and supplemented as needed with a source of amino acids (typically 0.1% casamino acids (w/v) or 0.15% yeast extract (w/v)).
2. SM2(24.36 g/l K₂HPO₄, 9.52 g/l KH2PO₄, 15 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l (NH₄)2SO₄, 32.5 g/l dextrose, 1.0 g/l MgSO₄-7H₂O pH 7.2).
3. BTC3 (1.0 g/l K2HPO4, 10.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 40.8 g/l Bis-Tris, 20 ml/l 50% solids corn steep liquor (Sigma), 25.0 g/l dextrose, and 1.2 g/l MgSO4-7H2O pH 7.0 supplemented as needed with amino acids source (typically 1.0% casamino acids or 1.5% yeast extract (w/v)).
Amino acids may be commercially produced using strains of the invention in, for example, batch type or fed-batch type fermentation processes. In batch type fermentations, nutrients are added at the beginning of the fermentation. In fed-batch or extended fed-batch type fermentations one or more nutrients are supplied (1) continuously to the culture, (2) from the beginning of the fermentation or after the culture has reached a certain age, and/or (3) when the nutrient(s) that are fed are exhausted from the culture medium.
A variation of the extended batch of fed-batch type fermentation is the repeated fed-batch or fill-and-draw fermentation, where part of the contents of the fermentor may be removed at a particular time (e.g., when the fermentor is full) while feeding of a nutrient is continued. In this way a fermentation can be extended for a longer time as compared to when such methods are not used.
Another type of fermentation, continuous fermentation or chemostat culture, uses continuous feeding of a complete medium while culture fluid is continuously or semi-continuously withdrawn in such a way that the volume of the broth in the fermentor remains approximately constant. A continuous fermentation can in theory be maintained for an infinite period of time.
In a batch fermentation, the cultured organism grows until either one of the essential nutrients in the medium becomes exhausted or fermentation conditions become unfavorable (e.g., the pH decreases to a value inhibitory for microbial growth). In fed-batch fermentations measures are normally taken to maintain favorable growth conditions (e.g., by using pH control) and exhaustion of one or more essential nutrients is prevented by feeding these nutrient(s) to the culture. Cultured microorganism will normally continue to grow at a rate determined by the rate of nutrient feed.
In some instances a single nutrient, very often a carbon source, will become limiting for growth. The same principle applies during continuous fermentation, in which one nutrient in the medium feed may be limiting and all of the other nutrients are in excess. After the microorganisms have stopped growing, the limiting nutrient will generally be present in the culture fluid in an extremely low concentration.
While different types of nutrient limitation can be employed, carbon source limitation is used most often. Other examples are limiting nutrients include the nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, trace metal, and oxygen sources. Vitamins and amino acid may also be limiting nutrients, particularly where a microorganism being cultured is auxotrophic for a limiting amino acid or vitamin.
After cultivation, amino acids (e.g., L-threonine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, L-lysine, and/or L-isoleucine) that have accumulated in the culture broth may be separated according to one or more of a variety of methods. For example, ion-exchange resins according to purify L-threonine according to methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,766. This method involves first removing the microorganisms from the culture broth by centrifugation and then adjusting the pH of the broth to about 2 using hydrochloric acid. The acidified solution is subsequently passed through a strongly acidic cation exchange resin and the adsorbent eluted using dilute aqueous ammonia. The ammonia is removed by evaporation under vacuum, and the resulting solution is condensed. Addition of alcohol and subsequent cooling provides crystals of L-threonine. A similar method for the purification of L-isoleucine from culture media is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,918.

VI. Examples

The examples below are only representative of some aspects of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention as set forth in the specification can be practiced with a variety of microorganisms and promoters. These examples and the strains used therein should not be interpreted as limiting the invention in any way not explicitly stated in the claims.

