US1356751A - Ments - Google Patents

Description

R. A. WEAGANL RADIOSIGNALING APPARATUS. APPLICATION FILED JULY 12, ma.

Patented Oct. 26, 1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET I.

ttozu% 7 I R. A. WEAGANT. RADIOSIGNAUNG APPARATUS,

APPLICATION FILED JULY 12, I918.

Patented Oct. 26, 1920.

4 SHEETSSHEET 2.

I anve-nfo-z $4., an?

R. A. WEAGANT. RADIOSIGNALING APPARATUS.

I APPLICATION FILED JUL Y I2, I918. 1,356,751. Patented Oct. 26,1920.

4 SHEETSSHEET 3.

lnvenfoz R. A. WEAGANT. BADIOSIGNALING}APPARATUS.

APRLICATION FILED JULY I2, 1918. I'

- Patented Oct. 26, 1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4- anveufoz UNITED STATES- PATENT orrlcr.

ROY ALEXANDER WEAGANT, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., ASS IGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGN- MENTS, TO RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA, A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE. I

RADIOSIGNALING APPARATUS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Oct. 26, 1920.

, Applicationfiled July 12, 1918. Serial No. 244,562.

This invention-relates to radio signaling apparatus of the same general character as substantially at the ends,

- tuning means in that shown in my co-pending applications Serial Nos. 157 ,594 and l81,458, in which I have disclosed my discoveries as to the'overhead source or sources of propagation of static disturbances and described and claimed new methods and apparatus based upon such discoveries for eliminating static effects. 1 y

The primary'object of the present-invention is to still further improve uponthat 7 form of my apparatus in which separated antennae, preferably in the form of loops or cages, are employed, connected by long leads to a central receiving apparatus, for balancing out static while retaining the signals, although some of my improvements are applicable as well-to other forms of apparatus. v

In working with spacing between relatively small antennae of the order of quarter-wavelength, .half-wa've-length, and greater, difliculty is experienced because of the great length of the leads, which pick up both static and signals to an extent comparable with the antennae, and one object of this invention is to reduce the troubles-due to the leads by so constructing them that they pick up as little signal and static as possible.

I have also found that the best results are.

usually obtained by'tuning at both ends, or of the long leads connecting the cages to the receiving apparatus, and I preferably provide local tuning means for tuning the cages to the incoming signal Waves, and preferably independent ing apparatus. The large distributed capacity of the leads and "the complicated nature of the propagation of the oscillations therein seems to require the local tuning means at the cages. v w t Certain obscure and not as yet thoroughly understood mutual effects also appear to exist between the leads and thecages, which adding the signals.

connection with the receivtral receiving V v the operators stationed at the cages, and for are apt to cause trouble in the proper functioning of the system, and may partly account for any residuum of static found remaming at the balance point. The difiiculty may lie in the fact that the leads .possess distributed inductance and capacity while the antennae loops act as localized inductances of large magnitude, which are local energy gatherers. both signals and static are apparently generated in the leads, in the cages, and in the receiving apparatus, in definite directions,

so that there is a best or preferable relation of the leads to the cages andto the receiving apparatus in point of electrical connection, and another important object of this invention is to provide means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the leads and in the cages and receiving ap= paratus respectively, so that these elements of the system will cooperate electrically in balancin out static while retaining and A further object of the invention -is to reduce or eliminate the troublesome effects which may be termed spuriouseffects, due to the icking up of both static and signals by tie apparatus in the receiving station itself. Since the spurious effects which interfere with the balance appear even when the receiving apparatus is not connected to any circuit or collector outside the receiving house, they are increased probably by electro-static. or electro-magnetic coupling between the leads and different portions of the apparatus in the house, when the leads are connected to the receiving apparatus in operation. These spurious effects may be due to other unknown or not well understood'causes, but I. am enabled to very'largely eliminate them by the preventive measures to be herein described.

In the absence of remote control for automatically controlling the tuning means and electrical connections for the cages, some suitable means of communication should be provided to enable the operator at the censtation to communicatewith this purpose '1 preferably utilize the leads as a convenient means of telephonic communi-' cation, so'that' the operators at the cages may be directed in making adjustments of the cages simultaneously with the reception of signals at the central station. Separate Currents due to substantially as shown in the figures.

telephone lines or other means of communication may be provided if desired.

