US20050260406A1

US20050260406A1 - Method to make radiopaque a reinforcing layer for a manufactured product made of elatomeric material and manufactured product comprising said layer

Info

Publication number: US20050260406A1
Application number: US10/450,919
Authority: US
Inventors: Franco Cataldo; Gabriele Medaglia
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Pirelli Tyre SpA; Yokohama TWS SpA
Priority date: 2000-12-19
Filing date: 2001-12-19
Publication date: 2005-11-24
Also published as: ITRM20000678A1; BR0116361A; JP2004526062A; WO2002050846A1; EP1344226A1; BR0116361B1; EP1344226B1; ATE340406T1; AU2002222381A1; DE60123279T2; IT1316031B1; ES2273776T3; JP4307836B2; ITRM20000678A0; DE60123279D1

Abstract

A reinforcing fabric includes a plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords. The non-metallic reinforcing cords are at least partially enclosed in elastomeric material and are radiopaque. A method to make the reinforcing fabric includes rendering a plurality of non-metallic cords radiopaque using one or more radiopaque compounds and enclosing the non-metallic cords in elastomeric material. The reinforcing fabric includes the elastomeric material enclosing the non-metallic reinforcing cords. A tyre for a vehicle wheel includes at least one rubberized reinforcing fabric. The at least one rubberized reinforced fabric includes elastomeric material including a plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords. The plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords are radiopaque.

