US1168359A - Calibrating radiator-valve. - Google Patents

Description

E. C. WiLEY.

CALIBRATING RADIATOR VALVE.

APPLICATION-FILED OCT. 31. 19:4.

Patented Jan; 18, 1916.

m 0 4 I 3 W 5 \A I, F, 6 3 0 7 4 m 3 a J r v g 0 2 6 4 3w, m #5: i w g I w w A Z. 1 w w ,v p fi F i w w S 0 s i n W ATTORN EY water heating systems to provide a arge g mp; pri g lit Fl ta lllill't ldD cr me EDGAR C. W IL EY, OF. LSZ'NCHBURG, VIRGINIA, ASSIGNUB TO THE SIMPLEX HEATING- SECIALTY GQMPANY, 0F LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA, A. CORPORATION OF VIRGINIA.

OALEBBA'EING EADIATUR-VALVE.

application filed @ctcber 31,

To all whom it may, concern e it known that I, Essen ll iner, a r izen of the United Pita iding at llynchburg in the county t Y ll and State of Virginia, have invented a new and useful Calibrating Radiator-Valve, oi which the following is a specification.

s invention has reference to radiator 5. ill valves and its objectds to provide a vave for the purpose which may be readily adapt ed to radiators of difierent sizes through a relatively wide range, whereby but one size of valve will answer for many dillerent sizes of radiators.

It is customary in installing steam or valve for large radiators and a small valve .for small radiators and also to provide various intermediate sizes all of which that a relatively large stock of various of valves must be lcept on hand-oi obtained. This means the prot inary patterns by the manufacti c investment of a considerable :u'nouut of money which may prove to be a dead invesu v meat or a very slowly moving one.

th the present invention but one set 1 r .1 A "L. 1 of patterns 1S needed, and the necessity o1 n'oviding a large stock of seldom used sizes of valves is obviated.

With the present invention the valve is made to have a maximum opening capable 1 Ly h l f -,}'1 in supplying t ai es in 1a 01s or. a lion the valve is adapted and the opening an t mg movements of the valve are contnt in extent irrespective of the size of cater to which the valve'may be applied. "pen ate for theditlerence in sizes in. radiate s the movable member of the valve structure is provided with an adjustable brating plug having a movement of admcnt lengthwise of the movable valve ELlHlJQT so as to reduce or throttle the passage thr' ugh the valve to the proper extent to adapt the valve structure to radiators of dili crent sizes. In order to bring this about the. adjustable calibrating plug is made conoidal or approximately parabolic, while the steam or hot Water port or passagein .WlllCll the movable valve member seats is Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. 18, 1916.

Serial No. 869,584,

with the understanding that the term may include as near an approach to a zero length of cylindrical port as is feasible in practice. The idea of the colloidal calibrating plug constitutes a feature of another application filed by me on January 14:, 1914, tor a radiator valve under Serial No. 812,102,.wherein claims are made to the calibrating plug, for which reason no claims are made herein to such plug per se.- The present invention is in the nature of an. improvement on the valve disclosed in the aforesaid application whereby adjustments of the calibrating plug to adapt the radiator valve structure to radiators of different sizes can only be made by removing the major portion of the valve structure from the valve casing or by a manipulation ordinarily unknown to the owner or occupant of the building in which the heating system is installed. This is important since for economical operation the aives should be properly adjusted when installed and thereafter left alone. With the radiator valve structure of the aforesaid application the calibrating plug is readily accessible by the simple expedient of removing a cap, which operation might be easily discovered by the occupant ofthe' building or some other person unappreciative of the value of the close adjustment and the proper adjustment of the valve interfered with. With the prescntinvention the calibrating plug is accessiblefor adjustment only by the removal of the valve stenuvalve stem carrying bonnet and. movable valve member with the plug all from the valve casing, whereupon the calibrating member may be adjusttempted by an unskilled operator.

The invention will be best understood from a consideration of the following detailed description, taken. in connection with the accompanying drawings forming a part of this specification, with the further understanding thatwhile the drawings show a practical form of the invention, the latter is not confined to any strict conformity with the showing of" the drawingsbutniay be changed and modified so long as such changes and modifications mark no material departure from the salient features of'the dinal central section of a valve embodying the present invention, with some parts shown in elevation, and the movable valve member being shown in the closed position. Fig. 2 is a view similar to that of Fig. 1 but with more parts shown in elevation and the valve for the largest capacity. Fig; 3 is a plan view of the valve on a somewhat smaller scale than theother figures and showing the handle in' an intermediate position. Fig. 4 is a section on the line 44 of Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a section on the line 5-5 of Fig. 1.