Further objects of the invention will hereinafter appear and the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation in perspective of a receiving system showing two separated cages and the central receiving house.

Fig. 2 is a similar view of a modification.

Fig. 3 is an enlarged detail perspective view of one of the cages, showing the tuning means for the cage and the controllable connections between the leads and the cage;

Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of the circuits and connections for the system, as shown in Fig. 1, and

Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a modified form of cage.

Referring to the drawings, and at first more particularly to Fig. 1, A represents a receiving house and B are antennae shown in the form of loops or cages connected by the leads C to suitable receiving apparatus in the receiving house. The leads are shown broken in their length to indicate that they are longer in proportion than actually shown, owing to the limitations of the sheet on which they are drawn. Small shelters' or houses, D, are shown adjacent tothe cages for housing the tuning and controlling apparatus for the cages. The cages B are preferably separated from one another by an appreciable fraction of a wave length in the general direction of desired reception and I am thus enabled to balance out static, and retain the signals which are out of phase, as fully set forth in my co-pending applications referred to.

The loop antennae or cages-may be of any suitable construction, but I have obtained excellent results in accordance with my invention in receiving over long distances through heavy static with cages constructied n the enlarged detail view of Fig. 3 the three; thirty-foot poles H are about one-hundred and fifty feet apart, making the cage about three hundred feet in length. The cross arms J are. spaced about twenty feet apart in a vertical direction and preferably provided with insulators K over which is wound approximately 7680 feet of No. 10 B. & S. hard-drawn copper wire, making twelve loops or turns L in all, with six'loops at each side of the center, all the loops be- 1ng preferably wound in the same direction According to the construction shown, the upper cross-arms J are about twenty-five feet above the ground, but the height and number of poles, their spacing, the distance between cross-arms and the number and arrangement of loops, and 'length of wire used for the cages may all be varied as desired, in accordance with the conditions met with, and depending upon the length of wave on which it is desired to receive, and the effective separation or fractional wave length spacing between cages.

The leads C connecting the cages to the receiving apparatus at the receiving house should preferably be arranged close together. as for instance, several inches apart, in a substantially horizontal plane, for under those conditions the leads seem to pick up the least amount of static. A convenient construction is to support the leads C at each side of the stakes 0, formed of about two inch or three inch stock and spaced at suitable intervals along the line, as shown in Fig. 1. The leads may be near the ground, shown, or elevated on higher stakes or poles E (shown in Fig. 2) as a'matter of convenience, to permit passing under without interference. I have also found that leads elevated to a substantial distance from the ground, as. for instance, to a height of about fourteen feet more or less, give somewhat better results than leads close to the ground.

At the receiving station A, Ihavc shown suitable receiving apparatus and circuits including a goniometer P, which forms a convenient instrument capable of nice adjustment for balancing out static and retaining the signals, it being understood, however, that any other suitable instruments or circuits and connections may be used to combine the effects produced as described. The stationary goniometer coils Q, as shown, are connected to the leads 0 extending to each cage and variable condensers T are preferably included in series with coils Q, for tuning purposes. Variable tuning inductances S andyariable resistances r are shown in series with the leads. One or both of the inductances may be used as desired. The resistances may be used or omitted if not required, but at times they are found to be beneficial in making adjustments to equalize the signal or static intensity.

The movable coil R of the goniometer, r0- tatable about the axis U in the plane of the coils Q, is connected to suitable receiver circuits including the three-element vacuum valve V. A variable condenser W is preferably included in the circuit of the movable coil R, which also includes the loading inductance X and the coupling coil Y. The valve V is connected to the oscillatory circuit a b coupled to the coil Y. The valve has, as shown, the usual plate circuit 0, cl, e, f, and in addition the oscillatory circuit a, g, h, f, although any suitable and desirable circuits may be used.

