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US1988116A - Electrode system - Google Patents

Electrode system Download PDF

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Publication number
US1988116A
US1988116A US577363A US57736331A US1988116A US 1988116 A US1988116 A US 1988116A US 577363 A US577363 A US 577363A US 57736331 A US57736331 A US 57736331A US 1988116 A US1988116 A US 1988116A
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Prior art keywords
electrode
plate
electrodes
pressed
gauze
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Expired - Lifetime
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US577363A
Inventor
Emmens Hendrik
Willem Christiaan Van Geel
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RCA Corp
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RCA Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L25/00—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L25/03—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in a single subclass of subclasses H10B, H10F, H10H, H10K or H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes
    • H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in a single subclass of subclasses H10B, H10F, H10H, H10K or H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
    • H01L25/07—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in a single subclass of subclasses H10B, H10F, H10H, H10K or H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group subclass H10D
    • H01L25/073—Apertured devices mounted on one or more rods passed through the apertures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/34—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies not provided for in groups H01L21/18, H10D48/04 and H10D48/07, with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/34—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies not provided for in groups H01L21/18, H10D48/04 and H10D48/07, with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
    • H01L21/46—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/428
    • H01L21/479—Application of electric currents or fields, e.g. for electroforming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
    • H10D62/00—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers
    • H10D62/80—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers characterised by the materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
    • H10D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
    • H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00

Definitions

  • the electrodes mostly have the shape o! plates or strips.
  • One of the electrodes often consists of metal and in this case the thin intermediate layer may be formed by a iilm of oxide onv the said metal plate.
  • the other electrode frequently consists of a material which cannot easily be brought into the shape of plates such, for exa1n.
  • the electrodes are mostly manufactured by reducing the constituent substances to powder and by pressing this powder, ii desired with the addition of a binder, into the required shape.
  • the plates thus produced must however still be comparativelythick because they are else very fragile and easily crumble. VThe thickness of these plates iirstly.
  • Electrodes which are rigid and which nevertheless may be constructed as 40 thin plates which therefore have a comparatively slight resistance.
  • the plates may even be shaped and bent in various ways without any risk of breakage.
  • the framework preferably consists oi' conducting material owing to which consequently the resistance of the electrode is still further reduced.
  • one of the electrodes or both electrodes consist of powder pressed on to perforated metal. for ex- 50 ample, on metal gauze, for gauze shows in particular the property of causing the powder pressed thereon to adhere particularly well so that in a very simple manner a rigid unit vis obtained.
  • the gauze conducts the heat from the interior of the plate to the outside where the heat is given off by conduction and radiation to the surroundings.
  • a framework protruding from the electrode may be utilizedfor the connection of the supply wires.
  • a plate of other. material. for example of lead exclusively with the intention of establishing a conductive con nection between this electrode and the supply ⁇ wire.
  • Such plates may now be entirely omitted.
  • Figure 2 is a corresponding front view.
  • Figure 3 represents a system for rectifying 25 alternating current, built up from some cells comprising each an electrode according to the invention.
  • the electrode proper is denoted by 1 and the metal gauze by 2.
  • the metal 30 gauze is constituted, for example, by copper rIhe thickness of the plate 1 must not be considered to be a standard for the real thickness of the plate.- This thickness may be consider- .35 ably smaller than the thickness shown in the drawing.
  • the electrode 1 is provided with incisions 3 which facilitate the cooling. Besides, it appears from this flg- 0 ure that the metal gauze projects some distance beyond the electrode proper 1, which is also conductive to the cooling.
  • I'he electrode pressed from powdery material may consist not only of phosphorus as already mentioned but also of many other materials such, for example, as a mixture ofy copper iodide and barium dioxide, of a mixture of cuprous sulphide and cupric sulphide, of lead sulphide, molybdenum sulphide, tungsten sulphide, iron sulphide or of a mixture of these substances.
  • the invention is furthermore of importance for all those substances which in the form of powder are pressed to form an electrode.
  • Figure 3 represents a plurality of cells the un- 55 symmetrical conductivity of which is utilized for rectifying an alternating current.
  • metal plates consisting, for example, of airconium coated with a layer of zirconium oxide, together with three electrodes pressed on copper gauze and consisting, for example, of a mixture of copper iodide and iodine, are slid on a bolt 5 and forced against each other.
  • these cells are inserted into the known Grtz-circuit arrangement with which both waves of the alternating current are rectified while each time two rectifier cells are traversed in series by the current.
  • the current cannot iiow from the plate 4b via 1b directly to 4c because, due to the unsymmetrical conductivity of the rectifier cells, the current can never ilow from a plate 4 through the oxide fLlm to a plate 1 but flows in opposite direction.
  • the framework of the electrode may have very different shapes.
  • a plate having a rough surface or provided with incisions may be used as such.
  • the framework may also take the form of a simple reinforcement of the plate pressed from powder and consist in this case, for example, of a plurality of rods which are independent of one another or are connected to one another at some points. Besides, use may be made of a plurality of independent or mutually connected frameworks without departing from the principle of the invention.
  • An electrode system formed by two electrodes of different materials separated by a thin intermediate layer of unl-laterally conducting material wherein one of the electrodes is made up of compressed powdered electrode substance and a binder pressed on a conducting framework, the compressed material being placed as regards the framework so that said framework projects beyond the edges of the compressed electrode material and at least one incision .througha portion of the compressed material "tolfacilltate heat dissipation from the interior portions 'of the electrode.
  • the method of constructing electrodes for rectifier units, condensers and the like which comprises -forming a supporting mesh of conducting material, moulding powdered electrode material and a binder to a suitable thickness about at least a portion of the supporting mesh and forming at least one incision through a portion of the moulded material to facilitate heat dissipation from the interior portions of the electrode.
  • AnA electrode system formed by rtwo elec trodes of different materials separated by a thin intermediatelayer'of a third material wherein atleast one. of the electrodes is made up of to '1.
  • the direct-current load connecte'd"to"fthe" powdery-*elecgrode substance md s' binder pressed on av conducting framework constructed of metal gauze. f f
  • a dry cell rectifier for alternating current comprising, two electrodes lof diiferent materials separated by Ya thin intermediate layer Vof a third material, one of said electrodes oomprising a mixture .containing copper iodide and iodine pressed upon a metallic gauze disc, said other electrode being composed of zirconium.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)