Referring to the drawings there is shown a valve casing 1 having an interior web 2 provided with a port or passage 3 at one 'end of which there is formed a valve seat 4 axially interiorly and the casing has an threaded neck 5 and aside exteriorly threaded neck 6 for the attachmentof the valve to the steam pipe and radiator,respectively. That end of the casing 1 remote from the neck 5 is formed with an exteriorly threaded neck 7. The parts so far described may follow the general arrangement of radiator valves of the globe type with the port 3 of cylindrical shape and of short axial extent. The port 3 so' far as certain features of the present invention are concerned 'might .be otherwise shaped so long as .the edge 3 of the port where it joins the valve seat 4 is circular. Since it is the edge 3 which is of importance, the remainder of the length of the port 3 may beactually expanded in a direction away from the valve seat 4,- but customarily the port 3 is made cylindrical throughout. 'It will be understood, however, that whether the axial length of 'the port 3 be zero sofar as its cylindrical form. is 0on cern'ed, or Whether the entire length of the port 3 be cylindrical, the term cylinder as applied to the port is to include either arrangement.

Entering the casing 1 through the neck 7 is a bonnet 8 having an intermediately located exterior circumferential and laterally extended flange 9 adapted to. rest.0 n the outer end of the neck 7. Since in the usual installed position of the valve the neck 7 is uppermost, the flange 9 maybe described as resting upon'the upper edge of the neck 7 I and further definitions of position occurring hereinafter will be with respect to .the installed position of the valve structure. 1 The bonnet 8 below the flange 9 enters the neck 7 and there is interiorly cylindrical and on diametrically opposite sidesis formed with longitudinally disposed slots 10 entering the bonnet from the lower edge. Thebonnet 8 is held to the neck 7 by a thimble nut -11 indicated in the open position and adjusted 19 and provided circular .lQQ g handle 3 which may have the usual external hexagonal form for the application of a wrench and isapplied to the exterior threadedportion of the neck 7.- The nut 11 is provided at one 'end with an inwardly directed radial flange "12, asis customary, to'fengage the flange 9-,. andso lock the bonnet 8 to the neck 7 and through it to the casing 1. By loosenmay be readily ing the nut 11 the bonnet turned about its longitudinal axis which coincides with --the longitudinal axis of the casing 1 for a'purpose whichwill hereinafter appear.

an .interior web 13 with a'central passage 14 therethrough, while near the upper end The bonnet 8 at an intermediate pointhas i 1 8O of the bonnet is an exterior circular flange 15 forming a seat fora-dialplate 16 held to the bonnet against the flange 15 by a nut 17,, the corresponding upper end of the bonnet being threaded for the application of the nut 17. Extending lengthwise throughthe bonnet is 'a valve stem '18 having its upper end projecting above the upperend of the" bonnet and there threaded as indicated at pose to be described. The valve stem-ex.- tends through the passage 14 and below this with a nut 20 for a purpassage is expanded into a head 21 with the? .end adjacent to the web 13 formed into an;

outstanding circular face toward the web 13 a circular rib 23- flange 22 having onj 'the' matching the space between two concentric ribs 24 on' the. under face of the web 13; Lodged within the bonnet '8'. be? tween the web 13 and flange 22'is a packing" ring 25 entered by the ribs 23 and 24, which latter serve to increase the packing surfaces without interference ,with turning -movements since the ribs 23 and 24 maybe bev eled and terminate in relatively sharp edges where facing each other.