Description

The present invention relates to a method to make radiopaque a reinforcing fabric for a manufactured product made of elastomeric material.
More particularly, the present invention relates to a method to make radiopaque a reinforcing fabric used in the industry of tyres for vehicle wheels, said method comprising the use of a radiopaque compound.
The present invention also relates to a manufactured product made of elastomeric material comprising said fabric.
In the rubber industry, in particular in the industry of tyres for vehicle wheels, it is known practice to use reinforcing fabrics comprising a plurality of textile reinforcing elements (for example cords made of rayon, nylon or polyethylene terephthalate), or metal reinforcing elements (for example individual or stranded together steel wires, coated with a metal alloy, for example copper/zinc, zinc/molybdenum/cobalt, zinc/manganese or zinc/cobalt alloys), or reinforcing elements made of fibre (for example glass fibre, carbon fibre, and the like). In particular, said cords are arranged parallel to each other and in a co-planar manner in the fabric, and are enclosed in an elastomeric material whose thickness is suited to the use of the fabric. Said reinforcing cords, thus arranged, form something analogous to a warp of a fabric, while the presence of the weft is generally avoided since the elastomeric material which coats them and welds them together also has the function of maintaining their arrangement.
A tyre generally comprises a carcass structure provided with at least one carcass ply containing reinforcing cords that are substantially oriented in radial planes containing the rotation axis of the tyre, a tread band extending circumferentially around said carcass structure, a belt structure circumferentially interposed between the carcass structure and the tread band. The belt structure, in turn, comprises at least one pair of radially superposed belt strips and a reinfoorcing layer radially external to said pair of strips. Said at least one pair of strips is axially extended substantially as said tread band, and each strip has a plurality of cords that are obliquely oriented relative to the equatorial plane of the tyre. The reinforcing cords of one strip are arranged in the opposite direction relative to the cords of the strip that is radially adjacent thereto. Said reinforcing layer, also known as a 0° layer, contains reinforcing cords that are substantially parallel to each other and parallel to the equatorial plane of the tyre.
It should be pointed out that for the purposes of the present description and the subsequent claims the term “cords” means both monofilaments and bundles of monofilaments not twisted together.
In order to control the quality of the finished tyres, it is common practice to control by X-ray analysis the correct arrangement, in particular the uniformity of density, of the reinforcing cords, thereby achieving a total control rather than merely a random control on said tyres. However, the use of X-rays is limited to controlling metal reinforcing cords: the reason for this is that the metals present in said cords are sufficiently X-ray-opaque and are capable of absorbing the rays to a far greater extent than the elastomeric material that surrounds them. On the other hand, in'the current state, it is not possible to check the correct arrangement of non-metallic reinforcing cords. Said problem is particularly experienced in the case of tyres in which the reinforcing cords are typically made of textile, such as, for example, agricultural tyres and, in particular, high-performance car tyres and motorcycle tyres. In this case, the only possibility for checking the correct arrangement of said reinforcing cords is that of sectioning the tyre and then performing a destructive and expensive operation. In addition, it is clear that it is not possible to perform a total control on the finished tyres, as in the case of metal reinforcing cords, but rather it must be limited to only a random control.
Methods to make polymer materials radiopaque have been suggested in the prior art.
For example, patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,392 describes a radiopaque polymer derived from the reaction between a heavy metal salt of a Lewis acid and at least one Lewis monomer selected from alkyl and vinyl alkyl ketones, aryl and alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, cellulose esters, linear or crosslinked polyesters.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,447 describes a radiopaque composition comprising (a) a polyurethane resin, as such or blended with a vinyl resin, and (b) an alkyl or alkoxyalkyl derivative of 2,5-diiodobenzoate or of 2,3,4,6-tetraiodobenzoate, as such or mixed together.
Patent application WO 00/34957 describes a fabric for personal protection devices, for example surgical masks, which has been made radiopaque by impregnation with a radiopaque compound such as, for example, barium sulphate. Besides barium sulphate, other radiopaque compounds that may be used are selected, for example, from: iopamidol, iopanoic acid, iopentol, iocetamic acid, sodium acetrizoate, metrizamide, etc. Said impregnation may be carried out, for example, by immersing the fabric in a solution containing said radiopaque compound.
No reference has been made in the prior art to the possibility of using said radiopaque compounds in the case of rubberized fabrics for reinforcing manufactured products made of elastomeric material.
It is thought that the use of radiopaque compounds in reinforcing fabrics for manufactured products made of elastomeric material can create problems in the finished elastomeric manufactured product, in particular problems of poor adhesion between the elastomeric material and the non-metallic reinforcing cords. In the case where said reinforcing fabric is used in tyres for vehicle wheels, poor adhesion between the reinforcing cords and the elastomeric material can cause serious phenomena of detachment and, consequently, can have a negative impact both on the performance qualities and on the lifetime of the tyre.
It is known that in the case of manufactured products made of elastomeric material, in particular in the case of tyres for vehicle wheels, the non-metallic reinforcing cords are generally treated with particular adhesive baths for the purpose of enabling their adhesion to said elastomeric material.
It is thought that the use of said radiopaque compounds, in particular those consisting of salts of generally divalent or trivalent heavy metals, in said baths can create stability problems of the same. As a matter of fact, physicochemical incompatibility between the radiopaque compound used and the adhesive bath may be found, in particular during the stage of preparing said adhesive bath. For example, in the case of using adhesive baths comprising a polymer latex in which are dissolved other compounds of the type such as those described, for example, in patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,925, the stability of said baths, as stated above, may be compromised by the presence of metal cations, in particular divalent and trivalent metal cations, and may thus create adhesion problems between the non-metallic reinforcing cords treated with the radiopaque compound and the elastomeric material.
The Applicant has now found that it is possible to make radiopaque a reinforcing fabric for elastomeric manufactured products by using a radiopaque compound of the type such as those described above; in this way, it then becomes possible to control, by X-ray radiography, the correct arrangement of said reinforcing cords. In particular, in the case of tyres for vehicle wheels, it is possible to achieve a total production control, that is to say a total control on all the finished tyres, before marketing these tyres, thus avoiding the use of destructive and more expensive techniques which, clearly, are limited to a random control. In addition, it has been found that said radiopaque compound causes no problems of adhesion between the reinforcing cords and the elastomeric material and, in the case of addition to an adhesive bath, does not cause any problems of instability of the same.
According to a first aspect, the present invention thus relates to a method to make radiopaque a reinforcing fabric made of elastomeric material comprising non-metallic reinforcing cords, said method comprising the following stages:

(a) rendering said cords radiopaque by means of at least one radiopaque compound;
(b) enclosing said cords in said elastomeric material.

In a second aspect thereof, the present invention relates to a reinforcing fabric made of elastomeric material comprising a plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords, at least partially enclosed in an elastomeric material, characterized in that said cords are radiopaque.
In a third aspect thereof, the present invention relates to an elastomeric manufactured product which includes a reinforcing fabric comprising radiopaque non-metallic reinforcing cords.
According to a further aspect thereof, the present invention relates to a tyre for vehicle wheels including at least one rubberized reinforcing fabric made of elastomeric material comprising a plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords, characterized in that said cords are radiopaque.
In accordance with this aspect, the present invention relates to a tyre for vehicle wheels, comprising:

