US1489115A - chevenard - Google Patents
chevenard Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1489115A US1489115A US1489115DA US1489115A US 1489115 A US1489115 A US 1489115A US 1489115D A US1489115D A US 1489115DA US 1489115 A US1489115 A US 1489115A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- expansion
- standard
- metal
- tubes
- rods
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 28
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000003287 optical Effects 0.000 description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910001374 Invar Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000002547 anomalous Effects 0.000 description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000295 complement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 platinum-iridium Chemical compound 0.000 description 4
- 229910000669 Chrome steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000983670 Ficus natalensis subsp. leprieurii Species 0.000 description 2
- 101700080604 INVE Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000234435 Lilium Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009114 investigational therapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
- G01N25/48—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on solution, sorption, or a chemical reaction not involving combustion or catalytic oxidation
- G01N25/4846—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on solution, sorption, or a chemical reaction not involving combustion or catalytic oxidation for a motionless, e.g. solid sample
- G01N25/4853—Details
- G01N25/486—Sample holders
Definitions
- a TTORNE )fS 1 RE, a t. with & DECAZEVILLE, F l' i. RECORDING INSTRU FOR ION ti on, Assrerron 'ro so'rn error.
- This invention relates to an apparatus for observing the expansion of alloys throughout a wide range of temperature, in view of the thermie analysis of such alloys.
- the measurement of the expansion is car- 5m exempt from anomalous expansion efiects.
- the said apparatus is automatic in its operation vi produces a photographic record of a curve whose ordinates are the difierences between the expansion of a spec- 265 imen piece of the metal under test and that of a standard specimen.
- the abscissee of the said curve are the temperatures which are checked by the expansion of the standard specimen.
- Fig. 1 is a section through the vertical plane of setry of the apparatus.
- Fig. 2 is a side view of Fig. 1.
- Fig. 3 is a plan view of Fig. 1.
- Fig. 4 is a side view out Fig. l with the optical lever removed.
- test pieces a of the steel under examination and the standard iece Z; are disposed within the tubes o, d ormed of melted silica and cemented to a socket e of invar metal is terminated by a lane surface are caused l to bear the rods g, preferably formed of melted silica which are submitted to the action of the sprin "it, it.
- the closed end of the said tubes is inserted in the chain type which is provided in the interior with a metal-mue and is adapted to bring the test pieces to a high temperature attaining 1100 (3., which is exactly uniform.
- the expansion or the test pieces which is communicated to the members in melted silica is transmittedto the exterior of the. said furnace by the silica rods f, g, and are finally counicated by the tempered steel rods 2', i to the optical lever j which serves to amplify the expansion efiects.
- said lever which is constructed of invar metal is provided with a concave mirror It and is pivoted upon three points of chrome steel Z, m, n which are disposed at the angles of a right-angled triangle.
- the point Z situated at the right angle corresponds to the standard piece 5, and it bears within a verysmall recess formed at the end of the steel rod 5.
- the point m bears upon the highly polished end surface of the rod 2'.
- the point 72. which maintains an in-: variable level with reference to the base of the instrument is movable within a groove 0 formed according to the straight line Z, n ma block of tempered steel 12 which serves to prevent any rotation of the optical lever in the plane thereof.
- the extension of the straight line Z, n encounters the axis of the rod 2'. ln the construction, the straight line Z, a will be horizontal when the apparatus'is in the level position.
- the complex movement of the optical lever may be reducedto two rotations, whereof one takes place about the-axis Z, w and the other about the axis y, y perpendicular thereto.
- the image of a fixed spot of light in the mirror It will describe a plane curve, whose abscissa according to Z is proportional to the expansion of the standard piece and the ordinate according to Z, m to the diflerence between the expansions of the pieces.
- All the essential parts of the instrument are constructed of invar metal, with the exception of the cols 1 which are or a nickel steel an w ose expansion is such that lily/Will, compensate the expansion of the tempered steel rods a z'.
- the said col are connected 'by a dish r of invar metal.