At a point above the web 13 the valve stem 18 is"'la terally expanded and there formed with a circular series of longitudinally disposed ribs 26 to which is applied an interiorly groovedend- 27 of a sleeve 28 surrounding the valve stem 18 within that portion of-the bonnet 8above" the web 13. The interior ofthe sleeve 28. is

sufficiently spaced from the valve stem- 18 toprovide room fora compression spring 29 held with one end against the end 27 on the sleeve 28 by the nut 20 between which nut and the spring thereis interposed a washer30. The sleeve 28 islong enough'to project through the upper open end of thebonnet and terminates" in an exterior-1y threaded portion 31 for the reception. of a I cap nut-32 inclosing the nut 20. The sleeve 28 betweenthe upper end of the bonnet and the cap nut is to which is applied a hand-.-.

hold member 34 which may lie-made of some material other than metal bothfor protection of the hand of the operator against the ormed into a laterally protwo extremes represented to the studs 36 with suitable indicia which in the present instance consists of the words On. and Oil, while between these words in position to be are position indicia indicative of fractional portions of the movement between the by the'words On and Oltl. In the present instance'the dial has markings 37 and the fractional indicaand 3/4. Of course, any other v tions 1/4, 1/2

indicating means may be employed, but it is usually sutficient that the operator be apprised particular fractionalposition 1 dicated and the two extremes showing that c fluid passage through the valve is either y cpen or fully closed. To further seal 'e a packing gasket 38 is introductd between the web 13 and the lower end sleeve 28.

The head 21 of the valve stem 18is exteriorlv screw threaded, as indicated at 39, and enters a cup-shaped member or nut 40 which in, turn is irrteriorlf, screw-threaded as indicated at 41.

outstanding lugs The exterior'oi the nut 40'at the screw threaded end is formed with 42 entering the recesses 10. Fixed to the closed end of the nut 40, which closed end is indicated at 43, is one end of a stem 44 in turn carrying a socket member or valve plug 45 having a closed end 46 adtransversed by the pointer jacent to the closed end 43 ofthe nut 40 but spaced therefrom by -a circular rib 47 serving to provide a packing means between the two members, one of whiclnas will hereinafter appear, be turned axially with relation to the other Where the stem 44 extends through the closed end or base of the plug 45 it is rounded or cylindrical as indicated at 48, while beyond this cylindrical portion the stem 44 is made noncircular and usually square, as indicated at'49, while that end of thesquare portion of the stem 49 remote from the cylindrical portion 48 is termed into a laterally expanded head 50. The interior of the plug 45 is screw-threaded, ,as shown at 51, and fitted to this screwthreaded portion of the plug is a correspondingly screw-threaded end of,,an0ther plug 52 having the end remote'fromthat entering the plug 45 counterbored, as shown at The end of the plug 52 remote from the counterbore end is formed with a square passage traversed by the square portion 49 of the stem 44,*while the head 50 is lodged in the counterbore or cavity 53, The exterior of theplug 52 is conoidal or approxiplug 45 or the stem 44 somewhat extended lengthwise of the casing for apurpose which will presently appear. The calibrating plug52 has an extent of longitudinal movement along the squared portion 49 of the stem 44 permitting it to be housed within the socket in the plug 45 or projected for the greater portion of its length beyond said plug, the adjustments of the calibratingplug being by screwing. it into" or out of the cup or socket carrying it. When the parts are all assembled the plug 45 is held against rotation by the wing 55, but. under certain circumstances either the may berotated with respect to the other.v Since the stem 44 is held against rotation with respect to the calibrating plug or the squared portion 49 of said stem while the plug 45 is free to r0- tate with respect to the stem because of the round or circular part 48'where the stem traverses the plug, the rotative movement of either causes the calibrating plug to be screwed into or out of the plug 45. Furthermore, the plug 45 constitutes the movable member of the valve structure, and that end receiving the calibrating plug is shaped as shown at 56 into conformity with the valve seat 4, so as to engage the valve seat 4 in a manner to close the port 3, or when withdrawn from the valve seat to open the port 3. The extent of travel of the movable valve member 45 is always the same and is brought about by a half turn of the handle actuating the valve stem 18 to a like extent, while the screw threads 39 and 41 have such a pitch that the half turn revolution of the valve stem 18 is sufiicient to actuate the movablevalve member frpm the fully closed positions to the fully open position, or vice ver'sa. Inpractice this movement is about three-sixteenths of an inch more or less, and is participated in by the calibrating plug E It the plug 52 be in the fully projected position it is so related to the port 3 that when the movable valve member 45 is fully lifted or in the fully open" position, the

wider end of the calibrating plug is still so is in the fully open position is that permitting a flow of steam or other fluid to the radiator requiredfor a radiator of the largest size for'which the valve structure is adapted.