- a carcass structure having at least one carcass ply comprising reinforcing cords that are substantially oriented in radial planes containing the rotation axis of the tyre;
- a tread band extending circumferentially around said carcass structure;
- a belt structure circumferentially interposed between the carcass structure and the tread band, comprising at least one pair of radially superposed belt strips, each strip having a plurality of reinforcing cords that are obliquely oriented relative to the equatorial plane of the tyre, parallel to each other in each strip and cross over those of the adjacent strip;
  characterized in that it comprises radiopaque non-metallic rein-forcing cords.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the reinforcing cords of said carcass ply are radiopaque non-metallic cords.
According to a further preferred embodiment, said belt structure comprises a reinforcing layer radially external to said pair of strips, which is provided with non-metallic reinforcing cords that are substantially parallel to each other and to the abovementioned equatorial plane, said non-metallic reinforcing cords of said radially external layer being radiopaque. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the abovementioned radiopaque non-metallic cords consist of organic or inorganic fibres.
Organic fibres that may be used according to the present invention can be selected from polymer fibres of natural or synthetic origin such as, for example: cellulose; rayon; polypropylene; polyesters, and among these, in particular, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate; polyamides, in particular nylon-6 or nylon-66, or aromatic polyamides such as, for example, long fibres of poly(para-phenyleneterephthalamide) or short fibrillated fibres of poly(para-phenyleneterephthalamide) (also known as aramid pulp), of the type known commercially as Kevlar® pulp from Du Pont or Twaron® pulp from Akzo; polyketones; poly-p-benzamide; poly(vinyl alcohols); polyetheramides; or mixtures thereof.
Inorganic fibres that may be used according to the present invention can be selected, for example, from: glass fibres, carbon fibres, or mixtures thereof.
According to one preferred embodiment, the radiopaque compound may be selected from organic or inorganic salts of heavy metals.
Examples of heavy metals that may be used according to the present invention are: chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, palladium, silver, cadmium, tin, platinum, gold, mercury, lead, barium, radium, thorium, uranium, or mixtures thereof. Barium, lead are preferred.
Organic salts of heavy metals that may be used according to the present invention can be selected from the salts of saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic carboxylic acids, sulphonic acids, phosphonic acids, boric acids, or mixtures thereof, said acids optionally being substituted with, for example, alkyl groups. Heavy metal salts of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids are preferred.
Specific examples of aliphatic carboxylic acids that may be used according to the present invention are: formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, heptanoic acid, ethylhexanoic acid, octanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, or mixtures thereof; or fatty acids such as, for example, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, or mixtures thereof.
Specific examples of aromatic carboxylic acids that may be used according to the present invention are: benzoic acid, naphthoic acid, phthalic acid, p-phenylene-diacetic acid, or mixtures thereof.
Organic salts of heavy metals that are preferred according to the present invention are: propionates, hexanoates, dodecanoates, stearates, naphthenates, alkylsulphonates, or mixtures thereof. Lead naphthenate, barium dodecanoate, barium stearate, lead salts of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, or mixtures thereof, are preferred.
Inorganic salts of heavy metals that may be used according to the present invention are halides, sulphates, carbonates, phosphates, tungstates, or mixtures thereof. Barium sulphate, barium tungstate are preferred.
According to one preferred embodiment, the organic or inorganic salt of a heavy metal is present in an amount of not less than 0.1 mmol of metal/g of fibre, preferably between 0.5 mmol and 2 mmol of metal/g of fibre.
It should be pointed out that, for the purposes of the present description and the subsequent claims, the expression “mmol of metal” is intended to indicate the amount of metal ions present in the composition.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the radiopaque compound may be selected from water-soluble nonionic organic compounds containing at least one iodine atom, preferably at least three iodine atoms, that are stable at temperatures above 90° C. Examples of said compounds that may be used according to the present invention are: iopamidol, ioglycamic acid, iopanoic acid, metrizamide, iohexol, propyliodone. Iopamidol is preferred.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the radiopaque compound may be selected from the salts (ionic organic compounds) of the organic compounds mentioned above. Examples of said salts are: sodium iopodate, sodium diatrizoate, erythrosin B, sodium iodophthalein, or mixtures thereof. Sodium iopodate is preferred.
Other nonionic organic compounds containing at least one iodine atom or salts of said compounds that may be used according to the present invention are described, for example, in the abovementioned patent application WO 00/34957. In this case, it is necessary, however, to assess the effective industrial usefulness of these compounds.
According to one preferred embodiment, the nonionic organic compound or the salt of said organic compound is present in an amount of not less than 0.1 mmol of iodine/g of fibre, preferably between 0.5 mmol and 2 mmol of iodine/g of fibre.
It should be pointed out that, for the purposes of the present description and the claims, the expression “mmol of iodine” is intended to indicate the amount of iodine ions present in the composition.