- test pieces usually have the n length, butpieces of unequal length may also he used, in such nor as to render a tilt till
- the spot of light whose image in the mirror serves to trace the curve upon a photographic plate, not shown, may be obtained 1n any suitable manner.
- pansion pyrometer shall be quite correct, it
- the standard metal should be suitably selected and should correspond to certain conditions. It should particularly possess a mean calorific capacity and a mean expansion which are very near that of the metals under test. Its curve of expansion should be of a perfectly reversible nature and exempt from all abnormal features.
- Certain metals or alloys of the current types may be used in some cases and within a more or less extended interval of temperature. Such metals are, in the order of increasing expansion, tungsten, platinum-iridium, palladium, 00 per, silver, etc. But for the greater number of'cases, and more particularly for the investigation of steels and iron alloys, the best standards will be found in the two following groups bf the series of'alloys of iron, nickel and chromium.
- Second group Nickel 80 to 90%, chromium 201:0 10%, iron complement.
- Fig. 3 represents a plan View of Fig. 1 wherein the column 9 is removed, and a spring 8 carried by the arm 25 is used to maintain the said optical lever j upon the points I m n.
- Fig. 4 shows a front view'of the plater, with the optical lever removed.
- the mechanism is of a very simple character and is not affected by shocks, vibrations, or outside electric or magnetic disturbances.
- a device for thermic analysis based upon the measurement of expansion efi'ects by the differential method, comprising two tubes adapted to be heated in an electric furnace, two tests pieces disposed respectively in the said tubes, one of said pieces being formed of the metal under exami-,
- sion effects are transmitted, three points located according to a right-angled disposition serving as a support for said lever, means for connecting one of said points to the standard test piece, means for connecting the second of said points to the test piece formed of the metal to be examined, means for preventin rotation of said lever in the plane of sai three points, a concave mirror supported by said lever and reflecting a fixed point of light for-producing a luminous image which is adapted to describe a plane curve, and record, upon a recording device, its movements, the abcissae ofsaid curve being proportional to the expansion of the standard, and the ordinates to the differences between the expansion of the standard and the metal under examination.
- a device for thermic analysis as set forth in claim 1 in which the tubes to be heated by the electric furnace are formed of melted silica.
- a recording device for thermic analya mBm- 1 third point moves, in a manner to prevent all rotation of the optical lever in the plane thereof.
- a device of the class described comprising, in combination, a pair of test tubes for receiving two test pieces of metal, a pair of rods respectively abutting one end of each of said pieces interiorly of said 116 tubes, means operatively engaging one end of each of said rods exteriorly of said tubes, and a light-reflecting member having engagement with said means and mounted fon movement about two axes disposed at right 20 an les, one with the other.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
Description
April 1 1924.
P. CHEVENARD DIFFERENTIAL RECORDING INSTRUMENT FOR EXPANSION MEASUREMENTS '1921 2 sheets-sheet 1 -Filed Aug. 16
I INVE/vTo/e Gm MM April 1 1924. I 1,489,115
P. CHEVENARD DIFFERENTIAL RECORDING INS'IFU IMENT FOR EXPANSION MEASUREMENTS Fi led Aug. 16. 1921 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENT'O/E WM, a
A TTORNE )fS 1:: RE, a t. with & DECAZEVILLE, F l' i. RECORDING INSTRU FOR ION ti on, Assrerron 'ro so'rn error.
5, a GE.
i it UB1.
Application filed August '16, 1921. fierial fll'o. coarse.
65 new and 'useiul Improvements in Difierential Recording Instruments for Expansion Measurements (for which I have applied for patent in France August 9, 1917 ),-which is fully set forth in the following scificall) tion.
This invention relates to an apparatus for observing the expansion of alloys throughout a wide range of temperature, in view of the thermie analysis of such alloys.
The measurement of the expansion is car- 5m exempt from anomalous expansion efiects.
CED
The said aparatus is automatic in its operation vi produces a photographic record of a curve whose ordinates are the difierences between the expansion of a spec- 265 imen piece of the metal under test and that of a standard specimen. The abscissee of the said curve are the temperatures which are checked by the expansion of the standard specimen.