By suitable adjustments of the apparatus the effects due to static disturbances neutralize and balance out, while the effects due v to the signals combine to produce a resultant current .in the receiver circuits.-'

In addition to the tuning means shown and described in connection with the receivthe loop antennae. or cages,-

- ing apparatus,

7 I have found that means should preferably be provided for tuning and for this purpose I insert variable condensers in the circuits of cages B, preferably at the mid points or in series between the two sets of loops L, of six loops each. If the indouble-throw switches o suitably connected steps as by the wires k and p to (if the loops-L so that bymanipulating the switches more or less of the loops L may i be included in circuit. Generally speaking, the number of loops L in circuit should be greater. for the longer wave lengths and any suitable means may be provided for varying the number of loops L in as many desired, the switches I have shown being by way of illustration only. I have found that there is a distinct advantage in providing tuning means for the antennae in addition to tuning means in connection with the receiving apparatus, because lead troubles are reduced, the tuning is improved, and the signals increased,'and it is possible to une the antennae or cages to the incoming signal and have the tuning means set for a given wave length, so that in working with only one transmitting station, variations in adjustments need, generally only be made at the central receiving station.

Since the leads and the cages pick upboth signals and static, currents are generated in each in definite directions. It has been found highly advantageous toprovide means for. determiningthe relative direc tions of the currents in the leads and cages, in the leads and receiving apparatus, and preferably in the receiving apparatus and the-receiving circuits connected thereto- These two latter conditions become of importance in using a receiving apparatus in the form of .a goniometer, but my discoveries in regard to these features may be used in connection with other forms of'receiving apparatus where found applicable.

Inthis instance I have provided reversing switches Z for reversing the connections of the leads C tothe cages, and in this way I determine the relative directions of planation,

different portions tion between current flowing in the leads and inthe cages.

vices could be used in place of the reversing switches. enable the leads and cages to be connected so that currents in each are in the same or in opposite directions, as desired. Trial will determine which positions of the reversing switches produce the best results. The cages may be stronger than the leads requiring one position of the reversing switches Z, or with greater separation between the cages and correspondingly longer leads, the leads and. cages may be very nearly equal in effect, in which case it may be desirable to throw the reversing switches Z so that the leads oppose the cages, thus obtaining, as is now believed, an order of balance between the leads and cages themselves in each side of. the system, in which the static balances and lets through the signal. Whether 'or not this is the true exthe reversing switches Z play an important part in the tuning and balancing of the system.

I also prefer to provide reversing switches Z, or their equivalents, for reversing the connections between the leads and.

the receiving apparatus, which, in this in stance, is a. goniometer. There is apparently a best, or at least a preferable relathe leads and the goniometer, irrespective of the relation between the leads 'and'the cages as adjusted by the reversing switches Z This best or preferable relation seems to be. determined by the effect produced on the of the goniometer or otherwise stated, the current distribution in the coils. In operating the apparatus the switches Z and Z are manipulated untilthe proper positions are determined for producing the best results; that is, the best balance on static and the strongest signal on proper tuning.

The function of the reversing switch Z between the movable coil of the goniometer and the receiving circuits, is substantially similar to that of the switches Z and the position to which it is thrown probably has an effect on both the goniometer and the receivingcircuits. this switch Z' undoubtedly has some effect on the final results produced, and is an advantage.

In order to neutralize andavoid the coupling effects between the leads C and different parts-of the receiving apparatus, particularly the secondary a of the oscillation transformer, I prefer to bring the leads into the receiving house A close together and advantageously by means of lead in cased cables 9. As shown, these lengths of cable, containing in this instance two insulated wireswith lead covering, are comelectro-static field The manipulation of These reversing switches Z? I have nevertheless found that paratively short, preferably from fifty to one-hundred feet long, and should not be long enough to introduce complicating capacity "effects. They should only be long enough to prevent actions of the nature of electro-static coupling of the outside circuits to the receiving apparatus in the receiving house. I have found that the insulation of the sheaths of the cables from one another and from the earth seems to be important, for the best results are apparently obtained when the lead sheaths are not grounded and are not connected together electrically.

My observations with the spurious effects, as I term them, obtained in the station apparatus itself, lead me to believe with the information I at present have, that the receiving; apparatus should be removed from the immediate proximity to the earth and placed at an elevation, preferably on a wooden tower, as shown in Fig. 2 for instance, in which the house A having a plat form I is shown constructed on a wooden tower G of suitable construction and of a height which may be determined by the conditions present. For instance, the tower may be twenty or thirty feet high or higher if found desirable, in order to reduce the capacity of the apparatus to earth as much as possible. With the apparatus so located and well insulated antennae and leads, the residual static will be largely eliminated. These observations will apply to any form of apparatus and antennae-or collectors for carrying out my invention in accordance with my discoveries in regard to the origin of static and method of eliminating static based on those discoveries.