Description

QQSE i5 n' AL' ELECTHODE SYSTEM Filed. Nov. 25,
H. EMMENS Jan., m19359-l VAN GEM,
Patented Jan. 15, 1935 v -rasant menons srs'rrm Hendrix Emmen and wiuem Christiaan mi (leel, Eindhoven, Netherlands, assignors to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware 1 AppllcationvNovembex' 25, 1931, Serial No. 577,363
In the Netherlands October 4, 1930 7 claims.
whilev different other applications are possible.
l The electrodes mostly have the shape o! plates or strips. One of the electrodes often consists of metal and in this case the thin intermediate layer may be formed by a iilm of oxide onv the said metal plate. The other electrode frequently consists of a material which cannot easily be brought into the shape of plates such, for exa1n.
ple, as phosphorus. In this case the electrodes are mostly manufactured by reducing the constituent substances to powder and by pressing this powder, ii desired with the addition of a binder, into the required shape. The plates thus produced must however still be comparativelythick because they are else very fragile and easily crumble. VThe thickness of these plates iirstly.
from a plurality of cells occupies a comparatively large room. Secondly, the resistance of the substance constituting the electrode in question, -is generally rather high so that a thick plate of this vsubstance has a high resistance. Besides, the heatproduced in the plate on the passage of the current cannot easily be dissipated to the outside. -'--"According tothe invention, these drawbacks arere'moved by forming the electrodes consisting of powdery material with the aid of a framework oi' solid material onto which the substance concernedis pressed.
Thus one obtains electrodes which are rigid and which nevertheless may be constructed as 40 thin plates which therefore have a comparatively slight resistance. The plates may even be shaped and bent in various ways without any risk of breakage.
The framework preferably consists oi' conducting material owing to which consequently the resistance of the electrode is still further reduced. In a favourable form of execution one of the electrodes or both electrodes consist of powder pressed on to perforated metal. for ex- 50 ample, on metal gauze, for gauze shows in particular the property of causing the powder pressed thereon to adhere particularly well so that in a very simple manner a rigid unit vis obtained. l
It may be advantageous to cause the frameentails the inconveniencethat a system built up (Cl. F15-466) work having the powder pressed on it, to project beyond the edges of the plate, inter alia because in this manner a satisfactory cooling of the plate is ensured. In fact, the gauze conducts the heat from the interior of the plate to the outside where the heat is given off by conduction and radiation to the surroundings. Besides, a framework protruding from the electrode may be utilizedfor the connection of the supply wires. Against the plate of powdery material has hitherto frequently been pressed a plate of other. material. for example of lead, exclusively with the intention of establishing a conductive con nection between this electrode and the supply\ wire. Such plates may now be entirely omitted.
In order to improve the cooling still more the electrode may be providedwith incisions. With the known plates this would be impossible because they easily break.
The invention is schematically elucidated in the accompanying drawing in which Figure l shows a cross-section of an electrode according to the invention.
Figure 2 is a corresponding front view.
Figure 3 represents a system for rectifying 25 alternating current, built up from some cells comprising each an electrode according to the invention.
In the gures the electrode proper is denoted by 1 and the metal gauze by 2.' The metal 30 gauze is constituted, for example, by copper rIhe thickness of the plate 1 must not be considered to be a standard for the real thickness of the plate.- This thickness may be consider- .35 ably smaller than the thickness shown in the drawing.
As will be'seen from Figure 2, the electrode 1 is provided with incisions 3 which facilitate the cooling. Besides, it appears from this flg- 0 ure that the metal gauze projects some distance beyond the electrode proper 1, which is also conductive to the cooling. I'he electrode pressed from powdery material may consist not only of phosphorus as already mentioned but also of many other materials such, for example, as a mixture ofy copper iodide and barium dioxide, of a mixture of cuprous sulphide and cupric sulphide, of lead sulphide, molybdenum sulphide, tungsten sulphide, iron sulphide or of a mixture of these substances. The invention is furthermore of importance for all those substances which in the form of powder are pressed to form an electrode.
Figure 3 represents a plurality of cells the un- 55 symmetrical conductivity of which is utilized for rectifying an alternating current. Four metal plates i consisting, for example, of airconium coated with a layer of zirconium oxide, together with three electrodes pressed on copper gauze and consisting, for example, of a mixture of copper iodide and iodine, are slid on a bolt 5 and forced against each other. As appears from the drawing, these cells are inserted into the known Grtz-circuit arrangement with which both waves of the alternating current are rectified while each time two rectifier cells are traversed in series by the current. 'l