Example 1

Example 1 describes the production of strains with Ptac or Ptrc promoters inserted immediately upstream of the asd gene of Escherichia coli positioned in a manner that causes the constitutive high expression level of the asd gene product,
Ptac and Ptrc promoters (De Boer, et al, 1983; Brosius et al., 1985; and FIG. 3) were inserted upstream of the wild-type asd gene by transformation of strain TH25.79 with linear DNA encoding the streptomycin resistance gene from plasmid pBSL175 (Alexeyev et al., 1995) (FIG. 1). Plasmid pBSL175 was used as template in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers asdUS-spc2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) (FIG. 2) and asd-tac-spcl (SEQ ID NO: 1) (FIG. 2) (for insertion of the Ptac promoter) or asd-trc-spc1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) (FIG. 2) (for insertion of the Ptrc promoter). These PCR products contained the streptomycin resistance gene flanked by sequence homologous to that of the asd allele of strain TH25.79 and with the Ptac or Ptrc promoter substituted for the Pasd promoter (Haziza et al., 1982a). The PCR was performed using Advantage HF™ PCR kits (Clontech) following the manufacturer's directions. 50 ul reactions included 5 ul of 10×HF PCR reaction buffer (Clontech proprietary formula), 5 ul 10×HF dNTP mix (Clontech proprietary formula), 1 ul 50×Advantage-HF polymerase mix (which is composed of 50% glycerol, 40 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 25 mM (NH₄)₂SO4, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.25% Thesit, 1.1 ug/ul TaqStart antibody, a Clontech proprietary amount of KlenTaq-1 DNA polymerase, and a Clontech proprietary amount of Deep Vent™ DNA polymerase), 0.5 ul of each primer (100 pmol/ul) and 1 ul of template DNA (1-50 pg/ul). Cycling was performed in an Applied Biosystems 9700 thermocycler as follows: pretreatment at 94° C. for 4 min then 25 cycles of 10 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 55° C. and 90 sec at 68° C.
The PCR products were then used to transform strain TH25.79 carrying plasmid pKD46 following protocols previously described (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000) with the following modifications: 50 ml LB (Difco) cultures (in 250 ml baffled shake flasks) of strain s4370-69-2 carrying plasmid pKD46 growing at 30° C. on an orbital shaker were grown to an OD₆₀₀of 0.4. 0.5 ml of 20% (w/v) arabinose was then added and the cultures were allowed to grow another 2.0 hours after which time electrocompetent cells were prepared by following the procedure of Datsenko and Wanner (2000).
Electroporation was performed by suspending 1.0-3.0 ug of precipitated PCR product in 45 μl of electrocompetent cells and transferring the mixture to a 0.1 cm electroporation cuvette. The cuvette was then pulsed in a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser® II at 1.8 kV, 25 μF, and 200Ω. The cells were then grown out in 1 ml 2YT (Difco) for 4 hours at 37° C. and the entire 1 ml was plated onto LB agar with 7.5 μg/ml spectinomycin and incubated at 37° C. for a period of 2-3 days.
Resultant spectinomycin resistant strains were cured of plasmid pKD46 as described in Datsenko and Wanner (2000), yielding strains s4397-117-1 (with Ptac driving Asd expression (SEQ ID NO: 7)), and s4480-155-2 (with Ptrc driving Asd expression (SEQ ID NO: 8)).

Example 2

Example 2 describes the production of strains with the constitutive high expression of the asd gene product controlled either by promoter Ptac and the lac ribosomal binding site from Escherichia coli or by Ptrc and the lac ribosomal binding site from Escherichia coli.
Substitution of the native asd ribosomal binding site (Haziza et al., 1982b) with the ribosomal binding site of the lac operon of Escherichia coli (Looman et al., 1985) was accomplished by transformation of linear DNA encoding the streptomycin resistance gene from plasmid pBSL175 (Alexeyev et al., 1995). The linear DNA was produced by PCR using primers asdUS-spc2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) (FIG. 2) and asd-tac/trcrev2 (SEQ ID NO: 3) (FIG. 2) with chromosomal DNA from strain s4397-117-1 (Table 1) or strain s4480-155-2 (Table 1) as template.

TABLE 1

Construction of four different promoter-asd fusions
in the wild-type strain TH25.79 showing promoter used,
ribosomal binding site source, and primers and templates
used to make PCR products used in transformation of linear DNA.