In practice a valve with three-quarter inch pipe connections will supply steam toall radiators from five feet to one hundred and fifty feet radiating surface. If the valve be applied to, say, a five foot radiator and has an effective opening adapted to a ten foot radiator the excess of steamsupplied, considering the system-as a steam heating system, is simply wasted and the valve is therefore uneconomical at the full v valve plug the same movement of the main I steam.

brating plug may be adjusted.

calibrating plug.

valve member 45 from closed to open posi: tion will cause only the proportionate amount of steam to pass for which the cali- The close approach to a conoidal or parabolic form provides for the range of adjustment throughout the great difference in sizes of radiators between the minimum and maximum by corresponding movements of the For instance, the parts are so adjusted that a certain number of turns of the calibrating plug is required toeause the adjustment of the plug from one extreme to the other and the shape of the calibrating plug with reference to the port 3 is such that each full turn of the calibrat ing plug about its longitudinal axis means a certain definite difference in-the supply of Suppose that the calibrating plug when fully projected is in proper relation to the main valve member 45 to cause an effective opening of the port 3 on the full open position of the valve to supply a radiator of five foot surface. This will mean that a single turn of the calibrating plugabout its longitudinal axis will adjust the valve for the next size of radiator, two turns will adjust'the radiator valve for the second larger size, and so on throughout the range of sizes up to the full size radiator for which the valve is designed, this being under the assumption that radiators diifer in size by definite steps. Another manner of adjustment is that for a radiator-of fifty or one hundred feet capacity the valve is set by first moving the calibrating plug to the fully projected position and then turning it a certairrdefinite number of revolutions to cause it to move into the plug carrying it,

when the person installing the system knows that'fl the valve is set to about the proper 'the bonnet.

position for the radiator to which it is applied.

Ordinarily in installing asystem the valves are merely approximated to the proper size and then-when the completed system is tested out each valve is more delicately adjusted. This may be accomplished the nut 11 is loosened and this permits aturning movement of the bonnet 8 and all those parts carried by it, except the valve plug 15 constituting the main valve member, since this member cannot turn because of the engagement of some one of the lugs 54; with the Willg' The calibrating plug, however. participates in any turning movement of the bonnet 8 so that the plug or socket member 45 being held against rotation the calibrating plug 52 is screwed into or out of the socket in accordance with the number of turns imparted to the bonnet S. N ow by turning the bonnet 8 until the plug 52is fully projected and then reversing the movement of the bonnet 8 until a definite number of turns has been imparted to it the calibrating plug is quite accurately adjusted for the particular size of radiator to.

which the radiator valve is applied, and any further and more delicate adjustment may be brought about by. partial turns of .ticular installation may demand that the handle 33 project from the valve at a certain angle with relation to the neck portion :6 or

.the longitudinal line of the radiator or pipe.

Under these circumstances thenut 17- may be loosened and the index 16 be turned to the desiredposition, or the nut'll may be entirely disconnected from the neck 7 permitting the lifting of the bonnet until the bonnet entirely from the casing l and'then the socket 45 may be turned to the proper position to cause the desired projection of the calibrating plug 52 in agreement with the size of the radiator to which the radiator valve is to be oris attached.

The diiliculty of access to the calibrating plug adjusting means is an effective preventive against tampering with. the valve after it has oncebeen installed, so that there After the-proper adjustment lugs 54 are disengaged from the wing 55,

is ample assurance that the installed system will continue to operate properly and eco: nomically.

When the full capacity of the radiator i desired the handle of the valve is .rn that the indicatorfinger 35 points to th word On but it" it is desired toobtai less amount of heat from the radiator handle is turned so that the indicator point to some intermediate position. Usually th indication of three intermediate t'ractiona. positions is suilicient, and in the draivin the three usual intermediate positions are indicated. This does not, however, preclude the indication of other innit-ions and under some circumstances the designation of the intermediate positions by figures may omitted. Usuall however it is adva geous to have the -fractional positions named uponth'e dial plate. r

The off position does not actually need a stop lug 36, since the manipulating handle will be arrested at such position by the closure of the main valve member or socket against the valve seat, but this stop becoi of value when it is desired to fully pr the calibrating member after loosening the nut 11, for the rotation of the bonnet 8 and *parts carried thereby can then be caused by grasping the handheld and moving it in.