In devising means for communicating between the operator at the receiving house and the operators at the cages, I have found that the leads themselves may be efficiently used for telephonic purposes without in any way interfering with the operation of the system during reception of radio signals. Accordingly, telephones 1' are shown at the cages conveniently connected across the central contacts of the reversing switches Z Similarly telephones s are connected to a double-throw switch If, the contacts of which are connected by wires u to the reversing switches Z respectively, for the leads C in each portion of the system, and by this means either operator at the cages may be communicated with at will by the operator at the receiving house and told to make the necessary adjustments of the tuning and controlling apparatus. Separate telephone wires could be run between the central house and cages, but this necessitates f additional wire and possibly poles. The leads may also be used instead of separate wires for some suitable form of remote control in which electro-responsive devices for adjusting the apparatus at the cages is c n-. trolled from the receiving house. I

In working with my system it is to be assumed that the cages or loop antennae B as located and separated an appreciable fraction of a wave length apart, lie in the general direction of desired reception. I have successfully operated, for instance, on a large scale in receiving transatlantic signals, with cages and their connecting leads lying in the general direction of a line extending by compass north-east and southwest, the desired signals coming from a northeasterly direction. One cage B was located in the direction substantially northeast of the receiving house and the other cage B was locatedin the direction substantially south-west ofthe receiving house. My receiving station was designed and erected with special reference to reception from a particular transatlantic transmitting station known to be transmitting practically continuously day and night, and sending on a wave length of 6,300 meters in the daytime and 12,600 meters at night. In order that the system should be subjected to the most severe tests practically obtainable, the rcceiving station was located in a semitropical portion of the United States and operated at a season ofthe year when static of all kinds is very heavy. The static was in fact so heavy for extended periods as to either entirely obliterate the signals desired to be receive or else render the reception of intelligible messages impossible with any heretofore known form of receiving apparatus.

With my system, however, substantially in the form disclosed in this specification and illustrated diagrammatically in the drawings, I was able to at all times, and with the heaviest static obtain readable signals with reat ease. (lommercial or any form of use ul reception would have been absolutely impossible under the conditions encountered by me with any known form of apparatus, but I was enabled to thoroughly and continuously test my system for a period of months not only under extremely adverse conditions, but by day with the shorter wave length .of 6,300 meters and by night with the longer wave length of 12,600 meters. The fact that the particular transatlantic transmitting station to which I have reference was sending throughout practically the twenty-four hours daily with short intermissions, and was sending in English as well as in code, enabled me to make the most exacting tests of my invention.

The cages B were each located at substantially equal distances of approximately 3600 feet from the receiving house A. The topographical conditions were the determining factor. The effective separation of the two cages B was approximately 7200 feet or about seven-tenths of a half-wave length for the 6300 meter wave, and with this separation I balanced out the static and caused the signals to add. In receiving on cages B with the 12,600 meter wave, the effective separation was proportionately less, but the signals added and were readable through heavy static as with the shorter wave. 7

I also erected cages or loop antennae B (Fig. 5) at locations in the same general line of direction as cages B, but separated from each other by approximately 15,840 feet, in order to have an affective spacing between cages of approximatelyone-half wave length for the long wave of 12,600 meters. These cages B were of shorter length than cages B and were constructed substantially as shown-in Fig. 5, with two 30 foot poles H about 150 feet apart, having cross-arms provided with insulators K over which was wound approximately 4080 feet of No. 10' hard-drawn copper wire, in twelve turns. Cages B were constructed in all respects substantially similarly to cages B except as to lineal dimensions, but I am not to be understood as limiting my invention to any particular type and size of loop antennae,

nor to the kind of wire employed for I am describing the apparatus and constructions actually used by me with satisfactory results, and obviously variations of my constructions may be designed without departure from my invention as herein described .and as particularly pointed out in the claims forming a part of this specification.