Ribosome

Strain	Promoter	binding site	Primers	Template

S4397-117-1	Ptac	asd	asd-tac-spc1	pBSL175
			(SEQ ID NO: 1) &
			asdUS-spc2
			(SEQ ID NO: 2)

S4480-155-2	Ptrc	asd	asd-trc-spc1	pBSL175
			(SEQ ID NO: 4) &
			asdUS-spc2
			(SEQ ID NO: 2)

S4480-182-1	Ptac	lac	asd-tac/trcrev2	S4397-117-1
			(SEQ ID NO: 3) &	chromosome
			asdUS-spc2
			(SEQ ID NO: 2)

S4480-182-4	Ptrc	lac	asd-tac/trcrev2	S4480-155-2
			(SEQ ID NO: 3) &	chromosome
			asdUS-spc2
			(SEQ ID NO: 2)

TH25.79	Pasd	asd

These PCR products encoded the streptomycin resistance gene flanked by DNA homologous to the asd allele (Blattner et al., 1997) of strain TH25.79 and include either the Ptac (SEQ ID NO: 6) (De Boer et al., 1983 and FIG. 3) or the Ptrc (SEQ ID NO: 5) (Brosius et al., 1985 and FIG. 3) promoter along with the ribosomal binding site from the lac operon substituted for the asd ribosomal binding site. The PCR was performed using Advantage HF™ PCR kits (Clontech) following the manufacturer's directions. 50 ul reactions included 5 ul of 10×HF PCR reaction buffer (Clontech proprietary formula), 5 ul 10×HF dNTP mix (Clontech proprietary formula), 1 ul 50×Advantage-HF polymerase mix (which is composed of 50% glycerol, 40 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 25 mM (NH₄)₂SO4, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.25% Thesit, 1.1 ug/ul TaqStart antibody, a Clontech proprietary amount of KlenTaq-1 DNA polymerase, and a Clontech proprietary amount of Deep Vent™ DNA polymerase), 0.5 ul of each primer (100 pmol/ul) and 1 ul of template DNA (1-50 pg/ul) Cycling was performed in an Applied Biosystems 9700 thermocycler as follows: pretreatment at 94° C. for 4 min then 25 cycles of 10 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 55° C. and 90 sec at 68° C.
The PCR products were then used to transform strain TH25.79 carrying plasmid pKD46 following protocols previously described (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000) with the following modifications: 50 ml LB (Difco) cultures (in 250 ml baffled shake flasks) of strain s4370-69-2 carrying plasmid pKD46 growing at 30° C. on an orbital shaker were grown to an OD₆₀₀of 0.4. 0.5 ml of 20% (w/v) arabinose was then added and the cultures were allowed to grow another 2.0 hours after which time electrocompetent cells were prepared following the procedure of Datsenko and Wanner (2000).
Electroporation was performed by suspending 1.0-3.0 ug of precipitated PCR product in 45 μl of electrocompetent cells and transferring the mixture to a 0.1 cm electroporation cuvette. The cuvette was then pulsed in a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser® II at 1.8 kV, 25 μF, and 200 Ω. The cells were then grown out in 1 ml 2YT (Difco) for 4 hours at 37° C. and the entire 1 ml was plated onto LB agar with 7.5 μg/ml spectinomycin and incubated at 37° C. for a period of 2-3 days.
Resultant spectinomycin resistant strains were cured of plasmid pKD46 as described in Datsenko and Wanner (2000), yielding strains s4480-182-1 (with the Ptac promoter driving asd (SEQ ID NO: 9)) and s4480-182-4 (with the Ptrc promoter driving Asd expression (SEQ ID NO: 10)).