the same direction that-is required to close the valve, whereupon the calibrating plug is projected until sto ped by the engagement of the head 50 against the closed end or the counterbore 53. The frictional engagement of the parts permits the reverse rotation of the bonnet 8 by the handle without causing the handle to rotate with reference to the dial. I

l/Vhat is claimed is z- 1. A radiator valve comprising a valve casing, a bonnet carried by the casing, a rotatable valve stem in the bonnet, a reciprocable membe r threaded on the stem and guided in the bonnet, a valve plug carried by the reciprocable member in rotatable relation thereto, said valve plug and easing having connections forholding the valve plug againgt rotation but permitting reciprocatory movements thereof, a. calibrating plug 'carried'by the valve plug in telescoping relation thereto, and connections between the calibrating plug and the reciprocablc member forholding them in nonrotatable relation one to the other.

2. A radiator valve comprising a valve casing, a bonnet carried by the casing, a rotatable valve stem in the bonnet, a reciprocable member threaded on the stem and guided in the bonnet, a valve plug carried .by the reciprocable member in rotatable relation thereto, said valve plug and easing having connections for holding the valve "plug against rotation but permitting reciprocatory movements thereof, a calibrating plug carried by thevalve plug in teieecc and connections between I n non other, the calibre. n 'lve plug being provided r7 an d connections for causing We oping nwvements of the calihran w e .n and out of the valve plug by rotative i rflvnillfilififi of the valve plug or. he recip o eatery member.

A raiiator, valve comprising a easing, a hon et cairn l. by casin rotatable valve stem in bonnet, a roe-able hreaded on the stem id plus; into and out of the valve plug by rotative movements oi the valve plug or reciprocatory member, and the bonnet and valve casing having connecting means permitting tative movements of tie bonnet and p carried thereby with respect to the valve ing to cause telescoping movements the calibrating plug into and out of the valve plug.

4. it radiator valve comprising a va casing, a bonnet carried thereby, a plug carried by the bonnet in rotatable re. a tion thereto with the valve plug and easing provided with. connections for holding the valve plug againstrotation when in ope. tive position Within the casing, and a cali brating plug in telescoping relation to the valve plug and provided with connections with the bonnet for causing telescoping movements of the calibrating plug into and out of the valve plug by rotative movements of either the valve-plug or the bonnet.

A radiator valve comprising valve casing, a bonnet carried by the casing, valve operating means carried by the bonnet,

. operating means carried by .-the bonnet, a

valve plug connected to the valve crating means, and ,a calibrating plug carried by. the

valve plug in telescoping relation thereto, the valve plug being in rotatable relation to vided with coacting stop members forhold ing, the plug against rotative movements when in operativeposition within the easmg, and the bonnet and easing being pro- .vided' with cotiperating means for holding the bonnet fixedly to the casing or releasing it" to rotative movements Within the casing or removal from the casing, at will.

'7.'A radiator valve comprising a valve easing, a bonnet mounted on the casing, valve operating means carried by the bon net, a valve plug carried by the valve operatingmeans in relatively rotatable relation thereto,"-afixed stop member within the casing, a circular series of stop members onthe valve plug for coaction with the stop member'in, the casing to hold the valve plug against rotative movements Qwhile permitv ting reciprocatory movements thereof, and a calibrating plug in rotatable relation to and telescoping relation with the valve plug and connected to the valve operating means for participation in movements of the bonnet for the telescoping adjustment of the cali'-' ,brating plug by rotative movements of.

either the valve plug or the bonnet.

.8. A radiator valve comprising a casing, valve operating devices carried thereby and; provided with a normally non-rotatable part, "a valve plug consisting of an inter-is] orly threaded cup-shaped member carried by the valve operating devices Within and in non-rotatable relation to the casing, a calibrating plug threaded into the-interiorly threaded cup-shaped plug, and connections between the calibrating member and the normally non-rotatable part of the valve oper ating. devices for holding the calibrating member normally non-rotatable and for causing adjustment of the calibrating member in the valve plug by rotative movements of the normally non-rotatable part ofthe valve operating devices. -9. A valve structure provided with a valve seat, a valve plug, means for moving the valve plug toward and from the valve seat, the valveplug being swiveled' to the op-.

erating means,'a calibrating plug threaded into the valve plug, and connections-between-the valve pluggoperatmg means and v the calibrating plug ifor holding ,the calibrating plug in nonrotatab'le relation to said operating means;" -vvhereby the telescoping movements of the calibrating plug are broughtabouteither by rotatative move;

ments of thevalve plug operating means or of the valve'plug.