It distinctly appears from the drawing that with the construction according to the invention a very simple unit is obtained owing to the fact that separate plates for establishing the conductive connection between the supply wires and the electrodes l can be dispensed with. The supply wire leading to the electrode 1 placed in the middle is connected to the copper gauze enclosed in this electrode. The alternating current is supplied to alternating current terminais 6 and brought to the desired voltage with the aid of a transformer "1. During one half wave the current flows from '7 through 8 to the plate 4b, from this plate through the plate la to the plate 4a, through 9 to the connecting terminals 10 for the direct-current load, then via 11 to the connecting point of the copper gauze of the plate 1b and from this gauze through. the plate 4c and the conductor 12 back to the transformer 7. The current cannot iiow from the plate 4b via 1b directly to 4c because, due to the unsymmetrical conductivity of the rectifier cells, the current can never ilow from a plate 4 through the oxide fLlm to a plate 1 but flows in opposite direction.
During the second half-wave of each cycle the current flows from '7 via direct-current terminals 10, 1b, 4b and ffbacl;
terminals 10 consequently takes up a pulsa'to'ry direct current. It is evident that the framework of the electrode may have very different shapes. A plate having a rough surface or provided with incisions may be used as such. The framework may also take the form of a simple reinforcement of the plate pressed from powder and consist in this case, for example, of a plurality of rods which are independent of one another or are connected to one another at some points. Besides, use may be made of a plurality of independent or mutually connected frameworks without departing from the principle of the invention.
what we claim iszr 1. An electrode system formed by two electrodes of different materials separated by a thin intermediate layer of unl-laterally conducting material wherein one of the electrodes is made up of compressed powdered electrode substance and a binder pressed on a conducting framework, the compressed material being placed as regards the framework so that said framework projects beyond the edges of the compressed electrode material and at least one incision .througha portion of the compressed material "tolfacilltate heat dissipation from the interior portions 'of the electrode.
2. In a system in accordance with the next preceding claim wherein the compressed electrode vmaterial yis formed so as to be provided with a plurality of said incisions arranged substantially radially with respect to the geometrical centerof the electrode.
3. In the manufacture of a rectifier unit having two dissimilar material electrodes separated by a uni-laterally conducting medium, the method which comprises forming one of the electrodes of a powdered electrode material and a binder formed about a supporting conducting screen by pressure. v
4. The method of constructing electrodes for rectifier units, condensers and the like which comprises -forming a supporting mesh of conducting material, moulding powdered electrode material and a binder to a suitable thickness about at least a portion of the supporting mesh and forming at least one incision through a portion of the moulded material to facilitate heat dissipation from the interior portions of the electrode. y V
5. AnA electrode system formed by rtwo elec trodes of different materials separated by a thin intermediatelayer'of a third material wherein atleast one. of the electrodes is made up of to '1. The direct-current load connecte'd"to"fthe" powdery-*elecgrode substance md s' binder pressed on av conducting framework constructed of metal gauze. f f
6. A dry cell rectifier for alternating current comprising, two electrodes lof diiferent materials separated by Ya thin intermediate layer Vof a third material, one of said electrodes oomprising a mixture .containing copper iodide and iodine pressed upon a metallic gauze disc, said other electrode being composed of zirconium.
7. A dry cell rectifier of the type .described in claim 6 wherein the other'electrode 'is composed of zirconium and. said intermediate la is composed of zirconium oxide.
I HENDRIK EMMENB.
WILLEM CHRISTIAAH ,vim om.. A
US577363A 1930-10-04 1931-11-25 Electrode system Expired - Lifetime US1988116A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL724708X 1930-10-04

Publications (1)

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US (1) US1988116A (en)
AT (1) AT132332B (en)
CH (1) CH158068A (en)
DE (1) DE631197C (en)
FR (1) FR724708A (en)
GB (1) GB376107A (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE956435C (en) * 1954-01-19 1957-01-17 Siemens Ag Dry rectifier
DE1114253B (en) * 1954-11-03 1961-09-28 Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag Dry rectifier element and rectifier column made from such elements

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Publication number Publication date
DE631197C (en) 1936-06-15
GB376107A (en) 1932-07-07
AT132332B (en) 1933-03-10
CH158068A (en) 1932-10-31
FR724708A (en) 1932-05-02

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