Example 3

Example 3 demonstrates the utility of placing Ptac or Ptrc promoters upstream of asd for causing high expression levels of the asd gene product.
To assess the expression levels of Asd achieved by placing asd under the control of either Ptac or Ptrc, mutant strains were grown in shake flasks and assayed for Asd specific activity. Strains TH25.79, s4397-117-1, s4480-155-2, s4480-182-1, and s4480-182-4 (strains listed in Table 1) were grown in 20 ml media SM2 (24.36 g/l K₂HPO₄, 9.52 g/l KH2PO₄, 15 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l (NH₄)2SO₄, 32.5 g/l dextrose, 1.0 g/l MgSO₄-7H₂O pH 7.2) overnight on a New Brunswick G53 shaker at 240 rpm at 37° C. The resultant biomass was assayed for Asd specific activity by following the L-aspartate β-semialdehyde dependent reduction of NADP⁺ as previously described (Cremer et al., 1988). As shown in Table 2, Asd activity is increased greatly by the introduction of either a Ptac promoter or a Ptrc promoter in front of the asd gene. Under these growth conditions, Asd specific activity ranges from 6.8 fold higher than wild-type (Ptrc with lac ribosome binding site) to 37.0 fold higher than wild-type (Ptac with asd ribosome binding site).

TABLE 2

Asd activity from various strains:

	Strain	Asd activity (nmol/min/mg)

	TH25.79	239.4
	S4397-117-1	8865.6
	S4480-155-2	8364.5
	S4480-182-1	2662.8
	S4480-182-4	1635.5

	Table 2. Asd enzyme specific activities of promoter-asd fusion strains when grown in media SM2. Each strain was assayed six times and averages are shown. Strains S4397-117-1, S4480-155-2, S4480-182-1, and S4480-182-4, were deposited on Mar. 1, 2005, at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Illinois, They were assigned deposit numbers NRRLB-30824, NRRLB-30825, NRRLB-30826, and NRRLB-30827, respectively.

Example 4

The following example illustrates that placing control of asd expression under the control of a Ptac promoter causes the expression of the asd gene product to become insensitive to the presence of amino acids in the growth media.
The wild-type promoter of asd is normally repressed in the presence of lysine, threonine and/or methionine (Haziza et at, 1982a). In order to test what effect amino acids have on the expression levels of Asd when the Ptac promoter is controlling asd expression, strains TH25.79 (wild-type asd promoter) and s4397-117-1 (including Ptac controlling asd expression (SEQ ID NO: 7)) were grown in the presence and absence of high levels of amino acid sources. Strains TH25.79 and s4397-117-1 (Table 1) were grown in 20 ml media BTC3 (1.0 g/l K2HPO4, 10.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 40.8 g/l Bis-Tris, 20 ml/l 50% solids corn steep liquor (Sigma), 25.0 g/l dextrose, and 1.2 g/l MgSO4-7H2O pH 7.0) with no supplementation, or with supplementation with either 1.0% casamino acids or with 1.5% yeast extract to an OD₆₀₀of 7.0 in 250 ml baffled flasks on a New Brunswick G53 shaker at 240 rpm at 37° C. The resultant biomass was assayed for Asd specific activity by following the L-aspartate β-semialdehyde dependent reduction of NADP⁺ as previously described (Cremer et al., 1988). As shown in Table 3, the wild-type promoter of TH25.79 is sensitive to the addition of amino acids, while the Ptac promoter of strain s4397-117-1 is insensitive. The presence of high levels of amino acids reduces the level of Asd in strain TH25.79 about 60%. Strain s4397-117-1 has no reduction in Asd levels when grown in the presence of high concentrations of amino acid sources.

TABLE 3

Asd activity in strains TH25.79 and s4397-117-1 (Ptac-asd)
when supplemented with amino acid sources:
Asd activity (nmol/min/mg)

	Strain	No supplement	+1.0% CAA	+1.5% YE

TH25.79	1719.4	629.0	680.6
S4397-117-1	6187.4	6411.6	7109.9

Table 3. Asd enzyme specific activities of strains TH25.79 (including wild-type promoter) and s4397-117-1 (including Ptac promoter with asd (SEQ ID NO: 7)) when grown with or without amino acid supplementation. Each strain was assayed six times and averages are shown.