The elastomeric material that is preferred for rubberizing the radiopaque cords according to the present invention may be selected from the elastomeric polymers usually used in the tyre industry. Examples of elastomeric polymers that may be advantageously used are: natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR); homopolymers and copolymers of butadiene, of isoprene or of 2-chlorobutadiene, such as, for example, polybutadiene (BR), polyisoprene (IR), styrene-butadiene (SBR), nitrile-butadiene (NBR), polychloroprene (CR); butyl rubbers (IIR), halogenated butyl rubbers (XIIR); ethylene/propylene copolymers (EPM); ethylene/propylene/non-conjugated diene (such as, for example, norbornene, cyclooctadiene or dicyclopentadiene) terpolymers (EPDM); or blends thereof. A person skilled in the art will be capable of determining which elastomeric polymers to use depending on the type of final manufactured product that it is desired to obtain.
Stage (a) of the method according to the present invention may be carried out according to various processes.
A first process comprises the stage of adding at least one radiopaque compound, as such (in bulk) or dissolved in water or in a suitable solvent (depending on the type of polymerization and of the medium in which it is carried out), during the polymer polymerization stage.
A second process comprises the stage of adding at least one radiopaque compound as such to the bulk of the polymer melt, or to the polymer solution, in the stage immediately preceding the spinning of the polymer. Said second process is particularly preferred in the case where the radiopaque compound is selected from the organic or inorganic salts of heavy metals described above.
The abovementioned processes thus make it possible to obtain, at the end of the polymerization and of the subsequent spinning, a floss comprising the radiopaque compound which will subsequently be used to produce the reinforcing cords.
The polymerization and the subsequent spinning are carried out according to techniques known in the art as described, for example, by H. F. Mark, S. M. Atlas, E.
Cernia in “Man-Made Fibers—Science and Technology” (1968), published by Interscience Publishers (John Wiley & Sons).
A third process comprises the stage of adding at least one radiopaque compound as such to a finishing agent with which the polymer floss are treated after the spinning operation, before being wound on reels. Various types of finishing agents are known, as described, for example, in patent application EP 1 052 325, or in patents U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,635 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,906. The treatment with the finishing agent improves the processibility of the spun product in the subsequent stages of winding on reels, twisting, thermofastening, and also gives the finished manufactured product better fatigue properties.
A fourth process comprises the stage of adding at least one radiopaque compound to an adhesive composition with which the non-metallic reinforcing cords will subsequently be treated so as to obtain good adhesion between said cords and the elastomeric material. As a matter of fact, as stated above, the non-metallic reinforcing cords are usually treated with an adhesive composition comprising a rubber latex and a precondensed resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. Said adhesive composition is commonly known as “RFL”. In said composition, the resorcinol/formaldehyde molar ratio is generally between 1:0.1 and 1:8, preferably between 1:0.5 and 1:5, even more preferably between 1:1 and 1:4.
Examples of rubber latices that may be used for this purpose are: natural rubber latex, styrene-butadiene copolymer latex, vinylpyridine-styrene-butadiene terpolymer latex, nitrile rubber latex, chloroprene rubber latex, or mixtures thereof. A latex comprising from 50% to 100% of a vinylpyridine-styrene-butadiene terpolymer is preferably used.
In the abovementioned adhesive composition, the precondensed resorcinol-formaldehyde resin and the rubber latex are present in a ratio of between 1:1 and 1:1.5, preferably between 1:3 and 1:12, said ratio being expressed as an amount in dry weight of the two components.
In the case where the rubber latex content of the adhesive composition is excessively low, the cords thus treated are liable to show excessive rigidity and reduced fatigue resistance. However, in the opposite case, said cords are liable to show poor adhesion properties and, consequently, insufficient adhesion to the elastomeric material.
The non-metallic reinforcing cords may be impregnated with the abovementioned adhesive composition by working according to methods known in the art such as, for example, roller coating, spray coating, dipping.
Preferably, the non-metallic reinforcing cords are impregnated with an amount of adhesive composition of between 0.1% and 10%, more preferably between 0.5% and 7%, said amount being expressed as a percentage in dry weight relative to the total weight of the adhesive composition plus the cord. The amount of adhesive composition that needs to be impregnated onto said cords may be controlled according to known techniques such as, for example, compressing said cords immersed in the adhesive composition by using two nip rollers, or removing the excess composition with a scraper, with a flow of air, by suction (“deweber”).
Once the non-metallic cords have been impregnated, the adhesive composition is dried and crosslinked at 120° C. or at higher temperatures, preferably at 180° C., care being taken, however, not to exceed the melting point of the polymer material of which the cords are made.
Generally, said adhesive compositions are water-based compositions. However, solvent-based adhesive compositions may be used. Solvents that are useful for this purpose may be selected from organic solvents such as, for example, toluene, dimethylformamide, methyl ethyl ketone, dichlorobenzene, dimethyl sulphoxide, or mixtures thereof. Even though, on account of the toxicity and the increased costs of said solvents, said solvent-based adhesive compositions are generally rarely used, the case in which the radiopaque compound is added to a solvent-based adhesive bath should nevertheless be considered as forming part of the present invention.