The north-east cage B was located about 8200 feet from the central receiving house A, while the south-west cage for topographical reasons was located about 7 640 feet from the receiving house, and both cages were connected to the receiving apparatus by leads C constructedsimilarly to those shown in Fig. 1. The circuits and connections for cages B were similar to those shown for cages B. The actual effective spacing for cages B was approximately seven-tenths of a half-wave length for the long wave of 12,600 meters. It is to be understood that my receiving station as erected and constructed with cages "B and B was capable of receiving signals from practically any high power station throughout the world on any of the wave lengths in use, whether longer or shorter than either of the wave lengths mentioned which have been taken as examples, and I found that I could and actually did receive satisfactorily from transmitting stations at distances over six thousand miles away, and at various angles of rece tion to the general north-east and southwest line of m receivin system. With either cages B or I have iscovered that signal waves arriving at substantially right angles to the line of the cages are received and readable signals obtained while static is balanced out, but such signals grow weaker as is to be expected, the more nearly the angle of reception approaches a right angle.

In the system constructed as described, the phenomenon was observed, that the signals in the south-west cage were usually, although not invariably, louder than those in the north-east cage, and this was true, whether receiving on the short 6300 meter wave or the longer 12,600 meter wave, for example. Thisphenomenon would continue for longer or shorter periods of time, and then at other times the signals from both the north-east and south-west cages would apparently be about the same strength, and

the south-west cage was stronger than the north-west cage for the greater part of the time. This condition seemed to be affected in some degree by the tuning of the cages and the tuning at the receiving apparatus,- by adjustments of the reversing switches of the system and by variations of the resistances "r" at the receiving station. It was also observed that under some conditions, the north-east cage appeared to be stronger than the south-west cage, and the signal from the north-east cage would be the louder, but this reversal of the phenomenon. was rare comparatively speaking, and would seem to be an exceptional case.

Whether or not the signals from the cages were of substantially equal loudness, made no difference in the functioning ofthe sys-. tem, for the static at a given time was always of substantially the same strength on the north-east cage as on the south-west cages, and was balanced out and eliminated, while a readable value of signal was re: tained. When the signal is louder on one cage than on the other, while the effects of static or strays are the same for each cage, a condition in the circuits occurs in which the ratio of signal strength to static or stray strength is apparently diflerent in each opposed portion ofthe system, includin the cages. in no way alters the method of operation of my apparatus, based on my discoveries in regard to static elimination.

I cannot at this time explain why the signal is sometimes louder on one cage than the other, for the causes ofthe'phenomenon are as yet obscure, and may be due to a variety of causes. It may be'that the cages and leads have some directive effect, in which case, assuming that the directivity of each half of the system issubstantially similar or as near similar as mechanical and electrical construction will permit,then it might Obviously, however, such con ition reasonably be expected that the cage and leads which extend from the receiving house in the direction away from the source of transmission of signals, that is, the southwest cage and leads to this cage, would be the stronger and produce the louder signals. This explanation seems to accord with the observed facts, but whether or not it is the true explanation, I cannot now say, and I do no wish to be understood as being bound by this theory. It possible that the conditions of the ground, the height of the surface water stratum, varying geological and topographical conditions and other natural causes may have some effect. I am furthermore unable to determine atthis time whether the phenomenon has any beneficial effect on the final strength or loudness of the signal received and retained, but I am inclined to the view that the best effects are obtained when the signals are of about the same strength of loudness in each cage and with my present information I prefer to adjust the cages and circuits in such manner that an equality between the strengths of the signals is obtained as far as possible. This equality can be obtained, or in some 1nstances at least approximated to a very large degree, by the proper adjustments of the tuning devices and circuit controlling devices of the entire system, including the resistances 1 referred to.

I have shown and described herein reversing switches with direct connections between the antennae or cages and the leads, and between the leads and the receiving apparatus, and while this is the preferred arrangement, it is obvious that inductive coupling instead of direct coupling may be employed, and that reversible coupling means or other equivalents instead of the switches may be employed, and that these are equally within the scope of, my invention.

I claim and desire to obtain by Letters Patent, the following:

1. At a radio transmission receiving station, antennae separated by a distance equal to an appreciable fraction of a wave length and adapted to receive librizontally propagated waves, receiving apparatus associated with the antennae for utilizing the signal Waves, including means for eliminating the interference due to static disturbances, tuning means local to the antennae and tuning means therefor in connection with the receiving apparatus.