Example 5

Example 5 discusses average performance of strain s4397-117-1 relative to strain TH25.79 in fermentors.
The average performance of strain s4397-117-1, relative to the parent strain TH25.79, was determined over a series of 69 fermentation runs with the test strain and 63 fermentation runs with the parent strain, where all runs were conducted in the same facility and in the same time period. Run specifications such as optical density, final product concentration, rate and yield are the averages for all runs with a particular strain.
Four 2000 mL shake flasks containing 500 mL of Medium A, were each inoculated with 1.6 mL of a culture that had previously been grown to an average optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₆₀) of 6.0 in Medium A, and then had been frozen in the presence of 10% glycerol. The flasks were shaken at 37 deg C to an average OD₆₆₀of 3.8. The flask cultures were used to inoculate a prepared seed fermentor containing an average of 5,724 Gal of sterilized medium B. The fermentor was operated at pH 6.9, 101 deg F., under aeration and agitation sufficient until the culture attained an average OD₆₆₀of 14.9. The finished seed fermentor was used to inoculate a prepared final fermentor containing an average of 53,066 Gal of sterilized medium C. The fermentor was maintained at pH 6.9 and 90 deg F. at aeration and agitation rates that are typical for large-scale E. coli-based fermentations. The fermentors were operated in batch mode until the initial charge of dextrose was depleted, after which they were operated in fed-batch mode with dextrose solution as the feed. The fermentations were halted and the results were analyzed after an average of 42 hours of operation.
Strain s4397-117-1 showed, on average, a relative improvement of 2% higher in final product concentration, 10.8% higher in specific yield (measured as grams threonine produced per gram dextrose consumed), and 8% higher in product formation rate, relative to the average performance of the parent strain TH25.79.

TABLE 4

Culture Medium for Example 5

Item	Medium A	Medium B	Medium C

Difco Tryptic Soy Broth	30 g/L
Difco Yeast Extract	5 g/L
Corn Steep Liquor CSL		10	g/L	10	g/L
solids
D-Glucose		93	g/L	31	g/L
KH2PO4		2.5	g/L	2.5	g/L
MgSO4—7H2O		2.0	g/L	2.0	g/L
Citric acid		≦0.5	g/L	≦0.5	g/L
NH4SO4		≦0.5	g/L	≦0.5	g/L
MnSO4—H2O		≦0.5	g/L	≦0.5	g/L
FeSO4—7H2O		≦0.5	g/L	≦0.5	g/L

Example 6

Construction of Plasmid p4202-133-1

A. Isolation, Purification, and Enzymatic Digestion of the Plasmid pUC19
The plasmid pUC19 (GenBank Accession #M77789), which carries the ampicillin antibiotic resistance gene, was used as the source for the replication origin functional in E. coli. The pUC19 was prepared from E. coli cells that were grown on Luria Broth (10 g/l tryptone, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l NaCl) with 100 ug/ml ampicillin. The plasmid was isolated by alkaline method (H. C. Birnboim and J. Doly, Nucleic Acids Res., 7:1513-1523 (1979)). Approximately 1 μg of pUC19 was digested with BamHI and EcoRI to completion. The digest was phenol:chloroform:isoamyl extracted, then precipitated with three volumes of ethanol and 1/10 volume of 5M Na acetate. It was re-suspended in 20 μl of sterile double-distilled water (ddH₂O).
B. Polymerase Chain Reaction and preparation of the Constitutive Ptac-like promoter::asd PCR product.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was done using Invitrogen Corporation's Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Carlsburg, Calif.). The following was added to an autoclaved microcentrifuge tube on ice: 5 10×Pfx Amplification Buffer, 1.5 μl 10 mM dNTPs mixture, 1 μl 50 mM MgSO4, 0.75 μl 50 μM tac-asd-for (SEQ ID NO: 14) (FIG. 6), 0.75 μl 50 μM tac-asd-rev (SEQ ID NO: 15) (FIG. 6), 1 μl chromosomal DNA from Escherichia coli TH25.79 (˜50ng), 1 μl Platinum Pfx DNA polymerase, and 39 μl of sterile ddH₂O. The tube was capped and centrifuged briefly in an Eppendorf microcentrifuge (Hamburg, Germany) to collect content at the bottom of the tube. PerkinElmer Applied Biosystem's GeneAmp PCR system 9700 (Foster City, Calif.) was the thermal cycler used. A hot start was used at 94° C. for 2 minutes. The PCR was performed by having 35 cycles of the PCR amplification: the denaturant was at 94° C. for 30 seconds, the annealing was done at 50° C. for 30 seconds, and the extension was done at 72° C. for 2 minutes.
The constitutive Ptac-like promoter::asd PCR product was phenol:chloroform:isoamyl extracted. It was digested with BamHI and EcoRI to completion. The constitutive Ptac-like promoter::asd was again extracted with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl, then it was precipitated with 3 volumes of ethanol and 1/10 volume of 5M Na acetate. It was re-suspended in 10 μl of sterile ddH₂O.
C. Ligating and Transforming of p4202-133-1 into Strain Escherichia coli TH25.79
The constitutive Ptac-like promoter::asd PCR product contained one restriction site each for endonucleases HinDIII and PvuI. A ligation was done to construct the plasmid p4202-133-1. Promega (Madison, Wis.) T4 DNA ligase was used in this procedure. 1 μl pUC19 digested with BamHI and EcoRI, 3 μl Ptac::asd PCR product digested with BamHI and EcoRI, 1 μl of Ligase Buffer, 1 μl of Promega T4 DNA Ligase, and 4 μl of nuclease-free H₂O were mixed together in a sterile microcentrifuge tube, spun down briefly in Eppendorf microcentrifuge (Hamburg, Germany) at room temperature, and allowed to sit overnight at room temperature. The ligation mixture was transformed into Escherichia coli MCR. The plasmid was then isolated and purified and then transform into Escherichia coli TH25.79. The p4202-133-1 was isolated and purified and then digested with HinDIII and PvuI to completion, separately.
A strain of TH25.79 bearing plasmid p4202-133-1 was deposited on Mar. 1, 2005, at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Ill. It was assigned deposit number NRRLB-30823. The plasmid includes a constitutive Ptac-like promoter (SEQ ID NO: 16). The plasmid further includes a constitutive Ptac-like promoter with an asd binding site operably associated with an asd gene.