Said fourth process is particularly preferred in the case where the radiopaque compound is selected from water-soluble nonionic organic compounds containing at least one iodine atom, or from salts of said compounds.
After adding the radiopaque compound in stage (a), stage (b) of the method according to the present invention is performed, in which the non-metallic reinforcing cords need to be enclosed in the elastomeric material so as to obtain the reinforcing fabric. The techniques used and the operating conditions under which said stage (b) is performed depend on the particular reinforcing fabric that it is desired to obtain and are known to those skilled in the art.
The present invention will now be further illustrated by means of an implementation example, with reference to the attached FIG. 1, which shows a view in cross section of a portion of a tyre produced according to the invention.
The tyre 1 comprises, in a manner that is known per se, a carcass structure 2 containing one or more carcass plies each comprising reinforcing cords (represented diagrammatically) consecutively placed side by side and arranged in substantially radial planes containing the rotation axis of the tyre. In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, said reinforcing cords are radiopaque non-metallic cords, for example rayon cords.
Around the carcass structure 2 is circumferentially applied, in a centred position relative to the equatorial plane p-p of the tyre, a belt structure indicated overall by 3, in a position radially external to which is placed a tread band 4.
In FIG. 1, the tread band 4 of the tyre 1 has, on its outer rolling surface, a tread pattern in relief comprising, in a known manner, a plurality of circumferential and transverse notches and grooves.
The belt structure 3 comprises at least a first belt strip 5 in a position radially external to the carcass 2, a second belt strip 7 placed in a position radially external to said first strip 5, and a reinforcing layer 10, in a position radially external to said second strip 7. For greater clarity of illustration, the strips 5, 7 and the reinforcing layer 10 are shown with gradually decreasing widths, although this should not be interpreted in a limiting sense.
The first belt strip 5 and the second belt strip 7 comprise metal cords, laid side by side and oriented obliquely relative to the equatorial plane p-p of the tyre, preferably at an angle of between 10° and 30°. In addition, the cords of the second belt strip 7 are inclined in the opposite direction relative to the cords of the first belt strip 5. The non-metallic reinforcing cords 11 of the reinforcing layer 10 are substantially parallel to each other and oriented in a direction substantially parallel to the equatorial plane p-p of the tyre. Preferably, said non-metallic reinforcing cords 11 are axially equidistant from each other within the same layer 10. In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, said reinforcing cords 11 are radiopaque non-metallic cords, for example nylon cords.
The abovementioned carcass structure 2 has two axially opposite side walls, extending radially between one end of the tread band and an inner circumferential edge of the tyre 1, via which the tyre engages on a rim (not shown in FIG. 1) forming part of a vehicle wheel.
Each edge, usually defined as the bead 13, encloses a bead wire 12 around which is bound, for example axially back-folded from the inside outwards, the end of the carcass ply 2 a; in a position radially external to the bead wire 12 is placed a bead filling 14 which occupies the space defined by each back-fold of the carcass ply.
Alternatively, the conventional bead wires 12 may be replaced with a pair of circumferentially unstretchable annular inserts formed from elongate components arranged in concentric spirals (not shown in FIG. 1) (see, for example, European patent applications EP 928 680 and EP 928 702). In this case, the carcass ply 2 a is not back-folded around said annular inserts, the coupling being provided by a second carcass ply (not shown in FIG. 1) applied externally onto the first.
A reinforcing edge 15, formed from a strip of elastomeric material comprising reinforcing cords 16, generally inclined relative to the radial direction at an angle preferably of between 15° and 45°, may be placed around the bead wire 12 and the bead filling 14 to protect the tyre bead from friction against the mounting rim. In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, said reinforcing cords 16 are radiopaque non-metallic cords, for example polyethylene terephthalate cords.
The process for producing the tyre according to the present invention may be performed according to techniques and using apparatus that are known in the art, as described, for example, in patents EP 199 064, U.S. Pat. No. 4,872,822 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,937, said process including at least one stage of assembling the raw tyre and at least one stage of vulcanizing the tyre.
Alternative processes for producing a tyre or parts thereof without the use of semi-finished products are described, for example, in patent applications EP 928 680 and EP 928 702 mentioned above.
At the end of the vulcanization, as stated above, it is important to be able to check, by means of non-destructive analyses performed on all the tyres produced, the correct arrangement of the non-metallic cords of the various reinforcing elements embedded in the structure of the tyre, for example in the carcass plies, in the 0° belt layer, or in the reinforcing loops, edges and strips. In particular, it is important to check the uniformity of density of said cords since any inhomogeneities, that is to say localized densifications and rarefactions, constitute points of weakness in the structure that may lead to reduced performance qualities and safety risks in the tyre during use.
Although the present invention has been specifically illustrated in relation to a tyre, it similarly finds use advantageously in the production of other elastomeric manufactured products that may be produced according to the invention, such as, for example, conveyor belts, transmission belts and flexible tubes.
The present invention will be further illustrated hereinbelow by the description of a method to make said non-metallic cords radiopaque, which is given purely as a non-limiting guide.

