US1789733A - Thermoelectric generator - Google Patents
Thermoelectric generator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1789733A US1789733A US55178A US5517825A US1789733A US 1789733 A US1789733 A US 1789733A US 55178 A US55178 A US 55178A US 5517825 A US5517825 A US 5517825A US 1789733 A US1789733 A US 1789733A
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- thermo
- platinum
- metal
- alloy
- gas
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 46
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910002058 ternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 4
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000929 Ru alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical group [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BBKFSSMUWOMYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold palladium Chemical compound [Pd].[Au] BBKFSSMUWOMYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 platinum metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum rhodium Chemical compound [Rh].[Pt] PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/80—Constructional details
- H10N10/85—Thermoelectric active materials
- H10N10/851—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions
- H10N10/854—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions comprising only metals
Definitions
- thermo-elements consist of alloys.
- thermoelectric properties-of the metallic mixtures will change when they are subjected to alternate heating and cooling.
- the potential difference between such elements at a given temperature will therefore not be sufliciently constant. This applies particularly to all alloys containing base metals.
- Thermoelectric elements consisting of binary alloys ofprecious metals, forexample palladiumgold, have been proposed but these do not show a sulficient constancy of potential as their properties areconsiderably changed by the absorption of gas.
- thermo-electric couples of a' remarkable constancy and excellent qualities will be obtained by making one element or both of alloys containing more than two precious metals preferably simple palladium or a similar platinum metal capable in itself of absorbing gas, a precious metal of group one of the periodic system, for example gold and at least one other metal of the platinum group, such as platinum in a relatively small amount.
- thermo-electric combinations containing three or more precious metals as defined above, differ from the binary alloys of palladium with gold or silver known in thermo-elcctric combinations, by exhibiting little or no gas-absorption and by a high con stancy of their thermo-electric properties.
- ternary alloys of the kind described above are particularly suitable in which a precious metal, such as gold-or silver, occupies the first place as regards' weight, palladium the second and another platinum metal the third, for example platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, or the like.
- a precious metal such as gold-or silver
- the third for example platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, or the like.
- alloys composed of about 60 parts oigold, 3-5parts of palladium and about invention are particularly suitable in which a precious metal, such as gold-or silver, occupies the first place as regards' weight, palladium the second and another platinum metal the third, for example platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, or the like.
- thermo-power any metals or alloys of a sufliciently high thermo-power, such as platinum,
- platinum-rhodium etc. may serve for positive elements.
- thermo-power approximately 40 milli-volts. This can be further increased by replacing the platinum element by an element composed of an alloy having a positive thermo-power with relation to platinum.
- composition of the ternary alloy must be modified so that the palladium or another gas adsorptive plat- 1 inum metal predominates in quantity, another platinum metal holds the second place and the metal ofgroup one, such as gold or silver, the third.
- An alloy adapted for the thermo-electric couple as a positive element contains for example about 55 parts of palladium, 35 parts of platinum, or rhodium or ruthenium and 10 parts of gold.
- thermo-clcments The absorption of gas in the thermo-clcments renders their properties variable.
- Thermo-couples composed of such gas absorptive alloys will not in general, exhibit the same potential difference when heated at different times to a given temperature.
- the ternary alloys according to theipresent invention exhibit remarkable constancy of properties and show little or no absorption of gas.
- the efiect of such gas absorption as may be exhibited can be nullified to a substantial extent by choosing two elements of such composition that the change of potential caused by gas absorption in one element is compensated for by the change of potential caused by gas absorption in the other element, so that the net potential difference exhibited by the thermo couple is substantially independent, of any gas absorption.
- ternary alloys may be used for both elements in accordance with the the negative'element, for example,
- thermo-electric couple in which one element comprises an alloy containing at least three precious metals as defined. above and the other element comprises a binary alloy such as gold-palladium or pa ladium platinum and the ingredients of bot elements are so proportioned that the effect of the gas absorption by the ternary alloy tends to compensate for the effect of the gas absorption by the binary alloy.
- thermo-electric combinations of excellent qualities can be produced by taking a thermo-element containing at least three precious metals as described above, in conjunction with a second thermo-element which is not composed of a precious metal or of a mixture of precious metals, but of a metal of the iron-group, such as iron itself, or a high-melting metal of group 6 or 7 of the periodic system, such as chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungstenor the like.