Example 8

Insensitivity of the Constitutive Ptac-Like Promoter::asd Strain to Repression by 10 mM Lysine

The following example illustrates that placing control of asd expression under the control of a constitutive Ptac-like promoter caused the expression of the asd gene product to become insensitive to the presence of lysine in the Davis Minimal Medium (per 1 liter 7.0 g dipotassium phosphate, 2.0 g monopotassium phospate, 0.5 g/l sodium citrate, 0.1 magnesium sulfate, 1.0 g ammonium sulfate, pH 7.0 supplemented with 0.2% (w/v) dextrose).
The wild-type promoter of asd is normally repressed in the presence of lysine, threonine and/or methionine (Haziza et al., 1982a). To test what effect lysine has on the expression levels of Asd when the constitutive Ptac-like promoter is controlling asd expression, strains TH25,79 (wild-type asd promoter) and TH25.79 p4202-133-1 (Constitutive Ptac-like promoter controlling asd expression with RBS from asd (SEQ ID NO: 16)) were grown in the presence and absence of 10 mM lysine. Strains TH25.79 and TH25.79 p4202-133-1 (Table 5) were grown in 20 ml Davis Minimal medium with no supplementation, or with supplementation 10 mM lysine to an OD₆₀₀of ˜0.7 in 250 ml baffled flasks on a New Brunswick G53 shaker at 240 rpm at 37° C. The resultant biomass was assayed for Asd specific activity by following the L-aspartate β-semialdehyde dependent reduction of NADP⁺ as previously described (Cremer et al., 1988). As shown in Table 5, the wild-type promoter of TH25.79 is sensitive to the addition of 10 mM lysine, while the promoter on the plasmid p4202-133-1 is insensitive.

TABLE 5

Strain	No Supplement	10 mM lysine

TH25.79	2317	881
TH25.79 p4202-133-1	5996	5307

Table 5. Asd enzyme specific activities of Escherichia coli TH25.79 (wild-type promoter) and strain TH25.79 p4202-133-1 (promoter) when grown with or without 10 mM lysine supplementation. Each strain was assayed three times and averages are shown. Results express Asd enzyme specific activity in units of nmol/min/mg protein.