EXAMPLE

155 g of iopamidol and 200 ml of demineralized water were placed in a 500 ml glass flask. The mixture was stirred until the iopamidol was completely dissolved. The solution thus prepared, containing 370 mg/ml of iodine, was used to treat 1840*2 d/Tex rayon cords (“dTex” means the weight in grams corresponding to 10 000 m of floss—“*2” means that the cord under consideration was two-strands—“strands” means a bundle of flosses or of monofilaments twisted together). The ply obtained from the flosses was subjected to 480 twists per metre.
Three samples of the abovementioned cords 5 cm in length were impregnated by immersion in the iopamidol solution prepared as described above, and were then placed in a ventilated oven at 107° C. for the time required to remove all the moisture, so as to achieve a constant sample weight.
The samples thus prepared were placed between two sheets of compound, the composition of which is given in Table 1, so as to obtain specimens with a total thickness of 20 mm; the cords were placed 15 mm away from one of the two surfaces of the specimen, which corresponds substantially to the maximum depth at which the cords may be found in the tyre structure.
As a reference, a reinforcing element consisting of a steel monofilament having a diameter equal to 0.175 mm was placed in this specimen.
In addition, as a further reference, a rayon cord having the properties given above (1840*2 dtex) not treated with the iopamidol solution was placed between two sheets of the same compound given in Table 1 to produce a specimen having the properties given above.
The specimens thus obtained were examined by X-ray, working according to known techniques as described, for example, in patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,456. The radiographs showed a clear radiopacity of the rayon cords treated with the iopamidol solution.
As expected, the steel monofilament was detected by the radiograph, whereas the untreated rayon cord was invisible to the radiographic examination carried out on both surfaces of the specimen.

The amount of iodine deposited on the rayon cords was calculated (and was found to be equal to 1.6 mmol of iodine/g of fibre) by weighing the fibres before and after treatment.

	TABLE 1


	INGREDIENTS	phr (*)

	(NR)	100.00
	(N326)	54.00
	Stearic acid	1.50
	Rhenogran resorcinol ® 80	1.58
	6-PPD	1.00
	Zinc oxide	5.00
	33% insoluble sulphur	4.05
	HMMM	2.92
	TBBS	1.00

	(*): for the purposes of the present description and the claims, the term “phr” means the parts by weight of a given component of the compound per 100 parts by weight of rubber.
	NR: natural rubber;
	N326: carbon black;
	Rhenogran resorcinol ® 80: 80% resorcinol supported on a polymer excipient, from Rhein-Chemie (adhesion promoting agent);
	6-PPD: para-phenylenediamine, Santoflex ® 13 from Monsanto (protective agent);
	33% insoluble sulphur: Crystex ® OT33 from Flexsys;
	HMMM: hexamethoxymethylenemelamine, Cyrez ® 963 from Cytec (methylene donor);
	TBBS: N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazylsulphenamide, Vulkacit ® NZ from Bayer (accelerator).

Claims

1-44. (canceled)

45. A method to make a reinforcing fabric radiopaque, comprising:

rendering a plurality of non-metallic cords radiopaque using one or more radiopaque compounds; and

at least partially enclosing the non-metallic cords in elastomeric material;

wherein the reinforcing fabric comprises the elastomeric material at least partially enclosing the non-metallic reinforcing cords.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the non-metallic cords comprise organic fibers.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the organic fibers comprise polymer fibers of natural or synthetic origin.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the organic fibers comprise one or more of:

cellulose;

rayon;

polypropylene;

polyesters;

polyamides,

aromatic polyamides;

polyketones;

poly-p-benzamide;

poly(vinyl alcohols); and

polyetheramides.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein the organic fibers comprise one or more of:

polybutylene terephthalate;

polyethylene terephthalate; and

polyethylene naphthalate.

50. The method of claim 46, wherein the organic fibers comprise one or both of:

nylon-6; and

nylon-66.