- the second thermo-element may consist of an alloy of several of the said metals for example nickeliferous or chromsteel, or the steel known in fiermany' as V A- steel. There may be added to such element, if desire one or more of the high-melting metals of group one of the periodic system.
- the secondthermo-element referred to in the last paragraph is especially suitable as a positive element in conjunction with a negative element composed of a ternary alloy of the kind already referred to.
- the composition of the second thermo-element referred to may. however, be so adjusted that it may be employed as a negative element in conjunction with a positive element composed of a ternary alloy of the kind already referred-tor
- the metals and alloys of the iron, nickel and cobalt groups in combination with the ternary or higher ,alloys have particularly proved advantageous when their constancy of potential at any given temp rature, resistance to gas and to steam as well as their resistance to oxidation is increased by special means.
- thermocouple having at least one periodic system and; at-least a third an addielement composed of an alloy of more than two precious metals among which there is one a highly gas-absorptive platinum metal, another a precious metat of. group one of the tional platinum metal.
- thermo-couple having at least one element composed of afi alloy'of more than two preciousmeta'ls among which there is one palladium, another a precious metal of group one of the periodic system .and at leasta third an additional platinum metal.
- thermo-cou-ple having at least one ele-' ment composed ofan alloyv of more than two precious metals among whiclrthere is one palladium, another gold and at' least a thlrd an additional platinum metal.
- thermo-couple havin at least one element composed of an alloy 0 palladium, gold and platinum.
- thermo-couple having atleastgone, element composed of an alloy of palladium, gold, platinum and ruthenium.
- thermo-couple in ' which the negativ element consists of an alloy contalning a predominating weight of a precious metal-of group one of the periodic system, a lnghlyv gas-absorptive platinum metal and a minor proportionof atleast one additional platinum metal.
- thermo-couple as claimed in claim 7 in which the alloy for the negative element contains about 60 parts of gold, about 35 parts of palladium and about 5 partsof platinum.
- thermo-couple as claime m claiin las 10in which the alloy for the positive element contains about 55'parts of palladium, about 35 parts of platinum and aboutlO parts of 13.
- thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element consists of an alloy comprising two precious metals.
- thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element consists of an alloy comprising platinum and palladium.
- thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element comprises a metal of group eight of the periodic system.
- thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element is composed of an alloy comprising metals of group eight of the periodic system.
- thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element is composed of an alloy containing at least one metal of group eight of the periodic system and at least one metal of groups six, seven and one of the periodic system.
- thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element is composed of an alloy containing at least one metal of group eight of the periodic system and at least one metal with high melting point of group six, seven and one of the periodic system.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Contacts (AREA)
Description
Patented Jan. 20, 1931 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE o'rro rEoszNER, OF'HANAUZ-ONJHE-MZAIN,GERMANY, assrenon TO THE FIRM: w. c. HERAEUS .cnsnmisonar'r MIT BEsonnANxrnn HAFTUNG, or HANAU-ON-THE- MAflIN, GE MANY, A GERMAN SOCIE'IY' THERMOELEQTRIO GENERATOR no Drawing. Application.filedseptember 8, 1925, Serial 'No. 55,178, and in Germany September 8, 192 4.
. thermo-elements consist of alloys. The
ternary alloys containing 'thermo-electric combinations of this kind hitherto known, have the disadvantage that the thermoelectric properties-of the metallic mixtures will change when they are subjected to alternate heating and cooling. The potential difference between such elements at a given temperature will therefore not be sufliciently constant. This applies particularly to all alloys containing base metals. 4 Thermoelectric elements consisting of binary alloys ofprecious metals, forexample palladiumgold, have been proposed but these do not show a sulficient constancy of potential as their properties areconsiderably changed by the absorption of gas. i
It'has now been found that thermo-electric couples of a' remarkable constancy and excellent qualities will be obtained by making one element or both of alloys containing more than two precious metals preferably simple palladium or a similar platinum metal capable in itself of absorbing gas, a precious metal of group one of the periodic system, for example gold and at least one other metal of the platinum group, such as platinum in a relatively small amount.
Such thermo-electric combinations, containing three or more precious metals as defined above, differ from the binary alloys of palladium with gold or silver known in thermo-elcctric combinations, by exhibiting little or no gas-absorption and by a high con stancy of their thermo-electric properties.