Example 9

Average Performance of Escherichia coli TH25.79 to Escherichia coli TH25.79 p4204-133-1

The average performance of Escherichia coli TH25.79 p4204-133-1, relative to the parent strain TH25.79, was determined in shake flasks. A total of 5 shake flasks were done for each strain.
Frozen cultures of strain TH25.79 and TH25.79 p4202-133-1 were seeded into separate 10 ml test tubes of Luria Broth media and allowed to incubate overnight at 37° C., 240 rpm, on a New Brunswick G53 shaker. A 2% (v/v) seed of each culture was added to 20 ml of Luria Broth in a 125 ml baffled flask and allowed to incubate 24 hours at 37° C. while New Brunswick G53 shaker at 240 rpm. Again, a 2% (v/v) volume of each culture was seeded into 20 ml FM7 media in a 125 ml baffled flask (Table 6) and allowed to shake for 48 hours at 37° C., 240 rpm, on a New Brunswick G53 shaker. Samples were taken to determine the yield and titer of threonine (g/l). The results are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 6

Solution A

H₂O	680	ml
Citric acid	2	g
(NH₄)₂SO₄	25	g
KH₂PO₄	7.46	g
Trace metal solution	2	ml
CaCO₃(reagent grade)	20	g
pH (KOH or HCl)	7.2	g
H₂O (bring volume to)	750	ml
Dispense 15 ml/flask

Solution B

Dextrose (plant grade)	48	g
MgSO₄•7H₂O	2.4	g
H₂O (bring volume to)	300	ml

Trace metal solution

Na₂SO₄	1	g
MnSO₄	0.2	g
ZnCl₂	0.2	g
CoCl₂•6H₂O	0.2	g
CuSO₄•5H₂O	0.03	g
FeSO₄•7H₂O	3.75	g
HCl	0.8	g
H₂O	100	ml

Table 6. FM7 medium recipe. Solution A and B should be autoclaved, and then dispense 5 ml of Solution B to flasks containing Solution A. Trace mineral solution should be filtered through a pore size of 0.2 μM.

TABLE 7

Strain	Yield	Titer

TH25.79	13.8	4.2
TH25.79 p4202-133-1	22.1	6.7

Table 7. Yield and titer comparison of Escherichia coli TH25.79 and strain TH25.79 p4202-133-1. Yield equals the total threonine produced divided by the total dextrose consumed times 100. Titer equals the final threonine concentration (g/l).

Patents, patent applications, publications, scientific articles, books, web sites, and other documents and materials referenced or mentioned herein are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the inventions pertain, as of the date each publication was written, and all are incorporated by reference as if fully rewritten herein. Additionally, all claims in this application, and all priority applications, including but not limited to original claims, are hereby incorporated in their entirety into, and form a part of, the written description of the invention. Applicants reserve the right to physically incorporate into this specification any and all materials and information from any such patents, applications, publications, scientific articles, web sites, electronically available information, and other referenced materials or documents. Applicants reserve the right to physically incorporate into any part of this document, including any part of the written description, and the claims referred to above including but not limited to any original claims.
The inventions have been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of these inventions. This includes the generic description of each invention which hereby include, including any claims thereto, a proviso or negative limitation removing or optionally allowing the removal of any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised materials or options were specifically recited or identified in haec verba herein, and all such variations form a part of the original written description of the inventions. In addition, where features or aspects of an invention are described in terms of a Markush group, the invention shall be understood thereby to be described in terms of each and every, and any, individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
The inventions illustratively described and claimed herein can suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein or described herein as essential. Thus, for example, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “for example”, etc., shall be read expansively and without limitation. In claiming their inventions, the inventors reserve the right to substitute any transitional phrase with any other transitional phrase, and the inventions shall be understood to include such substituted transitions and form part of the original written description of the inventions. Thus, for example, the term “comprising” may be replaced with either of the transitional phrases “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”
As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Under no circumstances may the patent be interpreted to be limited to the specific examples or embodiments or methods specifically disclosed herein. Under no circumstances may the patent be interpreted to be limited by any statement made by any Examiner or any other official or employee of the Patent and Trademark Office unless such statement was specifically and without qualification or reservation expressly adopted by Applicants in a responsive writing specifically relating to the application that led to this patent prior to its issuance.
The terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions, or any portions thereof, to exclude any equivalents now know or later developed, whether or not such equivalents are set forth or shown or described herein or whether or not such equivalents are viewed as predictable, but it is recognized that various modifications are within the scope of the invention claimed, whether or not those claims issued with or without alteration or amendment for any reason. Thus, it shall be understood that, although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modifications and variations of the inventions embodied therein or herein disclosed can be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the inventions disclosed and claimed herein.
Specific methods and compositions described herein are representative of preferred embodiments and are exemplary and not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Other objects, aspects, and embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of this specification, and are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims. Where examples are given, the description shall be construed to include but not to be limited to only those examples. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, and from the description of the inventions, including those illustratively set forth herein, it is manifest that various modifications and equivalents can be used to implement the concepts of the present invention without departing from its scope. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Thus, for example, additional embodiments are within the scope of the invention and within the following claims.