51. The method of claim 46, wherein the organic fibers comprise:

long fibers of poly(para-phenyleneterephthalamide);

short fibrillated fibers of poly(para-phenyleneterephthalamide); or

long fibers of poly(para-phenyleneterephthalamide) and short fibrillated fibers of poly(para-phenyleneterephthalamide).

52. The method of claim 45, wherein the non-metallic cords comprise inorganic fibers.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise:

glass fibers;

carbon fibers; or

glass fibers and carbon fibers.

54. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise one or more organic or inorganic salts of at least one heavy metal.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the at least one heavy metal comprises one or more of:

barium;

cadmium;

chromium;

cobalt;

copper;

gold;

iron;

lead;

manganese;

mercury;

nickel;

palladium;

platinum;

radium;

silver;

thorium;

tin;

uranium; and

zinc.

56. The method of claim 54, wherein the at least one heavy metal comprises one or both of:

barium; and

lead.

57. The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more organic salts of at least one heavy metal comprise one or more of:

salts of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids;

salts of saturated or unsaturated alicyclic carboxylic acids;

salts of saturated or unsaturated aromatic carboxylic acids;

salts of sulphonic acids;

salts of phosphonic acids; and

salts of boric acids.

58. The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more organic salts of at least one heavy metal comprise one or both of:

salts of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids; and

salts of saturated or unsaturated aromatic carboxylic acids.

59. The method of claim 57 or 58, wherein the aliphatic carboxylic acids comprise one or more of:

formic acid;

acetic acid;

propionic acid;

butyric acid;

heptanoic acid;

hexanoic acid;

ethylhexanoic acid;

octanoic acid;

neodecanoic acid; and

dodecanoic acid.

60. The method of claim 57 or 58, wherein the aliphatic carboxylic acids comprise one or more fatty acids.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the one or more fatty acids comprise one or more of:

stearic acid;

oleic acid;

linoleic acid; and

palmitic acid.

62. The method of claim 57 or 58, wherein the aromatic carboxylic acids comprise one or more of:

benzoic acid;

naphthoic acid;

phthalic acid; and

p-phenylenediacetic acid.

63. The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more organic salts of at least one heavy metal comprise one or more of:

propionates;

hexanoates;

dodecanoates;

stearates;

naphthenates; and

alkylsulphonates.

64. The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more organic salts of at least one heavy metal comprise one or more of:

lead naphthenate;

barium dodecanoate;

barium stearate; and

lead salts of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.

65. The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more inorganic salts of at least one heavy metal comprise one or more of:

halides;

sulphates;

carbonates;

phosphates; and

tungstates.

66. The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more inorganic salts of at least one heavy metal comprise one or both of:

barium sulphate; and

barium tungstate.

67. The method of claim 54, comprising the one or more organic or inorganic salts of at least one heavy metal in an amount greater than or equal to 0.1 mmol of metal/g of fiber.

68. The method of claim 54, comprising the one or more organic or inorganic salts of at least one heavy metal in an amount greater than or equal to 0.5 mmol of metal/g of fiber and less than or equal to 2 mmol of metal/g of fiber.

69. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprising at least one iodine atom, and

wherein the one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds are stable at temperatures above 90° C.

70. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprising at least three iodine atoms, and

71. The method of claim 69, wherein the one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprise one or more of:

iopamidol;

ioglycamic acid;

iopanoic acid;

metrizamide;

iohexol; and

propyliodone.

72. The method of claim 69, wherein the one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprise iopamidol.

73. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise one water-soluble nonionic organic compound comprising at least one iodine atom,

wherein the one water-soluble nonionic organic compound is stable at temperatures above 90° C., and

wherein the one water-soluble nonionic organic compound is iopamidol.

74. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise salts of one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprising at least one iodine atom, and

75. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise salts of one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprising at least three iodine atoms, and

76. The method of claim 74, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise one or more of:

sodium iopodate;

sodium diatrizoate;

erythrosin B; and

sodium iodophthalein.

77. The method of claim 74, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise sodium iopodate.

78. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more radiopaque compounds comprise salts of one water-soluble nonionic organic compound comprising at least one iodine atom,

wherein the one radiopaque compound is sodium iopodate.

79. The method of claim 69, comprising the one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds in an amount greater than or equal to 0.1 mmol of iodine/g of fiber.

80. The method of claim 69, comprising the one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds in an amount greater than or equal to 0.5 mmol of iodine/g of fiber and less than or equal to 2 mmol of iodine/g of fiber.

81. The method of claim 74, comprising the salts of one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds in an amount greater than or equal to 0.1 mmol of iodine/g of fiber.