. 10. A valve structure; provided with valve .seat, a valve-plug, means for moving the valve plugtoward and from the valve seat ,'-the valveplug' being rotatably connect- I ed to the operating means, 'a' calibrating plug threaded into the valve plug, and connections betweenthe valve plug operating meansandthe'calibratiiig plug for holding the'calibrating plug in nonrotatable relation tosaid operating means, whereby the teleconnecting the bonnet to the valve casing in .fiXed relation'one to the other, a valve plug carried by the bonnet and rotatablewith relation thereto, coacting means on the valve plug-and easing for-holding the plug against rotative movements, rotatable valve operat-.

for rotative movements therein, means for e ing means-carried by the bonnet and having a range of operative movement with relat on to the openlng and closing 0: the valve oil-approximately a half revolution with re- I spectfto the bonnet, and a calibrating plug connected to the. bonnet in telescoping threaded relation to the valve plug, whereby rotative movements of either the bonnet or the valve plug cause the adjustment of the calibrating plug into and out of'the valve plug and the operating means for the valve plug may be utilized for producing the rotative movements of the bonnet for effecting the adjustment of the calibrating plug.

12. A radiator valve provided With a valve seat and a valve plug therefor, operating means for the valveplug for moving it toward and from the valve seat, a calibrat ing plug threaded to the valve plug for tele- .scoping movements with. relation thereto,

and connections between the calibrating plug and the valve. plug operating meansv comprising anoncircular pin along which the calibrating plug is movable longitudi nally and by which it is held against rotation on the pin, said pin being in fixed relation to the valve operating meansand the valve plug being mounted on the'pin for relative rotation there'about as an axis.

' 13. A valve structure comprising a valve casing having a valve seat, an interiorly threaded cup-shaped valve plug having an exterior series of spaced lugs thereon, a stop member within the valve casing in the path of the lugs, a pin extending axially through the valve plug and on which the plug is mounted for relative rotation with respect to the pin and said pin being of noncircular contour within the threaded portion of the valve plug and terminating in an expanded head, a calibrating plug threaded into the threaded poition of the valve plug and axially traversedby the noncircular portion of the pin, said calibrating plug having a cou-nterbore for receiving the expanded head of the pin, and valve operating means to which the pin is fixed, said pin constituting the supporting means for both the valve 1 ally traversed by the noncircular portion of thepin, said calibrating plug having a counterbore for receiving the expanded headof the pin, and valve operating means to -Which the pin is fixed, said pin constituting the supporting means for both the valve plug and the calibrating plug, and said.

valve stfucture being provided With means for holding that portion of the valve operating means carrying the pin against rota-- tive movement and for releasing it to rotative movements.

1 5. A valve structure comprising a valve casing having a valve seat, an interiorly threaded cup-shaped valve plug having an exterior circumterentlal series of spaced lugs thereon, a stop member Within the valve casing in the path-of the lugs, a pin extending axially through the valve plug and on which the plug is mounted for rela-- "tive rotation with respect to the pin, and

said pin being of noncircular contour within the threaded portion of the valve plug and also terminating in an expanded head,

a calibrating plug threaded into the threaded portion of the valve plug and axially traversed by the non-circular portion of the pin, said calibrating plug having acounterbore for. receiving the expanded head of the pin and said pinconstituting the supporting means for both the valve plug and the calibrating plug, a bonnet with longitudinal entering recesses, clamping connections between the bonnet and the valve casing for locking the bonnet to said casingor releasing it to rotative movement within the easing, at will, and valve'operating means to Which the pin is fixed, comprising a threaded member carrying the pin and plugsand .providednvith lugs entering the recesses in the bonnet, and"a valve spindle in coactive relation to the threaded member for moving the latter together with the plugs lengthwise of the valve casing by a limited rotative movement of the valve spindle.

In testimony, that I claim the foregoing as my own, 1 have hereto aflixed my signature in the presence of two Witnesses.

EDGAR C. WILEY.

Witnesses CHAS. E. BURKS, J. A. ANDERSON, Jr.

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