Claims

1. A strain of Escherichia coli comprising the following characteristics:

(a) a chromosome of said strain contains at least one aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) gene operably associated with at least one constitutive Ptac-like promoter comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; and

(b) said strain over-produces at least one amino acid when compared to a parent strain identical to said strain except that said asd gene is operably associated with its native promoter.

2. The strain of claim 0, wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting of L-lysine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, and L-isoleucine.

3. The strain of claim 0, further comprising a non-native ribosome binding site operably associated with said asd gene and said constitutive Ptac-like promoter.

4. The strain of claim 0, wherein said non-native ribosome binding site is selected from the group consisting of a lac ribosome binding site, a thrA ribosome binding site, a folA ribosome binding site, an araC ribosome binding site, an araB ribosome binding site, a galE ribosome binding site, an ompA ribosome binding site, a trpE ribosome binding site, a lamB ribosome binding site, a MS2 coat ribosome binding site, and a Qβ coat ribosome binding site.

5. (canceled)

6. The strain of claim 0, wherein the expression of asd in said strain is less sensitive to regulation by lysine than said parent strain.

7. The strain of claim 0, wherein said constitutive Ptac-like promoter is introduced by at least one of mutagenesis of a native asd promoter and recombination.

8. A DNA construct comprising an aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene operably associated with at least one Ptac-like promoter comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.

9. A DNA construct according to claim 8, wherein said DNA construct further comprises at least one ribosome binding site operably associated with said asd gene and said promoter, wherein said at least one ribosome binding site is not an E. coli asd ribosome binding site found in nature.

10. A DNA construct according to claim 8, wherein the construct is a vector.

11. A DNA construct according to claim 8, wherein the construct is the plasmid p4202-133-1.

12. (canceled)

13. An Escherichia coli host cell of claim 8 selected from the group consisting of the strains with deposit nos. NRRLB-30824, NRRLB-30825, NRRLB-30826, NRRLB-30827 and TH25.79, wherein said TH25.79 comprises the plasmid p4202-133-1.

14. A Escherichia coli host cell comprising a DNA construct according to claim 8, wherein the construct is the plasmid p4202-133-1.

15. The host cell of claim 14, wherein said host cell produces at least one of L-threonine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, L-lysine, and L-isoleucine.

16. A process for producing at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-threonine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine, and L-lysine, comprising culturing a strain of claim 0 in a culture medium.

17. The process of claim 16, wherein said strain produces between about 40 and about 200 g/L of L-threonine in about 35 to about 60 hours of growth in culture.

18. A strain of claim 1, wherein said strain has an asd specific activity between about 200 nmol/min/mg and about 30,000 nmol aspartate semialdehyde/min/mg.

19. A method for making an Escherichia coli cell B that over-produces an amino acid X, wherein said cell B is a member of a strain of E. coli of claim 1, comprising:

(a) selecting an Escherichia coli cell A that produces amino acid X in yield M;

(b) replacing a native asd promoter in said Escherichia coli cell A with a constitutive Ptac-like promoter comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 to produce an Escherichia coli cell B that produces said amino acid X in yield N, wherein said yield N is greater than said yield M.

20. A promoter comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.