82. The method of claim 74, comprising the salts of one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds in an amount greater than or equal to 0.5 mmol of iodine/g of fiber and less than or equal to 2 mmol of iodine/g of fiber.

83. The method of claim 45, wherein rendering the plurality of non-metallic cords radiopaque comprises adding at least one of the one or more radiopaque compounds, dissolved in water, during a polymer polymerization stage.

84. The method of claim 45, wherein rendering the plurality of non-metallic cords radiopaque comprises adding at least one of the one or more radiopaque compounds in unmodified form to a bulk of a polymer melt in a step immediately preceding a spinning of the polymer.

85. The method of claim 84, wherein the at least one of the one or more radiopaque compounds comprises one or more organic or inorganic salts of at least one heavy metal.

86. The method of claim 45, wherein rendering the plurality of non-metallic cords radiopaque comprises adding at least one of the one or more radiopaque compounds in unmodified form to a finishing agent.

87. The method of claim 45, wherein rendering the plurality of non-metallic cords radiopaque comprises adding at least one of the one or more radiopaque compounds to an adhesive composition.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the at least one of the one or more radiopaque compounds comprises one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprising at least one iodine atom, and

89. The method of claim 87, wherein the at least one of the one or more radiopaque compounds comprises salts of one or more water-soluble nonionic organic compounds comprising at least one iodine atom, and

90. A reinforcing fabric, comprising:

a plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords;

wherein the non-metallic reinforcing cords are at least partially enclosed in elastomeric material, and

wherein the non-metallic reinforcing cords are radiopaque.

91. The reinforcing fabric of claim 90, wherein the non-metallic cords comprise organic fibers.

92. The reinforcing fabric of claim 91, wherein the organic fibers comprise polymer fibers of natural or synthetic origin.

93. The reinforcing fabric of claim 90, wherein the non-metallic cords comprise inorganic fibers.

94. The reinforcing fabric of claim 93, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise:

glass fibers;

carbon fibers; or

glass fibers and carbon fibers.

95. An elastomeric manufactured product, comprising:

a reinforcing fabric comprising radiopaque non-metallic reinforcing cords.

96. The elastomeric manufactured product of claim 95, wherein the non-metallic cords comprise organic fibers.

97. The elastomeric manufactured product of claim 96, wherein the organic fibers comprise polymer fibers of natural or synthetic origin.

98. The elastomeric manufactured product of claim 95, wherein the non-metallic cords comprise inorganic fibers.

99. The elastomeric manufactured product of claim 98, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise:

glass fibers;

carbon fibers; or

glass fibers and carbon fibers.

100. A tyre for a vehicle wheel, comprising:

at least one rubberized reinforcing fabric;

wherein the at least one rubberized reinforced fabric comprises elastomeric material comprising a plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords, and

wherein the plurality of non-metallic reinforcing cords are radiopaque.

101. A tyre for a vehicle wheel, comprising:

a carcass structure;

a tread band; and

a belt structure circumferentially interposed between the carcass structure and the tread band;

wherein the carcass structure comprises at least one carcass ply comprising reinforcing cords substantially oriented in radial planes comprising a rotation axis of the tyre,

wherein the tread band extends circumferentially around the carcass structure,

wherein the belt structure comprises at least one pair of radially-superposed belt strips,

wherein each belt strip comprises a plurality of reinforcing cords obliquely oriented relative to an equatorial plane of the tyre,

wherein, within each belt strip, the reinforcing cords are parallel to one another,

wherein the reinforcing cords of a first belt strip of the at least one pair of belt strips are in a crossed orientation relative to the reinforcing cords of a second belt strip of the at least one pair of belt strips, and

wherein the tyre comprises radiopaque non-metallic reinforcing cords.

102. The tyre of claim 101, wherein the reinforcing cords of the at least one carcass ply are radiopaque non-metallic reinforcing cords.

103. The tyre of claim 101, wherein the belt structure comprises a reinforcing layer radially external to the at least one pair of belt strips,

wherein the reinforcing layer comprises non-metallic reinforcing cords substantially parallel to each other and to the equatorial plane of the tyre, and

wherein the non-metallic reinforcing cords of the reinforcing layer are radiopaque.

104. The tyre of claim 101, wherein the radiopaque non-metallic reinforcing cords comprise organic fibers.

105. The tyre of claim 104, wherein the organic fibers comprise polymer fibers of natural or synthetic origin.

106. The tyre of claim 101, wherein the radiopaque non-metallic reinforcing cords comprise inorganic fibers.

107. The tyre of claim 106, wherein the inorganic fibers comprise:

glass fibers;

carbon fibers; or

glass fibers and carbon fibers.