2. At a radio transmission receiving station, antennae separated by a distance equal to an appreciable fraction of a' wave length and adapted to receive horizontallypropagated waves, receiving apparatus connected to the antennae for utilizing the signal waves, including means for eliminating the interference due to static disturbances, tuning means local to the antennae for tuning the antennae to the incoming signal waves and independent tuning means therefor in connection with the receiving apparatus.

3. At a radio transmission receiving sta-.

tion, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static disturbances while retaining the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the re ceiving apparatus, and means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the antennae and leads due to static disturbances and signal waves. I

4. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static disturbances while retaining the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus, and means fordetermining the relative directions of current flow in the leads and receiving apparatus due to static disturbances and signal waves.

5. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static disturbances while retaining the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus, and means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the antennae and leads due to static disturbances and signal waves, and means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the leads and receiving apparatus due to static disturbances and signal waves.

6. At a radio transmission receiving station, a. plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus including detecting means for balancing out static disturbances while retaining and detecting the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus and means for determining the relative directions of current fiow in the receiving apparatus and in the circuits connected thereto including the detecting means.

7. At a radio transmission receiving station. a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus including detecting means for balancing out static disturbances while re taining and detecting the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus, means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the antennae and leads due to static and signal, and means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the receiving apparatus and in the circuits connected thereto including the detecting means.

8. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus including detecting means for balancing out static disturbances while retaining and detectnig the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving. apparatus, means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the antennae and leads due to static and signal, means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the leads and receiving apparatus, due to static and signal, and means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the receiving apparatus and in the circuits connected thereto including the detecting means.

9. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus including detecting means for balancing out static disturbances while retaining and detecting the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the re-- ceiving apparatus, means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the leads and receiving apparatus due to static and signal, and meansfor determining the relative directions of current flow in the receiving apparatus and in the circuits connected thereto including the detecting means.

10. At a radio transmission receiving station, loop antennae separated by a distance equal to an appreciable fraction of a wave length and adapted to receive horizontally propagated waves, receiving apparatus for utilizing the signal waves including means for eliminating interference due to static disturbances, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus, and independent means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the leads and antennae, and in the leads and receiving apparatus, due to static and signal. 11. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static disturbances while retaining the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus, and means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the antennae and receivingapparatus due to static and signal.

12. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static disturbances while retainin the signal, leads electrically connecting tie antennae and the receiving apparatus, tuning means for the an-- tennae, tuning means in connection-with the receiving apparatus, and means for determining the relative directions of current flow due to static and s'i'gnalin the antenna and receiving apparatus.

13. At a radio transmission receiving sta-j tion, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing 'out static disturb ances while retaining the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the re ceiving apparatus tuning means for the an tennae, and means for reversing the council? tions at will between the leads and antennae.

14. At a radio transmissionrecewmg station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static disturbances while retaining the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus, tuning means in connection with the receiving apparatus, and means for reversing the connections at will between the leads and receiving apparatus.

15. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static disturbances Whileretaining the signal, leads electrically connecting, the antennae and the receiving apparatus, means for reversing the connections at will between the leads and the antennae, and independent means for reversing the connections at will between the leads and receiving apparatus.

16. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of loop antennae, receiving apparatus including detecting means for balancing out static disturbances while retaining and detecting the signal, leads electrically connecting the antennae and the receiving apparatus, tuning means for the antennae, tuning means in connection with the receiving apparatus, and means for reversing the connections at will between the receiving apparatus and the circuits including the detecting means.

7 leads to the receiving apparatus.

18. In combination, at a radio receiving station, antennae separated by a distance equal to an appreciable fraction of a wave length and adapted to receive horizontally propagated waves, receiving apparatus for utilizing the signal waves, including means for eliminating the interference due to static disturbances, leads electrically connecting. the antennae and receiving apparatus, tuning means local to the antennae and tuning means therefor in connection with" the receiving apparatus, and means forcommuni-' eating between an operator stationed at the receiving apparatus and an operator sta-' tioned at the distant-tuningfmeans for at least one antenna, thereby permitting the,

relative adjustments of the tuning means at the station and at one antenna.