For negative elements those ternary alloys of the kind described above are particularly suitable in which a precious metal, such as gold-or silver, occupies the first place as regards' weight, palladium the second and another platinum metal the third, for example platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, or the like. For example, alloys composed of about 60 parts oigold, 3-5parts of palladium and about invention,
have proved to be highly efficient.
' Inthis case any metals or alloys of a sufliciently high thermo-power, such as platinum,
platinum-rhodium etc., may serve for positive elements.
\Vhen using platinum alone as a positive element in conjunction with a negative ele ment composed of a ternary alloy of the kind described, there will be obtained, for examle with a permanent application of about 1200 C. a thermo-power of approximately 40 milli-volts. This can be further increased by replacing the platinum element by an element composed of an alloy having a positive thermo-power with relation to platinum.
For positive elements'the composition of the ternary alloy must be modified so that the palladium or another gas adsorptive plat- 1 inum metal predominates in quantity, another platinum metal holds the second place and the metal ofgroup one, such as gold or silver, the third. An alloy adapted for the thermo-electric couple as a positive element contains for example about 55 parts of palladium, 35 parts of platinum, or rhodium or ruthenium and 10 parts of gold.
' The absorption of gas in the thermo-clcments renders their properties variable.
Thermo-couples composed of such gas absorptive alloys will not in general, exhibit the same potential difference when heated at different times to a given temperature. The ternary alloys according to theipresent invention exhibit remarkable constancy of properties and show little or no absorption of gas. However the efiect of such gas absorption as may be exhibited can be nullified to a substantial extent by choosing two elements of such composition that the change of potential caused by gas absorption in one element is compensated for by the change of potential caused by gas absorption in the other element, so that the net potential difference exhibited by the thermo couple is substantially independent, of any gas absorption. By way of example, ternary alloys may be used for both elements in accordance with the the negative'element, for example,
containing gold in the p dominating amount, palladiumin the second place and another platinum metal in the third; in the positive element for example, palladium predominates in amount, another platinum metal occupies the secondplace and gold 51' silver the third place. In this instance the gas-absorption of each element is very small and in addition the two elements will completely compensate each other.
As a further development of this idea, a thermo-electric couple .inay be formed in which one element comprises an alloy containing at least three precious metals as defined. above and the other element comprises a binary alloy such as gold-palladium or pa ladium platinum and the ingredients of bot elements are so proportioned that the effect of the gas absorption by the ternary alloy tends to compensate for the effect of the gas absorption by the binary alloy.'
It has been discovered that thermo-electric combinations of excellent qualities can be produced by taking a thermo-element containing at least three precious metals as described above, in conjunction with a second thermo-element which is not composed of a precious metal or of a mixture of precious metals, but of a metal of the iron-group, such as iron itself, or a high-melting metal of group 6 or 7 of the periodic system, such as chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungstenor the like. The second thermo-element may consist of an alloy of several of the said metals for example nickeliferous or chromsteel, or the steel known in fiermany' as V A- steel. There may be added to such element, if desire one or more of the high-melting metals of group one of the periodic system.
The secondthermo-element referred to in the last paragraph is especially suitable as a positive element in conjunction with a negative element composed of a ternary alloy of the kind already referred to. The composition of the second thermo-element referred to may. however, be so adjusted that it may be employed as a negative element in conjunction with a positive element composed of a ternary alloy of the kind already referred-tor The metals and alloys of the iron, nickel and cobalt groups in combination with the ternary or higher ,alloys have particularly proved advantageous when their constancy of potential at any given temp rature, resistance to gas and to steam as well as their resistance to oxidation is increased by special means. This may, for example be done by adding chromium, tungsten, manganese and the like. Such properties may also be imparted to the metals or alloys'in question for a high compression, by pressure, by their preparation in the electrical Way or through other known improving processes. I claim: 1. A thermocouple having at least one periodic system and; at-least a third an addielement composed of an alloy of more than two precious metals among which there is one a highly gas-absorptive platinum metal, another a precious metat of. group one of the tional platinum metal. 2A thermo couple having both elements composed of an allo of more than two precious metals among. which there. iscone a highly gasrabsorptive platinum metal, an other a precious .metal of'group one of the periodic system and at least .a third"an'addi= tional platinum metal.
3. A thermo-couple having at least one element composed of afi alloy'of more than two preciousmeta'ls among which there is one palladium, another a precious metal of group one of the periodic system .and at leasta third an additional platinum metal.