The following description, together with the accompanying drawing which is given by way of example, shows constructional forms of this invention. Fig. 1 is a section through the vertical plane of setry of the apparatus. Fig. 2 is a side view of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a plan view of Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a side view out Fig. l with the optical lever removed.
In the apparatus herein represented, the test pieces a of the steel under examination and the standard iece Z; are disposed within the tubes o, d ormed of melted silica and cemented to a socket e of invar metal is terminated by a lane surface are caused l to bear the rods g, preferably formed of melted silica which are submitted to the action of the sprin "it, it.
her of an electric furnace of the resistance The closed end of the said tubes is inserted in the chain type which is provided in the interior with a metal-mue and is adapted to bring the test pieces to a high temperature attaining 1100 (3., which is exactly uniform.
The expansion or the test pieces which is communicated to the members in melted silica is transmittedto the exterior of the. said furnace by the silica rods f, g, and are finally counicated by the tempered steel rods 2', i to the optical lever j which serves to amplify the expansion efiects. The
said lever which is constructed of invar metal is provided with a concave mirror It and is pivoted upon three points of chrome steel Z, m, n which are disposed at the angles of a right-angled triangle. The point Z situated at the right angle corresponds to the standard piece 5, and it bears within a verysmall recess formed at the end of the steel rod 5. The point m bears upon the highly polished end surface of the rod 2'. The point 72. which maintains an in-: variable level with reference to the base of the instrument is movable within a groove 0 formed according to the straight line Z, n ma block of tempered steel 12 which serves to prevent any rotation of the optical lever in the plane thereof. The extension of the straight line Z, n encounters the axis of the rod 2'. ln the construction, the straight line Z, a will be horizontal when the apparatus'is in the level position.
en the test pieces expand, the complex movement of the optical lever may be reducedto two rotations, whereof one takes place about the-axis Z, w and the other about the axis y, y perpendicular thereto. The image of a fixed spot of light in the mirror It will describe a plane curve, whose abscissa according to Z is proportional to the expansion of the standard piece and the ordinate according to Z, m to the diflerence between the expansions of the pieces. All the essential parts of the instrument are constructed of invar metal, with the exception of the cols 1 which are or a nickel steel an w ose expansion is such that lily/Will, compensate the expansion of the tempered steel rods a z'. The said col are connected 'by a dish r of invar metal. I
[The test pieces usually have the n length, butpieces of unequal length may also he used, in such nor as to render a tilt till
not
given region of a curve parallel to the axis of temperatures for the purpose of better exhibiting a small anomalous action; The spot of light whose image in the mirror serves to trace the curve upon a photographic plate, not shown, may be obtained 1n any suitable manner. For the purpose of recording the time or any other variable,
pansion pyrometer shall be quite correct, it
is necessary that the standard metal should be suitably selected and should correspond to certain conditions. It should particularly possess a mean calorific capacity and a mean expansion which are very near that of the metals under test. Its curve of expansion should be of a perfectly reversible nature and exempt from all abnormal features. Certain metals or alloys of the current types may be used in some cases and within a more or less extended interval of temperature. Such metals are, in the order of increasing expansion, tungsten, platinum-iridium, palladium, 00 per, silver, etc. But for the greater number of'cases, and more particularly for the investigation of steels and iron alloys, the best standards will be found in the two following groups bf the series of'alloys of iron, nickel and chromium.
First groupi Nickel 15 to 25%, chr0- mium 20 to 10%, iron complement.
Second group: Nickel 80 to 90%, chromium 201:0 10%, iron complement.
The above-mentioned alloys which are non-magnetic by reason of the addition of chromium and are therefore'exempt from all anomalous expansion effects will fulfill all the required conditions. By the addition of chromium, they are almost entirely free from xidation.
Fig. 3 represents a plan View of Fig. 1 wherein the column 9 is removed, and a spring 8 carried by the arm 25 is used to maintain the said optical lever j upon the points I m n. Fig. 4 shows a front view'of the plater, with the optical lever removed.
The device as a whole possesses the following advantages:
The mechanism is of a very simple character and is not affected by shocks, vibrations, or outside electric or magnetic disturbances.