. 19. In combination, at a radio receiving station, antennae separated by a. distance equal to an appreciable fraction of a wave length and adapted to receive horizontally propagated waves, receiving apparatus for utilizing the signal waves, including means for eliminating the interference due to static disturbances, and means for communicating between an operator stationed at the receiving apparatus and an operator stationed at one of the antennae, thereby permitting relative adjustments at the station and at one antenna.

20. In combination, at a radio receiving station, antennae separated by a distance equal to an appreciable fraction of a wave length and adapted to receive horizontally propagated waves, receiving apparatus for utilizing the signal waves, including means for eliminating the interference due to static disturbances, leads electrically connecting the antennae and receiving apparatus and means for utilizing the leads to communicate between an operator stationed at the receiving apparatus and operators stationed at the antennae.

21. At a radio transmission receiving station, receiving apparatus, an antenna separated therefrom at a distance, leads electrically connecting the antenna and the receiving apparatus, andmeans for utilizing the leads to communicate between operators stationedat the receiving apparatus and antenna respectively.

22. At a radio transmission receiving station, separated loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static and retaining the signal and leads electrically connecting the antennae and receiving apparatus, said leads lying substantially parallel and near together at a substantial elevation above the ground to avoid picking up static.

23. At a radio transmission receiving station receiving apparatus, an antenna separated therefrom at a distance and leads electrically connecting the antenna and receiving apparatus, that portion of the length of the leads for a substantial distance in proximity to the receiving apparatus being provided with a conducting shield to reduce coupling effects between the leads. and the receiving apparatus.

24. At a radio transmission receiving station, separated loop antenna receiving apparatus for balancing out static while retainingthe signal, and leads electrically connecting the antennae and receiving apparatus, those portions of the length of the leads for substantial distances in proximity to the receiving apparatus being provided with conducting shields to reduce the coupling efi'ects between the leads and the receiving apparatus.

25. At a radio transmission receiving station, separated loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static while retaining the signal, and leads electrically connecting the antennae and receiving apparatus, said leads being arranged sufficiently close together to avoid picking up static, and tuning means at both ends of each set of leads.

26. At a radio transmission receiving station, separated loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static while retion, separated loop antennae, receiving ap-- paratus for balancing out static while retaining the signal, and leads electrically connecting the antennae and receiving apparatus, means for varying the number of loops in the antennae, and tuning means and reversing switches at both ends of each set of leads.

29. At a radio transmission receiving station, separated loop antennae, receiving apparatus for balancing out static while retaining the signal, and leads electrically connecting the antennae and receiving apparatus, means for varying the number of loops in the antennae, tuning means at both ends of each set of leads, and additional means at both ends of each set of leads for determining the relative directions of current flow in the leads, and in the antennae and receiving apparatus respectively, due to static and signal.

30. t a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of antennae separated from one another by an appreciable fraction of a wave length in the general direction of desired reception, a common receiving appatus, connections therefromto each antenna and means for determining the relative directions of the current flow in said connections and antennae due to static and signal.

31. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of separated loop antennae, receiving apparatus and leads therefrom to said antennae, tuning means for the antennae, tuning means in connection with the receiving apparatus, means for determining the relative directions of current flow in the antennae and leads, and in the receiving apparatus and leads respectively, due to static and si a1. 1 p

32. t a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of antennae not connected to earth and receiving apparatus connected tion, a plurality of separated antennae not connected to earth, receiving apparatus, and

leads connecting the antennae and recelving apparatus so arranged as to have the same capacity to earth, said receiving apparatus being elevated at a substantial distance above the earth in order to reduce the capacity of the apparatus to-earth.

34. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of separatedloop antennae, and receiving'apparatus connected thereto for balancing .out static disturbances while retaining the signal, and tuning means connected at substantially the mid-point in the length of each loop for tuning the antennae.

35. At a radio transmission receiving station, a plurality of separated loop antennae each having a plurality of turns or windings, receiving apparatus connected to said antennae for balancing out static disturbances while retaining the signal, and means for varying the number of turns of the antennae in circuit symmetrically at each side of the'longitudinal center of the antenna structure.

In testimony whereof I have signed this specification in the presence of two sub scribing witnesses.

ROY ALEXANDER WEAGrANT.

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