4. A thermo-cou-ple having at least one ele-' ment composed ofan alloyv of more than two precious metals among whiclrthere is one palladium, another gold and at' least a thlrd an additional platinum metal.
5. A thermo-couple havin at least one element composed of an alloy 0 palladium, gold and platinum.
6. A thermo-couple having atleastgone, element composed of an alloy of palladium, gold, platinum and ruthenium. d
7. A thermo-couple in 'which the negativ element consists of an alloy contalning a predominating weight of a precious metal-of group one of the periodic system, a lnghlyv gas-absorptive platinum metal and a minor proportionof atleast one additional platinum metal. v
8. A thermo-cou'ple as claimed in cla1m 7 in which the alloy. for the negative element contains a weight of precious metal of group one of the periodic system approx1mately double-the weight of highly gas-absorptive platinum metal applied.
9. A thermo-couple as claimed in claim 7 in which the alloy for the negative element contains about 60 parts of gold, about 35 parts of palladium and about 5 partsof platinum.
contains the gas-absorptive platinum; meta in weight approximately doublethat of theadditional platinum metals. 4 example in their production, for example, by"
12. A' thermo-couple as claime m claiin las 10in which the alloy for the positive element contains about 55'parts of palladium, about 35 parts of platinum and aboutlO parts of 13. A therm0-coupleas claimed in claim 7 in which the positive element consists of an alloy containing apredominating weight of a gas-absorptive platinum metal, at least one additional platinum metal and a minor proportion of a precious metal of group one of the periodic system.
14. A thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element consists of an alloy comprising two precious metals.
15. A thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element consists of an alloy comprising platinum and palladium.
16.- A thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element comprises a metal of group eight of the periodic system.
17. A thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element is composed of an alloy comprising metals of group eight of the periodic system.
18. A thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element is composed of an alloy containing at least one metal of group eight of the periodic system and at least one metal of groups six, seven and one of the periodic system.
19. A thermo-couple as claimed in claim 1 in which the second element is composed of an alloy containing at least one metal of group eight of the periodic system and at least one metal with high melting point of group six, seven and one of the periodic system.
In testimony whereof I afiix my si ature.
DR. OTTO FEUSZ ER.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE1789733X | 1924-09-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1789733A true US1789733A (en) | 1931-01-20 |
Family
ID=7743406
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US55178A Expired - Lifetime US1789733A (en) | 1924-09-08 | 1925-09-08 | Thermoelectric generator |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1789733A (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2677005A (en) * | 1952-03-31 | 1954-04-27 | Sheffield Smelting Company Ltd | Thermocouple |
| US2855493A (en) * | 1953-06-16 | 1958-10-07 | Sprague Electric Co | Metal film resistor |
| US3066177A (en) * | 1960-02-25 | 1962-11-27 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Thermocouple |
| US3099575A (en) * | 1959-10-20 | 1963-07-30 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Thermocouple |
| US3278280A (en) * | 1964-03-16 | 1966-10-11 | Int Nickel Co | Workable ruthenium alloy and process for producing the same |
| US3328209A (en) * | 1963-01-07 | 1967-06-27 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Noble metal thermocouple having base metal compensating leads |
| US3329533A (en) * | 1964-06-22 | 1967-07-04 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Noble metal thermocouple having base metal compensating leads |
| US5275670A (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1994-01-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | High temperature, oxidation resistant noble metal-Al alloy thermocouple |
-
1925
- 1925-09-08 US US55178A patent/US1789733A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2677005A (en) * | 1952-03-31 | 1954-04-27 | Sheffield Smelting Company Ltd | Thermocouple |
| US2855493A (en) * | 1953-06-16 | 1958-10-07 | Sprague Electric Co | Metal film resistor |
| US3099575A (en) * | 1959-10-20 | 1963-07-30 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Thermocouple |
| US3066177A (en) * | 1960-02-25 | 1962-11-27 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Thermocouple |
| US3328209A (en) * | 1963-01-07 | 1967-06-27 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Noble metal thermocouple having base metal compensating leads |
| US3278280A (en) * | 1964-03-16 | 1966-10-11 | Int Nickel Co | Workable ruthenium alloy and process for producing the same |
| US3329533A (en) * | 1964-06-22 | 1967-07-04 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Noble metal thermocouple having base metal compensating leads |
| US5275670A (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1994-01-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | High temperature, oxidation resistant noble metal-Al alloy thermocouple |
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