It possesses a high degree of sensitiveness which is obtained by the use of the differential method and the suitable choice of the expansion value of the standard.
' A great precision is obtained by reason of the special expansion .propertles of the standard metal; the precautions taken to obtain equal temperatures for the tw test pieces; the use of special alloys to compensate the effects of variations of outside temperature; and the sharpness of the record resulting from the lack of sensitiveness to jarring and the reliable operation of the amplifying mechanism. 1
What I claim is 1. A device for thermic analysis, based upon the measurement of expansion efi'ects by the differential method, comprising two tubes adapted to be heated in an electric furnace, two tests pieces disposed respectively in the said tubes, one of said pieces being formed of the metal under exami-,
sion effects are transmitted, three points located according to a right-angled disposition serving as a support for said lever, means for connecting one of said points to the standard test piece, means for connecting the second of said points to the test piece formed of the metal to be examined, means for preventin rotation of said lever in the plane of sai three points, a concave mirror supported by said lever and reflecting a fixed point of light for-producing a luminous image which is adapted to describe a plane curve, and record, upon a recording device, its movements, the abcissae ofsaid curve being proportional to the expansion of the standard, and the ordinates to the differences between the expansion of the standard and the metal under examination.
4. A device for thermic analysis as set forth in claim 1 in which the tubes to be heated by the electric furnace are formed of melted silica.
5. A device for thermic analysis as set forth in claim 1, in which the expansion efiects of said test pieces are transmitted to the exterior of said tubes by means of silica rods prolonged by tempered steel rods subjected to the return action of springs, the two systems of rods being disposed in the prolongation of the pieces to be studied.
6. A recording device for thermic analya mBm- 1 third point moves, in a manner to prevent all rotation of the optical lever in the plane thereof.
7. A recording. device for thermie analy- 5 sis as set forth in claim 6, including a support on which is-fixed said grooved memher, and suitable columns of nickel-steel for maintaining said support and whose expansion compensates and eliminates that of w the tempered steel rods.
8. A device of the class described comprising, in combination, a pair of test tubes for receiving two test pieces of metal, a pair of rods respectively abutting one end of each of said pieces interiorly of said 116 tubes, means operatively engaging one end of each of said rods exteriorly of said tubes, and a light-reflecting member having engagement with said means and mounted fon movement about two axes disposed at right 20 an les, one with the other.
11 testimony whereof I have signed this specification. I
PIERRE CHEVENARD.
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1489115A true US1489115A (en) | 1924-04-01 |
Family
ID=3406436
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US1489115D Expired - Lifetime US1489115A (en) | chevenard |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1489115A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2617441A (en) * | 1950-03-25 | 1952-11-11 | Yarnall Waring Co | Liquid level alarm |
| US3680357A (en) * | 1970-09-21 | 1972-08-01 | Gerhard R Clusener | Dilatometer |
| US3748892A (en) * | 1972-04-18 | 1973-07-31 | Us Air Force | High precision dilatometer |
| US4548515A (en) * | 1984-04-23 | 1985-10-22 | Clusener Gerhard R | Multiple sensor dilatometer |
| US5161891A (en) * | 1991-02-12 | 1992-11-10 | Practical Transportation, Inc. | Process for determining and controlling railroad rail's neutral temperature to prevent track buckling and rail fractures |
-
0
- US US1489115D patent/US1489115A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2617441A (en) * | 1950-03-25 | 1952-11-11 | Yarnall Waring Co | Liquid level alarm |
| US3680357A (en) * | 1970-09-21 | 1972-08-01 | Gerhard R Clusener | Dilatometer |
| US3748892A (en) * | 1972-04-18 | 1973-07-31 | Us Air Force | High precision dilatometer |
| US4548515A (en) * | 1984-04-23 | 1985-10-22 | Clusener Gerhard R | Multiple sensor dilatometer |
| US5161891A (en) * | 1991-02-12 | 1992-11-10 | Practical Transportation, Inc. | Process for determining and controlling railroad rail's neutral temperature to prevent track buckling and rail fractures |
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